Conversion Tables of Units

in Science & Engineering

Conversion Tables of Units
in Science & Engineering

Ari L. Horvath
Imperial Chemical Industries PLC,
Mond Division,
Runcorn,
Cheshire, UK

M
MACMILLAN
PRESS
Reference Books
© The Macmillan Press Ltd, 1986
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1986 978-0-333-40857-5

All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or

transmission of this publication may be made
without written permission.

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copied or transmitted save with written permission or
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and civil claims for damages.

First published 1986 by

THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
London and Basingstoke

Associated companies in Auckland, Delhi, Dublin,

Gaborone, Hamburg, Harare, Hong Kong, Johannesburg,
Kuala Lumpur, Lagos, Manzini, Melbourne, Mexico City,
Nairobi, New York, Singapore, Tokyo

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Conversion tables of units in science &

engineering.
1. Science-Handbooks, manuals, etc.
2. Engineering-Handbooks, manuals, etc.
I. Horvath, Ari L.
502'.12 Ql99

ISBN 978-1-349-08561-3 ISBN 978-1-349-08559-0 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-08559-0
Contents

Preface
Introduction
Part 1 Definitions and Conversions of Units
Fundamental Physical Constants 11
Part 2 Conversion Factors (SI Units)
2.1 Length (m) 19
2.2 Area (m 2) 19
2.3 Volume (capacity) (m 3) 19
2.4 Angle (plane and solid) (rad and sr) 29
2.5 Time (s) 31
2.6 Velocity (linear) (m s- 1) 33
2.7 Velocity (angular) or frequency (Hz) 35
2.8 Acceleration (m s- 2) 37
2.9 Mass (kg) 38
2.10 Mass per unit length (line density) (kg m- 1) 42
2.11 Mass per unit area (area density or pressure) (kg m- 2) 44
2.12 Area per unit mass (specific surface) {m2 kg- 1) 46
2.13 Area per unit volume (or capacity) (m2 m- 3) 46
2.14 Density (mass per unit volume) (kg m- 3) 47
2.15 Concentration (weight percent) 49
2.16 Solubility (mole fraction) 51
2.17 Henry's law coefficient (H) (N m- 2 mol fraction- 1) 52
2.18 Solubility parameter (by Hildebrand) (J m- 3 )~~> 53
2.19 Specific volume (m 3 kg- 1) 54
2.20 Mass rate of flow (kg s- 1) 55
2.21 Volume rate of flow (m 3 s- 1) 57
2.22 Fuel consumption (m 3 m- 1) 59
2.23 Moment of inertia (kg m 2) 60
2.24 Moment of force (torque) (N m) 62
2.25 Momentum (linear and angular) (kg m s- 1 and kg m2 s- 1) 64
2.26 Force (N) 64
2.27 Pressure (stress) (N m- 2) 66
2.28 Viscosity (dynamic) or absolute viscosity (N s m- 2) 68
2.29 Viscosity (kinematic) or thermal diffusivity (m2 s- 1) 70
2.30 Surface tension (N m- 1) 71
2.31 Temperature (K) 72
2.32 Energy (work or heat) (J) 73
2.33 Power (heat-flow rate ) (J s- 1) 75
2.34 Specific energy (J kg- 1) 77
2.35 Heat per unit volume (J m- 3) 80
2.36 Specific heat capacity (specific entropy) (J kg- 1 K- 1) 82
2.37 Heat flux density (heat losses from surface) (W m- 2) 86
2.38 Thermal conductivity (W m- 1 K-1) 88
2.39 Thermal conductance (heat transfer coefficient (W m- 2 K- 1) 90
2.40 Heat release rate (W m- 3) 92
2.41 Gas constant (R) (N m- 2 m 3 moi- 1 K- 1) 94
2.42 Rate constant of second-order reaction (m 3 mol- 1 s- 1) 96
2.43 Rate constant of third-order reaction (m 6 mol- 2 s- 1) 97
2.44 Permeability coefficient (m 3 m s- 1 m- 2 Pa- 1) 98
2.45 Transmission rate (kg m m- 2 s- 1) 98
2.46 Electric charge (quantity of electricity) (C) 99
2.47 Electric potential difference (voltage) (V) 101
2.48 Electric current (amperage) (A) 101
2.49 Electric current density (linear ) (A m - 2) 103
2.50 Electric current density (A m- 1) 103
2.51 Electric resistance (ohm) 105
2.52 Electric conductance (ohm- 1) 106
2.53 Electrical conductivity (ohm- 1 m- 1) 106
2.54 Electric resistivity (specific resistance) (ohm-m) 108
2.55 Electric capacitance (F) 110
2.56 Permittivity (F m- 1) 111
2.57 Electric field strength (electric field intensity) (V m- 1) 112
2.58 Electric flux density (electric displacement) (C m- 2) 113
2.59 Electric charge density (volume density of charge) (C m- 3) 113
2.60 Electric dipole moment (C m) 114
2.61 Specific charge (C kg- 1) 114
2.62 Inductance (permeance) (H) 115
2.63 Magnetic permeability (H m- 1) 116
2.64 Magnetic flux (V-s) 117
2.65 Magnetic flux density (magnetic induction) (V-s m 2) 117
2.66 Magnetomotive force (Gb) 119
2.67 Magnetic field strength (intensity of magnetization) (Gb m- 1) 119
2.68 Reluctance (Gb v- 1 s- 1) 121
2.69 Luminance (brightness, illumination, illuminance) (cd m- 2) 121
2.70 Luminous flux (1 m) 123
2.71 Luminous intensity (cd) 124
2.72 Optical absorption coefficient (or factor) (m2 mol- 1) 124
2.73 Noise level (intensity of noise level) (dB) 126
2.74 Radioactivity (Ci) 126
2.75 Radiation (exposure to X- or gamma-radiation) (C kg- 1) 127
2.76 Radiation dose absorbed (ionizing radiation) (J kg- 1) 127
2.77 Radiation dose equivalent (absorbed ionizing radiation dose) 128
(Rem)
Appendix 129
References 130
Index 135
Preface
This book was planned to contain an up-to-date collec-
tion of conversion factors used in science and engineer-
ing. To achieve this, taking into account the variety of
subjects, the contents have been divided into tables
with conversion factors and alphabetical list of quan-
tities that are not common today.
It has appeared useful to devote only one special
table to each quantity and to include only the relevant
conversion factors; those units that are only of historical
interest are listed separately in alphabetical order. It is
hoped, that, in general, a proper balance between these
two formats of presentation has been achieved so as to
make the book useful to most practising scientists
and engineers.
The author wishes to acknowledge the aid of his
colleagues and, in particular, the help of those who
read, criticized and provided helpful comments to
improve the contents and presentation of this book.
The author would also like to thank Mr John E.
Colchester, Division Technical Manager, for his
interest and approval of this compilation. Thanks are
due to Imperial Chemical Industries PLC for permis-
sion to publish this book.
I am very grateful to my wife Joan for her real help
and patience during the preparation of the manu-
script.
December 1985 Ari L. Horvath
Introduction
This book of conversion tables is intended for students,
scientists (physical, medical, etc.) and engineers
(mechanical, electrical, civil, chemical, etc.) with
diverse backgrounds. This collection of tables from
many sources and diverse areas has been carefully
selected and purposefully presented in a simple and
effective way.
The objective of this monograph is to collect,
compile and present the conversion factors among the
relevant units used in education, design, and research
and development during the daily activities in industry
and related enterprises. The book has been written
from a technical perspective and provides a complete
and critical coverage of the conversion factors. It is
devoted to one of the most important problems con-
fronting design engineers and scientists during their
working days. It is hoped that the book will also serve as
a companion for engineering and science students
throughout their academic years.
Despite the numerous conversion tables available in
various technical books and specialist publications,
there is a need for a compilation with users' require-
ments in mind. This book is very concise without losing
its clarity and easy understanding of the conversions
between the various units. The conversion tables have
been compiled after careful consideration of that need.
This compilation will provide the most practical
answers to the queries of engineers and scientists in
connection with conversion of the widely spread units
in the published literature. The user will find an easy
access to the conversion factors without looking for
and searching into various handbooks.
The presentation of the conversion factors is entirely
in tables with a diagonal equality in each horizontal
and vertical column. There is no doubt that this type of
tabulation can provide the most effective and easily
understood conversion between various units and
quantities.
Despite the great efforts by governments and various
international organizations to introduce and adopt the
International System of Units (better known as SI
units) in most countries, progress has been slow and
persuasion is not effective, particularly economically.
The International System of Units (le Systeme inter-
national d'Unites) was agreed during the 1Jlh General
Conference ofWeights and Measures (Comptes Rendus
des Seances de Ia onzitfme Conference general des Poids et
Measures, Oct. 1960, p. 87 (Paris, Gauthie-Villiers)), and
has now been adopted by most countries of the world.
The SI units consist of seven basic quantities: length,
mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature,
amount of substance and luminous intensity. The
General Conference also made recommendations for
the rules for the prefixes, the derived and supple-
mentary units and other matters. It is intended to adopt
the SI units throughout the world in educational
circles, science, technology, industry and commerce. Its
universal use avoids confusion in international trade
and scientific work.
The teaching and understanding of the SI units in
schools are the most important aspects of the success.
Advice on the correct use of SI terminology, from the
simple to the complex, is available in various publi-
cations on SI units. The necessary guidelines are avail-
able in technical documents or special books.
The commercial and technical literature is still
written in various units, and it will take a considerable
time to perform all writings in SI units only. The
already written information in books, journals and
documents cannot be altered and the availability of
conversion factors is necessary to understand and
convert the old units and measurements into SI
units.
This compilation of conversion factors covers a very
wide area ofinterest to students and adults. The following
main sections of units and quantities are covered:
1) mechanical units
2) thermodynamic quantities
3) units of light
4) units of electricity
5) units of magnetism
6) units of acoustics
7) units of radiation
For systematic calculations on data from many
sources, self-consistent conversion factors are highly
desirable. A revised set of conversion factors and
defined values based on the values accepted by
specialists is therefore used in this compilation.
The units and conversion factors presented in this
compilation are based on well-established reference
sources, which are listed at the end of the book under
the list of references.
 Part 1
Definitions and Conversion of Units

Fundamental physical constants
There are three major systems of units of measurement
often found in the published literature (i.e. books,
journals and documents in general):
1) imperial or British system
2) metric system
cgs (centimeter/gram/second) system
mks (meter/kilogram/second) system
3) SI System (le Systeme international
d'Unites)
The imperial system of units has been developed and
used in the UK and Commonwealth countries. It is
based on the yard, pound and second. The metric
system originated in France during the 18th century.
Since 1876 the Conference Generale des Poids et
Mesures (CGPM) has been the ruling organization for
all aspects of units and measurements. The two systems
introduced, cgs and mks, are now of historical interest.
The SI unit of measurements was proposed by the
CGPM in 1971 and since it has become the standard
system of units in most countries. The system is based
on the seven base units listed in Table 1.1.
The seven SI base units have been defined by the
CGPM as follows:
1) Unit of length-meter (m)
The meter is the length equal to 1 650 763.73 wave-
lengths in vacuum of the radiation corresponding to
the transition between the level 2pw - 5ds of the
krypton-86 atom.
2) Unit of mass-kilogram (kg)
The international prototype of the kilogram is kept at
Table 1.1. SI base units
Quantity Symbol for quantity
length
mass
time
electric current
thermodynamic temperature
amount of substance
luminous intensity
Definitions and Conversions of Units
the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures under
specified conditions. The prototype is made of platinum-
iridium alloy.
3) Unit of time-second (s)
The second is the duration of9 192 631 770 periods of
the radiation corresponding to the transition between
the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the
cesium-133 atom.
4) Unit of electric current-ampere (A)
The ampere is that constant current which, if main-
tained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite
length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1
meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these
conductors a force equal to 2 x 10- 7 newton per meter
of length.
5) Unit of thermodynamic temperature-kelvin (K)
The kelvin is based on the triple point of water as the
fundamental fixed point. The kelvin is the fraction
1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the
triple point of water.
The unit kelvin and its symbol K are also used to
express an interval or a difference of temperature.
However, the unit of degree Celsius (symbol: 0 C) or a
difference of Celsius temperature may also be used.
6) Unit of amount of substance-mole (mol)
The mole is the amount of substance of a system that
contains as many elementary entities as there are
atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon-12. When the mole is
used, the elementary entities must be specified and may
be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles or
specified groups of such particles.
Base unit Symbol for unit
I meter m
m kilogram kg
t second s
I ampere A
T kelvin K
n mole mol
/v candela cd
11
Definitions and Conversions of Units

Table 1.2. Derived SI units

Name of SI units Symbol Physical quantity Definition of SI unit
becquerel Bq radioactivity s-1
coulomb c electric charge As
farad F electric capacitance A 2 s4 kg- 1 m- 2 ( = As v- 1)
gray Gy absorbed dose m2 s-2 ( = J kg-1)
henry H inductance m2 kg s- 2 A- 2 (= V A- 1 s)
hertz Hz frequency s-1
joule J energy, work m2 kg s- 2
lumen lm luminous flux cd sr
lux lx illumination cd sr m- 2
newton N force m kg s- 2
ohm n electric resistance kg m 2 A- 2 s- 3 (= V A- 1)
pascal Pa pressure kg m- 1 s- 2 (= N m- 2)
siemens s electric conductance A 2 s3 kg- 1 m- 2 (= A V- 1)
steradian sr solid angle m2m-2
tesla T magnetic flux density kg A- 1 s- 2 (= V s m- 2)
volt v electric potential difference m2 kg A-1 s-3 (= J A-1 s-1)
watt w power m 2 kg s- 3 (= J s- 1)
weber Wb magnetic flux m2 kg A- 1 s- 2 (= V s)

7) Unit of luminous intensity-candela (cd)
The candela is the luminous intensity, in the perpen-
dicular direction, of a surface of 1/600 000 square meter
of a black body at the temperature of freezing platinum
under a pressure of 101 325 newton per square
meter.
The coherent units of the system based on these base
units may be used to express SI-derived units. Several
derived units have special names and symbols. They
are listed in Table 1.2.
In addition to the base and derived units the 11th
Conference Generate des Poids et Measures intro-
duced a third class of SI units called supplementary
units. Both units-radian (plane angle) and steradian
(solid angle )-belong to the class of SI supplementary
units. However, they may be regarded either as base
units or as derived units.
The prefix symbols (see Table 1.3) indicate the
decimal multiples and sub-multiples of the SI units. An
exponent affixed to a symbol containing a prefix
indicates that the multiple or sub-multiple of the
symbol is raised to the power expressed by the
exponent.

Table 1.3. Prefixes

Exponential
Decimal equivalent Prefix Symbol expression
1 000 000 000 000 tera T 1012
1000 000 000 giga G 109
1 000 000 mega M 106
1000 kilo k 103
100 hecto h 102
10 deka da 10
0.1 deci d 10-1
0.01 centi c 10-2
0.001 milli m 10-3
0.000 001 micro 11 10-6
0.000 000 001 nano n 10-9
0.000 000 000 001 pico p 10 -12
0.000 000 000 000 001 femto f 10 -1s
0.000 000 000 000 000 001 atto a 10 -1s

12
 Definitions and Conversions of Units

Table 1.4. Fundamental physical constants

Physical quantity Value SI unit

atomic mass unit 1.660 565 5 X I0- 27 kg

Avogadro constant 6.022 045 X 1023 mol- 1
Bohr magneton 9.274 078 X I0- 24 JT-t
Bohr radius 5.291 770 6 X 10- 11 m
Boltzmann constant 1.380 662 x 10-23 J K-t
charge of proton (elementary charge) 1.602 189 2 x 10- 19 c
charge to mass ratio for electron 1.758 804 7 X 1011 Ckg- 1
curie 3.7 X 1010 disintegrations s- 1
Einstein constant 8.987 551 79 X 1016 Jkg-1
electron magnetic moment 9.284 832 x 10- 24 JT-1
electron radius, classical 2.817 938 x 10- 15 m
electron rest mass 9.109 534 X 10- 31 kg
electron volt 1.602 189 2 x 10- 19 J
electronic charge 1.602 189 2 x 10- 19 c
Faraday constant 9.648 456 X 1Q4 C moi- 1
fine structure constant 7.297 350 6 x 10- 3 -
first radiation constant 3.741 832 x 10- 16 Wm 2
gas constant 8.314 41 Jmol- 1 K- 1
gravitational acceleration 9.806 65 ms- 2
gravitational constant 6.672 x 10- 11 N m 2 kg- 2
Hartree energy 4.359 814 x 10- 18 J
ice-point temperature 273.15 K
Lande g-factor for free electron 2.002 319 313 4 -
Loschmidt constant 2.686 754 X 1025 m-3
magnetic flux quantum 2.067 sso 6 x 10- 15 1 s c-l
molar volume of ideal gas at stp 0.022 413 83 m 3 mol- 1
Muon rest mass 1.883 566 x 10-28 kg
neutron rest mass 1.674 954 3 x 10-27 kg
normal atmosphere 1.013 25 X 105 Nm- 2
nuclear magneton s.oso 824 x 10-27 JT-1
permeability of vacuum 4n X 10-7 J s2 c-2 m-1 (= H m-1)
permittivity of vacuum 8.854 187 82 X 10- 12 J-1 C2 m-l(F m-1)
Planck constant 6.626 176 x 10- 34 Js
proton gyromagnetic ratio 2.675 198 7 X 108 s-1 T-1
proton magnetic moment 1.410 617 1 X 10- 26 JT-1
proton rest mass 1.672 648 5 X 10- 27 kg
Rydberg constant 1.097 373 177 X 107 m-1
second radiation constant 0.014 387 86 mK
speed of light in vacuum 2.997 924 58 X 108 ms- 1
standard acceleration of free fall 9.806 65 m s- 2
standard molar volume of ideal gas
(273.15 K. 101 325 N m- 2) 0.022 413 83 m 3 mol- 1
standard pressure 1.013 25 X 105 Nm- 2
standard temperature 273.15 K
Stefan-Boltzmann constant 5.670 32 X 10- 8 Wm- 2 K- 4
Thomson cross-section 6.652 447 x 10- 28 m2
triple point of water 273.15 K
Wien's radiation constant 2.897 790 x 10- 3 mK

13
Definitions and Conversions of Units

Table 1.5. Atomic weights of the elements

Name Symbol Atomic number Atomic weight

actinium Ac 89 227.028
aluminum Al 13 26.981 54
americium Am 95 243.0
antimony (stibium) Sb 51 121.75
argon Ar 18 39.948
arsenic As 33 74.9216
astatine At 85 210.0
barium Ba 56 137.33
berkelium Bk 97 247.0
beryllium Be 4 9.012 18
bismuth Bi 83 208.9804
boron B 5 10.811
bromine Br 35 79.904
cadmium Cd 48 112.41
cesium Cs 55 132.9054
calcium Ca 20 40.078
californium Cf 98 251.0
carbon c 6 12.011
cerium Ce 58 140.12
chlorine Cl 17 35.453
chromium Cr 24 51.9961
cobalt Co 27 58.9332
copper Cu 29 63.546
curium Cm 96 247.0
dysprosium Dy 66 162.50
einsteinium Es 99 252.0
element 108 - 108 -
erbium Er 68 167.26
europium Eu 63 151.96
fermium Fm 100 257.0
fluorine F 9 18.998 403
francium Fr 87 223.0
gadolinium Gd 64 157.25
gallium Ga 31 69.723
germanium Ge 32 72.59
gold (aurum) Au 79 196.9665
hafnium Hf 72 178.49
helium He 2 4.002 602
holmium Ho 67 164.9304
hydrogen H 1 1.007 94
indium In 49 114.82
iodine I 53 126.9045
iridium Ir 77 192.22
iron (ferrum) Fe 26 55.847
krypton Kr 36 83.80
lanthanum La 57 138.9055
lawrencium Lr 103 260.0
lead (plumbum) Pb 82 207.2
lithium Li 3 6.941
lutetium Lu 71 174.967
magnesium Mg 12 24.305
manganese Mn 25 54.9380
mendelevium Md 101 258.0
mercury (hygragyrum) Hg 80 200.59
molybdenum Mo 42 95.94

14
 Definitions and Conversions of Units

Table 1.5 (contd)

Name Symbol Atomic number Atomic weight

neodymium Nd 60 144.24
neon Ne 10 20.179
neptunium Np 93 237.0482
nickel Ni 28 58.69
niobium Nb 41 92.9064
nitrogen N 7 14.0067
nobelium No 102 259.0
osmium Os 76 190.2
oxygen 0 8 15.9994
palladium Pd 46 106.42
phosphorus p 15 30.973 76
platinum Pt 78 195.08
plutonium Pu 94 239.13
polonium Po 84 209.0
potassium (kalium) K 19 39.0983
praseodymium Pr 59 140.9077
promethium Pm 61 145.0
protactinium Pa 91 231.036
radium Ra 88 226.025
radon Rn 86 222.0
rhenium Re 75 186.207
rhodium Rh 45 102.9055
rubidium Rb 37 85.4678
ruthenium Ru 44 101.07
samarium Sm 62 150.36
scandium Sc 21 44.955 91
selenium Se 34 78.96
silicon Si 14 28.0855
silver (argentum) Ag 47 107.8682
sodium (natrium) Na 11 22.989 77
strontium Sr 38 87.62
sulfur s 16 32.066
tantalum Ta 73 180.9479
technetium Tc 43 98.9062
tellurium Te 52 127.60
terbium Tb 65 158.9254
thallium Tl 81 204.383
thorium Th 90 232.0381
thulium Tm 69 168.9342
tin (stannum) Sn 50 118.710
titanium Ti 22 47.88
tungsten (wolfram) w 74 183.85
unnilqualium Unqa 104 261.0
unnilpentium Unpa 105 262.0
unnilhexium Unha 106 263.0
unnilseptium Unsa 107 262.0
uranium u 92 238.0289
vanadium v 23 50.9415
xenon Xe 54 131.29
ytterbium Yb 70 173.04
yttrium y 39 88.9059
zinc Zn 30 65.39
zirconium Zr 40 91.224

a Symbols based on IUPAC systematic names.

15
0'1
- ~
::tl
:;I
&:
Table 1.6. Periodic table of the elements 0
:;I
""
I»
:;I
c.
Group
18 Q
lA VIllA
New notation 13 14 15 16 17 ~
;;!
1 2 2 .....
Previous IUPAC form IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB 0
~ :;I
H IIA CAS version IliA IVA VA VIA VIlA He 0
"".....,
3 4 5 6 7 X 9 10
Li Be B c N 0 F Ne ~
.....
fij
11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 17
13 15 16 18
IIIA-L- IVA VA VIA VIlA VIllA
Na Mg IIIB IVB-~VB VIB VIIB r - - VIII----, IB liB A1 Si p s Cl Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti v Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La.- Hf Ta w Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 89 104 a 105 a 106a 107 a
Fr Ra Ac Unq Unp Unh Uns
lf Lanthanide 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 11 I

series Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
.& Actinide 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 1

series Th Pa u Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr I
-

a Symbols based on IUPAC systematic names.

 Part 2
Conversion Factors
 2.1 Length

2.1 Length (m) compiled from the literature and listed in Table 2.2a.
The length as a quantity is often described by an alter- The interconversion factors for the common units of
area are presented in Table 2.2b.
native word. The following terms are used:

altitude 2.3 Volume (capacity)(m 3)

breadth
depth Volume is defined as the amount of space occupied by a
diameter body, measured and expressed in cubic units. The units
displacement of volume or capacity are often expressed in terms of
distance the cubics of any of the units of length listed in
height Table 2.1a.
line segment There is no distinction between volume and capacity
path length in the SI systems of unit. However, the metric system
radial distance changed between 1901 and 1964. The definitions for
radius liter are
thickness
wavelength 1 liter (1901) = 1.000 028 liter (1964)
width
Since 1964, the liter has been redefined as one cubic
Some of the units listed in Table 2.la are not specific decimeter (as before 1901)
and require further details: for example, 1 mile might
be imperial, geographical, sea, etc. To avoid any confu- 1 liter (1964) = 1 cubic decimeter
sion, it is recommended that full details on the unit
used (e.g., 1 mile (telegraph nautical)) are given. The various conversion factors of units of volume are
The units of length listed in Table 2.la have been presented in Tables 2.3a and 2.3b.
taken from the published literature (see References). One Amagat unit of volume is defined as the volume
This table provides the conversion factors to meter, occupied by 1 mole of a real gas at 0°C and 1 atm
which is the SI unit for length. Interconversion factors pressure. Despite a slight deviation between real and
for the common units of length are given in Table perfect (or ideal) gases at this condition, the Amagat
2.1b. unit of volume may be calculated as

2.2 Area (m 2) 1 Amagat unit of volume = 0.022 413 6m 3 mol- 1

Area is an enclosed surface or region. There are several The Amagat unit of volume is the reciprocal of the
formulas for calculating areas enclosed by a definitely Amagat unit of density
bounded piece of surrounding. The common forms of
areas are: 1
1 Amagat unit of volume = Amagat umt. of d ens1ty
.
rectangle
square thus
triangle
trapezoid 1 Amagat unit of density = 44.615 77 mol m- 3
parallelogram
regular pentagon One Berlin unit of volume is defined as the volume
regular hexagon occupied by 1 mole of a real gas at 0°C and 1 meter of
regular octagon mercury pressure.
circle The virial coefficients Band Care given as cm3 mol- 1
and cm6 mol- 2 , respectively, in cgs units. The conver-
There are several units of area. These quantities are sion factors to SI units are as follows:
often expressed in terms of the squares of any of the
units of length listed in Table 2.1a. B (cm 3 mol- 1) = 1.0 x 10-6 B (m3 mol- 1)
The traditional UK and US units of area and their
relationship to the square meter (SI unit) have been C (cm 6 mol- 2) = 1.0 x 10- 12 C (m 6 mol- 2)

19
2.1 Length

Table 2.1a. Miscellaneous units of length

Unit m

1 angstrom (or tenth meter or rowland) (A) 1.0 x 10-10

1 astronomical unit (au) 1.496 X 1011
1 atomic unit of length 5.291 67 X lQ-11
1 barleycorn 8.466 67 x w- 3
1 bicron (or stigma) 1.0 x 10- 12
1 Bohr radius 5.3 x w- 9
1 bolt 36.576
1 cable length
0.1 UK nautical mile 185.318
100 fathoms 182.88
120 fathoms 219.456
1 caliber 2.54 x 10-4
1 cascade unit (or radiation length or radiation unit) 159.424 (in air)
1 centimeter (em) O.ot
1 chain
Gunter's or surveyor's 20.1168
nautical 4.572
Ramden's or engineer's 30.48
1 cubit 0.4572
1 cut 274.319 52
1 decimeter (dm) 0.1
1 dekameter (dam) 10.0
1 digit 0.019 05
1 douzieme 1.763 89 x w- 4

1 ell
Flemish 0.6858
French 1.3716
UK 1.1430
1 em (printer's, pica) 4.233 33 x 10- 3
1 fathom 1.8288
1 fermi 1.0 x w- 15
1 foot (ft)
cape 0.314 858
international 0.3048
US or survey 0.304 800 6
1 French foot 0.324 85
1 furlong 201.168
1 gigameter (Gm) 1.0 X 109
1 goad 1.3716
1 hand 0.1016
1 hank 768.094 664
1 hectometer (hm) 100.0
1 heer 548.639 046
1 inch (in) 0.0254
1 iron s.291 67 x 10-4
1 kilometer (km) 1.0 X 103
1 kxu (or siegbahn, 1000 X units) 1.002 020 1 x w-to
Ilea 109.727 809
11eague
nautical, imperial 5.559 552 X 103
nautical, international 5.556 X 103
statue 4.828 032 X 103
1 light year 9.4605 X 1015
lligne 2.116 67 x w- 3
lline
imperial 2.116 66 x w- 3
metric 1.0 x to- 3
us 6.35 x to- 4

20
 2.1 Length

Table 2.la (contd)

Unit m

11ink
Gunter's or surveyor's 0.201168
Ramden's or engineer's 0.3048
1 megameter (Mm) 1.0 X 106
1 meter (m) 1.0
1 micrometer (11m) 1.0 x 10- 6
1 micromicro 1.0 x l0- 12
1 micron (or micrometer) (flm) 1.0 X 10- 6
1 mil 2.54 x 10-s
1 mile
geographical 1.853 184 X 103
imperial 1.609 344 X 103
nautical, imperial 1.853 184 X 103
nautical, international 1.852 X 103
sea 1.8288 X 103
telegraph nautical 1.855 317 6 X 103
1 millimeter (mm) 1.0 x 10- 3
1 millimicron (or nanometer) (nm) 1.0 x 10- 9
1 myriameter 1.0 X 104
1 nail 0.057 15
1 nanometer (or millimicron) (nm) 1.0 x 10- 9
1 ounce 3.968 75 x 10-4
1 pace (military) 0.762
1 palm 0.0762
1 Paris inch (or pounce) 0.027 069 973
1 parsec 3.085 72 X 1016
1 perch (or rod or pole) 5.0292
1 pica (printer's) 4.217 517 6 x 10- 3
1 piece 9.143 984
1 pied (or French foot) 0.324 85
1 point (printer's) 0.351 x 10- 3
1 pole (or perch or rod) 5.0292
1 pouce (or Paris inch) 0.027 069 973
1 quadrant 1.0 X 107
1 quarter 0.228 60
1 radiation length (or cascade unit or radiation unit) 159.424 (in air)
1 rod (or perch or pole) 5.0292
1 rope (imperial) 6.096
1 rowland (or angstrom or tenth meter) 1.0 X 10-10
1 second 2.116 67 x 10- 3
1 siegbahn unit (or X-ray unit or X unit) 1.002 02 x 10-n
1 sirometer 1.496 X 10 17
1 skein 109.728
1 span 0.2286
1 spat 1.0 X 1012
1 spindle 1.31673371 X 104
1 stab 1.0
1 stigma (or bicron) 1.0 x 10- 12
1 tenth meter (or angstrom or rowland) 1.0 x 10- 10
1 thou 2.54 X 10- 5
1 thread 1.371 597 6
1 wavelength of orange-red line of krypton-86 6.057 802 11 x 10- 7
1 wavelength of red line of cadmium 6.438 469 6 x 10- 7
1 X unit (or siegbahn unit) 1.002 02 x 10- 13
1 yard (yd)
imperial 0.914 398 41
scientific 0.9144
us 0.914 401 83

21
N
!'J
N
.....

~
::I
g.
Table 2.1 b. Length interconversion factors

A mm em in ft yd m km mile
(imperial)
m
~ 1 angstrom 1.0 1.0 x I0- 7 1.0 x w-s 3.937 x w- 9 3.2808 x w-Jo 1.0936 x w-Jo 1.0 x w-Jo 1.0 x w-!3 6.2137 x w- 14
(A)

1 millimeter 1.0 x 1.0 x w- 6 6.2137 x w- 7

1.0 X 107 1.0 0.1 0.039 37 3.2808 x w- 3 1.0936 x w- 3 w- 3
(mm)

1 centimeter 1.0 x w- 5 6.213 7 x w- 6

1.0 X 108 10.0 1.0 0.393 70 0.032 808 0.010 936 0.01
(em)

1 inch 1.0 0.083 333 0.027 777 0.0254 2.54 x w- 5 1.578 28 x w- 5

2.54 X 10 8 25.4 2.54
(in)

I
1 foot 30.48 12.0 1.0 0.333 333 0.3048 3.048 x w- 4 1.893 94 x w- 4
3.048 X 109 304.8
(ft)

1 yard 91.44 36.0 3.0 1.0 0.9144 9.144 x w- 4 5.6818 x w- 4

9.144 X 109 914.4
(yd)

1 meter 39.370 08 3.280 84 1.093 613 1.0 1.0 x 10- 3 6.213 71 x 10- 4
1.0 X JOIO 1.0 X 10 3 100.0
(m)

1 kilometer 1.0 X 101J 1.0 X 106 1.0 X 105 3.937 008 X 104 3.280 84 X 1Q3 1.093 613 X lQ3 1.0 X 103 1.0 0.621 371
(km)

1 mile 1.609 34 X 105 6.336 X 104 5.280 X 10 3 1.760 X 103 1.609 34 X 10 3 1.609 34 1.0
1.609 34 X 1013 1.609 34 X 106
(imperial)
 2.2 Area

Table 2.2a. Miscellaneous units of area

Unit m2

1 acre
UK 4.046 856 4 X 103
us 4.046 856 4 X 103
1 are(a) 100.0
1 bam 1.0 x 10-28
1 barony 1.618 742 56 X 107
1 centare 1.0
1 circular inch 5.067 01 x 10-4
I circular mile (or mil) 5.067 01 x to- 10
1 circular millimeter o. 785 398 x 10-6
I Gunter's square chain (surveyor's) 404.6856
1 Gunter's square link (surveyor's) 0.040468 56
I hectare (ha) 1.0 X 104
1 hide 4.046 856 4 X 105
1load 55.7418
1 mil 5.067 01 x 10- 10
1 open window unit (owu) 0.092 903 04
1 Ramden's square chain (engineer's) 929.03
1 Ramden's square link (engineer's) 0.92 903
1 rood (imperial) 1.011 714 106 X 103
I section 2.589 99 X I 06
1 shed 1.0 x 10- 52
1 square centimeter (cm2) 1.0 x 10-4
1 square decimeter (dm2) 1.0 x 10-2
1 square dekameter (Dm2 ) 100.0
1 square fathom 3.344 508
1 square foot
imperial 0.092 903
US survey 0.092 903 41
1 square hectometer (hm2) 1.0 X 104
1 square inch (in2 ) 6.4516 x 10-4
1 square kilometer (km2) 1.0 X 106
1 square meter (m2) 1.0
1 square mile (mile 2) 2.589 99 X 106
1 square millimeter (mm2) 1.0 x 10-6
1 square of flooring 9.290 30
1 square perch (or square rod or square pole) 25.292 852 6
1 square pole (or square rod or square perch) 25.292 852 6
1 square rod (or square perch or square pole) 25.292 852 6
1 square yard (yd2) 0.836 127 36
1 ton 5.574 18
1 township (US) 9.323 96 X 107
1 yard of land 1.214 056 9 X 105

23
 N
~ N

~
I»

Table 2.2b. Area interconversion factors

mm2 cm2 in2 ft2 yd2 m2 acre hectare mile 2

m
X
l square millimeter
(mm 2)
l.O 0.01 L55oo x w- 3 1.076 39 X 10-s 1.195 99 x w- 6 to x w- 6 2.471 05 x 10-10 to x w-!0 3.861 02 x 10- 13

l square centimeter L076 39 x 1.195 99 x w- 4 t.o x w- 4 2.471 05 X 10- 8 1.0 x w- 8 3.861 02 X 10-ll
100.0 l.O 0.155 00 w- 3
(cm 2)

l square inch 6.4516 l.O 6.944 44 X 10- 3 7.716 o5 x w- 4 6.4516 X 10- 4 1.5942 X 10- 7 6.4516 X IQ- 8 2.490 977 x 10- 10
645.16
(in 2}

l square foot 144.0 l.O 0.111 lll 0.092 903 2.2957 X 10-s 9.2903 x w- 6 3.587 006 X 10- 8
9.2903 X 104 929.03
(ft2)

l square yard 0.836127 2.0661 x 10-4 8.361 27 x 10-s 3.228 31 x 10- 7

(yd2) 8.36127 X lQS 8.36127 X 1Q3 1.296 X 1Q3 9.0 l.O

l square meter l.O X 106 l.O X 104 1.5500 X 1Q3 10.763 91 1.195 99 l.O 2.471 o5 x 10- 4 to x 10- 4 3.861 02 x 10- 7
(m2)

l acre 4.046 86 X 109 4.046 86 X lQ1 6.272 64 X 106 4.3560 X 104 4.840x W 4.04686x W l.O 0.404686 1.5625 x 10- 3

l.O X 1010 l.O X 108 1.5500 X lQ1 1.076 39 X 1QS 1.195 99 X 104 l.O X 104 2.471 05 l.O 3.861 02 x 10- 3
l hectare

l square mile 2.589 99 X 1012 2.589 99 X lQIO 4.014 49 X lQ9 2.787 84 X lQ1 3.0976 X 1Q6 2.589 99 X lQ6 640.0 258.999 l.O
(mile2)
-
 2.3 Volume

Table 2.3a. Miscellaneous units of volume

Unit m3

1 acre-foot 1.233 481 9 X 103

1 acre-inch 102.789 984
1 amagat (volume) 0.022413 6
1 anker 0.037 873 48
1 aum 0.136 382 7
1 bag (UK) 0.1091061
1 barrel bulk 0.141 584
1 barrel
ale, beer 0.136 344 5
herring 0.145 474 88
tar 0.12047138
UK 0.163 6591
US, dry 0.115 627 12
US, liquid 0.119 240 446
US, petroleum 0.158 987 3
1 barrique 0.2250
1 base box 20.232 217
1 board foot 2.359 74 x 10- 3
1 hodge 2.273 045 X 10- 3
1 bucket (UK) O.Q18 184 36
1 bushel
UK 0.036368 7
us 0.035 2391
1 butt
ale, beer 0.490 977 8
UK 0.476 9619
wine 0.9544117
1 centiliter (cl) 1.0 X 10-s
1 chaldron
UK 1.309 27
us 1.268 606 5
1 chest 0.568 2614
1 circular mil-foot 1.544 452 x 10-lo
1 comb (or coomb) 0.145 474 8
1 coomb (or comb) 0.145 474 8
1 cord 3.624 573 4
1 cord-foot 0.453 068 8
1 cran(e) 0.1704784
1 cubic centimeter (cm3) 1.0 x 10-6
1 cubic decimeter (dm 3) 1.0 X 10- 3
1 cubic dekameter (Dm 3) 1.0 X 103
1 cubic foot (ft3)
UK 0.028 316 8
us 0.028 317 016
1 cubic hectometer 1.0 X 106
1 cubic inch (in 3)
UK 1.638 71 X 10-s
us 1.638 716 2 X 10-5
1 cubic kilometer (km 3) 1.0 X 109
1 cubic meter (m 3) 1.0
1 cubic millimeter (mm 3) 1.0 x 10-9
1 cubic yard (yd 3)
UK 0.764 555
us 0.764 555
1 cup 2.365 882 36 x 10- 4
1 decastere 10.0
1 deciliter (dl) 1.0 x 10- 4
1 decistere 0.1
1 dekaliter (dal) O.ot
1 drachm (UK, fluid) 3.551 63 x w-
6
1 dram (US, fluid) (or liquid dram) 3.696 69 x 10-6

25
2.3 Volume

Table 2.3a (contd)

Unit m3

1 fathom (cubic) 6.116 428 8

1 Festmeter (or Raummeter) (Fm) 1.0
1 firkin
UK, ale or beer 0.040 914 819
US, ale or beer 0.037 097 027
1 gallon (gal)
UK or imperial 4.546 091 X l0- 3
US, dry 4.404 883 77 x 10- 3
US, liquid 3.785 411 x 10- 3
1 gallon, barn
UK, milk 9.092 183 X l0- 3
US, milk 9.084 986 4 x 10- 3
1 gill (gi)
UK 1.420 65 x 10- 4
us 1.182 941 X l0- 4
1 hectoliter (hl) 0.1
1 hogshead
ale, beer 0.245 488 91
honey, oil, spirits, vinegar, wine 0.238 602 92
pilchards 0.181 843 64
UK 0.2864
us 0.238 481
1 jar 0.113 652 275
1 kanne 1.0 x 10- 3
1 kilderkin (UK) 0.081 829 64
1 kiloliter 1.0
1 lambda (A.) 1.0 x w- 9
1 last 2.909496
1 liter (1) (here 1 liter = 1 dm3) 1.0 X I0- 3
1 liquid dram (US) 3.696 69 x w- 6
1 liquid ounce (US) 2.957 35 X 10-s
1 load (or wey) 1.454 748
timber 1.415 84
unhewen timber 1.132 672
1 microliter (J.ll) 1.0 x w- 9
1 mil (or milliliter) (ml) 1.0 X I0- 6
1 milliliter (or mil) 1.0 x w- 6
1 minim
UK 5.919 39 X I0- 8
us 6.16115 x w- 8
1 Mohr cubic centimeter 1.000 13 x w- 6
1 noggin 1.420 652 5 x w- 4
1 ounce (fl oz)
UK, fluid 2.841 31 x 10- 5
US, fluid (or liquid ounce) 2.957 35 x 10-s
1 peck (pk)
UK 9.092 18 x 10- 3
us 8.809 76 x w- 3
1 perche (masonry) 0.700 840 8
1 pin 0.020 457 409
1 pint (pt)
UK or imperial 5.682 61 x w- 4
US, dry 5.5061 x w- 4
US, liquid 4.731 765 x 10- 4
1 pipe 0.477 205 85
1 pottle 2.273 044 x 10-3
1 puncheon
ale, beer 0.327 318 55
honey, oil, spirits, winegar, wine 0.318 137 23

26
 2.3 Volume

Table 2.3a (contd)

Unit m3

1 quart (qt)
UK 1.136 52 x w- 3
US, dry 1.101 221 x w- 3
US, liquid 9.463 53 x 10- 4
1 quart, reputed 6.312 246 6 x w- 4
1 quarter 0.290 95
1 quartern
UK, dry 2.273 044 x w- 3
UK, liquid 1.420 652 x w- 4
1 Raummeter (Festmeter) (Rm) 1.0
1 rod (UK, volume) 28.316 847
1 run(d)let 0.068 172 264
1 sack
coke 0.109 106 1
flour, salt 0.181 843 5
1 scruple (UK, fluid) 1.183 878 x w- 6

1 seam 0.290 949 6

1 stack 3.058 214 4
1 standard
Petrograd 4.672 28
UK, timber 0.471 946 7
US, timber 4.672 272
1 standard volume of 1 mole perfect gas at 0°C, 1 atm 0.022413 6
1 stere (French) (st) 1.0
1 strike (UK) 0.072 737
1 tablespoon 1.478 676 X w-s
1 teaspoon 4.928 92 x w- 6
1 tifrce 0.159 068 62
1 ton
oil 8.046 581 07
sea freight 1.132 672
timber 1.415 84
1 ton register (internal capacity of ships) 2.831 684 6
1 trug 0.024245 8
1 tun
oil 0.954 679 11
honey, oil, spirits, vinegar, wine 0.954 411 696
1 wey (or load) 1.454 748
1 winchester quart 2.500 X l0- 3
1 winchester wine gallon (WWG) 3.787 348 x l0- 3

27
 N
N <...>
00

~
2"
s
G
Table 2.3b. Volume interconversio n factors•

ml in 3 I ft 3 ydl mJ pt gal (US)

cm 3
m
~
I cubic centimeter
1.0 0.999 972 0.061 023 7 9.999 72 x 10- 4 3.531 47 x 10- 5 1.307 95 x 10- 6 1.0 x 10- 6 2.113 38 x 10- 3 2.6417 x w- 4

(cm 3 )

1 milliliter 1.0 x 10-J 3.531 57 x 10- 5 1.307 99 x 10- 6 1.ooo 028 x 10- 6 2.1134 x 10- 3 2.6418 X J0- 4
1.000 028 1.0 0.061 025 4
(ml)

1 cubic inch 0.016 387 5.787 04 x 10- 4 2.143 35 x 10- 5 1.638 706 X J0- 5 0.034 632 4.329 x w-J
16.387 06 16.3866 1.0
(in 3)

i
I
1 liter 1.0 0.035 315 7 1.307 99 x 10- 3 1.ooo 028 x 10- 3 2.113 44 0.264 179
1.000 028 X JOl 1.0 X 10 3 61.025 45
(1)

1 cubic foot X 28.316 05 1.0 0.037 037 0.028 316 9 59.844 16 7.480 519
2.831 685 X 104 2.831 605 X J04 1.728 JOl
(ft3)

1 cubic yard X 764.5335 27.0 1.0 0.764 555 1.615 79 X JOl 201.97
7.645 55 X 105 7.645 335 X 1Ql 4.6656 104
(ydl)

I cubic meter X 104 999.972 35.314 67 1.307 951 1.0 2.113 38 X JOl 264.172
1.0 X 10 6 9.999 72 X 1Ql 6.102 37
(ml)

1 pint 28.875 0.473 163 2 0.016 71 6.1889 x 10- 4 4.731 76 x 10- 4 1.0 0.125
(pt) 473.176 473.163

1 gallon 3.785 412 X JOl 3.785 31 X JOl 231.0 3.785 306 0.133 681 4.951 13 x 10- 3 3.785 41 x 10- 3 8.0 1.0
(gal (US))
~-
~--
-
-
a In this table the definitions of milliliter (ml) and liter (1) refer to the convention adopted before 1964, that is lliter (1901) = 1.000 028 dm3 •
 2.4 Angle

2.4 Angle (plane and solid) (rad and sr)
According to the definition, the angle is between two
radii of a circle that cut off on the circumference an arc
equal in length to the radius. The radian is the coherent
SI unit of plane angle. It is a supplementary unit. The
steradin is the coherent SI unit of solid angle. It is also a
supplementary unit.
The miscellaneous units and the conversion factors
to radian are listed in Table 2.4a. Table 2.4b lists the
units of solid angle. The interconversio n factors for the
various units of angular (plane) measure are tabulated
in Table 2.4c.

Table 2.4a. Miscellaneous units of plane angles

Unit rad
1 angular mil 1.0 x w- 3
1 arc min 2.908 88 x w- 4
1 centesimal minute 1.570 796 3 x w- 4
1 centesimal second L57o 796 3 x w- 6
1 centrad O.Ql
1 circle (or circumference) 6.283 185 3
1 circumference (or circle) 6.283 185 3
1 degree (angular) 0.017 453 3
1 gon (or grade) O.Ql5 708
1 grade (or gon) O.Ql5 708
1 minute (angular) 2.908 88 x w- 4
1 octant 0.785 398 16
1 quadrant 1.570 796 33
1 rad 1.0
1 revolution 6.283 185 3
1 right angle 1.570 80
1 second (angular) 4.848 14 x w- 6
1 sextant 1.047 197 551
1 sign 0.523 598 775
1 turn 6.283 185 31

Table 2.4b. Miscellaneous units of solid angles

Unit sr

1 degree, square (or square degree) 3.046 174 x w- 4

1 hemisphere 6.283 185 3
1 space (entire) 12.566 370 4
1 sphere (or solid angle) 12.566 370 4
1 spherical right angle 1.570 796 3
1 square degree 3.046 174 X 10- 4
1 steradian (sr) 1.0

29
(.;.)
0 N
:,::.

~
o.s..
(1)

Table 2.4c. Plain angle interconversion factors

s min grade degree rad quadrant circle

m
~ 1 second
1.0 0.016 666 7 3.086 42 x w- 4 2.777 78 x 10- 4 4.848 14 x w- 6 3.086 42 x 10- 6 7.716 049 x 10- 7
(s)

1 minute
60.0 1.0 0.018 518 5 0.016 666 7 2.908 88 x 10- 4 1.851 852 x w- 4 4.6293 x 10- 5
(min)

1 grade 3.24 X 103 54.0 1.0 0.9 0.015 708 O.Ql 2.5 x w- 3
I
1 degree 3.6 X 103 60.0 1.111111 1.0 0.017 453 3 0.0111111 2.777 778 x w- 3

1 radian
2.062 648 X 105 3.437 75 X 103 63.661 98 57.295 78 1.0 0.636 619 8 0.159 154 9
(rad)

1 quadrant 3.24 X 10 5 5.4 X 103 100.0 90.0 1.570 796 1.0 0.25

1 circle 1.296 X 106 2.16 X 104 400.0 360.0 6.283 185 4.0 1.0
 2.5 Time

2.5 Time (s)
The second is defined as the duration of9 192 631 770
periods ofthe radiation corresponding to the transition
between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of
the cesium-133 atom.
The miscellaneous units of time and the conversion
factors to second are listed in Table 2.5a. The intercon-
version factors for the various units of time are given in
Table 2.5b. ·

Table 2.5a. Miscellaneous units of time

Unit s

1 aeon 3.1536 X 1016

1 blink 0.864
1 ce 864.0
1 cron 3.156 X 1013
1 day (d)
mean solar 8.6400 X 104
sideral 8.6164 X 104
1 degree of time 864.0
1 hour (h)
mean solar 3.600 X 103
sideral 3.590 170 4 X 103
1 microsecond (JJS) 1.0 x 10-6
1 millisecond (ms) 1.0 X 10- 3
1 minute (min)
mean solar 60.0
sideral 59.836174
1 month (mth)
mean calendral 2.628 X 106
30 days 2.5920 X 106
31 days 2.6784 X 106
1 nanosecond (ns) 1.0 x 10-9
1 second (s)
mean solar 1.0
sideral 0.997 269 56
1 shake 1.0 X 10- 8
1 week (wk) 6.048 00 X 105
1 year (yr)
sideral 3.155 815 X 107
tropical or mean solar 3.155 692 6 X 107
365 days or calendral year 3.1536 X 107

31
\;J
N N
v.
...,
~·

Table 2.5b. Time interconversion factors

s min h d wk 30-d mth 31-d mth yr

m
~1 second
1.0 0.016 666 67 2.777 778 x 10-4 1.157 41 x 10- 5 1.653 44 x w- 6 3.858 02 x 10- 7 3.733 572 x w- 7 3.170 979 X 10-s
(s)

1 minute
60.0 1.0 0.016 66667 6.944 44 x 10-4 9.920 63 x 10- 5 2.314 82 x 10- 5 2.240 143 x 10- 5 1.902 588 x 10- 6
(min)

1 hour
(h) 3.6 X 103 60.0 1.0 0.041666 7 5.952 38 x 10- 3 1.388 89 x 10- 3 1.344 086 x 10- 3 1.141 553 x 10-4

1 day
8.64 X 104 1.44 X 103 24.0 1.0 0.142 857 1 0.033 333 3 0.03225S 06 2.739 726 x 10- 3
(d)

1 week
(wk) 6.048 X 105 1.008 X 104 168.0 7.0 1.0 0.233 333 3 0.225 806 5 0.019 178 08

1 month, 30 days
2.592 X 106 4.32 X 104 720.0 30.0 4.285 714 1.0 0.967 7419 0.082 191 78
(30-d mth)

1 month, 31 days
2.6784 X 106 4.464 X 104 744.0 31.0 4.428 571 1.033 333 3 1.0 0.084 931 51
(31-d mth)

1 year, 365 days

3.1536 X 107 5.256 X lQS 8.76 X 103 365.0 52.142 86 12.166 678 11.774194 1.0
(yr)
- - - - - L_ - - - - - - - - - - L_
 2.6 Velocity (linear)

2.6 Velocity (linear) (m s- 1)
The ratio between the length and time is known as
velocity. Units of length given in Table 2.la may be
used in combination with the units of time, given in
Table 2.5a, for expressing linear velocity or speed.
The traditional units of velocity and their conversion
factors to the SI unit of meter per second are given in
Table 2.6a. Interconversion factors for the units of
linear velocity are listed in Table 2.6b.

Table 2.6a. Miscellaneous units of linear velocity

Unit m s- 1

1 benz 1.0
1 centimeter per hour (em h- 1) 2.777 78 X 10- 6
1 centimeter per minute (em min- 1) 1.666 67 X 10-4
1 centimeter per second (em s- 1) O.ol
I centimeter per year (em yr- 1) 3.170 979 X 10- 10
1 foot per hour (ft h- 1) 8.4667 X 10- 5
1 foot per minute (ft min- 1) 5.08 X 10- 3
1 foot per second (ft s- 1) 0.3048
1 inch per hour (in h- 1) 7.055 556 X 10- 6
1 inch per minute (in min- 1) 4.233 33 X 10- 4
1 inch per second (in s- 1) 0.0254
1 kilometer per hour (km h- 1) 0.277 778
1 kilometer per minute (km min- 1) 16.666 67
1 kilometer per second (km s- 1) 1.0 X 103
1 kine O.ot
1 knot (kn)
international 0.514 444
UK 0.514 773
1 meter per hour (m h- 1) 2.777 78 X 10- 4
1 meter per minute (m min- 1) 0.016 666 7
1 meter per second (m s- 1) 1.0
1 mile per hour 0.447 04
I mile per minute 26.8224
1 mile per second 1.609 344 X 103
1 yard per hour (yd h- 1) 2.5400 X 10-4
1 yard per minute (yd min- 1) 0.015 24
1 yard per second (yd s- 1) 0.9144

33
 N
V.) 0.,
,j:>.

~
g
~-
Table 2.66. Velocity (linear) interconversion factors
~-
-~
cms- 1 ft s- 1 mile h- 1 kn m s- 1 kmmin- 1 ..::::!.-
ft min- 1 mmin- 1 km h- 1
m
~ 1 foot per minute
1.0 0.508 0.3048 O.Ql8 288 0.016 666 67 O.Ql1 363 6 9.8747 X IQ- 3 5.08 x w- 3 3.048 x w- 4

(ft min- 1)

1 centimeter per seconu 1.968 504 1.0 0.6 0.036 0.032 808 4 0.022 3694 0.019 438 O.OI 6.o x w-4
(em s- 1)

I meter per minute 0.032 397 4 0.016 666 7 1.0 X IQ- 3

(m min- 1) 3.280 84 1.666 666 7 1.0 0.06 0.054 680 7 0.037 282 3
I
I
I
I kilometer per hour 0.911 344 4 0.62I 37I 2 0.539 956 8 0.277 777 8 0.016 666 7
(km h- 1) 54.680 66 27.777 778 I6.666 667 1.0

I foot per second 1.0 0.68I 8I8 2 0.592483 8 0.3048 O.Ql8 288
(ft s- 1) 60.0 30.48 I8.288 1.097 28

I mile per hour 44.704 26.8224 1.609 344 1.466 667 1.0 0.868 976 2 0.447 04 0.026 822 4
(mile h- 1) 88.0

I knot 30.866 667 1.852 1.687 8I 1.150 779 1.0 0.5I4 444 0.030 866 67
(kn) I01.2686 51.444 44

I meter per second 60.0 3.6 3.280 84 2.236 936 1.943 844 1.0 0.06
(m s- 1 ) I96.8504 IOO.O

I kilometer per minute 1.666667 X IQ3 1.0 X 103 60.0 54.680 66 37.282 27 32.397 4I I6.666 667 1.0
(km min- 1) 3.280 84 X IQ3
--- -
 2.7 Velocity (angular) or frequency

2. 7 Velocity (angular) or frequency (Hz) speed of rotation

The angular velocity is defined as the reciprocal of
periodic time, or the number of periodic motions com-
pleted in unit time. The angular velocity or frequency is
the ratio between the angle (expressed in radian,
revolution or degree) and the time.
The following alternative terms are often used
instead of angular velocity:
rotational velocity
rotational speed
rotational frequency (frequency)
The commonly used units of angular velocity are
listed in Table 2.7a. The various interconversion factors
for angular velocity units are compiled in Table
2.7b.

Table 2.7a. Miscellaneous units of angular velocity (frequency)

Unit Hz

1 cycle per second (or revolution per second) 1.0

1 degree per hour (degree h- 1) 7.716 047 2 x w- 7
1 degree per minute (degree min- 1) 4.629 629 X 10-s
1 degree per second (degree s- 1) 2.777 78 x w- 3
1 hertz (Hz) 1.0
1 radian per hour (rad h- 1) 4.420 970 5 X 10-s
1 radian per minute (rad min- 1) 2.652 582 x w- 3
1 radian per second (rad s- 1) 0.159154 94
1 revolution per hour (rev h- 1) 2. 777 78 x w-4
1 revolution per minute (rev min- 1) 0.016 667
1 revolution per second (or cycle per second) (rev s- 1) 1.0

35
y.)
N
0'1 ~

~
0
(')

~·
I ll
-
Ill
Table 2.7b. Angular velocity (frequency) interconversion factors
t
~
0
'"I

:::;>
~
Hz rev min- 1 degree s- 1 rad s- 1 degree min- 1 rad min- 1
'@
m ~

~ ~
1 revolution per second 6.283 19 2.1600 X 104 376.991
1.0 60.0 360.0
(hertz (Hz))

1 revolution per minute 1.0 6.0 0.104 720 360.0 6.283 19

(rev min- 1) 0.016 667

1 degree per second 2.777 78 X 10- 3 0.166 667 1.0 O.o17 453 3 60.0 1.04720
(degree s- 1)

1 radian per second 9.549 296 6 57.295 779 1.0 3.437 747 X 103 60.0
(rad s- 1) 0.159 154 94

1 degree per minute X 10-4 0.017 453 3

4.629 629 X I0- 5 2.777 78 X 10- 3 0.016 666 7 2.908 88 1.0
(degree min- 1)

1 radian per minute 2.652 ss x w- 3 0.159 155 0.954930 0.016 666 7 57.2958 1.0
(rad min- 1)
 2.8 Acceleration

2.8 Acceleration (m s- 2 ) There are several units of acceleration (see Table

2.8a). The various interconversion factors for the units
Acceleration is expressed as the ratio between units of are given in Table 2.8b.
length and the time squared.

Table 2.8a. Miscellaneous units of acceleration

Unit ms- 2

1 celo 0.3048
1 centimeter per square second (em s- 2) O.ol
1 foot per square second (ft s- 2) 0.3048
1 fors (f) 9.806 65
1 G (gravity) 9.806 65
1 Galileo (Gal) 0.010
1 grav or gravity (G) 9.806 65
1 kilometer per hour per second (km h- 1 s- 1) 0.277 778
1 leo 10.0
1 meter per square second (m s- 2 ) 1.0
1 mile per hour per minute (mile h- 1 min- 1) 7.450 666 x 10- 3
1 mile per hour per second (mile h- 1 s- 1) 0.447 040
1 milligal (mGal) 1.0 x w-
5

Table 2.8b. Acceleration interconversion factors

~ m

1 milligal
mGal em s- 2 m s- 2 ft s- 2 G

(mGal) 1.0 1.0 x w- 3 1.0 x 10- 5 3.280 84 x 10- 5 1.019 72 x 10- 6

1 centimeter per square second

(em s- 2) 1.0 X 103 1.0 O.oi 0.032 808 4 1.o19 72 x 10- 3

1 meter per square second

(m s- 2 ) 1.0 X 105 100.0 1.0 3.280 84 0.101 972

1 foot per square second

(ft s- 2) 3.048 X 104 30.48 0.3048 1.0 0.031 081

1 standard acceleration due to gravity

(G) 9.806 65 X 105 980.665 9.806 65 32.1740 1.0

37
2.9 Mass

2.9 Mass (kg) The units of mass may be expressed in various

The kilogram is the unit of mass. It is equal to the mass
of the international prototype ofthe kilogram, which is
kept in Sevres near Paris by the Bureau International
des Poids et Mesures.
systems (e.g., metric, Sl, imperial, USA, apothecaries,
troy, etc.). Table 2.9a presents these units in alphabetical
order; their relationships to the SI unit are given. The
interconversion factors for the common units of mass
are tabulated in Table 2.9b.

Table 2.9a. Miscellaneous units of mass

Unit kg

1 assay ton
UK 0.032 667
us 0.029 166 7
1 atomic mass unit, international (or dalton) 1.660 24 X 10-27
1 atomic unit of mass 9.1084 x w- 31
1 atomic weight unit
chemical mass unit 1.660 24 x w- 27
physical mass unit 1.659 79 x w- 27
1 avogram 1.660 36 x w- 27
1 bag (cement, US) 42.637 682 8
1 bale (cinnamon) 41.957 294 2
1 barge (coal) 2.154 019 45 X 104
1 barrel (candles, potash, potatoes) 54.431 084 4
1 bes 1.0 x w- 3
1 boll (flour) 63.502 931 8
1 bottle (mercury) 39.008 944
1 brieze 1.0 x w- 3
1 bushel (wheat) 27.215 542
1 carat
metric 2.0 x w- 4
1877 2.053 x w- 4
troy 2.591 956 x w- 4
1 cask (soda) 177.808 207
1 central (or quintal or short or new hundredweight) 45.359 237
1 centigram 1.0 X 10-s
1 centner (or central or quintal or short hundredweight) 45.359 237
1 chaldron (coal) 1.295 459 8 X 103
1 chemical mass unit (or atomic mass unit) 1.660 24 x w- 27
1 chest (tea) 49.895 161
1 clove (British stones) 3.6287
1 crith 8.9885 X IQ- 5
1 cubic foot
common brick 54.4310844
water (60°F) 28.290 5561
1 cubic yard (sand) 1.224 699 4 X 103
1 dalton (or international atomic mass unit) 1.660 24 x w- 27
1 decigram (dg) 1.0 x w- 4
1 dekagram (dag) O.Ql
1 drachm (apothecaries) 3.887 93 x w- 3
1 dram
UK or avoirdupois 1.771 85 x w- 3
US or apothecaries or troy 3.887 93 x w- 3
1 drop (spirits) 1.771 843 7 x w- 3
1 dyn (or dyne) 1.019 716 x w- 6
1 electron volt 1.782 53 x w- 36
1 fag(g)ot (steel) 54.431 084 4
1 firkin (soap) 29.029 912
1 flask (mercury, US) 34.019 427 75
1 fodder (lead) 1.088 621 688 X 103
1 fother (lead, etc.) 990.645 736
1 fotmal (lead, etc.) 31.751 465 9
1 gamma (or microgram) (y or 11g) 1.0 x w- 9

38
 2.9 Mass
Table 2.9a (contd)

Unit kg

1 gee pound (or slug) 14.593 881

1 glug 0.980 665
1 grain
imperial 6.479 891 X 10-s
metric 5.0 X 10-s
1 gram (or gramme) (g) 1.0 x w- 3
1 grave 1.000 028 x 10- 3
1 gross ton (or long ton) 1.016 046 909 X 103
1 hectogram (hg) 0.1
1 hundredweight (cwt)
avoirdupois or long 50.802 345
long or long quintal 50.802 345
short or short or new quintal or central 45.359 237
troy 37.324 172
1 hyl (or mug or metric slug or par) 9.806 65
1 international corn bushel 27.2155
1 joule per centimeter (J cm- 1) 10.2000
1 joule per meter (J m- 1) 0.102 000
1 keel (coal) 2.154 019 45 X 1()4
1 keg (nails, US) 45.359 237
1 kilogram (kg) 1.0
1 kip 453.592 37
1 last (gunpowder) 1.088 621 688 X 103
1 livre 0.50
1 long hundredweight (or long quintal) 50.802 345 4
1 long quarter (US) 254.011 727 2
1 long ton (or gross ton) 1.016 046 909 X 103
1 mass of oxygen atom 2.656 384 x 10-26
1 mast 0.933 105
1 matt (cloves) 36.287 389 6
1 megagram (Mg) 1.0 X 103
1 metric carat 2.0 x 10- 4
1 metric slug (or hyl or mug or par) 9.806 65
1 metric ton 1.0 X 103
1 microgram (or gamma) (Jlg) 1.0 x 10- 9
1 millier (or tonne or tonneau or metric ton) (t) 1.0 X 103
1 milligram (mg) 1.0 x 10-6
1 millimass unit 1.037 38 x 10- 31
1 mounce 0.0250
1 mug (or hyl or metric slug or par) 9.806 65
1 myriagram 10.0
1 nail (butter, cheese) 3.628 738 96
1 new hundredweight 45.359 237
1 newton 0.101 971 6
1 ounce (oz)
avoirdupois 0.028 349 5
apothecaries 0.031103 5
metric or metric ounce 0.025
troy 0.031103 5
1 pack (wool) 108.862 168 8
1 par (or hy1 or mug or metric slug) 9.80665
1 peck (flour) 6.350 293 18
1 physical mass unit (or atomic mass unit) 1.659 79 x l0- 27
1 pocket (wool) 82.553 811 34
1 point 2.0 x 10- 6
1 pound (lb)
avoirdupois 0.453 592 37
US troy or apothecaries 0.373 242
1 poundal 0.014 098 08

39
2.9 Mass

Table 2.9a (contd)

Unit kg

1 quarter (qr)
UK avoirdupois 12.700 586
troy 9.331043 04
1 quintal
imperial 45.359 237
metric (q) 100.0
1 room (coal) 7.112 328 37 X 103
1 sack (salt, US) 97.522 359 5
1 scruple (apothecaries) 1.295 98 X I0- 3
1 seam (glass) 54.4310844
1 shipload (coal) 4.308 038 9 X 105
1 short assay ton 0.029 166 7
1 short hundredweight (or central or short quintal) 45.359 237
1 short quarter (or US avoirdupois or US short) 226.796 185
1 short ton (or net ton) 907.184 74
1 slug (or gee pound) 14.593 881
1 stathm 1.0 X I0- 3
1 stone (imperial) 6.350 293 18
1 tod (wool) 12.700 586 4
1 ton
troy 746.483 443 2
UK avoirdupois or long ton (ton) 1.016 046 91 X 103
1 tonne (or tonneau or metric ton or millier) (t) 1.0 X 103
1 tonneau (or tonne or metric ton or millier) 1.0 X 103
1 tother (lead) 1.088 621 688 X 103
1 troy pennyweight 1.555 174 X I0- 3
1 truss (straw) 16.329 325 3
1 tub (butter) 38.101 759 1
1 wey (UK mass) 114.305 277 2

40
 Table 2.9b. Mass interconvers ion factors

grain g dram oz lb
I
kg short ton long ton t I
m
~ I

I grain 1.0 0.064 798 9 0.036 571 2.285 71 x w- 3 1.428 57 x Io- 4 6.479 89 x w- 5 7.142 86 X JO-K 6.377 55 X JO-K 6.479 89 X JO-K i

I gram
(g) 15.432 36 1.0 0.564 383 4 0.035 273 96 2.2o4 623 x w- 3 1.0 x w- 3 1.10231 x 7 1.0 X J()-h
w- 6 9.842 07 x w-

I dram 27.343 75 1.771 845 1.0 0.0625 3.906 25 x w- 3 1.771 845 x w- 3 1.9531 x w- 6 1.743 86 x w- 6 1.771 ss x w-"
I ounce
(oz) 437.5 28.349 523 16.0 1.0 0.0625 0.028 349 523 3.125 x w- 5 2.790 18 x w- 5 2.834 95 x w- 5

I pound
(lb) 7.0 X 103 453.5924 256.0 16.0 1.0 0.453 592 4 4 4 4
s.o x w- 4.464 29 x w- 4.535 92 x w-
I kilogram
1.543 24 X 104 1.0 X 103 564.38 35.273 96 2.204 623 1.0 1.102 31 x 10- 3 9.842 o7 x 4 1.0 x
(kg) w- w- 3

I short ton 1.4 X 107 9.071 847 X 105 5.12 X 105 3.2 X 104 2.0 X 103 907.185 1.0 0.892 857 I 0.907 184 74

I long ton 1.568 X 107 1.016 047 X J06 5.7344 X 105 3.584 X 104 2.24 X 103 1.016 047 X J03 1.12 1.0 1.016 047

I metric ton
(t) 1.5432 X l()1 1.0 X 106 5.643 83 X 105 3.5274 X 104 2.20462 X J03 1.0 X 10 3 1.102 311 0.984 207 1.0

N
i.e

~
a:
I))
Cll
Cll
-
2.10 Mass per unit length

2.10 Mass per unit length (line density) (kg m- 1)
Mass per unit length is often called linear density. It is
expressed as the ratio between the units of mass given
in Table 2.9a and the units of length given in Table
2.la.
The traditional units listed in Table 2.10a have been
compiled from the technical literature (see References).
The interconversion factors for the units of mass per
unit length are given in Table 2.10b.

Table 2.10a. Miscellaneous units of mass per unit length

Unit kgm- 1

1 denier{= 1 g/9 km) 1.11112 x w- 7

1 drex ( = 1 g/10" m) 1.0 x w- 7
1 dyne per centimeter (dyn cm- 1) 1.019 716 x l0- 4
1 dyne per inch (dyn in- 1) 4.014 630 8 X 10-s
1 gram per centimeter (g cm- 1) 0.1
1 gram per foot (g ft- 1) 3.280 846 x 10- 3
1 gram per inch (g in- 1) 0.039 370 08
1 gram per kilometer (tex) (g km- 1) 1.0 x 10- 6
1 gram per meter (g m- 1) 1.0 x 10- 3
1 gram per millimeter (g mm- 1) 1.0
1 kilogram per kilometer (kg km- 1) 1.0 x w- 3
1 kilogram per meter (kg m- 1) 1.0
1 milligram per centimeter (mg cm- 1) 1.0 x w- 4
1 milligram per inch (mg in- 1) 3.937 008 x 10-s
1 milligram per millimeter (mg mm:- 1) 1.0 x w- 3
1 ounce per centimeter (oz cm- 1) 2.834 963 17
1 ounce per inch (oz in- 1) 1.116 125
1 pli 17.8580
1 poumar 4.960 55 x w- 7
1 pound per foot (lb ft- 1) 1.488 16
1 pound per inch (lb in- 1) 17.8580
1 .pound per meter (lb m- 1) 0.453 592 4
1 pound per mile (lb mile- 1) 2.818 49 x w- 4
1 pound per yard (lb yd- 1) 0.496055
1 poundal per inch (pdl in- 1) 0.555 043 7
1 tex (gram per kilometer, g km- 1) 1.0 x 10- 6
1 ton (UK) per mile (ton mile- 1) 0.631 342
1 ton (UK) per 1000 yards 1.111 16
1 tonne (metric ton) per kilometer (t km- 1) 1.0

42
 Table 2.10b. Mass per unit length interconversion factors

I
kgm- 1 ton mile- 1 lb yd- 1 lb ft- 1 lb in- 1 gcm- 1 oz in- 1 ton km- 1 I

m
~1 kilogram per meter
(kg m- 1) 1.0 1.583 928 2.015 905 0.671970 0.055 997 3 10.0 0.895 959 0.984207

1 long ton per mile

0.631 342 1.0 1.272 727 0.424242 0.035 353 5 6.313 439 0.565 657 0.621373
(ton mile- 1)

1 pound per yard

(lb yd- 1) 0.496 055 0.785 714 1.0 0.333 333 0.027 777 8 4.960 542 0.444444 0.488 220

1 pound per foot

(lb [t- 1) 1.488 16 2.357 145 3.0 1.0 0.083 333 3 14.881 627 1.333 333 1.464 661

1 pound per inch 17.858 28.285 742 36.0 12.0 1.0 178.580 16.0 17.575 936
(lb in- 1)

1 gram per centimeter

(g cm- 1) 0.1 0.158 392 8 0.201 590 8 0.067 196 9 5.599 73 x 10- 3 1.0 0.089 595 9 0.098 4207

1 ounce per inch

(oz in- 1) 1.116 125 1.767 856 2.25 0.75 0.0625 11.161 22 1.0 1.098 496 !'J
....
0

1 long ton per kilometer

(ton km- 1) 1.016 05 1.609 349 2.048 387 0.682 796 0.056 899 6 10.160 46 0.910 336 1.0 ..,..,~
'g
"1
r=
=
.........
(!>
-
e i
2.11 Mass per unit area

2.11 Mass per unit area (area density or pressure) The units of mass per unit area listed in Table 2.11a
(kg m-2) have been taken from the technical literature (see
References). The various interconversion factors are
The mass per unit area is the ratio between the units of presented in Table 2.11 b.
mass given in Table 2.9a and the units of area given in
Table 2.2a.

Table 2.lla. Miscellaneous units of mass per unit area

Unit kgm- 2

1 dyne per square centimeter (dyn cm- 2) 0.010 197 162

1 gram per square centimeter (g em - 2) 10.0
1 gram per square meter (g m- 2) 1.0 x w- 3
1 kilogram per hectare (kg ha- 1) 1.0 X l0- 4
1 kilogram per square centimeter (kg cm- 2) 1.0 X 104
1 kilogram per square meter (kg m - 2) 1.0
1 kilogram per square millimeter (kg mm - 2 ) 1.0 X 106
1 milligram per square meter (mg m- 2 ) O.ol
1 milligram per square millimeter (mg mm- 2) 1.0
1 ounce per square foot (oz ft- 2) 0.305 152
1 ounce per square inch (oz in- 2) 43.941 849
1 ounce per square yard (oz yd - 2) 0.033 905 7
1 pound per acre (lb acre- 1) 1.120 85 x 10-4
1 pound per square foot (lb ft- 2) 4.882 427 6
1 pound per square inch (lb in - 2) 703.069 595
1 pound per square yard (lb yd- 2) 0.542 492
1 pound per thousand square feet (lb 1000ft-2) 4.882 43 x 10- 3
1 poundal per square inch (pd1 in - 2) 21.852 048 5
1 ton (long) per square foot 1.093 666 X 104
1 ton (long) per square inch 1.574 88 X 106
1 ton (long) per square mile 3.922 98 x 10-4
1 ton (short) per square foot 9.764 855 6 X 103
1 ton (short) per square inch 1.406 139 2 X 106

44
 Table 2.llb. Mass per unit area interconversion factors

kgm- 2 ton mile- 2 lbyd- 2 Ibn-' lb in-' gcm- 2 ozin- 2 ton km- 2 ton acre-•
m
~
I kilogram per square meter
(kgm-') 1.0 2.549 082 6 X J03 1.843 345 0.204 816 1.422 33 x w- 3 0.1 0.022 757 4 984.206 3.982 937

I long ton per square mile

(ton mile- 2) 3.922 98 x 1o-• 1.0 7.231 41 x w-• 8.034 886 X J0- 5 5.579 783 x w- 7 3.922 976 X J0- 5 8.927 657 x w-• 0.386 102 2 1.5625 x w- 3
I pound per square yard
(lb yd- 2) 0.542 492 1.382 856 1 x w· 1.0 0.1111111 7.716 o5 x w-• 0.054 249 18 0.012 345 68 533.924 2.160 714 2

I pound per square foot I

4.882 43 1.244 572 8 X 104 9.0 1.0 6.944 44 x w- 3 0.488 242 0.111111 4.805 32 X J03 19.446 428
(lb n-'l I

I pound per square inch 703.07 1.792 184 3 X J0" 1.295 999 9 X J03 144.0 1.0 70.306 805 16.0 6.919 657 X JO' 2.8003 X J03
(lb in- 2 ) I

I gram per square centimeter 2.549 082 6 X

10.0 J04 18.433 457 2.048 163 8 0.014 223 37 1.0 0.227 573 9.842 064 X J03 39.829 457
(gem-')

I ounce per square inch

43.941849 1.120 ))5 X J0S 80.999 994 9.0 0.0625 4.394 185 1.0 4.324 785 X IQ4 175.0207
(oz in- 2 )

I long ton per square kilometer

(ton km- 2 ) 1.016047 xJ0- 3 2.589 988 1.872 925 x w- 3 2.o81 028 x w-• 1.445 158 x w-• 1.o16 047 x w-• 2.312 253 X J0- 5 1.0 4.046 856 x w- 31

I long ton per acre

(ton acre- 1) 0.251 071 640.0 0.462 81 0.051 423 32 3.571 064 x w-• O.D25 107 04 5.713 61 x w- 3 247.1054 1.0 !'.J
----- - - -
....
....
~
~
Cll
Cll

'g
"'1
c:
e......
~

Vl Cil
"'" ~
2.12 Area per unit mass

2.12 Area per unit mass (specific surface) (m2 kg- 1) specific surface or area per unit mass.
The various conversion factors of specific surface to
The ratio between the units of area given in Table 2.2a m 2 kg- 1 (SI unit) are presented in Table 2.12.
and the units of mass given in Table 2.9a is called

Table 2.12. Miscellaneous units of area per unit mass

Unit mz kg-1

1 acre per pound (acre lb- 1) 8.921 79 X 103

1 hectare per kilogram (ha kg- 1) 1.0 X 104
1 square centimeter per milligram (cm2 mg- 1) 100.0
1 square foot per ounce (ft2 oz- 1) 3.277 06
1 square meter per gram (m2 g- 1) 1.0 X 103
1 square meter per kilogram (m2 kg- 1) 1.0
1 square mile per long ton (mile 2 ton- 1) 2.549 08 X 103
1 square millimeter per milligram (mm2 mg- 1) 1.0
1 square yard per ounce (yd 2 oz- 1) 29.4935
1 thousand square feet per pound (1000 ft2 lb- 1) 204.816

2.13 Area per unit volume (or capacity)(m2 m- 3)
The area per unit volume or area per unit capacity is the
ratio between the units of area given in Table 2.2a and
the units of volume given in Table 2.3a.
The conversion factors between the various units of
area per unit volume to m 2 m- 3 (SI unit) are given in
Table 2.13a.

Table 2.13. Miscellaneous units of area per unit volume (here 11iter = 1 dm3)
Unit mzm-3

1 square centimeter per liter (cm 2 1-1) 0.1

1 square decimeter per liter (dm 2 1- 1) 10.0
1 square foot per gallon (ft2 gal- 1) 20.435 799
1 square inch per gallon (in2 gal- 1) 0.141 915 3
1 square meter per cubic meter (m2 m- 3) 1.0
1 square meter per liter (m2 1-1) 1.0 X 103
1 square millimeter per liter (mm 2 1- 1) 1.0 x 10- 3
1 square yard per gallon (yd 2 gal- 1) 183.9223

46
 2.14 Density

2.14 Density (mass per unit volume) (kg m- 3) and

The ratio between the units of mass and units ofvolume
is the density or mass per unit volume. Sp. Gr. = - - - -145
----
145 - degree Baume
mass (kg) or
density (kg m- 3) = --~~­
volume (m 3 )
degree Twaddell = 200 (Sp. Gr. - I)
The term 'specific gravity', which is often used for
liquids, is defined as the mass divided by the mass of an and
equal volume of water at the same temperature. The 145
specific gravity is denoted by Sp. Gr. or D: for example, degree Baume = 145
the specific gravity D! means that the liquid substance Sp. Gr.
is weighed at t ( 0 C) temperature in relation to the
weight of water at 4°C. Thus Thus the higher the degrees Twaddell or degrees
Baume values, the higher the specific gravity of the
. . density of a substance solution.
specific gravity = --.------- For solid materials, the term bulk density is often
density of water at 4 oc u~ed. It re.fers to the total amount of space occupied by a
Water.at4°C and normal atmospheric pressure is taken giVen weight of a dry solid material. It includes the
as umty. The exact equality of density and specific volume of the particles plus the volume of the inter-
gravi.ty ~s at 4°C only. At any other temperature the particle voids of the crystals or amorphous solids. In
density IS not equal to the specific gravity. the case of powders one distinguishes between the
If water is replaced by another substance, the term loose bulk density and the tamped bulk density.
relat~ve dens.ity is used instead of specific gravity. The
Table 2.14a lists the common units of density found
specific gravity may be expressed in degree Twaddell or in the technical literature (see References) and the con-
degree Baume. The following simple conversion version factors to kg m- 3 (SI unit). Interconversion
formulas are used to convert degree Twaddell and factors for the various units of density are given in
degree Baume into specific gravity, and conversely: Table 2.14b.
The concept of the Amagat unit density is outlined
degree Twaddell elsewhere (see 2.3).
Sp. Gr. = 1 +------
200

Table 2.14a. Miscellaneous units of density (here 1 liter = 1 dm 3)

Unit kgm- 3

1 dyn per cubic centimeter (dyn cm- 3 ) 1.019 716 21

1 grain per cubic foot (gr n- 3) 2.288 35 x 10- 3
1 grain per gallon (grgal- 1 )
UK 0.014 253 8
us 0.0171181
1 grain per milliliter (gr ml- 1) 64.797 097 6
1 gram per cubic centimeter (g em - 3) 1.0 X 103
1 gram per cubic decimeter (g dm- 3) 1.0
1 gram per cubic meter (g m- 3) 1.0 x 10- 3
1 gram per liter (g 1- 1) 1.0
I gram per milliliter (g mi- 1 ) 1.0 X 103
1 kilogram per cubic meter (kg m- 3) 1.0
I kilogram per liter (kg I- 1) 1.0 X 103
1 microgram per milliliter (!Jg mi- 1) 1.0 x w-
3

1 milligram per liter (mg I- 1) 1.0 x to- 3

1 ounce per gallon (oz gal- 1)
UK 6.236 02
us 7.489 15
1 part (weight) per million (volume) (ppm) 1.0 x 10- 3
1 pound per circular mil-foot 2.936 929 X 109
I pound per cubic foot (lb n- 3) 16.0185
1 pound per cubic inch (lb in- 3) 2.767 99 X 104
1 pound per gallon (lb gal- 1 )
UK 99.7763
us 119.826
1 poundal per cubic inch (pdl in- 3) 860.318 66
1 slug per cubic foot 515.38
1 ton (UK) per cubic yard (ton yd- 3 ) 1.328 94 X 103

47
00 !'-l
.....
"""
"""
tl
(I)
:::1
rJ)

~·
Table 2.14b. Density interconversion factorsa

kgm- 3 gcm- 3 lb n- 3 lb in- 3 lb (UK gal)- 1 ton yd- 3 slug ft- 3

m
~
1 kilogram per cubic meter
1.0 1.0 x 10- 3 0.062 428 3.6127 x 10-s 0.010 022 7.5248 x w- 4 1.9403 x w- 3
(kg m- 3 )

1 gram per cubic centimeter 0.036127 10.0224 0.752 48 1.9403

1.0 X 103 1.0 62.428
(g cm- 3)

1 pound per cubic foot 5.787 x 0.160 544 0.012 053 6 0.031 081
16.0185 0.016 018 5 1.0 w- 4
(lb ft- 3)

1 pound per cubic inch

2.767 99 X 104 27.6799 1.728 X 103 1.0 277.419 20.8286 53.707 97
(lb in- 3)

1 pound per gallon (UK) 0.099 776 3 6.228 84 3.604 65 x w- 3 1.0 0.075 08 0.1936
99.7763
(lb (UK gal)- 1)

1 ton per cubic yard 1.328 94 X 10 3 1.328 93 0.048 011 13.318 99 1.0 2.578 571
82.962
(ton yd- 3 )

1 slug per cubic foot

515.38 0.515 38 32.174 0.018 619 2 5.1654 0.387 811 1.0
(slug ft- 3)

a 1 Amagat unit of density= 44.615 77 mol m-3 (see page 19)

 2.15 Concentration (weight percent) equalities are useful to remember

The concentration may be expressed in various ways: in specific or molar units; 10- 3 moii- 1 = 1 mol m- 3
in molarity or molality; in mass per volume of solute or solution. = 1 mmoii- 1
The interconversion factors for concentration are given in Tables 2.15a and =~mol cm- 3
2.15b. The units used to express concentrations are often identical with the units =~mol mi- 1
of density (see 2.14) and solubility (see 2.16). Furthermore
The common unit of concentration is mole per liter (mo11- 1). The following 1 moi1- 1 = 1 mol dm- 3

Table 2.15a. Concentration interconversion factorsa

w2 x2 m2 C2 G2
m
~
weight per cent 1000X2M2 100m2M2 C2M2 G2
1.0 -- --
(W2) X2 M2 + (1 - X2)M1 1000 + m2M2 10d12 10dt2

mole fraction W2iM2 m2M1 c2M1 G2M1

(X2) 1.0
W2/M2 + (100 - W2)/M1 1000 + m2M1 C2(Mt - M2) + 1000dt2 G2(M1 - M2) + IOOOM2 d12

molality IOOOW2 IOOOX2 1000c2 1000G2

(m2) 1.0
M2(100- W2) Mt- X2M1 1000d12 - C2 M2 M2(l000dt2 - G2)

molarity l0d12W2 1000d12X2 1000d12 m2 G2

(c2) 1.0 -
M2 X2 M2 + (1 - X2)M1 1000 + m2M2 M2
grams per liter of
1000d12X2M2 lOOOd12 m2M2
solution l0d12W2 c2M2 1.0 !V
(G2) X2M2 + (1 - X2)M1 m2M2 + 1000 Vo

a M = molecular weight; d 12 = density of solution (g cc- 1); subscript I = solvent; subscript 2 = solute.
-
(j
0
~
~

;::::.
~ 0
::s
Vl !'J
0 Vl
-
n
0
=='
(')
(!)

a~
......
0
-
=='
Table 2.15b. Concentration interconversion factora

x2 W2 e2 m2 C2
m
~ W2Ml e2vt m2M1 c2M1
mole fraction (X2) 1.0
w1M2 + w2M1 elv2*+ e2vt 1000 + m2M1 c2(M1 - M2) + lOOOd12

X2 M2 82M1Vz* m2M2 c2M2

weight fraction (w2) 1.0
X1M1 + XzM 2 M1 V2(82 + 81) m2M2 + 1000 lOOOd12 - c2 M2

X2V2* W2 Vz*M1 m2Vz*M1 c2Vz*M1

volume fraction (9 2} 1.0
X2 V2* + X1 V1* Wz Vz*Ml + W1 VtMz mz Vz*M1 + lOOOV1* c2Vz*M1 + (lOOOdu - czMz)V:

lOOOX2 1000wz wooezvt 1000c2

molality (mz) --- 1.0
X1M1 w1M2 e1V:t'M1 lOOOd12 - Cz Mz

lOOOd1zXz 1000d12w2 10ooe2 vtd 12 lOOOdumz

molarity (cz) 1.0
X1M1 + X2Mz M2(l + w2) 81ViM1 + 8zV1*M2 1000 + m2M2
-~---
---

a M = molecular weight; d 12 = density of the solution (g cc- 1); subscript I = solvent; subscript 2 = solute.
1 1000 + m 2M2 1000
-
v2• =m2 ---
d 12 d2
 2.16 Solubility (mole fraction)
Solubility is a unique quantity which may be expressed by many different units.
In addition to the units of solubility, which relate the amount of solute in the sol-
vent, the condition s of the process have to be specified, that is, the temperatu re
and pressure. Furthermo re, the pressure given may be partial or total pressure of
the system under investigation.
The various definitions and discussions on the units of solubility appear
elsewhere (see Horvath, 1982). The interconv ersion factors and formulas be-
tween the diverse solubility units are given in Table 2.16.

Table 2.16. Solubility interconversion factors•

~2 02 T2 K2
m W2 X2
~Bunsen coefficient 273.15 02 dTz
(~z)
1.0 -- 22415zdW2 22415zdXz
T dK2
0.9678 (100- W2)MP (I - Xz)MLP
Ostwald coefficient dTT2
-T~z- 1.0 dTKz 22415zdTWz 22415zdTXz
(Oz) 273.15 -- --
264.35 I
273.15 273.15(100 - Wz)MP 273.15 (1 - Xz)MLP
I

technical coefficient 0.9678~2 264.35 02

--- 0.9678 22416zW2 0.9678 22415zXz
(Tz) d dT 1.0 0.9678K2
(100- W2)MP ( 1 - Xz)MLP
Kuenen coefficient ~2 273.15 02 Tz
- -- 22415zWz 0.9678 22415zX2
(K2) d dT 1.0
0.9678 (100- Wz)MP (I - Xz)MLP
weight percent 100 100 100 100 100
(W2) 1+ (22415zd/MP~2) 1.0
1 + (22415zdT/273.15MP0z) 1 + (22415z 0.9678/MPTz) 1 + (22415z!MPK2 ) 1 + [(1 - X2)MI.JMXz]
mole fraction 1 1 I 1 Wz!M
(Xz) 1 + (22415zd/ML~2) 1 + (22415zdT/273.15MLP0z) 1.0
1 + (22415z 0.9678/MLPTz) 1 + (22415z/MLPKz) Wz !M + ((100 - Wz)/Md
a d =density of liquid solvent (gee- 1); z =compressib ility factor of gaseous solute; T =absolute temperature
(K); P =partial pressure of solute (atm); M =molecular weight of solute; ML =molecular
weight of solvent.

!'J
0'1
-
f/J
0
~
VI
[.....
- -<
2.17 Henry's law coefficient

2.17 Henry's law coefficient (H) (N m- 2 (m.f.)- 1)
The Henry's law coefficient is the ratio between the
partial pressure of the solute gas (Ppa.J and the con-
centration of the solute in the solvent (usually expressed
in mole fraction (m.f.) (X2) at the specified temperature
H = Ppartial
x2
The following units are commonly used in the techni-
calliterature to express Henry's law coefficient:

Unit N m- 2 (m.f.)- 1

1 atmosphere per mole fraction (atm (m.f.)-1) 1.01325 xl0 5

1 bar per mole fraction (bar (m.f.)- 1) 1.0 xl0 5
1 millimeter mercury per mole fraction (mm Hg
(m.f.)-1) 133.322
1 newton per square meter mole fraction(Nm- 2 (m.f.)- 1) 1.0
1 pascal per mole fraction (Pa (m.f.)- 1) 1.0

Whereas the interconversion between the various where

pressure units in the above equation is straightforward,
the conversion of the concentration units in the
denominator is not direct. The reader is referred to
Tables 2.15a and 2.15b for further details.
The Henry's law coefficient (H, mm Hg (m.f. - 1)) may
be calculated from the Bunsen absorption coefficient
(~)(see Table 2.16) according to the relationship
1.70324 xl07d [1 + (MPpart~/1.70324 X l07d)]
H= Md
d = density of the solvent (g em - 3)
M = molecular weight of the solute
Ppart = partial pressure of the solute over the solution
(mm Hg)
~ = Bunsen absorption coefficient (N cm 3 (cm 3 -
atm)- 1)
Further relationships between H and other solubility
coefficients (e.g., Ostwald, Kuenen, Horiuti, etc.) may
be found in Landolt-Bornstein (1976) and Mackay and
Shiu (1981).

52
 2.18 Solubility parameter

2.18 Solubility parameter (by Hildebrand) (J m- 3)"') AE energy of vaporization (J moi- 1)

The solubility parameter or cohesion parameter (co- Vmoi molar volume (m 3 moi- 1)
hesive energy density) is expressed as the square root of
Comprehensive discussions on the solubility par-
the ratio between the energy of vaporization and the
ameter and various cohesion parameters are reported
molar volume at the same temperature
by Hoy (1970) and Barton (1975, 1983).
AE )1!2 The interconversion factors for the various units are
&= ( ~ presented in Table 2.18.
Vmoi

where
& = solubility parameter ((J m- 3y-'')

Table 2.18. Solubility parameter interconversion factors

~
(J cm- 3Y" or
(J m-3)'~> (MJ m- 3)'~> or (cal cm- 3)'12 atm"'
m
M pa"'

I (J m- 3)1!2 1.0 1.0 x10- 3 4.8888 x I0- 4 3.1415 xi0- 3

I
{ (J cm- 3)"'
(MJ m- 3 )'~>
M Pa"'
1.0 X 10 3 1.0 0.488 88 3.1415

I (cal em - 3)'" 2.0455 xl03 2.0455 1.0 6.426

1 atm"' 318.316 0.318 316 0.155 62 1.0

2.19 Specific volume (m 3 kg- 1) Table 2.19a. The interconversion factors for the units of
specific volume to cubic meter per kilogram (m 3 kg- 1)
The specific volume is the reciprocal of density (see
2.14). (SI unit) are presented in Table 2.19b.
The units used in the technical literature are listed in

Table 2.19a. Miscellaneous units of specific volume (here 1 liter =

1 dm 3)

Unit m3 kg-1

1 cubic centimeter per gram (cm3 g- 1) 1.0 xi0- 3

1 cubic foot per pound (ft 3 lb- 1) 0.062 428
1 cubic foot per slug (ft3 slug- 1) 1.940 32 x w- 3
1 cubic foot per ton (UK) 2.786 96 x w- 5
1 cubic inch per pound (in3 Ib- 1) 3.612 73 x w- 5
1 cubic meter per kilogram (m 3 kg- 1) 1.0
1 cubic yard per ton (UK) (yd 3 ton- 1) 7.524 79 x w- 4
1 gallon (UK) per pound (gal (UK) Ib- 1) 0.010022 4
1 liter per kilogram (l kg- 1) 1.0 xlo- 3
1 milliliter per gram (ml g- 1) 1.0 xi0- 3

53
Vl ~
~ ........
\0

.w
(1)
(")
.....
::tl
(")

Table 2.19b. Specific volume interconversion factors ~

8"
i3(1)
m3 kg-1 ft3 lb- 1 gal (UK) lb- 1 ft3 slug- 1 cm3 g-1 yd 3 ton(UK)- 1 in 3 lb- 1
m
~1 cubic meter per kilogram
1.0 16.0185 99.776 515.38 1.0 X 103 1.328 94 X 103 2.7679 X 104
(m3 kg-1)

1 cubic foot per pound

0.062 427 8 1.0 6.228 84 32.174 62.428 82.963 1.728 X 103
(ft3 Ib- 1)

1 gallon (UK) per pound

(gal (UK) Ib- 1) 0.010 022 4 0.160 544 1.0 5.1654 10.0224 13.3192 227.419

1 cubic foot per slug

(ft3 slug- 1) 1.940 32 x to- 3 0.031 081 0.1936 1.0 1.9403 2.578 571 53.707 97

1 cubic centimeter per gram

(cm3 g-1) 1.0 x 10- 3 0.016 018 5 0.099 776 0.515 38 ·1.0 1.32893 27.6799

1 cubic yard per ton

7.524 79 x 10-4 0.012 053 6 0.075 08 0.387 811 0.752 48 1.0 20.8286
(yd 3 ton- 1)

1 cubic inch per pound

(in 3 lb- 1) 3.612 73 X 10- 5 5.787 04 x 10-4 3.604 65 x 10- 3 O.Q18 619 2 0.036127 0.048 011 1.0
 2.20 Mass rate of flow

2.20 Mass rate of flow (kg s- 1 ) Some commonly used units are listed in Table 2.20a.
The interconversion factors for mass rate of flow are
The ratio between the units of mass (see Table 2.9a) and presented in Table 2.20b.
the units of time (see Table 2.5a) is the mass rate of
flow.

Table 2.20a. Miscellaneous units of mass rate of flow

Unit kg s- 1

1 gram per minute (g min- 1) 1.666 667 x to- 5

1 gram per second (g s- 1) 1.0 x to- 3
1 kilogram per day (kg d- 1) 1.157 407 x w- 5
1 kilogram per hour (kg h- 1) 2.777 778 x to- 4
1 kilogram per minute (kg min- 1) 0.016 666 7
1 kilogram per second (kg s- 1) 1.0
1 pound per hour (lb h- 1) 1.259 98 xl0- 4
1 pound per minute (lb min- 1) 7.559 873 x w- 3
1 pound per second (lb s- 1) 0.453 592
1 ton (UK) per hour (ton h- 1) 0.282 235
1 ton (UK) per minute (ton min- 1) 16.934117

55
 N
VI iv
0'1 0

~
I))
(ll
(ll

ii!
ft
Table 2.20b. Mass rate of flow interconversion factors 0
.....,
i:!l

gs-t lb h-I lbmin- 1 lb s- 1 ton h- 1 ton min- 1

~
kgs- 1 kgh- 1 kgmin- 1
m
~
1 kilogram per second 1.0 X 1Ql 7.936643 X 1Ql 132.2774 2.204 623 3.543 145 2 0.05905242
1.0 3.6x W 60.0
(kg s- 1)

I kilogram per hour 2.777 78 x 0.016 666 7 0.277 778 2.204 623 0.036 743 72 6.123 953 x w-• 9.842 01 x to-• 1.640 345 X JO-S
(kg h- 1)
w-• 1.0

1 kilogram per minute 1.0 16.666 666 7 132.277 38 2.204623 0.036 743 716 7 0.05905242 9.842 01 x w-•
(kg min- 1) 0.016 666 7 60.0

1 gram per second 7.936642 8 0.132 277 38 2.204 623 X to- 3 3.543 145 x w- 3 5.905 242 X JO-S
1.0 x w- 3 3.6 0.06 1.0
(g s-t)

1 pound per hour 7.559 873 X J0- 3 0.125 998 1.0 0.016 666 7 2.777 778 x w-• 4.464 29 x w-• 7.440 483 X J0- 6
(lb h- 1) 1.259 979 x w-• 0.453 5924

1 pound per minute 7.559 873 x w- 3 27.215 544 0.453 592 4 7.559 867 60.0 1.0 0.016 666 7 0.026 785 74 4.464 29 x w-•
(lb min- 1)

1 pound per second 0.453 592 4 1.632 932 6 X 1Ql 27.215 544 453.592 3.6x W 60.0 1.0 1.607 144 4 0.026 785 74
(lb s- 1)

1 ton (UK) per hour 1.016047 X 1Ql 16.934117 282.2353 2.24 X 103 37.333 33 0.622 222 22 1.0 0.016 666 667
(ton h- 1) 0.282 235 3

1 ton (UK) per minute X 1.016047 X 1Ql 1.693 411 7 X !if 1.344 X J0 5 2.240 X 1Ql 37.333 33 60.0 1.0
16.934 117 6.096 282 Iif
(ton min- 1)
~- ~--
-
-----
 2.21 Volume rate of flow

2.21 Volume rate of flow (m 3 s- 1 )
The ratio between the units of volume given in Table
2.3a and the units of time given in Table 2.5a is the
volume rate of flow.
Table 2.2la contains the units which are commonly
used in the published literature. The interconversion
factors for the units of volume rate of flow are presented
in Table 2.2lb.

Table 2.2la. Miscellaneous units of volume rate of flow

I

Unit m3 s-1

1 acre-foot per day (acre-ft d- 1) 0.014 27641

1 acre-foot per hour (acre-ft h- 1) 0.342 633 8
1 acre-foot per minute (acre-ft min- 1) 20.558 03
1 acre-foot per second (acre-ft s- 1) 1.233 481 8 X 103
1 acre-inch per hour (acre-in h- 1) 0.028 552 87
1 acre-inch per minute (acre-in min- 1) 1.713 172 2
1 acre-inch per second (acre-in s- 1) 102.790 33
1 cubic centimeter per hour (cm3 h- 1) 2.777 78 x10- 10
1 cubic centimeter per minute (cm3 min- 1) 1.666 67 X 10- 8
1 cubic centimeter per second (cm 3 s- 1) 1.0 x10- 6
1 cubic foot per hour (ft3 h- 1) 7.865 79 x 10- 6
1 cubic foot per minute (ft3 min- 1) 4.719 474 xi0- 4
1 cubic foot per second (cusec) (ft3 s- 1) 0.028 316 8
1 cubic inch per hour (in3 h- 1) 4.551 962 2 x w- 9
1 cubic inch per minute (in 3 min- 1) 2.731 177 3 x1o- 7
1 cubic inch per second (in3 s- 1) 1.638 706 4 w- 5
1 cubic meter per hour (m3 h- 1) 2.777 78 x10- 4
1 cubic meter per minute (m3 min- 1) 0.016 666 7
1 cubic meter per second (cumec) (m3 s- 1) 1.0
1 cubic yard per minute (yd3 min- 1) 0.012 742 5
1 cumec (cubic meter per second) (m3 s- 1) 1.0
1 cusec (cubic foot per second) (fe s- 1) 0.028 316 8
1 gallon per day (gal day- 1)
UK 5.261 678 x w-s
us 4.381 264 X 10- 8
1 gallon per hour (gal h- 1)
UK 1.262 80 x w- 6
us 1.051 so3 x w- 6
1 gallon per minute (gal min- 1)
UK 7.576 82 x w- 5
us 6.309 020 X l0- 5
1 gallon per second (gal s- 1)
UK 4.546 09 x w- 3
us 3.785 412 xi0- 3
1 liter per hour (1 h- 1) 2.777 78 x w- 7
1 liter per minute (1 min- 1) 1.666 67 x w- 5
1 liter per second (1 s- 1) 1.0 x ·w- 3

57
 N
Vl N
00 ......

~
S'
~
~
Table 2.2lb. Volume rate of flow interconversion factors (here I liter (1901) = 1.000 023 dm 3) ft
g,
cm 3 s- 3 I min- 1 m3 s- 1 gal min- 1 ft' min- 1 I s- 1 gal s- 1 yd 3 min- 1 ft 3 s- 1
m
~
~I cubic centimeter per second 1.0 0.059 998 3 1.0 x w- 6 O.oJ5 850 3 2.ll8 ss x w-' 9.999 12 x w-• 2.641 12 x w-• 7.847 70 X JO-S 3.531 47 x w-'
(cm 3 s- 1)

I liter per minute 16.667 13 1.0 1.666 714 x w-' 0.264179 4 O.o35 315 7 0.016666 7 4.402 99 x w-' 1.307 99 x w-' s.sss 94 x w-•
(I min-t)

I cubic meter per second 6

1.0 x w- 5.99983 X JO' 1.0 1.sss o3 x w• 2.118 88 X 103 999.972 264.172 78.477 02 35.314 68
(m 3 s- 1)

I gallon (US) per minute

(gal min- 1) 63.0902 3.785 306 6.309 02 x w-' 1.0 0.133 680 6 0.063 088 4 0.016 666 7 4.951 13 )( J0- 3 2.228 01 x w-'

I cubic foot per minute

(ft 3 min- 1) 471.947 28.316 05 4.719 48 x w·-• 7.480 519 1.0 0.471 934 2 0.124 675 3 0.037 037 0.016 666 7

I liter per second 1.000 028 X JO' 60.0 1.000 028 X J0- 3 15.850 77 2.118 939 1.0 0.264179 4 O.o78 479 2 0.035 315 7
(I s-')

I gallon (US) per second X J0- 3 60.0 8.020 833 3.785 306 1.0
(gal s- 1) 3.785 412 x 103 227.1183 3.785 412 0.297 067 9 0.133 680 6

I cubic yard per minute

1.274 258 X JQ' 764.534 0.012 742 58 201.974 27.0 12.742 22 3.366 234 1.0 0.45
(yd 3 min- 1 )

I cubic foot per second 2.831 685 X JQ' 1.698 96 X JO' 0.028 316 8 448.831 60.0 28.316 05 7.480 519 2.222 222
(ft' s- 1) 1.0
 2.22 Fuel consumption (m 3 m- 1) The various interconversion factors for fuel consumption (European traffic)
are presented in Table 2.22. To calculate the distance per volume factors (UK and
The fuel consumption may be expressed as volume per distance (European traf- US traffic) from Table 2.22 take the reciprocal of the corresponding units.
fic) or distance per volume (UK and US traffic).

Table 2.22. Fuel consumption interconversion factors (lliter (1901) = 1.000 028 liter)

gal (US) mile- 1 pt mile- 1 ftl mile- 1 gal (US) yd- 1 I m- 1 I km- 1 m3 m-t m 3 km- 1 gal (UK) mile- 1
m
~I gallon (US) per mile
(gal (US) mile- 1 ) 1.0 8.0 0.133 681 5.681 818 x w-• 2.352 086 x w- 3 2.352 086 2.352 15 x w-• 2.352 !51 x w- 3 0.832 674

I pint per mile

(pt mile- 1 ) 0.125 1.0 0.016 71 1.102 273 x w-' 2.940 101 x w-• 0.294 010 7 2.940 187 x w-' 2.940 187 x w-• 0.104084 3

I cubic foot per mile

(ft 3 mile- 1) 7.480 519 59.844 16 1.0 4.250 295 x w- 3 0.017 594 82 17.594 82 1.759 535 X 10- 5 0.017 595 35 6.228 848

I gallon (US) per yard

(gal (US) yd- 1 ) 1.76 X J03 1.408 004 x w• 235.2793 1.0 4.139 661 4.139661 X J03 4.139 775 x w- 3 4.139 775 1.465 5065 X J03

I liter* per meter 425.1557 3.401 258 5 X lQl 56.835 127 0.241 565 34 1.0 1.0 X J03 1.000 028 x w- 3 1.000 028 354.006 II
(I m-t)

I liter* per kilometer

0.425 !55 7 3.401 258 5 0.056 835 122 2.415 653 4 x w-• 1.0 x w- 3 1.0 1.000 028 x w-• 1.000 028 x w- 3 0.354 006
(I km- 1)

I cubic meter per meter

(m3 m-t) 4.2514444 X 105 3.401 258 5 X 106 5.683 356 X IQ' 241.565 34 999.972 9.999 72 X 105 1.0 1.0 X 103 3.540 06 X 105

I cubic meter per

kilometer (m 3 km- 1) 425.144 44 3.401 258 5 X J03 56.833 56 0.241 565 34 0.999 972 999.972 1.0 x w- 3 1.0 354.006 N
iv
N
I gallon (UK) per mile
(gal (UK) mile- 1) 1.200 95 9.6076 0.160 543 3 6.823 579 x w-• 2.824 81 x w- 3 2.824 81 2.824 81 x w-• 2.824 81 x w- 3 1.0

8
-=~
"'s=
.g........
Vo 0
>0 =
2.23 Moment of inertia

2.23 Moment of inertia (kg m2) The moment of inertia may be expressed in several
units (see Table 2.23a). The interconversion factors for
Moment of inertia is the product of mass (see Table units of moment of inertia are given in Table 2.23b.
2.9a) and length (see Table 2.la) squared.

Table 2.23a. Miscellaneous units of moment of inertia

Unit kg m2

1 gram centimeter squared (g cm2) 1.0 X lQ- 7

1 gram decimeter squared (g dm2) 1.0 x 10- 5
1 gram meter squared (g m 2) 1.0 x 10- 3
1 gram millimeter squared (g mm2) 1.0 X 10-9
1 kilogram centimeter squared (kg cm2) 1.0 X 10-4
1 kilogram decimeter squared (kg dm2) 1.0 x 10-2
1 kilogram meter squared (kg m 2) 1.0
1 kilogram millimeter squared (kg mm2) 1.0 X 10-6
1 ounce foot squared (oz ff) 2.633 76 X l0- 3
1 ounce inch squared (oz in2) 1.829 00 X 10-5
1 pound foot squared (lb ff) 0.042 1401
1 pound inch squared (lb in2) 2.926 40 X lQ-4
1 pound yard squared (lb yd2) 0.379 260 85
1 ton (UK) foot squared (ton ft2) 94.393 805
1 tonne meter squared (t m 2) 1.0 X 103

60
 Table 2.23b. Moments of inertia interconversion factors

lb ft 2 oz in2 lb in 2 lb yd 2 kgcm 2 kg m 2 kgmm 2 tm 2 ton ft'

m
~
I pound foot squared
1.0 2.304 00 X 103 144.0 0.111 Ill II 421.400 95 0.042 140 095 4.214 009 5 X JO' 4.214 009 s x w-• 4.464 29 X I().,
(lb ft 2 )

I ounce inch squared

(oz in 2 ) 4.340 277 8 x 10-• 1.0 0.0625 4.822 531 3 X 10- 5 0.182 899 76 1.828 997 6 X 10- 5 18.289 976 32 1.828 997 6 x w-' 1.937 625 X (0- 7

I pound inch squared

(lb in 2 ) 6.944 444 4 x 10-' 16.0 1.0 7.716 os x 10-• 2.926 396 7 2.926 396 7 x 10-• 292.639 67 2.926 396 7 x w-' 3 100 201 2 y w-'
I pound yard squared
(lb yd 2) 9.0 2.073 599 8 x 10• 1.296 X 103 1.0 3.792 608 5 X 103 0.379 260 85 3.792 608 5 X 105 3. 792 608 5 x 10-• 4.017 861 X !O--'

I kilogram centimeter
squared 2.373 036 91 x 10-' 5.467 475 64 0.341 717 167 2.636 707 7 x 10-• 1.0 1.0 x 10-• 100.0 1.0 x 10-' 1.059 390 57 x w-•
(kg cm 2)

I kilogram meter
squared 23.730 369 5.467 475 64 x 10• 3.41717167 X 103 2.636 707 7 1.0 X JQ4 1.0 1.0 x 106 1.0 x 10-' 0.010 593 905 7
(kgm 2)
I kilogram millimeter
squared 2.373 036 9 X 10-S 0.054 674 756 3.417 171 67 x 10-' 2.636 707 7 x 10-• 0.0100 1.0 x 10-• 1.0 1.0 x 10-• 1.059 390 57 x w-'
(kgmm 2)

I tonne meter squared

2.373 036 9 X JQ' 5.467 475 6 X 107 3.41717167 x 10• 2.636 707 7 X 103 1.0 X 107 1.0 X 103 1.0 x 10•
metric (t m 2 ) 1.0 10 593 905 7

I ton (UK) foot

squared 2.239 997 9 X 103 5.160 957 39 x 10• 3.225 597 I X 105 248.888 65 9.439 389 3 X 105 94.393 893 9.439 389 3 X 107 0.094 393 893 1.0 N
(t m 2 ) f-.>
\;.)

~
~
a
0
.....,
~·
0\ ....::1.
.... Ill
2.24 Moment of force

2.24 Moment of force (torque) (N m) perpendicular to each other (compare with energy).
The various units of the moment of force are outlined
The product of force and length is the moment of force. in Table 2.24a. The interconversion factors between the
The direction of the force and length components is different units are given in Table 2.24b.

Table 2.24a. Miscellaneous units of moment of force

Unit Nm
1 dyne-centimeter (or erg) (dyn-cm) 1.0 x 10-7
1 erg (or dyne-centimeter) 1.0 x 10- 7
1 gram-force centimeter (gf em) 9.806 65 X 10-s
1 kilogram-force centimeter (kgf em) 0.098 066 5
1 kilogram-force meter (kgf m or kp m) 9.80665
1 newton centimeter (N em) O.ot
1 newton meter (N m) 1.0
1 ounce-force inch (ozf in) 7.061 55 X 10- 3
1 pound-force foot (lbf ft) 1.33582
1 pound-force inch (or inch pound) (lbf in) 0.112 985
1 pound-force yard (lbf yd) 4.067 452 3
1 poundal foot (or foot-poundal) (pdl ft) 0.042 140
1 ton (short)-force foot (short tonf ft) 2.711 634 9 X 103
1 ton (UK)-force foot (tonf ft) 3.037 033 X 103
1 tonne-force meter (tf m) 9.806 65 X 103

62
 Table 2.24b. Moment of force (torque) interconversion factors

Nm kgfm kgfcm lbfyd lbf ft lbf in Ncm tonf ft short tonf ft tonnef m
m
~
I newton meter
(N m) 1.0 0.101 971 6 10 197 16 0.245 854 0.737 562 4 8.850 748 3 100.0 3.292 687 x 10-• 3.687 795 x 10-• 1.o19 716 x ro-•

I kilogram-force meter
(kgfm) 9 806 65 1.0 100.0 2.411 003 9 7.233 014 86.796 168 I 980.665 3.229 o25 7 x 10- 3 3.616 506 x 10- 3 1.0 x w-'

I kilogram-force centimeter
(kgf em) 0.098 066 5 0.01 1.0 0.024 110 039 0.072 330 14 0.867 961 681 9.806 65 3.229 o25 7 x 10-' 3.616 506 x w-' I 0 x IO-'

I pound-force yard
(lbf yd) 4.067 452 3 0.414 764 86 41.476486 1.0 3.0 36.0 406.7452 1.339 285 8 x 10- 3 1.5 x 10- 3 4.147 648 6 x 10-•

I pound-force foot
(lbf ft) 1.355 82 0.138 254 95 13.825 495 0.333 333 333 1.0 12.0 135.581 746 4.464 286 x 10-• 5.o x 10-• 1.382 549 5 x w-•
I pound-force inch
(lbf in) 0.112 985 0.011 521 246 1.1521246 0.027 777 777 8 0.083 333 1.0 11.298 478 8 3.720 238 19 X J0- 5 4.166 667 x w-' 1.152 125 X JO-S

1 newton centimeter
(N em) O.Dl 1.o19 716 x w- 3 0.101 971 6 2.458 540 4 x w- 3 7.375 623 6 x 10- 3 0.088 507 483 1.0 3.292 687 x 10-• 3.687 795 4 x 10-• 1.019 716 x 10-•

I ton (UK)-force foot

(tonf ft) 3.037 033 X 103 309.691 3.096 91 x 10• 746.667 2.24 X 103 2.688 x 10• 3.037 033 X 105 1.0 1.12 0.309 691 I

I ton (US short)-force foot

2.711 634 9 X 103 276.5099 2.765 099 X 104 666.667 2.0 X 103 2.4 x 10•
(short tonf ft) 2.711 634 9 X 105 0.892 857 I 1.0 0.276 509 91

I tonne-force meter N
(tonnefm) 9.806 65 X 103 1.0 X 103 1.0).. 10' 2.411 003 9 X 103 7.233 014 X 103 8.679 616 8 X JO' 9.806 65 X 105 3.229 024 15 3.616 506 1.0
· - -
-
~

~
~
a
g,
0'
~ g
2.25 Momentum

2.25 Momentum (linear and angular) (kg m s- 1 and

kg m2 s-1)

The linear or translational momentum of a particle is

defined as the product of the mass and velocity. The
following common units are in use:

Unit kg m s- 1

1 gram centimeter per second (g em s- 1) 1.0 X 10-s

1 kilogram meter per second (kg m s- 1) 1.0
1 pound foot per second (lb ft s- 1) 0.138 255

The angular momentum of a particle about a point is

the vector product of the radius vector from the point to
the particle and the momentum of the particle. The
angular momentum may be expressed in kg m 2 s- 1 or lb
ff s- 1. The conversion factor is

1 lb ff s- 1 = 0.042 140 1 kg m 2 s- 1

2.26 Force (N)

The force is defined as the product of the mass and literature are summarized in Table 2.26a. The intercon-
acceleration. version factors between various units are given in Table
The various units for force reported in the technical 2.26b.

Table 2.26a. Miscellaneous units of force

Unit N
1 dyne (or dyn) (gem s- 2 ) 1.0 x lo-s
1 grain-force 6.354 601 x 10-4
1 gram-force (gf) 9.806 65 x 10-3
1 kilogram-force (or kilopond) (kgf or kp) 9.80665
1 kip (US) 4.448 22 X 103
1 newton (N) (kg m s- 2) 1.0
1 ounce-force (ozf) 0.278 014
1 pound-force (lbf) 4.448 22
1 poundal (pdl) 0.138 255
1 sthene (t m s- 2) 1.0 X 103
1 ton (metric)-force 9.806 65 X 103
1 ton (UK)-force 9.964 02 X 103
1 ton (US)-force 8.896 44 X 103

64
 Table 2.26b. Force interconversion factors

N (kg m s- 2) kgf(kp) 1bf dyn (g em s- 2) tonf(UK) tonf(US) tunnef

m
~
1 newton (N)
(kg m s- 2) 1.0 0.101 9716 0.224 809 1.0 X 105 1.003 611 x 10- 4 1.124 04 x w- 4 1.019 716 x 10-4

1 kilogram-force (or ki1opond)

9.806 65 1.0 2.204 622 6 9.806 65 X 105 9.842 07 x 10- 4 1.102 311 x w- 3 1.0 x 10- 3
(kgf or kp)

1 pound-force
4.448 22 0.453 592 37 1.0 4.448 22 X 10 5 4.464 286 x w- 4 s.o x w- 4 4.535 923 7 x 10- 4
(1bf)

1 dyne (or dyn)

1.0 X 10-s 1.019 716 x 10- 6 2.248 09 x 10- 6 1.0 1.003 610 9 x w- 9 1.124 04 x w- 9 1.019 716 x 9
(gem s- 2) w-

1 ton (UK)-force
9.96402 X 1Q3 1.016047 X 1Q3 2.24 X 10 3 9.964 02 X 108 1.0 1.12 1.016 046 9
(tonf (UK, long))

1 ton (US)-force
8.89644 X 1Q3 907.184 74 2.0 X 103 8.896 44 X 108 0.892 857 1 1.0 0.907 184 74
(tonf (USA, short))

I tonne-force 9.80665 X X
1Q3 1.0 1Q3 2.204 622 6 X IQ3 9.806 65 X 108 0.984 206 53 1.102 311 1.0
(tonne f)

N
iv
0\

0\
61
VI
8
('D
2.27 Pressure

2.27 Pressure (stress) (N m- 2) gauge)). The conversion between the absolute and
gauge pressures is as follows:
Pressure or stress is the ratio between force and
area. 1 psig = 1 psia + 14.6959
The various units of pressure compiled from the
technical literature are summarized in Table 2.27a. The 1 atm gauge = 1 atm absolute +1
interconversion factors between the units are given in
Table 2.27b. 1 atmosphere means that the atmospheric pressure is
The absolute and gauge pressures are denoted by the the datum.
extra 'a' and 'g' letters, respectively (e.g., psia {pound per In German, the symbol for technical atmosphere is
square inch absolute) or psig {pound per square inch 'at' and 'atii' or 'ata' stands for gauge.

Table 2.27a. Miscellaneous units of pressure

Unit Nm- 2

1 atmosphere (absolute) (atm) 1.013 25 X 105

1 bar 1.0 X 105
1 barye (or dyne per square centimeter) 0.1
1 centimeter of mercury at 0°C (em Hg) 1.333 22 X 103
1 centimeter of water at 4°C (em H20) 98.0638
1 dyne per square centimeter (or barye) (dyn em - 2 ) 0.1
1 foot of air at 1 atm and 60°F 3.654 223
1 foot of water at 39.2°F 2.989 07 X 103
1 gram-force per square centimeter (gf cm- 2) 98.0665
1 hectobar (hbar) 1.0 x 10- 7
1 inch of water at 4°C (in H 20) 249.089
1 inch of mercury at 32°F (in Hg) 3.386 39 X 103
1 kilogram-force (or kilopond) per centimeter squared (kgf cm- 2) 9.806 65 X 104
1 kilogram-force (or kilopond) per meter squared (kgf m- 2) 9.80665
1 kilogram-force (or kilopond) per millimeter squared (kgfmm- 2) 9.806 65 X 106
I kilonewton per square meter (kN m - 2) 1.0 X I03
1 kips per square inch (ksi) 6.894 76 X 106
I meganewton per square meter (MN m- 2) 1.0 X 106
1 meter of water at 4°C (m H20) 9.806 65 X 103
1 millibar (mbar) IOO.O
1 millimeter of mercury at 0°C (mm Hg) 133.322
1 millimeter of water at 4°C (mm H 20) 9.806 65
1 newton per square meter (or pascal) (N m- 2 or Pa) 1.0
1 newton per square millimeter (N mm - 2) 1.0 X I06
1 ounce per square foot (oz n- 2 ) 2.992 599 27
1 ounce per square inch (oz in- 2 ) 430.934 916
1 pascal (Pa) 1.0
1 pieze (pz) 1.0 X 10 3
1 pound-force per square foot (lbf n- 2) 47.8803
1 pound-force per square inch (psi) (lbf in- 2) 6.894 76 X 103
1 poundal per square foot (pdl n- 2 ) 1.44816
1 sthene per square meter (sn m- 2) 1.0 X 103
1 technical atmosphere (absolute) (at) 9.806 65 X 104
1 ton (US)-force per square foot 9.576 05 X 104
1 ton (US)-force per square inch 1.378 95 X 107
1 ton (UK)-force per square foot 1.072 52 X 105
I ton (UK)-force per square inch 1.544 43 X 107
I torr (or tor) 133.322

66
 Table 2.27b. Pressure (stress) interconversion factors

N m-' (Pa) bar atm mmHg in H,O inHg lbfin- 2 lbfft- 2 dyn em-' kgfcm- 2
1
~
I n~\\10n p~r square meter
9.86923 x 7.500 62 x 10- 3 4.014 63 x 10- 3 2.953 x 10.0
(Nm- 1) (or pascal. Pa) 1.0 1.0 x w-' w-• w-• 1.45038 x w-• 2.208854 x 10-' 1.01972 x w-·

I bar
(bar) 1.0 A 10' 1.0 0.986 923 750.062 401.463 29.53 14.5038 2.08854 X 103 1.0 x 10• 1.01972

I atmosphere
(atm) 1.013 25 X 10 5 1.013 25 1.0 760.0 406.8 29.9213 14.6959 2.116 22 X 10 3 1.013 25 x 10• 1.033 23

I millimeter of mercury at 0°C

133.322 1.333 22 x 10- 3 1.315 79 x 10- 3 1.0 0.535 24 0.039 3701 0.019 336 8 2.78450 1.333 22 X 103 1.359 51 x 10- 3
(mmHg)

I inch of water at 4°C

(in H,O) 249.089 2.49089 x 10- 3 2.458 x 10- 3 1.86832 1.0 0.073 556 0.036 127 5.20233 2.49089 X 10 3 2.54 x 10- 3

I inch of mercury at 32°F

3.3864 X 103 0.033 864 0.033 421 25.40 13.5951 1.0 0.491 16 70.7263 3.3864 x 10• 0.034 532
(in Hg)

I pound-force per square inch (psi)

6.89476 X 103 0.068 9476 0.068 046 51.7149 27.68 2.036 1.0 144.0 6.894 76 x 10• 0.070 307
(lbfin- 1 )

I pound-force per square foot 4.882 43 x 10-•

(lbf fr- 2 ) 47.8803 4.788 o3 x 10-• 4.725 41 x 10-• 0.359 131 0.192 222 0.014 139 6.9444 x 10- 3 1.0 478.003

I dyne per square centimeter

0.1 1.0 x 10-• 9.869 23 x 10-' 7.soo 62 x 10-• 4.015 x 10-• 2.953 X 10-l 1.45038 X 10-l 2.088 54 x 10- 3 1.0 1.019 n x 10-•
(dyn cm- 2 )

I kilogram-force per square centimeter

(kgfcm- 2 ) 9.80665 X J04 0.980 665 0.967 841 735.559 393.7 28.959 14.2233 2.048 16 X 103 9.806 65 X }0 5 1.0

--
N
iv
--.)

'"d
..,;:a
~
~ ;:a
2.28 Viscosity (dynamic) or absolute viscosity

2.28 Viscosity (dynamic) or absolute viscosity
(N s m- 2 )
The dynamic viscosity is the ratio between the stress
and velocity gradient.
The units commonly used in the technical literature
are listed in Table 2.28a. The interconversion factors for
dynamic viscosity are given in Table 2.28b.

Table 2.28a. Miscellaneous units of dynamic viscosity

Unit N s m- 2

1 centipoise (cP) 1.0 X 10- 3

1 cgs unit of absolute viscosity (or poise) 0.1
1 dyne second per meter square (dyn s m - 2) 0.1
1 gram per centimeter second (or poise) (g cm- 1 s- 1) 0.1
1 gram-second per square centimeter 98.0665
1 kilogram per meter hour (kg m- 1 h- 1) 2. 777 778 x w- 4
1 kilogram per meter second (kg m- 1 s- 1) 1.0
1 kilogram-force second per square meter (kgf s m- 2) 9.80665
1 newton second per square meter (N s m - 2) 1.0
1 pascal second (Pa s) 1.0
1 poise (or gram per centimeter second) (P) 0.1
1 poiseuille (in France) (Pl) 1.0
1 pound per foot hour (lb [t- 1 h- 1) 4.133 79 x w- 4
1 pound per foot second (lb n- 1 s- 1) 1.488 16
1 pound-force hour per square foot (lbf h ft- 2) 1.723 69 X 105
1 pound-force second per square foot (lbf s n- 2) 47.8803
1 pound-force second per square inch (reyn) 6.894 76 X 103
1 pound-force second per square inch (lbf s in- 2) 6.894 76 X 103
1 poundal second per square foot (pdl s ft- 2) 1.488 16
1 reyn (or pound-force second per square inch) 6.894 76 X 103
1 slug hour per foot second squared 1.723 69 X 105
1 slug per foot second 47.8803
1 stoke per density in gram per milliliter 0.1

68
 Table 2.28b. Viscosity (absolute or dynamic) interconversion factors

N s m- 2 p cP kg m- 1h- 1 lb n-l s-l kgfs m-' lb n-l h-I

1
lbf s n-' lbf h n-'
~
I newton second per square meter
1.0 10.0 1.0 X 103 3.6 X 10 3 0.671 97 0.101972 0.020 885 4
(N s m-') 2.41909 X 103 5.801 38 x lo-'·

I poise
(P) 0.1 1.0 100.0 360.0 0.067 197 0.010 197 2 2.088 54 x w-' 241.909 5.801 38 x w-'
I centipoise
(cP) 1.0 x 10-' O.Dl 1.0 3.6 6.7197 x 10-• l.OI972x 10- 4 2.088 54 x 10- 5 2.419 09 5.801 38 x w-•
I kilogram per meter hour
2.777 778 x w- 4 2.777 778 x 10- 3 0.277 777 8
(kg 111-l h- 1) l.O 1.866 58 x 1o- 4 2.832 55 x 10- 5 5.801 51 x 10-• 0.671 969 1.611 528 x 10-•

I pound per !(JOt second

(lb n-l s -ll 1.488 16 14.8816 1.488 16 X 10 3 5.357 39 X l()-' 1.0 0.151 75 0.031 081 3.6 X 10 3 8.633 611 x 10-•

N
1 kilogram-force second per square
9.806 65 98.0665 9.806 65 X I0 3 3.530 39 x 104
iv
meter (kgfs m- 2 ) 6.589 76 1.0 0.204 816 2.372 31 X J04 5.689 333 x 10- 5 00

~
I pound-force second per square foot ()
(lbf s n-'l 47.8803 478.803 4. 788 o3 x 10• 1.723 69 X 105 32.174 4.882 43 1.0 1.158 27 X 10 5 2.777 778 x w- 4
"'
0
"'
~·
I pound per foot hour
(lb n-l h- 1) 4.133 79 x w-• 4.133 79 x 10- 3 0.413 379 1.488 16 2.777 778 x 10- 4 4.215 29 x 10- 5 8.6336 x 10-• 2.398 222 x
l.O w-•
~
Ill
l pound-force hour per square foot
1.723 69 X 10 5 1.723 69 X 106 1.723 69 X 108 6.205 X 108 X
s
......
(lbr h n-'l 1.158 27 10 5 1.758 x w• 3.6 X 103 4.17 X 108 1.0 -S
---
0
"1
Ill
r::r
0
"'
8'
~
::;,
()
"'0
$ "'
~-
2.29 Viscosity (kinematic) or thermal diffusivity

2.29 Viscosity (kinematic) or thermal diffusivity The common units used to express the kinematic vis-
(m2 s-1) cosity are listed in Table 2.29a. The interconversion
factors for the units of kinematic viscosity are presen-
The kinematic viscosity is the ratio between the length
ted in Table 2.29b.
squared and time. The same units may be used to
express the thermal diffusivity.

Table 2.29a. Miscellaneous units of kinematic viscosity

Unit m2 s-1

1 centimeter squared per hour (cm2 h- 1) 2.777 778 X 10- 8

1 centimeter squared per minute (cm 2 min- 1) 1.666 667 x 10-6
1 centimeter squared per second (cm 2 s- 1) 1.0 x 10- 4
1 centistokes (eSt) 1.0 x 10- 6
1 cgs unit of kinematic viscosity (stokes) 1.0 x 10- 4
1 foot squared per hour (ft2 h- 1) 2.580 64 X 10-S
1 foot squared per minute (ft2 min- 1) 1.548 383 3 x 10- 3
1 foot squared per second (ft2 s- 1) 0.092 903
1 inch squared per hour (in 2 h- 1) 1.792 11 x 10- 7
1 inch squared per second (in2 s- 1) 6.4516 x 10- 4
1 meter squared per hour (m 2 h- 1) 2. 777 778 x w- 4
1 meter squared per minute (m 2 min- 1) 0.016 666 67
1 meter squared per second (m2 s- 1) 1.0
1 millimeter squared per second (mm2 s- 1) 1.0 x w- 6
1 poise-cubic centimeter per gram (Pcm3 g- 1) 1.0 x 10- 4
1 poise-cubic foot per pound (Pft 3 lb- 1) 6.242 796 x 10- 3
1 poise-cubic inch per gram (Pin 3 g- 1) 1.638 706 4 x w- 3
1 stokes (cgs unit of kinematic viscosity) (St) 1.0 x w- 4

Table 2.29b. Viscosity (kinematic) or thermal diffusity interconversion factors

~ m

1 meter squared per second

1.0
m2 s-1 St

1.0 104
m2 h-1

3.6 10 3
re s- 1

10.7'639
ftl h- 1

3.875 01 104
(m2 s-1) X X X

1 stokes
(St) 1.0 x 10-4 1.0 0.360 1.076 39 x 10- 3 3.875 01

1 meter squared per hour 2.777 78 x 10- 4 2.777 78 1.0 2.989 98 x 10- 3 10.763 93
(m2 h-1)

1 foot squared per second

(ft2 s-1) 0.092 903 0 929.030 334.451 1.0 3.6 X 103

1 foot squared per hour

(ft2 h- 1) 2.580 64 X 10- 5 0.258064 0.092 903 2.777 78 x w- 4 1.0

70
 2.30 Surface tension

2.30 Surface tension (N m- 1) The commonly used units and their conversion
factors toN m- 1 (SI unit) are listed in Table 2.30a. The
The surface tension is the ratio between the force across various interconversion factors for the units of surface
a line element in a surface and the length of the line tension are presented in Table 2.30b.
element. The SI unit for surface tension is newton per
meter (N m- 1), which is equivalent to joule per meter
squared (J m- 2).

Table 2.30a. Miscellaneous units of surface tension

Unit Nm- 1

1 dyne per centimeter (dyn cm- 1 ) 1.0 x w- 3

1 erg per centimeter squared (erg cm- 2) 1.0 x w- 3
1 erg per millimeter squared (erg mm- 2) 0.1
1 gram per centimeter (g cm- 1) 0.980 665
1 ·kilogram-force per meter (kilopond per meter) (kgf m- 1) 9.80665
1 milligram per inch (mg in- 1) 3.860 855 x w- 4
1 milligram per millimeter (mg mm- 1) 9.806 65 x w- 3
1 millinewton per meter (mN m- 1) 1.0 x w- 3
1 newton per meter (N m- 1) 1.0
1 poundal per inch (pdl in- 1) 5.443 108 5

Table 2.30b. Surface ten&ion interconversion factors

~ m

I newton per meter ( = I kg s- 2 )

Nm- 1 mNm- 1 kgfm- 1 dyn cm- 1 pdl in- 1

(Nm- 1 ) 1.0 1.0 X 10 3 0.102 1.0 X 103 0.183 718 5

1 millinewton per meter

(mN m- 1 ) 1.0 X 10- 3 1.0 1.02 X 10- 4 1.0 1.837 185 x 10- 4

1 kilogram-force per meter ( = I kp m- 1)

(kgfm- 1 ) 9.807 9.807 X 103 1.0 9.807 X J03 1.801 727

1 dyne per centimeter ( = 1 erg cm- 2 )

(dyn cm- 1 ) 1.0 x 10- 3 1.0 1.02 x 10- 4 1.0 1.837 185 x 10- 4

1 poundal per inch

(pdl in- 1) 5.443 108 5 5.443 108 X 103 0.555 023 5.443 108 X 103 1.0

71
 2.31 Temperature

2.31 Temperature (K) The formulas giving the interrelationships among the
There are five different units of temperature various units of temperature are given in Table 2.3la.
The interconversion factors for the units of tempera-
degree Celsius (or centigrade) eq ture interval (difference) are given in Table 2.3lb.
degree Fahrenheit eF) The degree values of the five scales are in accordance
degree Rankine eR) with the relationship
degree Reaumur ( 0 r)
degree Kelvin (K) 5K = 5°C = 9°F = 9°R = 4°r

Table 2.31 a. Temperature interconversion factors

~ m

degree Celsius
oc

5
oF K

5
OR

50
or

(OC) 1.0 - (°F- 32) K- 273.15 - CR - 491.67) - r

9 9 4

degree Farenheit 9 9
(oF) - °C + 32 1.0 -K- 459.67 0 R- 459.67 :
0
r + 32
5 5

5
degree Kelvin
(K)
°C + 273.15 9 °F + 459.67 1.0 50
- R 45 0
r + 273.15
9

degree Rankine 9
soc+ 491.67 OF+ 459.67 .2_K 1.0 0
r + 491.67
(oR) :
5

degree Reaumur 4 4 4 0
Cr)
~oc _oF- 32 S K- 273.15 - R- 491.67
9
1.0
5 9

Table 2.31b. Temperature interval interconversion factors

X l°C
m

= 1K
°C or K

1.0
°F or 0 R

-
9
or

-
4
5 5

5 4
l°F =l 0
R - 1.0 -
9 9

5 9
l0 r - - 1.0
4 4

72
 2.32 Energy

2.32 Energy (work or heat) (J)
Energy is the product of force and distance. There are
different types of energy (e.g., mechanical, electrical,
kinetic, potential, radiant, etc.)
The unit of energy may be expressed in many ways. A
list of the common units is presented in Table 2.32a.
The interconversion factors for the units of energy are
given in Table 2.32b.

Table 2.32a. Miscellaneous units for energy (work or heat)

Unit J

1 British thermal unit (Btu) 1.055 06 X 1Ql

international 1.055 75 X 1Ql
mean 1.0558 X 1Ql
I British thermal unit
l5°C 1.054 73 X 1Ql
39°F 1.059 67 X 1Ql
60°F 1.0545 X 1Ql
I calorie (cal)
I.T. 4.1868
mean 4.190 02
thermochemical 4.1840
I calorie
l5°C 4.1855
20°C 4.1819
1 centigrade heat unit (CHU) 1.9004 X 1Ql
I cheval-vapeur-heure 2.647 795 X 106
I cubic centimeter-atmosphere (cm 3 atm) 0.101 325
I cubic foot-atmosphere (ftl atm) 2.86920 X 1Ql
1 cubic foot-(pound force per square inch) 195.2368
1 dyne-centimeter (dyn em) 1.0 x Io- 7
1 electron volt 1.602 191 7 x 10- 19
1 erg 1.0 x 10- 7
1 foot pound-force (ft lbf) 1.355 82
I foot-poundal (ft pdl) 0.042 140 I
1 frigorie -4.1855 X 1Ql
1 gram-force centimeter (gf em) 9.806 65 X 10-s
I horsepower-hour (hp h) 2.684 52 X 106
electric 2.6856 X 106
1 horsepower-year (hp yr) 306.4522
I joule (J)
absolute 1.0
international before 1948 1.00019
1 kilocalorie (LT.) (kcal) 4.1868 X 1Ql
1 kilogram-force meter (kgf m) 9.80665
1 kilopond-meter (Germany) (kp m) 9.80665
1 kilowatt-hour (kW h) 3.6 X 106
I liter-atmosphere (1 atm) 101.325
1 mass unit 1.492 092 x 10- 12
1 newton-meter (N m) 1.0
1 pascal cubic meter (Pa m 3) 1.0
1 pound-centigrade unit (p.c.u.) 1.899108 X 1Ql
1 pound of carbon to C02 1.5336 X 107
1 pound of water evaporated from (at 21rF) 1.0224 X 106
1 Rydberg unit of energy 2.169 367 5 x 10- 18
1 therm 1.055 X JOB
1 thermie (th) 4.1868 X 106
1 ton of refrig. (US standard) 3.038 318 X 108
I tonne-calorie 4.1868 X 106
I volt-coulomb (VC)
absolute 1.0
international 1.000 165 027
I watt-hour (W h)
absolute 3.600 X 1Ql
international 3.600 593 38 X W
I watt-minute (absolute) (W min) 60.00
I watt-second (W s)
absolute 1.0
international 1.000 165 027

73
 N
-..]
~
w
N

w
~
Table 2.32b. Energy (work) interconversion factors

J erg cain kcaln Btu ft lbf kWh kgfm hp h

m
~I absolute joule(= I W s) 1.0 1.0 X 107 0.238 846 2.388 46 x 10- 4 9.478 t7 x to- 4 0.737 562 2.777 778 x 10- 7 0.101 971 6 3.725 06t x 10- 7
(J)

I erg(= I dyn em) 1.0 x w- 7 1.0 2.388 46 X J0- 8 2.388 46 x 10-u 9.478 t7 x to-u 7.375 62 x w- 8 2.777 78 x 10- 14 t.Ot9 716 x 10- 8 3.725 o6t x 10- 14
(erg)

I calorie (l.T.) 4.1868 X J01 1.0 1.0 x 10- 3 3.968 32 x 10- 3 3.008 03 1.162 98 X J0- 6 0.426928 1.559 61 x 10-•
4.1868
(cai,T)

I kilocalorie (l.T.) 4.1868 X J03 4.1868 X J0' 0 1.0 X 103 1.0 3.968 32 3.08803 X J03 1.162 98 x 10- 3 426.928 1.559 61 x w- 3
(kcai,T)

I British thermal unit 1.055 06 X JOl 1.055 06 X J0' 0 251.996 0.251 996 1.0 778.169 2.930 n x 10- 4 107.584 3.930 Is x 10- 4
(Btu)

I foot pound-force 1.355 82 1.355 82 X J01 0.323 832 3.238 32 x to- 4 1.285 o7 x 10- 3 1.0 3.766 16 x 10- 7 0.138 255 s.oso s1 x 10- 7
(ft lbf)

I kilowatt-hour 3.6 X JOll 8.5945 X 105 859.45 3.412 14 X JOl 2.655 22 X 106 1.0 3.670 98 X 1QS 1.341 02
3.6 X 106
(kWh)

I kilogram-force meter 9.80665 X J01 2.342 32 2.342 32 x w- 3 9.295 o6 x w- 3 7.233 011 2.724 01 x 10- 6 1.0 3.653 03 x w-•
9.806 65
(kgfm)

I horsepower hour X 101J 6.41186 X J05 641.186 2.54443 X 10 3 1.98 x to• 0.745 701 2.737 45 X 1QS 1.0
2.684 52 X 106 2.684 52
(hp h)
 2.33 Power

2.33 Power (heat-flow rate) (J s- 1) 2.33a. The interconversion factors for the units are pre-
sented in Table 2.33b.
The ratio between energy and time is the power.
The various units of power are summarized in Table

Table 2.33a. Miscellaneous units of power

Unit

1 British thermal unit per hour (Btu h- 1) 0.293 071

1 British thermal unit per minute (Btu min- 1) 17.584 26
1 British thermal unit per second (Btu s- 1) 1.055 055 6 X 103
1 British thermal unit (mean) per minute 17.5978
1 calorie (I.T.) per hour (caln h- 1) 1.1630 x 10- 3
1 calorie (I.T.) per minute (caln min- 1) 0.069 78
1 calorie (I.T.) per second (caln s- 1) 4.1868
1 calorie (mean) per hour 1.163 900 X 10-3
1 calorie (mean) per minute 0.069 833 7
1 calorie (mean) per second 4.190 02
1 calorie (thermal) per hour 1.162 222 x 10- 3
1 calorie (thermal) per minute 0.069 733
1 calorie (thermal) per second 4.1840
1 cheval-vapeur 735.499
1 cubic centimeter-atmosphere per hour (cm3 atm h- 1) 2.814 583 X 10-S
1 cubic foot-atmosphere per hour (ftl atm h- 1) 0.797 003 3
1 dyne-centimeter per second (dyn em s- 1) 1.0 X 10- 7
1 erg per minute (erg min- 1) 1.666 667 x 10-9
1 erg per second (erg s- 1) 1.0 X 10-7
1 foot pound-force per hour (ft lbf h- 1) 3.766 17 x 10-4
1 foot pound-force per minute (ft lbf min- 1) 0.022 597
1 foot pound-force per second (ft lbf s- 1) 1.35582
1 foot-poundal per minute (ft pdl min- 1) 7.023 359 6 x 10- 4
1 force de cheval 735.499
1 gram-force centimeter per second (gf em s- 1) 9.806 652 X 10-s
1 hectowatt (hW) 100.0
1 horsepower (hp)
boiler 9.809 50 X 103
electric 746.00
imperial 745.70
metric 735.499
water 746.043
1 joule per hour (J h- 1) 2.777 778 x 10-4
1 joule per minute (J min- 1) 0.016 666 67
1 joule per second (J s- 1) 1.0
1 kilocalorie (I.T.) per hour (kcaln h- 1) 1.1630
1 kilocalorie (I.T.) per minute (kcaln min- 1) 69.78
1 kilocalorie (I.T.) per second (kcaln s- 1) 4.1868 X 103
1 kilogram-force meter per hour (kgf m h- 1) 2. 724 068 2 x 10- 3
1 kilogram-force meter per minute (kgf m min- 1) 0.163 444 17
1 kilogram-force meter per second (kgf m s- 1) 9.806 65
1 kilowatt (kW) 1.0 X 103
1 kilowatt (international before 1948) 1.000 165 X 103
1 liter-atmosphere per hour (1 atm h- 1) 0.028 146 655
1 ton of refrigeration 3.516 85 X 103
1 watt (W) 1.0
1 watt (international) 1.000 165

75
-J N
0\ w
VJ

;c
~"1

Table 2.33b. Power (heat-flow rate) interconversion factors

w kgfm s- 1 hp (metric) hp (imperial) erg s- 1 ft lbf s- 1 kcalnh- 1 Btu h- 1 •

m
~
I watt(= I J s- 1 )
1.0 0.101971 6 1.359 62 x 10- 3 1.341 02 x 10- 3 1.0 X 107 0.737 562 0.859 845 3.412 14
(W)

I kilogram-force meter per second 9.806 65 1.0 0.013 333 3 0.013 !50 93 9.806 65 X 107 7.233 014 8.432 20 33.4617
(kgf m s- 1)

1 horsepower (metric)
735.499 75.0 1.0 0.986 320 1 7.354 99 X 109 542.476 632.415 2.509 63 X 1Ql
(hpm)

1 horsepower (imperial)
745.70 76.040 22 1.013 87 1.0 7.4570 X 109 550.0 641.186 2.54443 X 1Ql
(hPimp)

1 erg per second 8 8

(erg s- 1) 1.0 x 10- 7 1.019 716 x w- 1.359 62 x w- 1o 1.341 02 x 1o-w 1.0 7.375 62 x w- 8.598 45 x 10- 8 3.41214 x w- 7

1 foot pound-force per second 1.355 82 0.138 254 95 1.843 399 x w- 3 1.818 182 x w- 3 1.355 82 X 107 1.0 1.165 79 4.626 24
(ft lbf s- 1)

I kilocalorie (I.T.) per hour 1.581 24 X I0- 3 1.559 61 x w- 3 1.162 98 X 107 0.857 785 1.0 3.968 32
1.162 98 0.118 593
(kcaln h- 1 )

I British thermal unit per hour 0.293 071 0.029 884 9 3.984 66 x 10-4 3.930 15 x w- 4 2.930 71 X 106 0.216 158 0.251996 1.0
(Btu h- 1)
 2.34 Specific energy

2.34 Specific energy (calorific value or enthalpy)
(J kg-1)
Specific energy is the ratio between energy and mass.
Specific energy may be expressed in several units (see
Table 2.34a). Molecular energy may be derived by
expressing the mass in molar quantity. The intercon-
version factors between the units of specific energy are
given in Table 2.34b and molecular energy in Table
2.34c.
Some useful expressions are:
1 Amagat unit ofP V = 528.783 cal mol- 1
= 2.213 908 7 x 103 J mol- 1
1 eV mol- 1 = 9.648 676 x 104 J mol- 1

Table 2.34a. Miscellaneous units of specific energy

Unit J kg-1

1 British thermal unit per pound (Btu lb- 1) 2.326 X 103

1 British thermal unit (International Steam Table) per pound 2.324 48 X 103
1 British thermal unit (mean) per pound 2.327 79 X 103
1 calorie (I.T.) per gram (caln g - 1) 4.1868 X 103
1 calorie (mean) per gram 4.190 02 X 103
1 calorie (thermal) per gram 4.1840 X 103
1 centigrade heat unit per pound (Chu lb- 1) 4.1868 X 103
1 cubic centimeter-atmosphere per gram (cm 3 atm g- 1) 1.013 25 x 10- 4
1 cubic foot-atmosphere per pound (ft 3 atm Ib- 1) 6.325 510 8 X 103
1 cubic foot-(pound per square inch) per pound 430.425 45
1 foot pound-force per pound (ft lbf Ib- 1) 2.989 07
1 horsepower-hour per pound (hp h lb- 1) 5.918 35 X 106
1 joule per gram (J g- 1) 1.0 X 103
1 joule per kilogram (J kg- 1) 1.0
1 kilocalorie (I.T.) per gram (kcaln g- 1) 4.1868
1 kilocalorie (I.T.) per kilogram (kcal 11 kg- 1) 4.1868 X 103
1 kilocalorie (thermal) per kilogram 4.1840 X 103
1 kilocalorie (15°C) per kilogram 4.1855 X 103
1 kilogram-force meter per gram (kgf m g- 1) 9.806 65 X 103
1 kilogram-force meter per kilogram (kgf m kg- 1) 9.806 65
1 kilowatt-hour per gram (kWh g- 1) 3.6 X 109
1 kilowatt-hour per pound (kWh lb- 1) 7.936 648 X 106
1 pound-centigrade unit per pound (p.c.u. lb- 1) 4.1868 X 103
1 rad (radiation dose absorbed) O.oi

77
-.J N
00 w
+:>.

en
"0
~
(")
.-.
::tl
(")
~

~
Table 2.34b. Specific energy (enthalpy) interconversion factors ~

to
J kg-1 ft lbflb- 1 kgfm kg- 1 Btu lb- 1 kcaliT kg- 1 caliT g- 1
from

1 joule per kilogram 1.0 0.334 553 0.101972 4.299 23 x 1o- 4 2.388 46 x w- 4 2.388 46 x 1o- 4
(J kg-1)

1 foot pound-force per pound

(ft lbf lb- 1) 2.989 07 1.0 0.3048 1.285 07 x w- 3 7.139 26 x w- 4 7.139 26 x w- 4

1 kilogram-force meter per kilogram

(kgfm kg- 1) 9.806 65 3.280 84 1.0 4.2161 x w- 3 2.342 28 x w- 3 2.342 28 x w- 3

1 British thermal unit per pound

2.326 X 103 778.169 237.186 1.0 0.555 556 0.555 556
(Btu lb - 1)

1 kilocalorie (LT.) per kilogram

4.1868 X 103 1.4007 X 103 426.935 1.80 1.0 1.0
(kcaliT kg- 1)

1 calorie (I.T.) per gram

4.1868 X 103 1.4007 X 103 426.935 1.80 1.0 1.0
(caliT g- 1)

1 chu 1b- 1 = 1 kca1 kg- 1 = 1 cal g- 1

 Table 2.34c. Molecular energy interconversion factors

m Jmoi- 1 cal moi- 1 cm 3 atm moi- 1 kWh moi- 1 Btu lb-moJ- 1 cm- 1 molecuie- 1 eV molecule- 1
~I joule per mole
(J moi- 1)
1.0 0.238 846 9.869 23 2.777 78 x w- 7 0.429 922 6 0.083 594 0 1.036 411 6 X JO-S

1 calorie per mole 6

(cal mol- 1) 4.1868 1.0 41.320 48 1.162 999 x w- 1.799 999 8 0.350 133 3 4.339 246 0 X J0- 5

1 cubic centimeter-atmosphere
per mole 0.101 325 0.024 201 07 1.0 2.814 582 x w-s 0.043 561 98 8.470 165 x w- 3 1.oso 141 x w- 6
(cm 3 atm mol- 1)

1 kilowatt-hour per mole

(kWh mol- 1) 3.6 X 106 8.598 46 X 10 5 3.552 925 X 107 1.0 1.547 243 X 106 3.009 386 X 10 5 37.31079

1 British thermal unit per

pound-mole 2.3620 0.555 555 6 22.9558 6.461 098 9 x w- 7 1.0 0.194 439 6 2.410 698 X J0- 5
(Btu lb-mol- 1)

1 reciprocal
centimeter-molecule 11.962 58 2.857 214 118.0614 3.322 937 x w- 6 5.142 990 4 1.0 1.239 813 x w- 4
(cm- 1 molecule- 1 )

1 electron volt per molecule

9.648 676 X 104 2.304 548 X 104 9.522 503 0 X IQ5 0.026 801 868 4.148 190 6 X 104 8.065 73 X 10 3 1.0
(eV molecu!e- 1)
N
- - - -
~
Vl
1\l
(')
.....
::n
(')
(1)

(1)
=
-...)
-.a ~
2.35 Heat per unit volume

2.35 Heat per unit volume (J m- 3 )

The heat per unit volume may be expressed in several
common units (see Table 2.35a). The interconversion
factors for the units are presented in Table 2.35b.

Table 2.35a. Miscellaneous units of heat per unit volume

Unit J m-3

1 British thermal unit per cubic foot (Btu ft- 3) 3.725 89 X 1()4
1 joule per cubic meter (J m- 3) 1.0
1 kilocalorie (I.T.) per cubic meter (kcal1T m- 3) 4.1868 X 103
1 kilocalorie (thermal) per cubic meter (kcal,h m - 3) 4.184 X 103
1 kilocalorie (l5°C) per cubic meter 4.1855 X 103
1 therm per cubic foot 1.055 X 108
1 therm per gallon (UK) 2.3208 X 1010
1 thermie per liter (th 1- 1) 4.1855 X 109

80
 Table 2.35b. Heat per unit volume interconversion factors

Jm-3 caliT m- 3 kcal 1T m- 3 Btu ft- 3 th 1- 1 therm gal (UK)- 1

m
~1 joule per cubic meter
(J m-3) 1.0 0.238 846 2.388 46 x 10- 4 2.683 92 X 10-S 2.3892 x 10- 10 4.308 86 x w-u

1 calorie (I.T.) per cubic meter

4.1868 1.0 1.0 x w- 3 1.1237 x w- 4 1.ooo 31 x 10-9 1.8404 x 10- 10
(caln m- 3)

1 kilocalorie (I.T.) per cubic meter

4.1868 X 103 1.0 X 103 1.0 0.112 37 1.000 31 x 10- 6 1.840 4 X I0- 7
(kcaln m- 3)

1 British thermal unit per cubic foot

3.725 89 X 104 8.899 15 X 103 8.89915 1.0 8.901 91 x 10- 6 1.605 44 x w- 6
(Btu ft- 3)

1 thermie per liter

(th 1- 1) 4.1855 X 109 9.996 90 X 108 9.996 90 X 105 1.123 354 4 X 105 1.0 0.180 347

1 therm per gallon (UK) N

(therm gal (UK)- 1) 2.320 80 X 1010 5.543 13 X 109 5.543 13 X 106 6.228 83 X 105 5.544 85 1.0 i...>
Vo

:I:
(I)
~
......
'0
(I)
'"1

=
......
=
......
~
00 =
- ~
2.36 Specific heat capacity

2.36 Specific heat capacity (specific entropy) mass basis, the units of heat capacity on volume basis
(J kg-t K-t) are tabulated in Tables 2.36d and 2.36e.
Some simple equalities are useful to remember
Specific heat capacity is the ratio between the heat and
the product of mass and temperature interval. 1 cain g-t oc-t kcaln kg-t oc-t
The various units used to express specific heat = Chu Ib-t oc-t = 1 Btu Ib-t oF-t
capacity are summarized in Table 2.36a. The intercon-
version factors for the units are presented in Table = 4.1868 X 103 J kg-t oc-t
2.36b. The heat capacity may be expressed in molar
units (see Table 2.36c). The heat capacity may also be 1 cain g-t K-t = 1 kcaln kg-t K-t = 1 Chu Ib-t K-t
expressed on volumetric basis, that is the ratio between = 1 Btu Ib-t oR-t
the heat and the product of volume and temperature
interval. Similarly to the specific heat capacity on the = 4.1868 X 103 J kg-t K-t

Table 2.36a. Miscellaneous units of specific heat capacity

Unit

1 British thermal unit per pound degree Celsius (Btu Ib-t oc-t) 7.536 24 X 103
1 British thermal unit per pound degree Fahrenheit (Btu Ib-t oF-t) 4.1868 X 103
1 calorie (I.T.) per gram degree Kelvin (cain g-t K-t) 4.1868 X 103
1 calorie (thermal) per gram degree Celsius (cal g-t oc-t) 4.1840 X 103
1 celsius heat unit per pound degree Celsius (Chu Ib-t oc-t) 4.1868 X 103
1 centigrade heat unit per pound degree Celsius (Chu Ib-t oc-t) 4.1868 X 103
1 foot pound-force per pound degree Fahrenheit (ft lbf Ib-t oF-t) 5.380 32
1 joule per gram degree Kelvin (J g-t K-t) 1.0 X 103
1 joule per kilogram degree Celsius (J kg-t oc-t) 1.0
1 joule per kilogram degree Kelvin (J kg-t K-t) 1.0
1 kilocalorie (I.T) per kilogram degree Kelvin (kcaln kg-t K-t) 4.1868 X 103
1 kilocalorie (thermal) per kilogram degree Kelvin (kcal kg-t K-t) 4.1840 X 103
1 kilocalorie (15°C) per kilogram degree Kelvin 4.1855 X 103
1 kilogram-force meter per kilogram degree Kelvin (kgf m kg-t K-t) 9.806 65
1 pound-centigrade unit per pound degree Celsius (p.c.u. Ib-t oc-t) 4.1868 X 103

82
 Table 2.36b. Specific heat capacity (specific entropy) interconversion factors

Btu Ib- 1 oF- 1

J kg-1 K-t cal,T kg- 1 K- 1 ft lbfib- 1 OF-I kgf m kg- 1 K- 1 or
m kcal 1T kg- 1 K- 1
I~
1 joule per kilogram degree Kelvin
(J kg- I K-t) 1.0 0.238 846 0.185 863 0.101 971 6 2.388 459 x 10- 4

1 calorie (I.T.) per kilogram degree Kelvin

(cain kg- 1 K- 1) 4.1868 1.0 0.778 169 0.426 935 1.0 x 10- 3

1 foot pound-force per pound degree Fahrenheit

(ft lbf lb- 1 OF- 1) 5.380 32 1.285 07 1.0 0.548 64 1.285 o7 x 10- 3

1 kilogram-force meter per kilogram degree Kelvin

(kgf m kg- 1 K- 1) 9.806 65 2.342 28 1.822 69 1.0 2.342 28 x 10- 3

1 kilocalorie (I.T.) per kilogram degree Kelvin or

British thermal unit per pound degree Fahrenheit 4.1868 X 10 3 1.0 X 10 3 778.169 426.935 1.0 N
(kcaln kg- 1 K- 1 or 1 Btu Jb- 1 oF- 1) w
0\

C/'J
"0
(1>
("l
......
::tl
("l

P"
(1>
~
.....
("l
~
"0
~
("l

00 ~·
\,;.)
2.36 Specific heat capacity

Table 2.36c. Miscellaneous units of molar heat capacity

Unit J moi- 1 K- 1

I calorie (I.T.) per mole degree Kelvin (caliT moi- 1 K- 1) 4.1868

1 Clausius (joule per mole degree Kelvin) 1.0
1 entropy unit (EU or eu) 4.1868
1 gibbs per mole (gib moi- 1) 4.1868
1 joule per mole degree Kelvin (J mol- 1 K- 1 ) 1.0
1 Thomson (calorie per mole degree Kelvin) 4.1868

Table 2.36d. Miscellaneous units of heat capacity on volumetric basis

Unit J m-3 K-t

1 British thermal unit per cubic foot degree Fahrenheit (Btu ft- 3°F- 1) 6.706 61 X 10"
1 calorie (I.T.) per liter degree Celsius (caliT I- 1 oc- 1) 4.1868 X 103
1 joule per cubic centimeter degree Celsius (J cm- 3 oc- 1) 1.0 X 106
1 joule per cubic meter degree Kelvin (J m- 3 K- 1) 1.0
1 kilocalorie (I.T.) per cubic meter degree Kelvin (kcaliT m- 3 K- 1) 4.1868 X 103
1 kilocalorie (thermal) per cubic meter degree Kelvin (kcal m- 3 K- 1) 4.1840 X 103
1 kilocalorie (15°C) per cubic meter degree Kelvin 4.1855 X 103

84
 Table 2.36e. Heat capacity on volumetric basis interconversion factors

to
J m-3 K-1 caliT 1- 1 oc- 1 kcaliT m- 3 K- 1 Btu ft- 3 OF- 1 J cm-3 oc-1
from

1 joule per cubic meter degree Kelvin 1.0 2.388 53 x 4 2.388 46 x 4 1.491 01 x 6
(J m-3 K-1)
w- w- w-s 1.0 x w-

1 calorie (I.T.) per liter degree Celsius

4.186 68 X 103 1.0 0.999 972 0.062 426 3 4.186 68 x w- 3
(caliT 1- 1 OC- 1)

1 kilocalorie (I.T.) per cubic meter degree Kelvin

(kcaliT m- 3 K- 1) 4.1868 X 103 1.000 028 1.0 0.062 428 0 4.1868 x 1o- 3

1 British thermal unit per cubic foot degree Fahrenheit

6.706 61 X 104 16.0189 16.0185 1.0 0.067 066 1
(Btu n- 3 OF- 1)

1 joule per cubic meter degree Celsius

1.0 X 106 238.853 238.846 14.9107 1.0 N
(J cm-3 oc-1) \;.>
0\

r/J
(I)
"'c.:.
::n
(')

=:r'
(I)
Ill
( ')
Ill
-
Ill
(')
"'
00 ~·
Vl
2.37 Heat flux density

2.37 Heat flux density (heat losses from surface)
(W m-2)
Heat flux density is the ratio between the heat and the
product of area and time.
The units of the heat flux density may be expressed in
several ways (see Table 2.37a). The interconversion
factors for the units are presented in Table 2.37b.

Table 2.37a. Miscellaneous units for heat flux density

Unit wm- 2

1 British thermal unit per square foot hour (Btu ft- 2 h- 1) 3.154 59
1 British thermal unit per square foot minute (Btu n- 2 min- 1) 189.276 27
1 British thermal unit per square foot second (Btu n-2 s- 1) 1.135 652 4 X 104
1 calorie (I.T.) per square centimeter second (caliT cm-2 s- 1) 4.186 80 X 104
1 calorie (thermal) per square centimeter second (cal1h cm- 2 s- 1) 4.1840 X 104
1 foot pound per square foot minute (ft lb n- 2 min- 1) 0.243 23148
1 horsepower (metric) per square foot (hpm n- 2) 7.916 849 X 103
1 kilocalorie (LT.) per square meter hour (kcaliT m- 2 h- 1) 1.163
1 kilowatt per square foot (kW ft- 2 ) 1.076 391 5 X 104
1 watt per square centimeter (W cm- 2) 1.0 X 104
1 watt per square inch (W in- 2 ) 1.550 X 103
1 watt per square meter (W m- 2 ) 1.0

86
 Table 2.37b. Heat flux density (heat losses from surface) interconversion factors

wm- 2 Wcm- 2 Win- 2 caliT cm- 2 s- 1 kcal 1T m- 2 h- 1 Btu ft- 2 h- 1 Btu ft- 2 s- 1
m
~
I watt per ~quare meter
(Wm-2) 1.0 1.0 x I0- 4 6.4516 x 10- 4 2.388 46 X 10-s 0.859 845 0.316 998 8.805 5! X 10-s

I watt per square centimeter

(W cm- 2) 1.0 X 104 1.0 6.4516 0.238 846 8.59845 X lQ3 3.169 98 X 1Q3 0.880 551

I watt per square inch

1.55 X lQ3 0.1550 1.0 0.037 021 2 1.332 76 X lQ3 491.348 0.136485
(Win- 2)

I calorie (LT.) per square centimeter second

(caliT cm- 2 s- 1) 4.1868 X IQ4 4.1868 27.0116 1.0 3.6 X 104 1.327 21 X 104 3.686 694

I kilocalorie (LT.) per square meter hour

(kcaliT m- 2 h- 1) 1.163 1.163 x 10- 4 7.503 21 x to- 4 2.777 78 X 10-s 1.0 0.368 669 1.024 08I x w-4

I British thermal unit per square foot hour

(Btu ft- 2 h- 1) 3.154 59 3.15459x 10-4 2.035 22 x 10- 3 7.534 61 X 10-s 2.712 46 1.0 2.777 78 x w-4

I British thermal unit per square foot second

(Btu ft- 2 s- 1) 1.135 652 X IQ4 1.135 652 7.326 81 0.271 247 9.764881 X lQ3 3.6xW 1.0 N
w
-...J

:I:
0
a
~
~
::s
00 "'
-...J ~-
 2.38 Thermal conductivity

2.38 Thermal conductivity (W m- 1 K- 1)
The thermal conductivity (inverse of the thermal resis-
tivity) is the ratio between the heat and the product of
length, time and temperature difference.
The various units used in the technical literature are
listed in Table 2.38a. The interconversion factors for the
units of thermal conductivity are given in Table
2.38b.

Table 2.38a. Miscellaneous units of thermal conductivity

Unit

1 British thermal unit inch per foot squared hour degree Fahrenheit (Btu in [t- 2 h- 1 oF- 1) 0.144 228
1 British thermal unit per foot hour degree Fahrenheit (Btu ft- 1 h - 1 oF- 1) 1.730 73
1 British thermal unit per foot second degree Fahrenheit (Btu ft- 1 s- 1 oF- 1) 6.230 64 X 103
1 British thermal unit per inch hour degree Fahrenheit (Btu in- 1 h- 1 oF- 1) 20.7688
1 calorie (LT.) per centimeter second degree Celsius (caln cm- 1 s- 1 oc- 1) 418.68
1 centigrade heat unit inch per foot squared hour degree Celsius (Chu in n-2 h- 1 oc- 1 ) 0.144 228
1 centigrade heat unit per foot hour degree Celsius (Chu [t- 1 h- 1 oc- 1) 1.730 73
1 joule per centimeter second degree Celsius (J cm- 1 s- 1 oc- 1) 100.0
1 kilocalorie per meter hour degree Celsius (kcaln m- 1 h- 1 oc- 1) 1.1630
1 kiloerg per centimeter second degree Celsius (kerg cm- 1 s- 1 oc- 1) 0.600
1 watt per centimeter degree Kelvin (W cm- 1 K- 1 ) 100.0
1 watt per meter degree Celsius (W m- 1 oc- 1) 1.0
1 watt per meter degree Kelvin (W m- 1 K- 1) 1.0

88
 Table 2.38b. Thermal conductivity interconversion factors

wm-1 oc-1 Wcm- 1 oc-' cal!T cm- 1 s-l oc-l kcal!T m-l h- 1 oc-l Btu ft- 1s- 1 oF- 1 Btu n-l h- 1 OF-I Btu in- 1 h- 1 oF- 1 Btu in n- 2 h- 1OF-I
m
~
1 watt per meter degree
(Wm-1 oc-') 1.0 0.01 2.388 46 x w- 3 0.859 845 1.604 97 x w-• 0.577 789 0.048 1491 6.933 47

I watt per centimeter degree Celsius

(W cm-1 oc-1) 100.0 1.0 0.238 846 85.9845 0.016 049 7 57.7789 4.814 91 693.347

I calorie (LT.) per centimeter

second degree Celsius 418.68 4.1868 1.0 360.0 0.067 1969
(cal!T cm-l s-l OC- 1) 241.909 20.1591 2.902 91 X W
I kilocalorie (I.T.) per meter hour
degree Celsius 1.163 0.0163 2.777 788 x
(kcaln m-l h-I oc- 1) w- 3 1.0 1.866 ss x w-• 0.671969 0.055 997 4 8.063 63

I British thermal unit per foot

second degree Fahrenheit 6.23064 X IOl 62.3064 14.8816 5.357 39 X W 1.0 3.6.x.W 300.0 4.32 X IQ4
(Btu ft- 1 s- 1 °F- 1)
1 British thermal unit per foot hour
degree Fahrenheit 1.730 73 0.017 307 3 4.133 79 x w- 3 1.488 16 2. 777 777
(Btu n-' h-' OF-') s x w-• 1.0 0.083 333 33 12.0

1 British thermal unit per inch hour

degree Fahrenheit 20.7688 0.207 688 0.049 605 4 17.858 3.333 333 3 x 12.0 1.0
(Btu in- 1 h- 1 oF-') w- 3 144.0

I British thermal unit inch per foot N

squared degree Fahrenheit 0.144 228 1.442 28 x w- 3 3.444 s2 x w-• 0.124 014 2.314 81 X 10-s 0.083 333 33 6.944 444 4 x w- 3 1.0
w
00
(Btu in n- 2 h-I OF- 1)
L _ _ _ __ _
----
1........ -----

1 Chu n-t h-t oc-t = 1 Btu n-t h-t op-t ;i

~
1 Chu in n-t h-t oc-t 1 1 Btu in ft- 2 h-t op-t
8
Ill
-
8::s
~
~=~"·
00
1.0 :i.
-<'
2.39 Thermal conductance

2.39 Thermal conductance (heat transfer coefficient) The different units for thermal conductance are sum-
(W m-2 K-1) marized in Table 2.39a. The interconversion factors for
the units are presented in Table 2.39b.
The heat transfer coefficient or thermal conductance is
the ratio between the heat and the product of area, time
and temperature difference.

Table 2.39a. Miscellaneous units for thermal conductance

Unit W m- 2 K- 1

1 British thermal unit per square foot hour degree Fahrenheit (Btu ft- 2 h- 1 oF- 1) 5.678 26
1 British thermal unit per square foot second degree Fahrenheit (Btu n- 2 s- 1 oF- 1) 2.044 17 X 104
1 calorie (LT.) per square centimeter second degree Kelvin (caln cm- 2 s- 1 K- 1) 4.1868 X 104
1 calorie (thermal) per square centimeter second degree Celsius (cal1h cm- 2 s- 1 oC- 1 ) 4.1840 X 1Q4
1 kilocalorie (LT.) per square meter hour degree Kelvin (kcaliT m- 2 h- 1 K- 1) 1.163 00
1 watt per square centimeter degree Kelvin (W cm-2 K- 1) 1.0 X 104
1 watt per square meter degree Kelvin (W m- 2 K- 1) 1.0

90
 Table 2.39b Heat transfer coefficient (thermal conductance) interconversion factors

wm- 2 K- 1 Wcm- 2 K- 1 cain cm- 2 s- 1 K- 1 kcaln m- 2 h- 1 K- 1 Btu ft- 2 s- 1 op-t Btu ft- 2 h- 1 op-t
m
~
1 watt per square meter degree Kelvin
(W m-2 K-1) 1.0 1.0 x 10- 4 2.388 46 X 10-s 0.859 845 4.891 95 X 10-s 0.176 11

1 watt per square centimeter degree Kelvin

(Wcm- 2 K- 1) 1.0 X 104 1.0 0.238 846 8.598 45 X 1Q3 0.489 195 1.7611 X 1Q3

1 calorie (I.T.) per square centimeter second degree Kelvin

(cain cm- 2 s- 1 K- 1) 4.1868 X 104 4.1868 1.0 3.6 X 104 2.048 16 7.373 38 X 1Q3

1 kilocalorie (I.T.) per square meter hour degree Kelvin

(kcaln m- 2 h- 1 K- 1) 1.163 1.163 x 10-4 2.777 78 x 10-s 1.0 5.689 34 X 10-s 0.204 816

1 British thermal unit per square foot second degree Fahrenheit

(Btu ft- 2 s- 1 oF- 1) 2.044 17 X 104 2.04417 0.488 243 1.757 67 X 104 1.0 3.6 X 103

1 British thermal unit per square foot hour degree Fahrenheit I

(Btu n- 2 h-I °F- 1) 5.678 26 5.678 26 x 10-4 1.356 23 x 10- 4 4.882 43 2. 777 78 x 10- 4 1.0
N
i..u
\C)

;
G

9
ll)

-
8::s
~
\C)
s
- ~
2.40 Heat release rate

2.40 Heat release rate (W m- 3) The different units commonly used to express heat
release rate are summarized in Table 2.40a. The inter-
The heat release rate is the ratio between the heat and conversion factors for the units are presented in
the product of volume and time. Table 2.40b.

Table 2.40a. Miscellaneous units for heat release rate

Unit wm- 3

1 British thermal unit per cubic foot hour (Btu ft- 3 h- 1) 10.3497
1 calorie (I.T.) per cubic centimeter second (calrr cm- 3 s- 1) 4.1868 X 1()6
1 kilocalorie (I.T.) per cubic meter hour (kcalrr m- 3 h- 1) 1.163
1 watt per cubic centimeter (W cm- 3) 1.0 X 106
1 watt per cubic meter (W m- 3) 1.0

92
 Table 2.40b. Heat release rate interconversion factors

to
wm- 3 kcal 1r m- 3 h- 1 Btu ft- 3 h- 1 Wcm- 3 cain cm- 3 s- 1
from

1 watt per cubic meter 1.0 0.859 845 0.096 6211 1.0 x 10- 6 2.388 46 x 10-7
(W m-3)

1 kilocalorie (I.T.) per cubic meter hour

(kcaln m- 3 h- 1) 1.163 1.0 0.112 370 1.163 x 10-6 2.777 78 x 10-7

1 British thermal unit per cubic foot hour

(Btu ft- 3 h - 1) 10.3497 8.899 15 1.0 1.034 971 X 10-s 2.471 99 x 10-6

1 watt per cubic centimeter

1.0 X 106 8.598 45 X 105 9.6621 X 104 1.0 0.238 846
(W cm- 3)

1 calorie (I.T.) per cubic centimeter second

(cal 1r cm- 3 s- 1) 4.1868 X 106 3.6 X 106 4.045 33 X 105 4.1868 1.0

tv
~

~
~

(!!
C1>
~
--
C1>
"'
\0
t3
(.;.) ft
2.41 Gas constant

2.41 Gas constant (R) (N m- 2 m3 mol- 1 K- 1) where

According to Avogadro's hypothesis equal volumes (V)
of all ideal gases under identical pressure (P) and tem-
perature (1) conditions contain equal numbers of
molecules (n ), which may be expressed as
PV
R=-
nT
n = number of moles of gas
R = gas constant
The gas constant (R) may be expressed in volumetric
and thermal units.
Tables 2.4la and 2.41 b summarize some of the values
found in the technical literature.

Table 2.4la. Gas constant (R) values

Energy Temperature Mass unit R

calorie (I.T.) (caln) K mole 1.9872

cubic centimeter-atmosphere (cm 3 atm) K mole 82.06
liter-atmosphere (1 atm) K mole 0.082 06
liter-millimeter mercury (1 mm Hg) K mole 62.37
joule (absolute) (J) K mole 8.3143
joule (international) K mole 8.312
liter-bar (1 bar) K mole 0.08315
liter-(ki1ogram per square meter) (1 (kg m- 2 )) K mole 847.9
liter-(kilogram per square centimeter) (1 (kg cm- 2)) K mole 0.084 79
British thermal unit (Btu) OR pound-mole 1.9859
cubic foot-(pound per square inch) (ft 3 (lb in- 2 )) OR pound-mole 10.73
cubic foot-atmosphere OR pound-mole 0.7302
cubic foot-(pound per square foot) (ftl (lb ft- 2 )) OR pound-mole 1.544 X 103
cubic foot-inch mercury (ft3 in Hg) OR pound-mole 21.85
horsepower-hour (hp h) OR pound-mole 7.8 x w- 4
kilowatt-hour (kWh) OR pound-mole 5.83 x w- 4
cubic foot-em mercury (ft3 em Hg) OR pound-mole 55.4
cubic inch-(pound per square inch) (in 3 (lb in- 2 )) OR pound-mole 1.8540 X 1Q4
cubic meter-(newton per square meter) (m 3 (N m- 2 )) K kilogram-mole 8.3143 X 103
cubic meter-(kilogram per square meter) (m 3 (kg m- 2 )) K mole 0.847 887

94
 Table 2.4lb. Gas constant (R)

Volume Temperature moles atm psia mmHg cmHg inHg in H20 ftH20

K g 2.9 x 10- 3 0.0426 2.20 0.220 0.0867 1.18 0.0982

lb 1.31 19.31 999.0 99.9 39.3 535.0 44.6
cubic foot
(fe)
OR g 1.61 x 10- 3 0.023 66 1.22 0.122 0.0482 0.655 0.0546
lb 0.730 10.73 555.0 55.5 21.8 297.0 24.8

K g 82.05 1.206 X 103 6.24 X 104 6.24 X 103 2.45 X 103 3.34 X lif 2.78 X 103
lb 3.72 X 104 5.47 X lOs 2.83 X 107 2.83 X 106 1.11 X 106 1.51 X 107 1.26 X 106
cubic centimeter
(cm 3)
OR g 45.6 670.0 3.46 X 104 3.46 X 103 1.36 X 103 1.85 X lif 1.55 X 103
lb 2.07 X 104 3.04 X 10s 1.57 X 107 1.57 X 106 6.19 X lOs 8.41 X 106 7.01 X 10s

K g 0.082 05 1.206 62.4 6.24 2.45 33.4 2.78

lb 37.2 547.0 2.83 X 104 2.83 X 103 1.113 X 103 1.514 X 104 1.262 X 103
liter
(1) OR g 0.0456 0.670 34.6 3.46 1.36 18.5 1.55
lb 20.7 304.0 1.57 X lif 1.57 X 103 619.0 8.41 X 103 701.0

N
:.::..
-
~
~

0
0
::s
~

-o
s::s
V1 .....
 N
~ 2.42 Rate constant of second-order reaction (m 3 mol- 1 s- 1) The rate is given by the expression
~
The rate of the reactions of the second-order depends on two concentration d[A] d[B] = dx = k [A] [B]
terms -dT=-dt dt ~
ft
A+B ---.X+Y The rate constant (k) depends on the reciprocal concentration and reciprocal 8::s
time (conc- 1 time- 1). The unit of the rate constant (k) ofthe first-orderreaction is s"'
reciprocal time (s- 1). a
The interconversion factors for the units to express k are given in Table 0
.....,
2.42.
~
(")
0
Table 2.42. Rate constant (equivalent second-order) interconversion factors ::s
~
m2 kN-I s-I
~
oo;
cm 3 mol- 1 s- 1 dm 3 mol- 1 s- 1 m 3 mol- 1 s- 1 cm 3 molecule- 1 s- 1 (mm Hg)- 1 s- 1 atm- 1 s- 1 ppm- 1 min- 1
ca
~

~ ~
....0
::s
1 cm 3 mol- 1 s- 1 1.0 1.0 x 10- 3 1.0 x 10-6 1.66 x 10- 24 1.604 X 10- 5 T- 1 0.012 19 T- 1 2.453 x 10-9 1.203 x 10-4 T- 1

1 dm 3 mol- 1 s- 1 1.0 X 103 1.0 1.0 X 1Q3 1.66 x 10- 21 1.604 x 10- 2 T- 1 12.19 T- 1 2.453 x 10- 6 0.1203 T- 1

1 m 3 mol- 1 s- 1 1.0 X 106 1.0 X 103 1.0 1.66 x to- 18 16.04T-1 1.219 xl04 T- 1 2.453 x 10- 3 120.3 T- 1

\1 cm 3 molecule- 1 s- 1 6.023 X 1Q23 6.023 X 1Q20 6.023 X 1017 1.0 9.658 X 1018 T-i 7.34 X 1021 T- 1 1.478 X 1015 7.244 X 1019 T- 1

1 (mm Hg)- 1 s- 1 6.236 X 104 T 62.36 T 0.062 36 T 1.035 X l0- 19 T 1.0 760.0 0.0456 7.500

1 atm- 1 s- 1 82.06 T 0.08206T 8.206 x lo-s T 1.362 x 10- 22 T 1.316 x 10- 3 1.0 6.0x 10- 5 9.869 x 10- 3

1 ppm- 1 min- 1 (at 298 K, 1.667 X 104 1.0 164.5

4.077 X 108 4.077 X lQS 407.7 6.76 x 10- 16 21.93
1 atm total pressure)

1m2 kN-1 s-1 8.314 X 103 T 8.314T 8.314 x 10- 3 T 1.38 x 10- 20 T 0.1333 101.325 6.079 x 10- 3 1.0

-- -
 2.43 Rate constant of third-order reaction (m 6 moJ- 2 s- 1) The rate constant of the third-order reaction (k) depends on the reciprocal ofthe
square of the concentration and the reciprocal time (conc- 2 time- 1).
The reaction of the third-order is represented by the equation The interconversion factors to express k are given in Table 2.43.
A+B+C__ .X+Y+Z
and the rate of the reaction is given by
dx
dt = k (Ao - x)(Bo - x) (Co - x)

Table 2.43. Rate constant (equivalent third-order) interconversion factors

cm 6 mol- 2 s-I dm 6 mol- 2 s-I m 6 mol- 2 s-I cm 6 molecule- 2 s-I (mm Hg)- 2 s-I atm- 2 s-I ppm- 2 min-I m 4 kN- 2 s-I
~
I cm 6 mol- 2 s-I 1.0 1.0 x 10- 6 1.0 x 10- 12 2.76 x 10- 48 2.~7 x 10-IO T- 2 1.48 x 10- 4 T- 2 1.oo3 x 10-I 9 1.447 x w-s T- 2

I dm 6 moJ- 2 s- 1 1.0 X 106 1.0 1.0 x 10- 6 2.76 x 10- 42 2.57 x 10- 4 T- 2 148 T- 2 1.003 X JO-I 3 0.014 47 T- 2

I m 6 mol- 2 s-I 1.0 X 10 12 1.0 X 10 6 1.0 2.76 x w- 36 257 T- 2 1.48 X 7

108 T- 2 1.003 x w- 1.447 X 104 T- 2
I

I cm 6 molecuJe- 2 s-I 3.628 X 1047 3.628 X 104 I 3.628 X 1035 1.0 9.328 X 1037 T - 2 5.388 X 1043 T- 2 X
3.64 X 1028 5.248 10 39 T- 2 N
~

I (mm Hg)- 2 s-I 3.89 X 109 p 3.89x WP 3.89 x 3 T2 5 ~

w- 1.07 x w- 38 P 1.0 5.776 X 10 5 3.46 x w- 56.25 ft
(')
-· 0
1:'
I atm- 2 s-I 6.733 X JOl p 6.733 x 10- 3 T 2 6.733 x 10- 9 T2 1.86 x 10- 44 T 2 1.73 X J0- 6 1.0 6.0 x w-n "'
S'
9.74 x 10- 5
a
0
-,
2
I ppm- min-I (at 298 g.
X X
K 9.97
IOI 8 9.97 JOI 2 9.97 X 106 2.75 x w- 29 2.89 X 104 1.667 X 1010 1.0 1.623 X 106
I atm total pressure) a0
I m 4 kN- 2 s-I 6.91 X WP 6.91 T 2 6.91 xlo- 4 P 1.904 x 10- 40 T 2
~
"1
0.0178 1.027 X 104 6.16 X 10- 7 1.0
(a
-
C)
L.. (')
-
.....
.....
'-0
-.J 0
1:'
2.44 Permeability coefficient

2.44 Permeability coefficient (m 3 m s- 1 m- 2 Pa- 1) The interconversion factors for the units of per-
meability coefficient are given in Table 2.44.
The permeability coefficient characterizes the rate of
permeate molecules through a polymer membrane. It
may be expressed by:
(amount of permeant) (film thickness)
(area) (time) (pressure drop across the film)

Table 2.44. Permeability coefficient interconversion factors

~ m
em 3 em s- 1 em- 2 (em Hg)- 1 em 3 em s- 1 em- 2 (N m- 2)- 1 em 3 em d- 1 m- 2 atm- 1

1 em 3 em s- 1 em- 2 (em Hg)- 1 1.0 7.5 x w- 4 6.57 X 1010

1 em 3 mm s- 1 em- 2 (em Hg)- 1 0.10 7.5 x 10- 5 6.57 X 109

1 em 3 em s- 1 em- 2 atm- 1 0.0132 9.9 x 10- 6 8.64 X 108

1 em 3 mild- 1 m- 2 atm- 1 3.87 x w- 14 2.90 X J0- 17 2.54 x w- 3

1 in 3 mil d- 1 (100 in 2)- 1 atm- 1 9.82 x w- 12 7.37 x w- 15 0.646

1 em 3 em d- 1 m- 2 atm- 1 1.52 x w-n 1.14 x w- 14 1.0

2.45 Transmission rate (kg m m- 2 s- 1) In this case the saturated vapor pressure of the
permeant at a specified temperature is applied across
If a permeant interacts with polymer molecules, the
the film.
permeability coefficient is not constant and it depends
The interconversion factors for the units of trans-
on the pressure, thickness and other conditions. To
mission rate are given in Table 2.45.
obtain a better representation for the permeability of a
polymer, the transmission rate is more charac-
teristically

(amount of permeant) (film thickness)

(area) (time)

Table 2.45. Transmission rate interconversion factors

~ m

1 gcmm- 2 d- 1
gem m- 2 d- 1

1.0
g mil m- 2 d- 1

394.0
g mil (100 m2 )- 1 h- 1

1.64 X 103
g mil (100 in 2)- 1 h- 1

1.06

1 g mil m- 2 d- 1 2.54 x w- 3 1.0 4.17 2.69 x w- 3

1 g mil (100 m 2)- 1 h- 1 6.10 x w- 4 0.24 1.0 6.45 x w- 4

1 g mil (100 m 2)- 1 h- 1 0.945 372.0 1.55 X 103 1.0

98
 2.46 Electric charge

2.46 Electric charge (quantity of electricity) (C) Units of electric charge are listed in Table 2.46a.
Interconversion factors for various units of electric
The SI unit of electric charge is the coulomb. It is charge are given in Table 2.46b.
defined as charge transported in 1 second by a current
of 1 ampere (A)
1C=1As

Table 2.46a. Miscellaneous units of electric charge

Unit c
1 abcoulomb 10.0
1 ampere-hour 3.6 X 103
1 ampere-second 1.0
1 coulomb (C) 1.0
1 coulomb (international) 0.999 835
1 electric charge 1.602 09 x l0- 19
1 EM cgs unit of electric charge 10.0
1 ES cgs unit of electric charge 3.335 635 x 10- 10
1 Faraday
chemical 9.648 998 X 1W
physical 9.651 708 X 1()4
1 franklin (Fr) 3.335 635 x 10- 10
1 mks unit of electric charge 1.0
1 statcoulomb 3.335 635 x 10- 10

99
...... N
8 ~

~
~
::t
n
n
::r
~
Table 2.46b. Electric charge interconversion factors
ad
(lj

coulomb abcoulomb ampere-hour coulomb (int.) electric charge statcoulomb faraday (chem.)
m
~ I

1 coulomb (C) 1.0 0.1 2. 7778 x 10-4 l.O{JO 165 6.241 96 X 10 18 2.997 93 X 109 1.036 377 X 10-s

1 abcoulomb 10.0 1.0 0.002 777 8 10.001 65 6.241 96 X 10 19 2.997 93 X 1010 1.036 377 x 10-4

I ampere-hour 3.6 X 10 3 360.0 1.0 3.600 594 X 10 3 2.247 106 X 1Q2 2 1.079 255 X 1013 0.037 309

1 coulomb (int.) 0.999 835 0.099 983 5 2.777 318 6 x 10- 4 1.0 6.240 931 3 X 1018 2.997 436 x 10-9 1.036 19 X 10- 5

1 electric charge 1.602 09 x w- 19 1.602 09 X IQ- 20 4.450 249 x 10- 23 1.602 354 x 10- 19 1.0 4.802 866 3 x 10- 10 1.660 339 x 10- 24

1 statcou1omb 3.335 635 x 10- 10 3.335 635 X 10-ll 9.265 650 x 10- 14 3.336 184 3 x w- 10 2.082 090 X 109 1.0 3.456 975 x 10- 15

1 faraday (chem.) 9.648 998 X 104 9.648998 X 1Q3 26.802 764 7 9.650 587 4 x I if 6.022 865 X 1023 2.892 701 X W4 1.0
 2.48 Electric current

2.47 Electric potential difference (voltage) (V) the energy (in joule) and the electric charge (in
coulomb)
The electric potential difference between two points in
an electric field of strength E is the line integral from Et energy (J)
to E2 voltage (V) =- - - - - - -
electric charge (C)
The SI unit of electric potential difference is the
volt.
where x is the distance between the two points. The interconversion factors between the various
The voltage may also be expressed as the ratio between units of voltage are given in Table 2.47.

Table 2.47. Electric potential difference (voltage) interconversion factors

~
I volt
m
volt

1.0 1.0
abvolt

108
statvolt

3.335 635 x 10- 3

volt (int.)

0.999 670
microvolt millivolt

X 1.0 X 106 1.0 X 103

1 abvolt 1.0 x 10- 8 1.0 3.335 635 x 10-n 9.9967 x w- 9 O.Ql 1.0 x 10- 5

1 statvolt 299.7930 2.997 93 X IQI 0 1.0 299.69407 2.997 93 X IQB 2.997930 X 1Q5

1 volt (int.) 1.000 330 1.000 33 X 108 3.336 736 x w- 3 1.0 1.000 330 X 106 1.000 330 X 1Q3

1 microvolt 1.0 x w- 6 100.0 3.335 634 9 x w- 9 9.996 10 x 10- 7 1.0 1.0 x w- 3

1 millivolt 1.0 x w- 3 1.0 X 105 3.335 635 x w- 6 9.996 70 x w- 4 1.0 X 10 3 1.0

2.48 Electric current (amperage) (A)
The SI unit of electric current is the ampere. It is
defined as a constant current passing in two straight
parallel conductors of infinite length and placed 1
meter apart in vacuum and the current produces a force
equal to 2 X w- 7 N m- 1•
The interconversion factors between the units of
electric current are tabulated (see Table 2.48).

101
...... N
s ~

~
!:?.
::t.
(")

aaa
Table 2.48. Electric current (amperage) interconversion factors

ampere abampere ampere (int.) statampere faraday (chem.) s- 1 faraday (phys.) s- 1

m
~1 ampere (C s- 1) 1.0 0.1 1.000 165 2.997 93 X 10 9 1.036 377 X 10-s 1.036 086 X 10-s

1 abampere 10.0 1.0 10.00165 2.997 930 X 1010 1.036 377 x 10-4 1.036 086 x 10-4

1 ampere (int.) 0.999 835 0.099 983 5 1.0 2.997 435 X 109 1.036 206 X 10-s 1.035 92 X 10-s

1 statampere 3.335 635 x 10- 10 3.335 635 x w- 11 3.336 185 7 x 10- 10 1.0 3.456 975 6 x 10- 1s 3.456 021 5 x 10- 15

1 faraday (chemical)
9.648 998 X 104 9.648 998 X 103 9.650 590 7 X 104 2.892 701 9 X 1014 1.0 0.999 724
per second

1 faraday (physical)
9.651 708 X 104 9.651 708 X 103 9.653 255 X 1Q4 2.893 500 5 X 1014 1.000 27608 1.0
per second
L___ -- - - - - - -- ----- - - - -- -------
-
 2.50 Electric current density (linear)

2.49 Electric current density (linear) (A m- 1) The interconversion factors for the units of linear
electric current density are given in Table 2.49.
The linear electric current density is the current divided
by the breadth of the conductor.

Table 2.49. Electric current density (linear) interconversion factors

~ m

1 ampere per meter

1.0
Am-'

O.ot
A em-' abampere em-'

1.0 X 10- 3
ES cgs unit

2.997 93 X 107
(Am-')

1 ampere per centimeter

(A em-') 100.0 1.0 0.1 2.997 93 X 109

1 abampere per centimeter

(abampere em-') 1.0 X 103 10.0 1.0 2.997 93 X 10 10

1 ES cgs unit 3.335 635 x 10-s 3.335 635 x 10-'o 3.335 635 X 10-ll 1.0

2.50 Electric current density (A m-~ The interconversion factors for the units of electric
current density are given in Table 2.50.
The electric current is the integral of the electric current
density with respect to area.

103
..... t-.J
~ v.
0

~
~
::t.
(")

a
~
a
g.
Table 2.50. Electric current density interconversion factors ::s
(;I>

~-
0
~-
Am- 2 Acm- 2 Ain- 2 abampere cm- 2 A mii- 2 ~
from ----:___ ~

1 ampere per square meter (mks unit) X

1.0 1.0 x w-4 6.4516 X 10-4 1.0 10-s 6.4516 x w-to
(A m- 2)

1 ampere per square centimeter (cgs unit of volume current density)

1.0 X 104 1.0 6.4516 0.1 6.4516 x w- 6
(A cm- 2)

1 ampere per square inch

1.550 003 1 X 103 0.155 000 31 1.0 0.015 500 031 1.0 x w- 6
(A in- 2)

I abampere per square centimeter (EM cgs unit)

(abampere cm- 2 ) 1.0 X 105 10.0 64.516 1.0 6.4516 X 10-s

1 ampere per square mil

(A mil- 2) 1.550 003 1 X 109 1.550 003 1 X 105 1.0 X 106 1.550 003 1 X 104 1.0
 2.51 Electric resistance (ohm, 0) a conductor.
R=-
v
The electric resistance (R) is defined as the ratio between the electric potential 1
difference (JI) and the electric current (I) when there is no electromotive force in The interconversion factors for the units of electric resistance are given in
Table 2.51.

Table 2.51. Electric resistance interconversion factors

ohm abohm megohm microhm statohm ohm (int.)

m
~1 ohm (cgs unit) 1.0 1.0 X 109 1.0 x 10- 6 1.0 X 106 1.112 646 x 10- 12 0.999 505
(0)

1 abohm 1.0 x w- 9 1.0 1.0 x 10- 15 1.0 x 10- 3 1.112 646 x 10-21 9.995 05 x 10- 10 i

I
1 megohm 1.0 X 106 1.0 X 1015 1.0 1.0 X 1012 1.112 646 x 10-6 9.995 05 X 105
I

1 microhm 1.0 x w- 6 1.0 X 103 1.0 x 10- 12 1.0 1.112 646 x 10- 18 9.995 05 x w- 7

1 statohm (ES cgs unit) 8.987 584 X 1011 8.987 584 X 102° 8.987 584 X 105 8.987 584 X 1017 1.0 8.983 136 X 1011

1 ohm (int.) 1.000 495 1.000 495 X 109 1.000 495 x 10- 6 1.000 495 X 106 1.113 197 x 10- 12 1.0
N

-- --
....v,
~
~
::I.
(')

Ci!
"'....
s
0
VI ~
-
2.52 Electric conductance

2.52 Electric conductance (ohm- 1) The interconversion factors for the units of electrical
conductance are tabulated (see Table 2.52).
The electric conductance is the reciprocal of the electric
resistance (see 2.51 ).

Table 2.52. Electric conductance interconversion factors

~ m

1.0
mho abmho

1.0 x 10- 9
mho (int.)

1.000 495
statmho

8.987 584 10 11 1.0

mega mho

106
I mho (siemens, s) (ohm- 1 ) X X

I abmho 1.0 X 109 1.0 1.000 495 X 10 9 8.987 584 X 1(}2° 1.0 X 10 3

I mho (int.) 0.999 505 9.995 05 X 10-!0 1.0 8.983 137 8 X 10 11 9.995 052 x 10- 7

I statmho 1.112 646 x 10- 12 1.112 646 x 10- 21 1.113 196 7 x w- 12 1.0 1.112 646 X J0- 1S

I megamho 1.0 x w- 6 1.0 x w- 3 1.000 495 X I 06 8.987 584 X 10 17 1.0

2.53 Electrical conductivity (ohm- 1 m- 1) The interconversion factors for the units of electrical
conductivity are given in Table 2.53.
The electrical conductivity is the reciprocal of the elec-
trical resistivity (see 2.54).

106
 Table 2.53. Electrical conductivity (specific conductance) interconversion factors

mho m- 1 mho cm- 1 abmhocm- 1 megmhocm- 1 megmhoin- 1 mho-ft

m (eire. mi1)- 1
~ 0,01 1.0 x w-n 9
1 mho per meter (siemen per meter) 1.0 1.0 X 10- 8 0.025 40 1.662 426 x w-

1 mho per centimeter 100.0 1.0 1.0 x w- 9 1.0 x w- 6 1.662 426 x w- 7

2.540

1 abmho per centimeter 1.0 X 1011 1.0 X 109 1.0 1.0 X 103 2.540 X 109 1.662 426 X 1()2

1 megmho per centimeter 1.0 X 108 1.0 X 106 1.0 x w- 3 1.0 2.540 X 106 0.166 242 6

1 megmho per inch 39.370 079 0.393 700 79 0.393 100 79 x w- 9 3.937 oo7 9 x 10-7 1.0 6.544 985 X 10- 8
N
v.
f,;j

1 mho-foot per circular mill 6.015 304 9 X 108 6.015 304 9 X 106 6.015 304 9 x w- 3 6.015 304 9 1.527 887 X 107 1.0 ~
~
-
Q.
::::1.
()
~

-
8::t
0.
5
0
-...J
- --<3:
2.54 Electric resistivity

2.54 Electric resistivity (specific resistance) (ohm-m) Some of the more common units of electric resistivity
are listed in Table 2.54a. The interconversion factors for
The electric resistivity is defined as the product of the
the units are given in Table 2.54b.
electric resistance and the cross-sectiomil area, divided
by the length.

Table 2.54a. Miscellaneous units of electric resistivity

1 microhm-centimeter 1.0 x 103 abohm-cm

6.015 349 ohm-eire. mil n- 1
Q.393 700 79 microhm-in
1.0 x 10-6 ohm-em

1 microhm-inch 15.278 875 ohm-eire. mil [t- 1

2.54 microhm-em

1 ohm-meter 1011 abohm-cm (EM cgs unit)

1.112 646 x w- 10 (ES cgs unit)
1 mks unit
1.112 646 X I0- 10 statohm-cm

1 ohm (mil foot) 1 ohm-eire. mil n- 1

1.662 426 X I0- 7 ohm-em

108
 Table 2.54b. Electric resistivity interconversion factors

ohm-m ohm mm 2 m- 1 ohm-mil ohm-in ohm (100 ft)- 1 ohmkm- 1 (ohm-mil n- 1

m
~
1 ohm-meter
1.0 1.0 X 106 100.0 39.370 08 0.032 808 1.0 x 10- 3 6.0153 X 108
(ohm-m)

1 ohm-square millimeter per meter

(ohm-mm 2 m- 1) 1.0 x 10- 6 1.0 1.0 x 10- 4 3.937 x 10- 5 3.2808 x 10- 8 1.0 x 10- 9 601.53

1 ohm-centimeter
O.ol 1.0 X 104 1.0 0.393 700 8 3.2808 x 10- 4 1.0 x 10- 5 6.0153 X 106
(ohm-em)

1 ohm-inch
0.0254 2.54 X 104 2.54 1.0 8.3333 x 10- 4 2.54 x 10- 5 1.5279 X 107
(ohm-in)

1 ohm per 100 feet

30.48 3.048 X 107 3.048 X 10 3 1.2 X J0 3 1.0 0.030 48 1.8334 X 10 10
(ohm (100 ft)- 1)

1 ohm per kilometer

1.0 x I 0 3 l.Ox I0 9 1.0 X 10 5 3.937 X 104 32.8083 1.0 6.0152 X 1011
(ohm km- 1)

N
I ohm-mil per foot v.
~
I.6624 x I o- 9 1.6624 x w-J 1.6624 x w- 7 6.545 x w-~ 5.4542 x w-" 1.6624 X IO-Il 1.0
(ohm-mil n-')
t!l
C1)
~
::t.
()

(a
"'......
"'......
~:
~
- q
 N
::::: 2.55 Electric capacitance (F) The interconversion factors for the units of electric capacitance are given in v.
0 Vl
Table 2.55.
The electric capacitance is expressed as the ratio between the electric charge (C)
and the electric potential difference (V)
m
G'
(")

electric capacitance (F) = -

c s.
(")
(")
v !:ol
"0
!:ol
D.
s-
~
('!>
Table 2.55. Electric capacitance interconversion factors

farad abfarad farad (international) microfarad statfarad

m
~1 farad (F) 1.0 1.0 x 10- 9 1.000 495 1.0 X 106 8.987 584 X 1011

1 abfarad (EM cgs unit) 1.0 X 109 1.0 1.000 495 X 109 1.0 X 1015 8.987 584 X 1()2°

I farad (international before 1948) 0.999 505 9.995 052 x 10- 10 1.0 9.995 052 X 105 8.983 136 9 X 1011

1 microfarad (!1 F) 1.0 x 10- 6 1.0 x 10- 15 1.000 495 x w- 6 1.0 8.987 584 X 105

1 statfarad (ES cgs unit) 1.112 646 X 10- 12 1.112 646 x 10-21 1.113 196 8 x w- 12 1.112 646 x 10- 6 1.0
 2.57 Electric field strength

2.56 Permittivity (F m- 1) The interconversion factors for the units of permit-

tivity are given in Table 2.56.
The ratio between the electric field strength and the dis-
placement is the permittivity. It is sometimes also
called capacitivity.

Table 2.56. Permittivity interconversion factors

~ m

I farad per meter

Fm- 1

1.0 O.Ql
Fcm- 1 F in- 1

0.025 40
F ft- 1

0.304 80
Fyd- 1

0.914400 2
(F m- 1)

I farad per centimeter 100.0 1.0 2.540 30.480 91.440 02

(F cm- 1)

1 farad per inch 12.0

(F in- 1) 39.3701 0.393 701 1.0 36.0

1 farad per foot

(F ft- 1) 3.280 84 0.032 808 4 0.083 333 3 1.0 3.0

1 farad per yard

(Fyd- 1) 1.093 613 0.010 93613 0.027 777 8 0.333 333 1.0

2.57 Electric field strength (electric field intensity) The following conversion factors may be useful to
(Vm-1) remember
Electric field strength is defined as the ratio between 1 volt cm- 1 = 3.335 635 x 10- 3 statvolt cm- 1
the force exerted by an electric field and the electric = 8.472 516 X I0- 3 statvolt in- 1
charge. = 2.540 x 108 abvolt in- 1
The interconversion factors for the units of electric
field strength are given in Table 2.57.

111
......
...... N
N
v.
-.J

~
()

6".
()

::tl
Table 2.57. Electric field strength interconversion factors
6:
~
V cm- 1 Vin- 1 Vmil- 1 kVcm- 1 vint cm- 1 vm- 1 abvolt cm- 1 c&
m =-
~I volt per centimeter
1.0 2.539 998 6 2.539 998 6 x 1.0 x 10- 3
(V cm- 1) w- 3 0.999 670 100.0 1.0 X 108

1 volt per inch

(V in- 1) 0.393 701 1.0 1.0 x 10- 3 3.937 01 x 10- 4 0.393 571 39.3701 3.937 01 X 107

I volt per mil

(V mil- 1) 393.701 1.0 X 103 1.0 0.393 701 393.571 3.937 0} X 104 3.937 01 X IQIO

I kilovolt per centimeter

1.0 X 103 2.539 998 6 X 103 2.539 998 6 1.0 999.6698 1.0 X 105 1.0 X 1011
(kV cm- 1)
I
I

I volt (int.) per centimeter

1.000 330 3 2.540 837 6 2.540 837 5 x 10-3 1.000 330 3 x 10- 3 1.0 100.033 03 1.000 330 3 X 108 I
(Vm, cm-1)

1 volt per meter

(V m-1) O.Ql O.Q25 399 986 2.539 998 6 x I0- 5 1.0 X IQ- 5 9.996 698 x w- 3 1.0 1.0 X 106

1 abvolt per centimeter

(abvolt cm- 1) 1.0 x w- 8 2.539 998 6 X IQ- 8 2.539 9986 X 10- 11 1.0 X 10- 11 9.996 698 x 10-9 1.0 x 10- 6 1.0
 2.59 Electric charge density

2.58 Electric flux density (electric displacement)
(C m- 2 )
The electric flux density is the ratio between the electric
charge (C) and the surface area. The electric polarization
has the same units as electric flux density.
The interconversion factors for the units of electric
flux density are given in Table 2.58.

Table 2.58. Electric flux density (electric polarization) interconversion factors

~ m

1 coulomb per square meter

cm- 2 Ccm- 2 C in- 2 abcoulomb em - 2

(C m- 2) 1.0 1.0 x 10- 4 6.4516 x 10- 4 1.0 X 10-S

1 coulomb per square centimeter

(C cm- 2 ) 1.0 X 104 1.0 6.4516 0.1

1 coulomb per square inch

(C in- 2 ) 1.550 X 103 0.1550 1.0 0.015 50

1 abcoulomb per square centimeter

(abcoulomb cm- 2 ) 1.0 X 105 10.0 64.516 x 10- 3 1.0

2.59 Electric charge density (volume density of charge) The interconversion factors for the units of electric
(C m- 3 ) charge density are given in Table 2.59.
The electric charge density is the ratio between the electric
charge and volume.

Table 2.59. Electric charge density (volume density of charge) interconversion factors

~ m

1 coulomb per cubic meter

cm- 3 Ccm- 3 EM cgs unit ES cgs unit

(C m- 3) 1.0 1.0 x 10- 6 1.0 x 10- 7 2.997 93 X 10 3

1 coulomb per cubic centimeter

1.0 X 106 1.0 0.1 2.997 93 X 109
(C cm- 3)

1 EM cgs unit 1.0 X 107 10.0 1.0 2.997 93 X 10 10

1 ES cgs unit 3.335 635 x 10- 4 3.335 635 x 10-'o 3.335 635 x 10-" 1.0

113
2.60 Electric dipole moment

2.60 Electric dipole moment (C-m) The interconversion factors for the units of electric
dipole moment are given in Table 2.60.
The vector product of the electric dipole moment and
the electric field strength is equal to the moment of
the force.
Table 2.60. Electric dipole moment interconversion factors

~ C-m D esu-cm
(dyn~ cm2)
m

1 coulomb-meter 1029 2.998 50 1011

1.0 2.998 50 X X
(C-m)

1 debye w- 18
3.335 x to- 30 1.0 1.0 x
(D)

1 electrostatic unit-centimeter
(franklin-centimeter, Fr-cm) 3.335 x w- 12 1.0 X 1018 1.0
(dyn~ cm 2)

2.61 Specific charge (C kg- 1 ) Some units and conversion factors are presented in
Table 2.61a. The interconversion factors for the units of
The specific charge is defined as the ratio between the specific charge are given in Table 2.61b.
electric charge and the mass.
Table 2.61a. Miscellaneous units of electric charge
Unit Ckg- 1
1 abcoulomb per kilogram 10.0
1 abcoulomb per pound 22.046295 7
1 coulomb per kilogram 1.0
1 statcoulomb per kilogram 3.334 857 x to- 10
1 statcoulomb per pound 7.352 254 x I0- 10

Table 2.61b. Specific charge interconversion factors

~ m

1 coulomb per kilogram 1.0

c kg- 1 statcoulomb dyn- 1

3.0577 X lQ3
faraday (chem.) kg- 1

1.036 38 x 10- 5
faraday (phys.) kg- 1

1.036 09 X IQ- 5
(C kg- 1)

1 statcoulomb per dyne

(statcoulomb dyn- 1 ) 3.270 43 x w- 4 1.0 3.389 410 x w- 9 3.388 46 x w- 9

1 faraday (chemical) per kilogram 9.648 97 X 104 2.950 365 6 X 1Q8 1.0 0.999 720

1 faraday (physical) per kilogram 9.651 671 X 104 2.951 1914 X 1Q8 1.000 279 90 1.0

114
 2.62 Inductance (permeance) (H) The interconversion factors for the units of inductance are given in
Table 2.62.
The inductance is defined as the ratio between the magnetic flux through a loop
caused by a current in the loop and the electric current.

Table 2.62. Inductance (permeance) interconversion factors

H abhenry millihenry mH stathenry ES cgs unit Hint

'
m
~ 1 henry 1.0 1.0 X 109 1.0 X 10 3 1.112 646 x 10- 12 1.112 646 X 10- 12 0.999 505
(H)

1 abhenry (EM cgs unit) 1.0 x w- 9 1.0 1.0 x 10- 6 1.112 646 X 10- 21 1.112 646 x 10- 21 9.995 05 X 10- 10

1 millihenry
1.0 x w- 3 1.0 X 106 1.0 1.112 646 x 10- 15 1.112 646 x w- 15 9.995 o5 x 10- 4
(mH)

I stathenry 8.987 584 X 10 11 8.987 584 X 1020 8.987 584 X 10 14 1.0 1.0 8.983 135 1 X 1011

1 ES cgs unit 8.987 584 X 10 11 8.987 584 X 1020 8.987 584 X I0 14 1.0 1.0 8.983 135 I X 10ll
tv
~
1 henry (int. before I948) I.OOO 495 1.000 495 X 109 1.000 495 X 10 3 1.113 197 I X 10- 12 1.113 197 1 x w- 12 1.0
::s
--· --·· - - 0..
-
r::
(")
S"
::s
(")
(1)

>0
(1)

~
Ill
::s
@
Vl
- '-'
 tv
~ 2.63 Magnetic permeability (H m- 1) The interconversion factors for the units of magnetic permeability are given in ~
Table 2.63.
The magnetic permeability is expressed as the ratio between the magnetic flux
density and the magnetic field strength. ~
I»

~::t.
(")

"'0
C'D

~
I»
cr
....
Table 2.63a. Magnetic permeability interconversion factors
q"
-
Hm- 1 maxwell/gilbert gausse/oersted ES cgs unit mks (nr) unit
m
~1 henry per meter (mks (r) unit) 1.0 7.957 747 2 X 107 7.957 747 2 X 105 8.854 156 x 10- 16 0.079 577 472
(H m- 1 )

1 maxwell/gilbert 1.256 637 x 10-s 1.0 0.01 1.112 646 x 10-23 1.0 x 10-9

1 gausse/oersted
(EM cgs unit) 1.256 637 x 10- 6 100.0 1.0 1.112 646 x w- 21 1.0 x 10- 7

1 ES cgs unit 1.129 413 1 X 10 15 8.987 583 9 X 1022 8.987 583 9 X 1020 1.0 8.987 583 9 X 1013

1 mks (nr) unit 12.566 37 1.0 X 109 1.0 X 107 1.112 646 x 10- 14 1.0
I
 2.65 Magnetic flux density
2.64 Magnetic flux (V-s) The interconversion factors for the units of magnetic
The magnetic flux is the scalarproductofthe magnetic flux are given in Table 2.64.
flux density and the area.

Table 2.64. Magnetic flux interconversion factors

~ m
weber maxwell maxwell (Int.) statweber kiloline

I weber (Volt-second) 1.0 1.0 X 108 9.9967 X lQ1 3.3356 x w·- 3 1.0 X 105

1 maxwell
(line or gauss-cm2 ) 1.0 x I0- 8 1.0 0.999 67 3.3356 x 10- 11 1.0 X 10- 3

1 maxwell (Int.) 1.000 33 x 10- 8 1.000 33 1.0 3.3367 x 10- 11 1.000 33 x 10- 3

1 statweber 299.796 2.997 96 X 1010 2.996 972 X tol 0 1.0 2.99796 X lQ1

1 kiloline 1.0 x 10-s 1.0 X 103 999.67 3.3356 x 10- 8 1.0

2.65 Magnetic flux density (magnetic induction) divided by unit length.

(V-s m2) The interconversion factors for the units of magnetic
In the equation, the vector product of the magnetic flux flux density are given in Table 2.65.
density and the electric current is equal to the force

117
......
...... N
00 0.,
Vl

~
$ll
Otl
i:l
(1)
.....
;:;·
~
Table 2.65. Magnetic flux density (magnetic induction) interconversion factors ;:::
~

~
;:1
00

maxwell em - 2 ES cgs unit maxwell in - 2 maxwell (int.) cm- 2 maxwell m- 2 weber cm- 2 ~-
m
~1 maxwell cm- 2 (gauss) 1.0 3.335 635 x 10- 11 6.4516 0.999 670 1.0 X 104 1.0 x w- 8

1 ES cgs unit 2.997 93 X 1010 1.0 1.934 144 X 1011 2.996 940 6 X 10 10 2.997 93 X 1014 299.7923

1 maxwell in - 2 0.155 000 3 5.170 244 2 x 10- 12 1.0 0.154 949 16 1.550 003 X 103 1.550 o x 10- 9

1 maxwell (int.) cm- 2 1.000 33 3.336 736 x 10- 11 6.453 729 8 1.0 1.000 33 X 104 1.000 328 x w- 8

1 maxwell m - 2 1.0 x w- 4 3.335 635 2 x 10- 15 6.4516 x 10- 4 9.996 101 x w- 5 1.0 1.0 x 10- 12

1 weber cm- 2 1.0 X 108 3.335 635 2 x 10- 3 6.4516 X 108 9.996 701 X 107 1.0 X 10 12 1.0

1 gauss = 1 maxwell em - 2 = 1 line em - 2 = 1 abtes1a = 1 EM cgs unit of magnetic flux density

1 tes1a = 1 weber m- 2
 2.67 Magnetic field strength

2.66 Magnetomotive force (Gb) The interconversion factors for the units of magneto-
motive force are given in Table 2.66.
The magnetomotive force is defined as the circular
integral of the magnetic field strength.

Table 2.66. Magnetomotive force interconversion factors

~ m
gilbert ampere-turn abampere-turn ES cgs unit gilbert (int.)

1 gilbert 1.0 0.795 774 72 0.079 577 472 2.99793 X IOl 0 1.000 165

I ampere-turn 1.256 637 05 1.0 0.1 3.767 309 9 X IOI 0 1.256 8444

1 abampere-turn 12.566 370 5 10.0 1.0 3.767 309 9 X JOll 12.568 444

1 ES cgs unit 3.335 634 9 x w-u 2.654 413 9 x w-n 2.654 413 9 x w- 12 1.0 3.336 185 3 x w-u

1 gilbert (int.) 0.999 835 0.795 643 44 0.079 564 344 2.997 435 4 X 1010 1.0

2.67 Magnetic field strength (intensity of
magnetization) (Gb m- 1)
The magnetic field strength is described by Maxwell's
equation, which expresses the sum of the electric
current density and the rate of change of displacement
with respect to time.
The interconversion factors for the units of magnetic
field strength are given in Table 2.67.

119
 N
~
- a,
-...)

~
~

~............
(')

::n
en
0..
Table 2.67. Magnetic field strength (intensity of magnetization) interconversion factors 'J)
-
......
@

oersted ampere-turn in- 1 ampere-turn m- 1 ES cgs unit oersted (int.) ampere-turn cm- 1 ~
m
~1 oersted (gilbert/em) 1.0 2.021 267 8 79.577 472 2.997 930 X 1010 1.000 165 0.795 774 72

1 ampere-turn per inch 0.494 739 1.0 39.370 078 5 1.483 192 8 X 1010 0.494 820 6 0.393 700 8

1 ampere-turn per meter 0.012 566 37 0.025 40 1.0 3.767 309 7 X 108 0.012 568 44 O.ot

1 ES cgs unit 3.335 635 X 10- 11 6.742 211 8 x 10- 11 2.654 414 1 x w- 9 1.0 3.336 184 4 x w-u 2.654 414 1 x to-u

1 oersted (int.) 0.999 835 2.020 934 9 79.564 366 5 2.997 436 1 X 1010 1.0 0.795 643 665

1 ampere-turn per centimeter 1.256 637 05 2.540 100.0 3.767 309 6 X 1010 1.256 844 04 1.0
----------
 2.69 Luminance
2.68 Reluctance (Gb v- 1 s- 1) The interconversion factors for the units of reluc-
The reluctance is defined as the ratio between the tance are given in Table 2.68.
magnetic potential difference and the magnetic flux.

Table 2.68. Reluctance interconversion factors

~ m
ampere-tum weber- 1 gilbert maxwell- 1 ES cgs unit

1 ampere-tum per weber 1.0 1.256 637 x 10-s 1.129 413 X 1013

1 gilbert per maxwell (EM cgs unit) 7.957 747 X 107 1.0 8.987 583 5 X 1020

1 ES cgs unit 8.854 156 9 x 10- 14 1.112 646 x 10-21 1.0

2.69 Luminance (brightness, illumination, illuminance) The common units for luminance are summarized
(cd m- 2 ) in Table 2.69. The interconversion factors for the units
The luminance or brightness is characteristic for the are given in Tables 2.69b and 2.69c.
light emitted from a surface in the direction of view.

Table 2.69a. Miscellaneous units of luminance

Unit cdm- 2

1 apostilb 3.183 099

1 candle per square centimeter (cd em - 2 ) 1.0 X 104
1 candle per square foot (cd ft- 2) 10.763 910
1 candle per square inch (cd in- 2) 1.550 003 X 103
1 candle per square meter (cd m - 2) 1.0
1 foot-candle (ft-cd) 3.4263
1 foot-lambert (ft-lambert) 3.4263
1 lambert 3.183 098 9 X 103
1 lumen per square centimeter (1m cm-2 ) 3.183 098 9 X 103
1 lumen per square foot (lm ft- 2) 3.4263
1 lumen per square meter (lm m -z) 0.318 313 7
1 lux (lx) 0.318 313 7
1 meter-candle (m-cd) 0.318 313 7
1 meter-lambert (m-lambert) 3.183 099
1 milliphot 3.183 137
1 nit 1.0
1 nox 3.183 137 x 10- 4
1 phot 3.183 098 9 X 103
1 stilb 1.0 X 104

121
,_. N
N
N $
~
ss·
~
::3
@
Table 2.69b. Luminance (brightness, illumination, illuminance) interconversion factors

to
cd cm- 2 cd n- 2 ft-lambert lambert m-lambert cd in- 2 cd m- 2
from
-
1 candle per square centimeter (stilb) X
1.0 929.03 2.918 635 1 X 10 3 3.141 593 3.141 59 IQ3 6.4516 1.0 X 104
(cd cm- 2 )
I
I

1 candle per square foot 3 3.381 58 0.006 944 4 10.763 91

1.076 391 x w- 1.0 3.141 592 7 0.003 381 58
(cd n- 2 )

1 foot-lambert (foot-candle)
3.426 26 X 10- 4 0.318 309 9 1.0 1.076 391 X 10- 3 1.076 391 2.210 48 x w- 3 3.426 26
(ft-lambert)

1 lambert (photo) 0.318 310 295.719 54 929.0304 1.0 1.0 X 103 2.053 60 3.183 098 9 X IQ3

1 meter-lambert (apostilb)
3.1831 X 10- 4 0.295 72 0.929 03 1.0 X 10- 3 1.0 2.053 60 X 10- 3 3.183099
(m-lambert)

1 candle per square inch

0.155 000 31 144.0 452.389 34 0.486 947 8 486.9478 1.0 1.550 003 X IQ3
(cd in- 2)

1 candle per square meter

1.0 X 10- 4 0.092 903 0.291 863 52 3.141 592 6 X 10- 4 0.31415926 6.451 60 X 10- 4 1.0
(cd m- 2)
~~~- -~ .___~-- - --- _j
 2.70 Luminous flux

Table 2.69c. Luminance (brightness, illumination, illuminance) interconversion factors

~ m

1 lux (lumen per square meter) 1.0

lux ft-cd

0.092 903
phot

1.0 x 10-4 0.1

milliphot

1.0
nox

X 103

1 foot-candle (lumen per square foot)

10.763 91 1.0 0.001 076 4 1.076 391 1.076 39 X 1if
(ft-cd)

1 phot
(lm cm- 2) 1.0 X 104 929.0304 1.0 1.0 X 103 1.0 X 107

1 milliphot 10.0 0.929 0304 1.0 x 10- 3 1.0 1.0 X 1if

1 nox 1.0 x 10- 3 9.2903 x 10- 5 1.0 x 10-7 1.0 x 10-4 1.0

2. 70 Luminous flux (lm) words, it is the rate of flow of luminous energy.

The interconversion factors for the units ofluminous
The luminous flux is described as the total visible flow are given in Table 2.70.
energy emitted by a source per unit time. In other

Table 2. 70. Luminous flux interconversion factors

~
candlepower
m
lm (spherical) w

1 lumen (candle steradian)

(lm) 1.0 0.079 577 47 1.470 59 x 10- 3

1 candlepower (spherical) 12.566 37 1.0 O.ot8 479 98

1 watt (maximum visible radiation) 680.0 54.112 680 1.0

(W)

123
2.71 Luminous intensity

2.71 Luminous intensity (cd) angle of the core.

The interconversion factors for the units ofl uminous
The luminous intensity is the ratio between the intensity are given in Table 2.71.
luminous flux emitted by a point source and the solid

Table 2. 71. Luminous intensity interconversion factors

~ m

1 candle (int.) (or candela)

candle (int.) carcel unit Hefner unit candle (UK) candle (German)

1.0 0.104 1.11 0.96 0.95

(cd(int.))

1 carcel unit 9.615 1.0 10.67 9.231 9.135

1 Hefner unit 0.9009 0.093 69 1.0 0.8621 0.8547

1 candle (UK) 1.0417 0.1083 1.16 1.0 0.990

1 candle (German) 1.0526 0.1094 1.17 1.01 1.0

1 candle (int.) = 1 lumen (int.) per stearadian (or stearidan) = 1 candle (pentane) = 1 bougie decimabe

2.72 Optical absorption coefficient (or factor) ratio of the intensity loss by absorption to the total
(m2 mol- 1) original intensity of light.
The interconversion factors for the units of optical
The optical absorption coefficient is defined as the absorption coefficient are given in Table 2.72.

124
 Table 2.72. Optical absorption coefficient interconversion factors

I to
(cross section cr) (atm at 273 K)- 1 cm- 1 dm 3 mol- 1 cm- 1 cm2 mol- 1 base 10
' from cm2 molecuie- 1 base e base e base 10
~ I (atm at 298 K)- 1 cm- 1 base e 4.06 x 10-20 1.09 10.6 1.06 X 1if
I

1 (atm at 298 K)- 1 cm- 1 base 10 9.35 x 10-20 2.51 24.4 2.44 X 1if

1 (mm Hg at 298 K)- 1 cm- 1 base 10 7.11 x 10- 17 1.91 X 103 1.86 X 104 1.86 X 107

1 (atm at 273 K)- 1 cm- 1 base e 3.72 x 10-20 1.0 9.73 9.73 X 103

1 (atm at 273 K)- 1 cm- 1 base 10 8.57 x 10-20 2.303 22.4 2.24 X 1if

1 dm 3 moi- 1 cm- 1 base 10 3.82 x 10- 21 0.103 1.0 1.0 X 103 N

~
N

0
"0
1 cm2 moi- 1 base 10 3.82 x 10-24 1.03 x 10- 4 1.0 x 10- 3 1.0 (")
=-·
ll>
ll>
-
cr'
2 1
1 cm molecuie- base e 0
l.O 2.69 X 1019 2.62 X 1020 2.62 X 1Q23
(cross section cr) .a"'.....
0
-~
-
(")
=
0
(I)

s
(")
~·
.......
N =
Vl -
2.73 Noise level

2.73 Noise level (intensity of noise level) (dB) where p and po are a given sound pressure and a
reference pressure, respectively. Decibel is often ex-
The noise level is measured by the sound pressure level pressed by an alternative word:
of a reference sound compared by an observer to be
equally noisy. The reference sound is produced by a decilit
band of random noise ofwidth one-third to one octave decilog
centred on a frequency of 1000 hertz. decilu
The unit of noise level is often expressed in decibels decomlog
(dB); 1 decibel is the sound pressure level when logit

20 log10 (:J = 1
transition unit
The interconversion factors for the units of noise
level are given in Table 2.73.

Table 2. 73. Noise level interconversion factors

~ m

1 decibel
dB

1.0
B

0.1
Np

0.1151
(dB)

1 bel 10.0 1.0 1.1510

(B)

1 neper
(Np) 8.6881 0.868 81 1.0

2.74 Radioactivity (Ci) tromagnetic radiation. The rays emitted consist of

alpha, beta and gamma particles.
The radioactivity is caused by the partial disintegration The interconversion factors for the units of radio-
of the atomic nucleus, followed by the emission ofelec- activity are given in Table 2.74.

Table 2. 74. Radioactivity interconversion factors

~
1 curie
m

1.0
Ci

3.70
Bq

X 1010 1.0 X
mCi

103 1.0 X
JJ.Ci

106
(Ci)

1 becquerel (disintegration per second) 2.102 703 x 10-u 1.0 2.102 703 x 10-s 2.702 703 X 10-s
(Bq)

1 millicurie 1.0 x 10-3 3.70 X 107 1.0 1.0 X 103

(mCi)

1 microcurie
(JJ.Ci) 1.0 x 10- 6 3.70 X lif 1.0 X 10-3 1.0

126
 2.76 Radiation dose absorbed

2.75 Radiation (exposure to X- or gamma-radiation)
(C kg- 1)
The radiation is defined as the emission and propaga-
tion of electromagnetic energy in form of alpha, beta
and gamma particles through space or through a
material medium in the form of waves.
The interconversion factors for the units of radiation
are given in Table 2.75.

Table 2.75. Radiation (exposure to X- or gamma-radiation) interconversion factors

~ m
R c kg- 1 statcoulomb dyn- 1

1 rontgen 2.58 10- 4

1.0 X 0.7889
(R)

1 coulomb per kilogram

3.876 X 103 1.0 3.0577 X 103
(C kg- 1)

1 statcoulomb per dyne

1.267 619 3.270 43 10- 4 1.0
(statcoulomb dyn- 1)
X

2. 76 Radiation dose absorbed (ionizing radiation) The interconversion factors for units of ionizing
(J kg-1) radiation are given in Table 2.76. Further conversion
factors of the units are presented in 2.34.
The absorbed ionizing radiation dose is defined as the
ratio between the absorbed energy and the unit
mass.

Table 2. 76. Radiation dose absorbed (ionizing radiation) interconversion factors

~ Btu lb- 1 kcal kg- 1

rad J kg-1
m

1 rad 1.0 O.ol 4.299 226 X 10- 6 2.388 46 x 1o- 6

1 joule per kilogram (gray, Gy)

(J kg-1) 100.0 1.0 4.299 23 X 10-4 2.388 46 x 1o- 4

1 British thermal unit per pound 2.326 105 2.326 103 1.0
X X 0.555 555 6
(Btu lb- 1)

1 kilocalorie per kilogram

4.1868 X 105 4.1868 X 103 1.80 1.0
(kcal kg- 1)

127
2.77 Radiation dose equivalent

2. 77 Radiation dose equivalent (absorbed ionizing
radiation dose) (Rem)
The radiation dose equivalent by living tissue produces
a biological effect equivalent to the action of one
rontgen of electromagnetic radiation. The magnitude
of the radiation dose is affected by certain modifying
factors, extending from 1 to 20.
The various units of radiation dose equivalent are
given in Table 2.77.

Table 2.77. Radiation does equivalent (biologically effective dose)

interconversion factors

~ m

1 rontegen equivalent man

1.0
Rem mRem

1.0 X 103
11Rem

1.0 X 106
(Rem)

1 millirem
(mRem)
1.0 x w- 3 1.0 1.0 X 103

1 micro rem
(J.1Rem)
1.0 x w- 6 1.0 x w- 3 1.0

128
Appendix

Example 1 1 ftl= 0.092 903 m2 (see Table 2.2b)

Show that 1 Btu lb- 1 op-l = 1 cal g- 1 oc-1 (see 2.36). 1 h = 3600 s (see Table 2.5b)
1 op = 5/9 oc (see Table 2.3lb)
1 Btu = 251.996 cal (see Table 2.32b) 1 W = 1 J s-1 (see Table 2.33a)
llb = 453.5924 g (see Table 2.9b)
1 op = 5/9 oc (see Table 2.3lb) The conversion becomes
1 Btu in ft- 2 h- 1 op-l =
The conversion becomes 1055.06J
251.996cal (0.092903 m2/0.0254 m) x 3600 s x 5/9 oc
1 Btu lb- 1 op-l = 1 cal g- 1 oc- 1
453.5924 g X 5/9 °C = 0.144 228 w m-l oc-l

Example 2 ExampleS
Show that 1 calrr 1-1 oc- 1 = 0.004 186 68 J cm- 3 oc- 1 Show that the gas constant (R) is 8.3143 J mol- 1 K- 1
(see Table 2.36e). (see Tables 2.41a and 2.41e).

1 calrr = 4.1868 J (see Table 2.32b) An ideal gas consisting of 6.022 045 x 1023 mole-
cules (Avogadro number, see Table 1.4) at 1 atm total
11 = 1000.028 cm3 (see Table 2.3b) pressure and a temperature of 273.15 K, occupies a
1 °C = 1 °C (see Table 2.31b) standard molar volume (V) of 22 413.83 cm3• That is

The conversion becomes PV = 22 413.83 cm3-atm mol- 1

4.1868 J According to the ideal gas law
1 calrr 1-1 oc-l =- - - - - --
1000.028 cm x 1 oc
3 PV = n R T = 22 413.83 cm3-atm mol- 1.
= 0.004186 68 J cm- 3 oc-1
For one mole (n = 1) of ideal gas at 273.15 K (1) and
1 atm pressure (P) we obtain the universal gas con-
stant (R) in volumetric unit
Example 3
22 413.83 22 413.83
Show that 1lbf s ft- 2 = 478.803 poise (see Table R= =---
2.28b). nT 273.15
= 82.056 855 cm3 atm mol- 1 K- 1
1 lbf = 444 822 dyn (see Table 2.26b)
1 ftl = 929.03 cm- 2 (see Table 2.2b) From Table 2.32a
The conversion becomes 1 cm3-atm = 0.101 325 J
and the gas constant (R) in calorific unit becomes
444 822 dyn x 1 s
1 lbf s ft- 2 = 2 = 478.803 poise. R = 82.056 855 cm3 atm moi-1 K- 1 x 0.101 325 J
929.03 em
= 8.31441 J mol- 1K- 1

Example 4
Show that 1 Btu in ft- 2 h- 1 op-l = 0.144 228 W m- 1
oc- 1 (see Table 2.38b).

1 Btu = 1055.06 J (see Table 2.32b)

1 in = 0.0254 m (see Table 2.lb)

129
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Index

abampere 102 angle, plain (interconversion factors) 30

abampere per centimeter 103 angle, plane (miscellaneous units) 29
abampere per square centimeter (EM cgs unit) 104 angle, solid (miscellaneous units) 29
abampere-tum 119 AngstrOm 20, 22
abcoulomb 99-100 angular mil 29
abcoulomb per kilogram 114 anker 25
abcou1omb per pound 114 apostilb 121
abcoulomb per square centimeter 113 aposti1b (meter-lambert) 122
abfared (EM cgs unit) 110 appendix 129
abhenry (EM cgs unit) 115 arcmin 29
abmho 106 area (definition) 19
abmho per centimeter 107 area (interconversion factors) 24
abohm 105 area (miscellaneous units) 23
absolute joule (watt-second) 74 are(a) 23
absorbed ionizing radiation dose (radiation dose area per unit mass (specific surface) (miscellaneous
equivalent) (interconversion factors) 128 units) 46
abvolt 101 area per unit volume (capacity) (miscellaneous
abvolt per centimeter 112 units) 46
acceleration (interconversion factors) 37 assay ton (UK, US) 38
acceleration (miscellaneous units) 37 astronomical unit 20
acre 24 ata (atii) 66
acre per pound 46 atmosphere 67
acre (UK, US) 23 atmosphere absolute 66
acre-foot 25 atmosphere gauge 66
acre-foot per day 57 atmosphere per mole fraction 52
acre-foot per hour 57 atomic mass unit 13
acre-foot per minute 57 atomic mass units, international (dalton) 38
acre-foot per second 57 atomic numbers of the elements 14
acre-inch 25 atomic unit of length 20
acre-inch per hour 57 atomic unit of mass 38
acre-inch per minute 57 atomic weight unit (chemical mass, physical mass)
acre-inch per second 57 38
aeon 31 atomic weights of the elements 14
A.magat unit of PV 77 atii (ata) 66
Amagat units 19 aum25
Amagat unit, density 47-48 Avogadro constant 13
amagat (volume) 25 Avogadro's hypothesis 94
amperage (electric current) (interconversion factors) avogram 38
101-102
ampere (definition) 11 bag (cement, US) 38
ampere (international) 102 bag (UK) 25
ampere per centimeter 103 bale (cinnamon) 38
ampere per meter 103 bar 66-67
ampere per square centimeter (cgs unit of volume bar per mole fraction 52
current density) 104 barge (coal) 38
ampere per square inch 104 barleycorn 20
ampere per square meter (mks unit) 104 bam 23
ampere per square mil 104 barony 23
ampere-hour 99-100 barrel (ale, beer, herring, tar, UK, US dry, US liquid,
ampere-second 99 US petroleum) 25
ampere-tum 119 barrel (candles, potash, potatoes) 38
ampere-tum per centimeter 120 barrel bulk 25
ampere-tum per inch 120 barrique 25
ampere-tum per meter 120 barye (dyne per square centimeter) 66
ampere-tum per weber 121 base box 25
angle (plane, solid) 29 becquerel (disintegration per second) 12, 126
135
Index

becquerel (radioactivity) 12 cable length (UK nautical mile, fathoms) 20

bel 126 caliber 20
benz 33 calorie (I.T.) 74
Berlin unit 19 calorie (I.T., mean, thermochemical, l5°C, 20°C)
bes 38 73
bicron 20 calorie (I.T.) per centimeter second degree Celsius
blink 31 88-89
hodge 25 calorie (I.T.) per cubic centimeter second 92-93
board foot 25 calorie (I.T.) per cubic meter 81
Bohr magneton 13 calorie (I.T.) per gram 88
Bohr radius 13, 20 calorie (I.T., mean, thermal) per gram 77
boll (flour) 38 calorie (I.T.) per gram degree Kelvin 82
bolt 20 calorie (I.T.) per hour 75
Boltzmann constant 13 calorie (I.T.) per kilogram degree Kelvin 83
bottle (mercury) 38 calorie (I.T.) per liter degree Celsius 84-85
bougle decimabe 124 calorie (I.T.) per minute 75
brieze 38 calorie (I.T.) per mole 79
brightness (luminance, illumination, illuminance) calorie (I.T.) per mole degree Kelvin 84
(interconversion factor) 122-123 calorie (I.T.) per second 75
brightness (luminance, illumination, illuminance) calorie (I.T.) per square centimeter second 87
(miscellaneous units) 121 calorie (I.T.) per square centimeter second degree
British system, 11 Kelvin 90-91
British thermal unit 74 calorie (I.T., thermal) per square centimeter second
British thermal unit (international, mean, 15°C, 39°F, 86
60°F) 73 calorie (mean) per hour 75
British thermal unit inch per foot squared degree calorie (mean) per minute 75
Fahrenheit 89 calorie (mean) per second 75
British thermal unit inch per foot squared hour calorie (thermal) per gram degree Celsius 82
degree Fahrenheit 88 calorie (thermal) per hour 75
British thermal unit per cubic foot 80-81 calorie (thermal) per minute 75
British thermal unit per cubic foot degree calorie (thermal) per second 75
Fahrenheit 84-85 calorie (thermal) per square centimeter second
British thermal unit per cubic foot hour 92-93 degree Celsius 90
British thermal unit per foot hour degree Fahrenheit calorific value (enthalpy, specific energy)
88-89 (interconversion factors) 78
British thermal unit per foot second degree calorific value (s)ecific energy, enthalpy)
Fahrenheit 88-89 (miscellaneous units) 77
British thermal unit per hour 75-76 cancel unit 124
British thermal unit per inch hour degree candela (candle) 124
Fahrenheit 88-89 candela (definition) 12
British thermal unit per minute 75 candle (candela) 124
British thermal unit (mean) per minute 75 candle (Germany) 124
British thermal unit (mean) per pound 77 candle (UK) 124
British thermal unit per pound 77-78, 127 candle per square centimeter (stilb) 121-122
British thermal unit (International Steam Tables) candle per square foot 121-122
per pound 77 candle per square inch 121-122
British thermal unit per pound degree Celsius 82 candle per square meter 121-122
British thermal unit per pound degree Fahrenheit candle steradian (lumen) 123
82-83 candlepower (spherical) 123
British thermal unit per pound-mole 79 capacity (area per unit volume) (miscellaneous
British thermal unit per second 75 units) 46
British thermal unit per square foot hour 86-87 carat (metric, 1877, troy) 38
British thermal unit per square foot hour degree cascade unit 20
Fahrenheit 90-91 cask (soda) 38
British thermal unit per square foot minute 86 ce 31
British thermal unit per square foot second 86-87 celo 37
British thermal unit per square foot second degree celsius heat unit per pound degree Celsius 82
Fahrenheit 90-91 centare 23
bucket (UK) 25 centesimal minute 29
bulk density (loose, tamped) 47 centesimal second 29
Bunsen coefficient 51-52 centigrade (degree Celsius) 72
bushel (UK, US) 25 centigrade heat unit 73
bushel (wheat) 38 centigrade heat unit inch per foot squared hour
butt (ale, beer, UK, wine) 25 degree Celsius 88

136
 Index

centigrade heat unit per foot hour degree Celsius crith 38

88 cron 31
centigrade heat unit per pound 77 cubic centimeter 25, 28
centigrade heat unit per pound degree Celsius 82 cubic centimeter per gram 53-54
centigram 38 cubic centimeter per hour 57
centiliter 25 cubic centimeter per minute 57
centimeter 20, 22 cubic centimeter per second 57-58
centimeter of mercury at 0° C 66 cubic centimeter-atmosphere 73
centimeter of water at 4° C 66 cubic centimeter-atmosphere per gram 77
centimeter per hour 33 cubic centimeter-atmosphere per hour 75
centimeter per minute 33 cubic centimeter-atmosphere per mole 79
centimeter per second 33-34 cubic decimeter 25
centimeter per square second 37 cubic foot 28
centimeter per year 33 cubic foot (common brick, water at 60°C) 38
centimeter squared per hour 70 cubic foot (UK, US) 25
centimeter squared per minute 70 cubic foot per hour 57
centimeter squared per second 70 cubic foot per mile 59
centipoise 68-69 cubic foot per minute 57-58
centistokes 70 cubic foot per pound 53-54
centner (central, quintal, short hundredweight) cubic foot per second 57
38 cubic foot per second 58
centrad 29 cubic foot per slug 53-54
central (quintal, short, new hundredweight) 38 cubic foot per ton 53
CGPM (Conference Generale des Poids et Mesures) cubic foot-atmosphere 73
11 cubic foot-atmosphere per hour 75
cgs unit of absolute viscosity (poise) 68 cubic foot-atmosphere per pound 77
cgs unt of kinematic viscosity (stokes) 70 cubic foot-(pound force) per square inch 73
cgs (centimeter-gram-second) system 11 cubic foot-(pound per square inch) per pound 77
chain (Gunter's, surveyor's, nautical, Ramden's, cubic hectometer 25
engineer's) 20 cubic inch 28
chaldron (coal) 38 cubic inch (UK, US) 25
chaldron (UK, US) 25 cubic inch per hour 57
charge of proton (elementary charge) 13 cibic inch per minute 57
charge to mass ratio for electron 13 cubic inch per pound 53-54
chemical mass unit (atomic mass unit) 38 cubic inch per second 57-58
chest 25 cubic kilometer 25
chest (tea) 38 cubic meter 25, 28
cheval-vapeur 75 cubic meter per hour 57
cheval-vapeur-heure 73 cubic meter per kilogram 53, 54
circle 30 cubic meter per kilometer 59
circle (circumference) 29 cubic meter per meter 59
circular inch 23 cubic meter per minute 57
circular mil-foot 25 cubic meter per second (cumec) 57-58
circular mile 23 cubic millimeter 25
circular millimeter 23 cubic yard 28
circumference (circle) 29 cubic yard (sand) 38
Clausius (joule per mole degree Kelvin) 84 cubic yard (UK, US) 25
clove (British stones) 38 cubic yard per minute 57-58
cohesion parameters 53 cubic yard per ton 54
comb (coomb) 25 cubic yard per ton (UK) 53
concentration (interconversion factors) 49-50 cubit 20
concentration (weight percent) 49 cumec (cubic meter per second) 57
coomb (comb) 25 cup 25
cord 25 curie 13, 126
cord-foot 25 cusec (cubic foot per second) 57-58
coulomb (electric charge) 12 cut 20
coulomb (international) 99-100 cycle per second (revolution per second) 35
coulomb per cubic centimeter 113
coulomb per cubic meter 113 dalton (international atomic mass unit) 38
coulomb per kilogram 114, 127 day 32
coulomb per square centimeter 113 day (mean solar, sideral) 31
coulomb per square inch 113 debye 114
coulomb per square meter 113 decastere 25
coulomb-meter 114 decibel 126
cran(e) 25 decigram 38

137
Index

deciliter 25 electric field intensity (electric field strength)

decimeter 20 (interconversion factors) 111-112
decistere 25 electric field strength (electric field intensity)
degree 30 (interconversion factors) 111-112
degree (angular) 29 electric flux density (electric displacement)
degree Baume 47 (interconversion factors) 113
degree celsius (centigrade) 72 electric potential difference (voltage)
degree Fahrenheit 72 (interconversion factors) 101
degree Kelvin 72 electric resistance (interconversion factors) 105
degree of time 31 electric resistivity (specific resistance)
degree per hour 35 (interconversion factors) 109
degree per minute 35-36 electric resistivity (specific resistance) (miscellaneous
degree per second 35-36 units) 108
degree Rankine 72 electrical conductivity (interconversion factors)
degree Reaumur 72 106-107
degree, square (square degree) 29 electron charge 13
degree Twaddell 47 electron magnetic moment 13
dekagram 38 electron radius, classical 13
dekaliter 25 electron rest mass 13
dekameter 20 electron volt 13, 38, 73
denier 42 electron volt per mole 77
density (interconversion factors) 48 electron volt per molecule 79
density (mass per unit volume) (miscellaneous units) electronic charge 13
47 electrostatic unit-centimeter (Franklin-centimeter)
derived SI units 12 114
digit 20 ell (Flemish, French, UK) 20
disintegration per second (becquerel) 126 EM cgs unit (electric charge density) 113
douzieme 20 EM cgs unit of electric charge 99
drachm (apothecaries) 38 em (printer's, pica) 20
drachm (UK, fluid) 25 energy (work, heat) (interconversin factors) 73
dram 41 energy (work, heat) (miscellaneous units) 73
dram (UK, avoirdupois, US, apothecaries, troy) 38 energy of vaporization 53
dram (US, fluid, liquid dram) 25 enthalpy (calorific value, specific energy
drex 42 (interconversion factors) 78
drop (spirits) 38 enthalpy (specific energy, calorific value)
dyn (dyne) 38, 64-65 (miscellaneous units) 77
dyn per cubic centimeter 47 entropy unit (EU) 84
dyne (dyn) 64-65 erg 73
dyne per centimeter 42, 71 erg (dyne-centimeter) 62, 74
dyne per centimeter (erg per centimeter squared) 71 erg per centimeter squared (dyne per centimeter) 71
dyne per inch 42 erg per millimeter squared 71
dyne per square centimeter (barye) 44, 66-67 erg per minute 75
dyne second per meter square 68 erg per second 75
dyne-centimeter (erg) 62, 73 ES cgs unit (electric charge density) 113
dyne-centimeter per second 75 ES cgs unit (electric current density) 103
ES cgs unit (inductance) 115
Einstein constant 13 ES cgs unit (magnetic field strength) 120
electric capacitance (interconversion factors) 110 ES cgs unit (magnetic flux density) 118
electric charge 99-100 ES cgs unit (magnetic permeability) 116
electric charge (interconversion factors) 100 ES cgs unit (magnetomotive force) 119
electric charge (quantity of electricity) ES cgs unit (reluctance) 121
(miscelleneous units) 99 ES cgs unit of electric charge 99
electric charge density (volume density of charge) examples 129
(interconversion factors) 113
electric conductance (interconversion factors) 106 fag(g)ot (steel) 38
electric current (amperage) (interconversion factors) farad (electric capacitance) 12
101-102 farad (international before 1848) 110
electric current density (interconversion factors) farad per centimeter Ill
103-104 farad per foot Ill
electric current density, linear (interconversion farad per inch 111
factors) 103 farad per meter Ill
electric dipole moment (interconversion factors) 114 farad per yard Ill
electric displacement (electric flux density) farad (chemical) per kilogram 114
(interconversion factors) 113 farad (physical) per kilogram 114

138

Faraday (chemical, physical) 99-100
Faraday (chemical, physical) per second 102
Faraday constant 13
fathom 20
fathom (cubic) 26
fermi 20
Festmeter (Raummeter) 26
fine structure constant 13
firkin (soap) 38
firkin (UK. ale, beer, US) 26
first radiation constant 13
flask, (mercury, US) 38
fodder (lead) 38
foot 20, 22
foot (cape, international, US, survey) 20
foot of air at 1 atm and 60°C 66
foot of water at 39.2°F 66
foot per hour 33
foot per minute 33-34
foot per second 33-34
foot per square second 37
foot pound per square foot minute 86
foot pound-force 73-74
foot pound-force per hour 75
foot pound-force per minute 75
foot pound-force per pound 77-78
foot pound-force per pound degree Fahrenheit
82-83
foot pound-force per second 75-76
foot squared per hour 70
foot squared per minute 70
foot squared per second 70
foot-candle 121
foot-candle (foot-lambert) 122
foot-candle (lumen per square foot) 123
foot-lambert 121 · gram centimeter squared 60
foot-lambert (foot-candle) 122
foot-poundal 73
foot-poundal (poundal foot) 62
foot-poundal per minute 75
force (miscellaneous units) 64
force de cheval 75
fors 37
father (lead, etc.) 38
fotmal (lead, etc.) 38
franklin 99
franklin-centimeter (electrostatic unit-centimeter)
114
French foot 20
frequency (interconversion factors) 36
frequency (miscellaneous units) 35
frigorie 76
fuel consumption (European, UK. and US traffics)
58
fuel consumption (interconversion factors) 59
fundamental physical constants 13
furlong 20
G (gravity) 37
gain per milliliter 47
Galileo 37
gallon (UK. imperial, US dry, US liquid)
gallon (UK. milk, US, milk) 26
gallon (US) 28
gallon per day (UK. US) 57
Index
gallon per hour (UK. US) 57
gallon per minute (UK. US) 57
gallon per second (UK. US) 57
gallon (UK) per mile 59
gallon (UK) per pound 53-54
gallon (US) per mile 59
gallon (US) per minute 58
gallon (US) per second 58
gallon (US) per yard 59
gallon, barn (UK milk, US milk) 26
gamma (microgram) 38
gas constant (R) 13
gas constant (R) (miscellaneous values) 94-95
gauss-centimeter squared (maxwell, line) 117
gauss per oersted (EM cgs unit) 115
gee pound (slug) 39
gibbs per mole 84
gigameter 20
gilbert 119
gilbert (international) 119
gilbert per centimeter (oersted) 120
gilbert per maxwell (EM cgs unit) 121
gill ((UK. US) 26
glug 39
goad 20
gon 29
grade 29-30
grain 41
grain (imperial, metric) 39
grain per cubic foot 47
grain per gallon (UK. US) 47
grain-force 64
gram 41
gram (gramme) 39
gram centimeter per second 64
gram decimeter squared 60
gram meter squared 60
gram millimeter squared 60
gram per centimeter 42-43, 71
gram per centimeter second (point) 68
gram per cubic centimeter 47-48
gram per cubic decimeter 47
gram per cubic meter 47
gram per foot 42
gram per inch 42
gram per kilometer (tex) 42
gram per liter 47
gram per meter 42
gram per milliliter 47
gram per millimeter 42
gram per minute 55
gram per second 55-56
gram per square centimeter 44-45
gram per square meter 44
gram-force 64
gram-force centimeter 62-73
gram-force centimeter per second 75
gram-force per square centimeter 66
gram-second per square centimeter 68
grams per liter of solution 49
26 grav (gravity) 37
grave 39
gravitational acceleration 13
gravitational constant 13
139
Index

gray (absorbed dose) 12 ice-point temperature 13

gray (joule per kilogram) 127 illuminance (luminance, brightness, illumination)
gross ton (long ton) 39 (interconversion factors) 122-123
Gunter's square chain (surveyor's) 23 illuminance (luminance, brightness, illumination)
Gunter's square link (surveyor's) 23 (miscellaneous units) 121
illumination (luminance, brightness, illuminance)
(interconversion factors) 122-123
hand 20 illumination (luminance, brightness, illuminance)
hank 20 (miscellaneous units) 121
Hartree energy 13 imperial system 11
heat capacity on volumetric basis (interconversion inch 20, 22
factors) 85 inch of mercury at 32°F 66-67
heat capacity on volumetric basis (miscellaneous inch of water at 4°C 66-67
units) 84 inch per hour 33
heat flux density (heat losses from surface) inch per minute 33
(miscellaneous units) 86 inch per second 33
heat flux density (heat losses from surface) inch squared per hour 70
(interconversion factors) 87 inch squared per second 70
heat losses from surface (heat flux density) inductance (permeance) (interconversion factors) 115
(miscellaneous units) 86 intensity of noise level (noise level) (interconversion
heat losses from surface (heat flux density) factors) 126
(interconversion factors) 87 international corn bushel 39
heat per unit volume (interconversion factors) 81 ionizing radiation (radiation dose absorbed)
heat per unit volume (miscellaneous units) 80 (interconversion factors) 127
heat release rate (interconversion factors) 93 iron 20
heat release rate (miscellaneous units) 92
heat transfer coefficient (thermal conductance) jar 26
(interconversion factors) 91 joule (absolute, international before 1948) 73
heat transfer coefficient (thermal conductance) joule (energy, work) 12
(miscellaneous units) 90 joule per centimeter 39
heat-flow (power) (interconversion factors) 76 joule per centimeter second degree Celsius 88
heat-flow rate (power) (miscellaneous units) 75 joule per cubic centimeter degree Celsius 84
hectare 23-24 joule per cubic meter 80-81
hectare per kilogram 46 joule per cubic meter degree Celsius 85
hectobar 66 joule per cubic meter degree Kelvin 84-85
hectogram 39 joule per gram 77
hectoliter 26 joule per gram degree Kelvin 82
hectometer 20 joule per hour 75
hectowatt 75 joule per kilogram (gray) 77-78, 127
heer 20 joule per kilogram degree Celsius 82
Hefner unit 124 joule per kilogram degree Kelvin 82-83
hemisphere 29 joule per meter 39
henry 115 joule per minute 75
henry (inductance) 12 joule per mole 79
henry (international before 1948) 115 joule per mole degree Kelvin (Clausius) 84
Henry's law coefficient 52 joule per second (watt) 75-76
henry per meter (mks unit) 116
hertz (frequency) 12, 35 kanne 26
hertz (revolution per second) 36 keel (coal) 39
hide 23 keg (nails, US) 39
hogshead (ale, beer, hones, oil, spirit, vinegar, wine, kelvin (definition) 11
UK, US) 26 kilderkin (UK) 26
Horiuti coefficient 52 kilocalorie (LT.) 73-74
horsepower (boiler, electric, imperial, metric, water) kilocalorie per kilogram 127
75 kilocalorie per meter hour degree Celsius 88
horsepower (metric, imperial) 76 kilocalorie (LT.) per cubic meter 81
horsepower hour 74 kilocalorie (LT.) per cubic meter degree Kelvin 85
horsepower (metric) per square foot 86 kilocalorie (LT.) per cubic meter hour 92-93
horsepower-ho ur electric 73 kilocalorie (LT.) per gram 87
horsepower-ho ur per pound 77 kilocalorie (LT.) per hour 75-76
horsepower-year 73 kilocalorie (LT.) per kilogram 78
hour (mean solar, sideral) 31-32 kilocalorie (LT.) per kilogram degree Kelvin 83
hundredweigh t (avoirdupois, long, long quintal, kilocalorie (LT.) per meter hour degree Celsius 89
short, central, troy) 39 kilocalorie (LT.) per minute 75
hrl (mug, metric slug, par) 39 kilocalorie (LT.) per second 75

140
 Index
kilocalorie (I.T.) per square meter hour 86-87 kilowatt-hour per pound 77
kilocalorie (LT.) per square meter hour degree kine 33
Kelvin 90-91 kip 39
kilocalorie (LT., thermal, 15°C) per cubic meter 80 kip (US) 64
kilocalorie (LT., thermal, 15°C) per cubic meter kips per square inch 66
degree Kelvin 84 knot 34
kilocalorie (LT., thermal, 15°C) per kilogram 77 knot (international, UK) 33
kilocalorie (LT., thermal, l5°C) per kilogram degree Kuenen coefficient 51
Kelvin 82 kxu (siegbahn, 1000 X units) 20
kiloerg per centimeter second degree Celsius 88
kilogram 39, 41 lambda 26
kilogram (definition) 11 lambert (photo) 121-122
kilogram centimeter squared 60-61 Lande g-factor for free electron 13
kilogram decimeter squared 60 Landolt-Bomstein 52
kilogram meter per second 64 last 26
kilogram meter squared 60-61 last (gunpowder) 39
kilogram millimeter squared 60-61 lea 20
kilogram per cubic meter 47-48 league (nautical-imperial, nautical-international,
kilogram per day 55 statue) 20
kilogram per hectare 44 length (interconversion factors) 22
kilogram per hour 55-56 length (miscellaneous units) 19-22
kilogram per kilometer 42 leo 37
kilogram per liter 47 light year 20
kilogram per meter 42-43 ligne 20
kilogram per meter hour 68-69 line (imperial, metric, US) 20
kilogram per meter second 68 line (maxwell, gauss-centimeter squared) 117
kilogram per minute 55-56 line density (mass per unit length) (miscellaneous
kilogram per second 55-56 units) 42
kilogram per square centimeter 44 link (Gunter's, surveyor's, Ramden's, engineer's) 21
kilogram per square meter 44-45 liquid dram (US) 26
kilogram per square millimeter 44 liquid ounce (US) 26
kilogram-force (kilopond) 64-65 liter 26, 28
kilogram-force centimeter 62-63 liter per hour 57
kilogram-force meter 62-63, 73-74 liter per kilogram 53
kilogram-force meter per gram 77 liter per kilometer 59
kilogram-force meter per hour 75 liter per meter 59
kilogram-force meter per kilogram 77-78 liter per minute 57-58
kilogram-force meter per kilogram degree Kelvin liter per second 57-58
82-83 liter-atmosphere 73
kilogram-force meter per minute 75 liter-atmosphere per hour 75
kilogram-force meter per second 75-76 livre 39
kilogram-force per centimeter squared 66 load 23
kilogram-force per meter (kilopond per meter) 71 load (wey, timber, unhewn timber) 26
kilogram-force per meter squared 66 long hundredweight (long quintal) 39
kilogram-force per millimeter squared 66 long quarter (US) 39
kilogram-force per square centimeter 67 long ton (gross ton) 39, 41
kilogram-force second per square meter 68-69 long ton per acre 45
kiloline 117 long ton per kilometer 43
kiloliter 26 long ton per mile 43
kilometer 20, 22 long ton per square kilometer 45
kilometer per hour 33-34 long ton per square mile 45
kilometer per hour per second 37 Loschmidt constant 13
kilometer per minute 33-34 lumen per square centimeter 121
kilometer per second 33 lumen (candle steradian) 123
kilonewton per square meter 66 lumen (luminous flux) 12
kilopond (kilogram-force) 64 lumen per square foot (foot-candle) 121, 123
kilopond per centimeter squared 66 lumen per square meter (lux) 121, 123
kilopond-meter (Germany) 73 lumen per steradian 124
kilovolt per centimeter 112 luminance (brightness, illumination, illuminance)
kilowatt 75 (miscellaneous units) 121
kilowatt (international before 1948) 75 luminance (brightness, illumination, illuminance)
kilowatt per square foot 86 (interconversion factor) 122-123
kilowatt-hour 73-74 luminous flux (interconversion factors) 123
kilowatt-hour per gram 77 luminous intensity (interconversion factors) 124
kilowatt-hour per mole 79 lux (illumination) 12

141
Index
lux (lumen per square meter) 121, 123 microliter 26
micrometer 21
magnetic field strength (intensity of magnetization) micromicro 21
(interconversion factors) 119 micron (micrometer) 21
magnetic flux (interconversion factors) 117 microrem 128
magnetic flux density (magnetic inductance) microsecond 31
(interconversion factors) 117 microvolt 101
magnetic flux quantum 13 mil 21
magnetic inductance (magnetic flux density) mil (circular mile) 23
(interconversion factors) 117-118 mil (milliliter) 26
magnetic permeability (interconversion factors) 116 mile (geographical, imperial, nautical-imperial, sea,
magnetomotive force (interconversion factors) 119 telegraph nautical) 21
mass (interconversion factors) 41 mile (imperial) 22
mass (miscellaneous units) 38 mile per hour 33-34
mass of oxygen atom 39 mile per hour per minute 37
mass per unit area (area density or pressure) mile per hour per second 37
(miscellaneous units) 44 mile per minute 33
mass per unit area (interconversion factors) 45 mile per second 33
mass per unit length (interconversion factors) 43 millibar 66
mass per unit length (line density)(miscellaneous millicurie 126
units) 42 millier (tonne, tonneau, metric ton) 39
mass rate of flow (interconversion factors) 56 milligal 37
mass rate of flow (miscellaneous units) 55 milligram 39
mass unit 73 milligram per centimeter 42
mast 39 milligram per inch 42, 71
matt (cloves) 39 milligram per liter 47
maxwell (line, gauss-centimeter squared) 117 milligram per mllimeter 42, 71
maxwell per centimeter squared 118 milligram per square meter 44
maxwell per gilbert 116 milligram per square millimeter 44
maxwell per inch squared 118 millihenry 115
maxwell per meter squared 118 milliliter (mil) 26, 28
megagram 39 milliliter per gram 53
megameter 21 millimass unit 39
meganewton per square meter 69 millimeter 21-22
megmho 112 millimeter mercury per mole fraction 52
megmho per centimeter 107 millimeter of mercury 67
megmho per inch 107 millimeter of mercury at ooc 66
megohm 105 millimeter of water at 4°C 66
meter 21-22 millimeter squared per second 70
meter (definition) 11 millimicron (nanometer) 21
meter of water at 4°C 66 millinewton per meter 71
meter per hour 33 milliphot 121, 123
meter per minute 33-34 millirem 128
meter per second 33-34 millisecond 31
meter per square second 37 millivolt 101
meter squared per hour 70 minim (UK, US) 26
metre squared per minute 70 minute 30, 32
meter squared per second 70 minute (angular) 29
meter-candle 121 minute (mean solar, sideral) 31
meter-lambert (apostilb) 121-122 mks (meter-kilogram-second) system 11
metric carat 39 mks unit (magnetic permeability) 116
metric slug (hyl, mug, par) 39 mks unit of electric charge 99
metric system 11 Mohr cubic centimeter 26
metric ton 39, 41 molality 49-50
mho (siemens) 106 molar heat capacity (miscellaneous units) 84
mho per centimeter 107 molar volume 52
mho per meter (siemens per meter) 107 molar volume of ideal gas at stp 13
mho-foot per circular mil 107 molarity 49-50
microcurie 126 mole (definition) 11
microfarad 110 mole fraction 49-52
microgram (gamma) . 39 mole per liter 49
microgram per milliliter 47 molecular energy (interconversion factors) 79
microhm 105 moment of force (torque) (interconversion factors)
microhm-centimeter 108 63
microhm-inch 108 moment of force (torque) (miscellaneous units) 62

142
 Index
moment of inertia (interconversion factors) 61 pace (military) 21
moment of inertia (miscellaneous units) 60 pack (wool) 39
momentum (linear and angular) (miscellaneous palm 21
units) 64 par (hyl, mug, metric slug) 39
month (30 days, 31 days) 32 Paris inch (pounce) 21
month (mean calendral, 30 days, 31 days) 31 parsec 21
mounce 39 part (weight) per million (volume) 47
mug (hyl, metric slug, par) 39 partial pressure 52
Muon rest mass 13 pascal (newton per square meter) 12, 66
myriagram 39 pascal cubic meter 73
myriameter 21 pascal per mole fraction 52
pascal second 68
nail 21 peck (fluor) 39
nail (butter, cheese) 39 peck (UK, US) 26
nanometer (millimicron) 21 perch (rod, pole) 21
neper 134 perche (masonry) 26
neutron rest mass 13 periodic table of the elements 16
new hundredweight 39 permeability coefficient (interconversion factors) 98
newton (force) 12, 39, 64-65 permeability of vacuum 13
newton centimeter 62-63 permeance (inductance) (interconversion factors) 115
newton meter 62-63 permittivity (interconversion factors) 111
newton per meter 71 permittivity of vacuum 13
newton per square meter (pascal) 66-67 phot 121, 123
newton per square meter mole fraction 52 photo (lambert) 122
newton per square millimeter 66 physical mass unit (atomic mass unit) 39
newton second per square meter 68-69 pica (printer's) 21
newton-meter 73 piece 21
nit 121 pied (French foot) 21
noggin 26 pieze 66
noise level (intensity of noise level) pin 26
(interconversion factors) 126 pint (UK, imperial, US dry, US liquid) 26, 28
normal atmosphere 13 pint per mile 59
nox 121, 123 pipe 26
nuclear magneton 13 Planck constant 13
pli 42
octant 29 pocket (wool) 39
oersted (gilbert per centimeter) 120 point 39
oersted (international) 120 point (printer's) 21
ohm (cgs unit) 105 poise (gram per centimeter second) 68-69
ohm (electric resistance) 12 poise-cubic centimeter per gram 70
ohm (mil foot) 108 poise-cubic foot per pound 70
ohm per 100 feet 109 poise-cubic inch per gram 70
ohm per kilometer 109 poiseuille 68
ohm-centimeter 109 pole (perch, rod) 21
ohm-inch 109 pondal per inch 42
ohm-meter 108-109 pottle 26
ohm-mil per foot 109 poumar 42
ohm-square millimeter per meter 109 pounce (Paris inch) 21
open window unit (owu) 23 pound (avoirdupois, US troy, apothecaries) 39, 41
optical absorption factor (optical absorption pound foot per second 64
coefficient) (interconversion factors) 124-125 pound foot squared 60-61
Ostwald coefficient 51 pound inch squared 60-61
ounce 21 pound of carbon to C02 73
ounce (avoirdupois, apothecaries, metric, troy) 39, 41 pound of water evaporated .at 21 °F 73
ounce (UK fluid, US fluid, liquid ounce) 26 pound per acre 44
ounce foot squared 60 pound per circular mil-foot 47
ounce inch squared 60-61 pound per cubic foot 47-48
ounce per centimeter 42 pound per cubic inch 47-48
ounce per gallon (UK, US) 47 pound per foot 42-43
ounce per inch 42-43 pound per foot hour 68-69
ounce per square foot 44, 66 pound per foot second 68-69
ounce per square inch 44-45, 66 pound per gallon (UK, US) 47-48
ounce per square yard 44 pound per hour 55-56
ounce-force 64 pound per inch 42-43
ounce-force inch 62 pound per meter 42

143
Index

pound per mile 42 Ramden's square chain (engineer's) 23

pound per minute 55-56 Ramden's square link (engineer's) 23
pound per second 55-56 rate constant of first-order reaction 96
pound per square foot 44-45 rate constant of second-order reaction
pound per square inch 44-45 (interconversion factors) 96
pound per square yard 44-45 rate constant of third-order reaction (interconversion
pound per thousand square feet 44 factors) 97
pound per yard 42-43 Raummeter (Festmeter) 27
pound yard squared 60-61 reciprocal centimeter-molecule 79
pound-centigrade unit 73 references 130
pound-centigrade unit per pound 77 reluctance (interconversion factors) 121
pound-centigrade unit per pound degree Celsius 82 Rem (rontgen equivalent man) 128
pound-force 64-65 revolution 29
pound-force foot 62-63 revolution per hour 35
pound-force hour per square foot 68-69 revolution per minute 35-36
pound-force inch 62-63 revolution per second (cycle per second, hertz) 35-36
pound-force per square foot 66-67 reyn (pound-force second per square inch) 68
pound-force per square inch 66-67 right angle 29
pound-force second per square foot 68-69 rod (perch, pole) 21
pound-force second per square inch (reyn) 68 rod (UK, volume) 27
pound-force yard 62-63 rontgen 127
poundal 39, 64 rontgen equivalent man (Rem) 128
Poundal foot (foot-poundal) 62 rood (imperial) 23
poundal per cubic inch 47 room (coal) 40
poundal per inch 71 rope (imperial) 21
poundal per square foot 66 rowland (angstrom, tenth meter) 21
pondal per square inch 44 run( d)let 27
poundal second per square foot 68 Rydberg constant 13
power (heat-flow rate) (interconversion factors) 76 Rydberg unit of energy 73
power (heat-flow rate) (miscellaneous units) 75
prefixes 12 sack (coke, fluor, salt) 27
pressure (stress) (interconversion factors) 67 sack (salt, US) 40
pressure (stress) (miscellaneous units) 66 scruple (apothecaries) 40
proton gyromagnetic ratio 13 scruple (UK fluid) 27
proton magnetic moment, 13 seam 27
proton rest mass 13 seam (glass) 40
puncheon (ale, beer, honey, oil, spirits, vinegar, second (angular) 29, 30, 32
wine) 26 second (time definition) 11
second (length) 21
quadrant 21, 29-30 second (mean solar, sideral) 31
quantity of electricity (electric charge) second radiation constant 13
(miscellaneous units) 99 section 23
quart (UK, US dry, US liquid) 27 sextant 29
quart, reputed 27 shake 31
quarter (length) 21 shed 23
quarter (UK avoirdupois, troy) 40 shipload (coal) 40
quarter (volume) 27 short assay ton 40
quartern (UK dry, UK liquid) 27 short hundredweight (central, short quintal) 40
quintal (imperial, metric) 40 short quarter (US avoirdupois, US short) 40
short ton (net ton) 40-41
SI (Systeme international d'Unites) system 11
rad (radiation dose absorbed) 77, 127 siegbahn unit (X-ray unit, X unit) 21
radian 30 siemens (electric conductance) (mho) 12, 106
radian per hour 35 siemens per meter (mho per meter) 107
radian per minute 35-36 sign 29
radian per second 35-36 sirometer 21
radiation (exposure to X- or gamma-radiation) skein 21
(interconversion factors) 127 slug (see pound) 40
radiation dose absorbed (ionizing radiation) slug hour per foot second squared 68
(interconversion factors) 127 slug per cubic foot 47-48
radiation dose equivalent (absorbed ionizing slug per foot second 68
radiation dose) (interconversion factors) 128 solubility (interconversion factors) 51
radiation length (cascade unit, radiation unit) 21 solubility parameter (Hildebrand) (interconversion
radioactivity (interconversion factors) 126 factors) 53

144
 Index

space (entire) 29 stack 27

span 21 standard (Petrograd, UK timber, US timber) 27
spat 21 standard acceleration due to gravity (G) 37
specific charge (interconversion factors) 114 standard acceleration of free fall 13
specific charge (miscellaneous units) 114 standard molar volume of ideal gas 13
specific conductance (interconversion factors) standard pressure 13
106-107 standard temperature 13
specific energy (calorific value, enthalpy) standard volume of 1 mole perfect gas at 0°C,
interconversion factors) 78 1 atm 27
specific energy (calorific value, enthalpy) statampere 102
(miscellaneous units) 77 statcoulomb 99-100
specific entropy (specific heat capacity) statcoulomb per dyne 114, 127
(interconversion factors) 83 statcoulomb per kilogram 114
specific entropy (specific heat capacity) statcoulomb per pound 114
(miscellaneous units) 82 statfarad (ES cgs unit) 110
specific gravity 47 stathenry 115
specific heat capacity (specific entropy) statmho 106
(interconversion factors) 83 statohm 40
specific heat capacity (specific entropy) statohm (ES cgs unit) 105
(miscellaneous units) 82 statvolt 101
specific resistance (electric resistivity) statweber 117
(interconversion factors) 109 Stefan-Boltzmann constant 13
specific resistance (electric resistivity) steradian (solid angle) 12, 29, 124
(miscellaneous units) 108 stere (French) 27
specific surface (area per unit mass) (miscellaneous sthene 64
units) 46 sthene per square meter 66
specific volume (interconversion factors) 52 stigma (bicron) 21
specific volume (miscellaneous units) 53 stilb (candle per square centimeter) 121-122
speed of light in vacuum 13 stoke per density in gram per milliliter 68
sphere (solid angle) 29 stokes 70
spherical right angle 29 stokes (cgs unit of kinematic viscosity) 70
spindle 21 stone (imperial) 40
square centimeter 23-24 stress (pressure) (interconversion factors) 67
square centimeter per liter 46 stress (pressure) (miscellaneous units) 66
square centimeter per milligram 46 strike (UK) 27
square decimeter 23 surface tension (interconversion factors) 71
square decimeter per liter 46 surface tension (miscellaneous units) 71
square degree 29 symbols of the elements 14
square dekameter 23
square fathom 23 tablespoon 27
square foot (imperial, US survey) 23-24 teaspoon 27
square foot per gallon 46 technical atmosphere 66
square foot per ounce 46 technical coefficient 51
square hectometer 23 temperature (interconversion factors) 72
square inch 23-24 temperature intervals (interconversion factors) 72
square inch per gallon 46 tenth meter (angstrom, rowland) 21
square kilometer 23 tesla (magnetic flux density) 12
square meter 23-24 tex (gram per kilometer) 42
square meter per cubic meter 46 therm 73
square meter per gram 46 therm per cubic foot 80
square meter per kilogram 46 therm per gallon (UK) 80-81
square meter per liter 46 thermal conductance (heat transfer coefficient)
square mile 23-24 (interconversion factors) 91
square mile per long ton 46 thermal conductance (heat transfer coefficient)
square millimeter 23-24 (miscellaneous units) 90
square millimeter per liter 46 thermal conductivity (interconversion factors) 89
square millimeter per milligram 46 thermal conductivity (miscellaneous units) 88
square of flooring 23 thermal diffusivity (kinematic viscosity)
square perch (square rod, square pole) 23 (interconversion factors) 70
square pole (square rod, square perch) 23 thermal diffusivity (kinematic viscosity
square rod (square perch, square pole) 23 (miscellaneous units) 70
square yard 23-24 thermal resistivity 88
square yard per gallon 46 thermie 73
square yard per ounce 46 thermie per liter 80-81
stab 21 Thomson (calorie per mole degree Kelvin 84

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Index

Thomson cross-section 13 velocity, angular {interconversion factors) 36

thou 21
thousand square feet per pound 46
thread 21
tierce 27
time (interconversion factors) 32
time (miscellaneous units) 31
tod {wool) 40
ton (area) 23
ton (oil, sea freight, timber) 27
ton (troy, UK avoirdupois, long ton) 40
ton of refrigeration (US standard) 73, 75
ton per cubic yard 48
ton (long) per square foot 44
ton (long) per square inch 44
ton (long) per square mile 44
ton (metric)-force 64
ton (short) per square foot 44
ton (short) per square inch 44
ton (short)-force foot 62
ton (UK) foot squared 60-61
ton (UK) per 1000 yards 42
ton (UK) per cubic yard 47
ton (UK) per hour 55-56
ton (UK) per mile 42
ton (UK) per minute 55-56
ton (UK)-force 64-65
ton (UK)-force foot 62-63
ton (UK)-force per square foot 66
ton {UK)-force per square inch 66
ton (US short)-force foot 63
ton (US)-force 64-65
ton (US)-force per square foot 66
ton (US)-force per square inch 66
ton register (internal capacity of ships) 27
tonne (tonneau, metric ton, millier) 40
tonne meter squared 60-61
tonne (metric ton) per kilometer 42
tonne-calorie 73
tonne-force 65
tonne-force meter 62, 63
tonneau (tonne, metric ton, millier) 40
tor (torr) 66
torque (moment of force) (interconversion factors)
63
torque (moment of force) (miscellaneous units) 62
torr (tor) 66
tother (lead) 40
township (US) 23
transmission rate (interconversion factors) 98
triple point of water 13
troy pennyweight 40
trug 27
truss (straw) 40
tub (butter) 40
tun (oil, honey, spirits, vinegar, wine) 27
turn 29
unit of amount of substance (definition) 11
unit of electric current (definition) 11
unit of length (definition) 11
unit of luminous intensity (definition) 12
unit of mass (definition) 11
unit of temperature (definition) 11
unit of time (definition) 11
velocity, angular (miscellaneous units) 35
velocity, linear (interconversion factors) 34
velocity, linear (miscellaneous units) 33
virial coefficients 19
viscosity, absolute (dynamic viscosity)
(interconversion factors) 69
viscosity, absolute (dynamic viscosity)
(miscellaneous units) 68
viscosity, dynamic (absolute viscosity)
(interconversion factors) 69
viscosity, dynamic (absolute viscosity)
(miscellaneous units) 68
viscosity, kinematic (thermal diffusivity)
(interconversion factors) 70
viscosity, kinematic (thermal diffusivity)
(miscellaneous units) 70
volt (electric potential difference) 12
volt (international) 101
volt per centimeter 112
volt per inch 112
volt per meter 112
volt per mil 112
volt-coulomb (absolute, international) 73
volt-second (weber) 117
voltage (electric potential difference)
(interconversion factors) 101
volume (interconversion factors) 28
volume (miscellaneous units) 19, 25-28
volume density of charge (electric charge density)
(interconversion factors) 113
volume fraction 50
volume rate of flow (interconversion factors) 58
volume rate of flow (miscellaneous units) 57
watt 75
watt (international) 75
watt {joule per second) 77
watt (maximum visible radiation) 123
watt (power) 12
watt per centimeter degree Celsius 89
watt per centimeter degree Kelvin 88
watt per cubic centimeter 92-93
watt per cubic meter 92-93
watt per meter degree Celsius 88-89
watt per meter degree Kelvin 88
watt per square centimeter 86-87
watt per square centimeter degree Kelvin 90-91
watt per square inch 86-87
watt per square meter 86-87
watt per square meter degree Kelvin 90-91
watt-hour (absolute, international) 73
watt-minute (absolute) 73
watt-second (absolute, international) 73
wavelength of orange-red line of krypton-86 21
wavelength of red line of cadmium 21
weber (magnetic flux) 12
weber (volt-second) 117
weber per centimeter squared 118
week 31-32
weight fraction 50
weight per cent 49, 51
wey (load) 27
wey (UK mass) 40

146
 Index

Wien's radiation constant 13 yard of land 23

winchester quart 27
winchester wine gallon (WWG)
X unit (siegbahn unit) 21
yard (imperial, scientific, US)
yard per hour 33
27 yard per minute 33
yard per second 33
year (365 days) 31, 32
year (sideral, tropical, mean solar, calendral) 31
21-22

147