Keys B1+

_tumget‐s Iaaj ceswgr jgy I3+
= ?i
We`t 3 _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs Aaa; igcut`hul, m`hffioult, glmgrly, sao`cilg
Xaociulcry p8 7 aAa; cttrcot`vg, baam-laajèb, autbaèb
nalm n`s irgctn 4 mglìgrctgly stap irgctnèb ?o
3
luebs 4 arbces è yaur ongst yau irgctng _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
Iu`lm; avgrwg`bnt, straeb, wgll-iu`lt
w`tn =
Ng`bnt; dgmùd-ng`bnt, tcll
n`bnly 4 nubgly 3 alm, glmgrly 9 cttrcot`vg/baam-laajèb
Nc`r; iclm, ilaemg, ourly, mcrj, hc`r, laeb,
pravg 4 snaw ? onggrhul = tnè 7 ncrm/m`hffioult
dgmùd-lgebtn, sp`jy, strc`bnt, wcvy 8 olgvgr/ir`bnt
brcmuclly 4 slawly
Bgegrcl; outg, baam-laajèb, prgtty
8 7
9 _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
Iu`lm 8
tnè avgrwg`bnt straeb wgll-iu`lt Brcddcr è oaetgxt pp>‟0 _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
Ng`bnt 3c
snart dgmùd-ng`bnt tcll 3 o 9 h ? i = g 7 b 8 m 2 c Bctgwcy ta l`hg sj`lls pp36‟33
Nc`r 3i 3c
snart iclm ilaemg ourly mcrj hc`r laeb Egbct`vg; … sng `se‐t tgconèb tngd è tng @e Gebl`sn, tng gxprgssàe „blcss nclh hull‐ `s
dgmùd-lgebtn sp`jy strc`bnt wcvy scdg wcy cs ngr hctngr. ahtge usgm ta mgsorìg sadgaeg apt`d`stò
Bgegrcl Sugstàe; Crg wg gxpgotèb ceatngr w`tn c pas`t`vg autlaaj ae l`hg, g.b. N`s blcss
cttrcot`vg outg baam-laajèb prgtty rgoarm cttgdpt1 `s clwcys nclh hull; wnge n`s ﬉`bnt wcs
? 9 mglcygm ng wcs ncppy igocusg ng ncm
_ubbgstgm ceswgrs 3 `s plcyèb 9 plcy ? `s igoadèb darg t`dg ta v`s`t tng snaps è tng c`rpart!
c`rpart!
Vnata c (Lcurc ]ratt); _ng‐s tnè. _ng‐
_ng ‐s bat = eggm 7 `s stumyèb 8 oncebgs 3i
laeb ilaemg nc`r. _ng‐s
_ng‐s vgry prgtty
prgtty.. 2 wgcr _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
Vnata i (Gmm`g Ygmdcyeg); Ng‐s tcll cem ? 9
qu`tg baam-laajèb. Ng‐s bat snart, hc`r nc`r. 3 chtgr 9 igharg ? prgsget s`dplg 3 ✟ 9 ✟ ? ✟ = ✒ 7 ✟
Vnata o (Wscè Ialt); Ng‐s wgll-iu`lt cem = clwcys, prgsget oaetèuaus ?c, ?i cem ?o
straeb. Ng‐s bat mcrj nc`r cem irawe gygs. = _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
= c ‐s clwcys usèb i magse‐t usuclly plcy =
3 m 9 g ? c = o 7 h 8 i 2 b o ‐s igoadè
igoadèbb m ‐s dcjèb g magse‐t _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
7 usuclly wgcr h ncs bat b ahtge scy 7c
3 rgl`cilg 9 sglffisn ? eòg = olgvgr n plcy ` `s oncebèb k mae‐t ahtge plcy Ocllud; oadputgr bcdgs
7 sny 8 crrabcet 2 iassy > oaeffimget j clwcys ma l `s ffie`snèb d usuclly plcys Ecad`; l`stgeèb ta pgaplg
8 7c cem 7i Ycongl; crt cem dcjèb tnèbs
3 Yasg ‟ lczy _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs ]aiy; tgee`s
9 R`ll`cd ‟ crrabcet 8 7i
? Kgssòc ‟ t`my _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 3 H 9 ] ? ] = ] 7 H 8 H
= Ircemae ‟ `dpct`get 2 2 ] > H
2c cem 2i _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 8
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
Mgvglapèb vaociulcry p0
Ygcmèb p2 3 L`stgeèb p39
3 Cll tngsg warms mgsorìg sadgaeg‐s 3
_ubbgstgm ceswgrs cppgcrceog è c pas`t`vg wcy; _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
@e tng ffirst pnata tngrg `s c dce ar iay cttrcot`vg ‟
cttrcot`vg ‟ usgm har mgsorìèb dge cem 9
uemgr wctgr. Ng `se‐t davèb. Vgrncps ng‐s wadge wna crg plgcscet ta laaj ct 3 tng sue 9 c hcog ? c haaticll
igge tngrg har c laeb t`dg. Dcyig ng‐s igcut`hul ‟
‟ gxtrgdgly cttrcot`vg (usuclly = ce gyg 7 c ﬉awgr
spgo`cl igocusg ng oce stcy uemgr wctgr ar usgm ah wadge) ?
nalm n`s irgctn har c rgclly laeb t`dg. outg ‟
outg ‟ cttrcot`vg, usuclly sdcll cem gcsy ta c _pgcjgr 9 i _pgcjgr 3 o _pgcjgr ?
@e tng sgoaem pnata tngrg `s c wadce l`jg m _pgcjgr = g _pgcjgr ? h _pgcjgr 7
plcyèb ongss. Ongss `s c vgry m`hffioult baam-laajèb ‟
baam-laajèb ‟ usgm har mgsorìèb cmults b _pgcjgr = n _pgcjgr 7
bcdg cem pgaplg wna plcy `t wgll crg vgry ah iatn sgxgs cem almgr on`lmrge wna =
ètgll`bget. crg eòg ta laaj ct _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
9 ncemsadg ‟
ncemsadg ‟ usuclly usgm har c dce ar iay
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs (4 baam-laajèb) Brcddcr è oaetgxt pp39‟3?
? prgtty ‟
‟ usuclly usgm har yaueb wadge cem 3c
3 H (lègs ?‟7) b`rls wna ncvg eòg hcogs ]ngy cll mgsorìg stctgs cem s`tuctàes.
9 H (lègs 0‟33) 9 3i
? H (lègs 33‟3=) onggrhul ‟ ncppy ‟ blcm ]ngy crg cll è tng prgsget s`dplg igocusg
m`hffioult ‟ ncrm cotàe vgris oce ig usgm è oaetèuaus
= ] (lègs 3>‟30)
glmgrly ‟ alm tgesgs, iut vgris tnct mgsorìg stctgs cem
7 ] (lègs 90‟??)
hr`gemly ‟ sao`cilg ‟ autbaèb s`tuctàes oce‐t.
8 H (lègs ?7‟?8) sl`d ‟ tnè 3o
2 H (lègs ?8‟?>) ?c 3 lavg, l`jg 9 mae‐t igl`gvg, jeaw, tnèj
> H (lègs =2‟79) cttrcot`vg, igcut`hul, baam-laajèb, m`hffioult, ? laajs, sdgll = ncvg
glmgrly, autbaèb, sao`cilg
]n`s pcbg ncs igge mawelacmgm hrad www.dcod`llcebctgwcy9.o

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Vnataoap`cilg © Dcod`llce Vuil`sngrs L`d`tgm 9638 3 ah 3>

9 7 C ocdps`tg `s c plcog wngrg pgaplg

3 cd laajèb, Ma yau jeaw 9 laajs Lcebucbg ongojpaèt; We`t 3 ae nal`mcy oce stcy è tgets ar atngr
? ncs bat = `s ncvèb 7 Ma yau jeaw tgdparcry struoturgs.
8 mae‐t uemgrstcem 2 igl`gvg Brcddcr rgv`sàe p32 2
> mae‐t l`jg, wcet 3 3 ]n`s `s ae tng plcthard ct tng trcè stctàe.
? c crg (yau) wgcrèb i mae‐t usuclly wgcr 9 Ng `s è c igm cem irgcjhcst.
3 sauems 9 sdglls ? sggd = laajs o ‐d baèb m ‐d stcrtèb g warj ? _ng `s ct c tòjgt ahffiog.
7 tcstgs 8 hggls h ‐rg scvèb = ]ngy crg è c ocrcvce.
=c cem =i 9 >
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 3 @ mae‐t usuclly ba ta sonaal iy ius. _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
7 9 (oarrgot) ? Dy hr`gems cem @ sadgt`dgs
c sauem i ‐d ncvèb o ‐d stcyèb plcy haaticll chtgr sonaal. = Cmcd `s ahtge Ygcmèb p30
m rgdgdigr g ncs h iglaebs b lgts lctg. 7 (oarrgot) 8 Ng egvgr gcts dgct. 3
n wcets ` crg (yau) maèb k ‐d bgttèb ? _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
j oaajs l ‐s dcjèb d sdglls 3 eggm 9 Ma yau jeaw ? Crg yau 9
e ‐rg dcjèb a eggm p ‐s ocllèb ncvèb = awes 7 mae‐t sggd 8 prghgr 3 trcès, iusgs
8 2 crg yau laajèb > iglaebs
9 Gxgtgr ta Icrestcplg, tnge icoj ta Gxgtgr
Xaociulcry rgv`sàe p32 ?
Mgvglapèb spgcjèb p3=
Mgvglapèb 3 3 c 9 o ? c = i 7 i
3 3 cttrcot`vg (bgegrcl) 9 wgll-iu`lt (iu`lm) =
Dgbce‐s naiiy; icsjgticll ? dgmùd-ng`bnt (ng`bnt) = strc`bnt (nc`r) _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
Gll`g‐s naii`gs; sw`ddèb, raoj dusò, 7 outg (bgegrcl) 8 avgrwg`bnt (iu`lm) 7
plcyèb tng bu`tcr 2 iclm (nc`r) oallgotgm 4 tcjge, baeg ta bgt
9 9 ceeaueogdgets 4 èhardctàe yau ngcr
c ffirst i icsjgticll o sw`ddèb 3 ea`sy 9 uet`my ? sgràus laumly ciaut trcès ar atngr `dpartcet
m raoj g bu`tcr h baam = olgvgr/ètgll`bget/ir`bnt 7 uehr`gemly gvgets
? 8 lczy 2 `dpct`get har tng igegffit ah 4 ta nglp
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs ? r`tucl 4 sadgtnèb c pgrsae clwcys mags è
= 3 olgvgr/ètgll`bget 9 baam-laajèb/ tng scdg wcy
3 suikgot praeaues 9 cux`l`cry vgris ncemsadg ? ncrm = onggrhul oaemuotar 4 tng pgrsae è oncrbg ct tng
cem „ta ig‐ ? egbct`vg, chffirdct`vg 7 sao`cilg 8 glmgrly trcè stctàe ar ae c ius
7 t`dgtcilg 4 tng ahffio`cl t`dgs cem
mgstèctàes ah trcès ar iusgs
3 ncvge‐t yau 9 oce yau ? magse‐t sng We`t 9 8
= `se‐t sng 7 `s ng 8 mags ng
2 oce‐t tngy Xaociulcry p3> _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
8 3 cem 9
Brcddcr è oaetgxt p96
Ceswgrs ae pcbgs 3=2 cem 3=> Lcem trcespart; datari`jg, i`jg
C`r trcespart; raojgt, nat-c`r icllaae 3c
2c, 2i cem 2o
Rctgr trcespart; hgrry c pcst pgrhgot, pcst s`dplg
? i pcst s`dplg, pcst s`dplg
Mgvglapèb
Mgvglapèb wr`tèb p37 c octon i tòjgt ahffiog o sèblg o pcst oaetèuaus, pcst s`dplg
3 m rgture g hcrg h lubbcbg b plcthard 3i
c Yasg i D`c o Al`v`c m Ircm n d`ss ` mglcy k oceogl j crr`vcls 3 pcst pgrhgot, c
9 l mgpcrturgs 9 pcst s`dplg, i
Ircm; tatclly dcm, dcjgs pgaplg lcubn = ? pcst oaetèuaus, o
Yasg; gxtrgdgly olgvgr cem nglphul _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 3o
Al`v`c; clwcys onggrhul 7 3 Ng m`me‐t s`t mawe. M`m ng s`t mawe1
? c nastgl i ocdps`tg, ocrcvce, tget 9 Ng wcse‐t gctèb n`s scemwòn. Rcs ng
3 t`rgm 9 ce cotrgss ? ng eggms c o igm cem irgcjhcst m natgl g datgl gctèb n`s scemwòn1 ? Ng ncme‐t gctge
nal`mcy = eardcl 7 gxtrgdg 8 sahtgr 8 n`s scemwòn. Ncm ng gctge n`s scemwòn1
= 3 C datgl `s c typg ah natgl. @t‐s egxt ta c 9c
_ubbgstgm ceswgrs i`b racm. Vgaplg usuclly stcy tngrg wnge 3 wcs snèèb
3 olgvgr, laeb nc`r tngy mr`vg c laeb m`stceog cem kust wcet ta 9 ocubnt
9 ncppy, dcm rgst cem slggp. ? wcs r`mèb
? eòg pgrsae, hr`gemly 9 C nastgl `s c ongcp plcog wngrg = wgrg wc`tèb
trcvgllgrs oce stcy har c snart pgràm ah
= sny, ng‐s qu`tg sgràus 7 iaubnt
t`dg. C natgl `s darg gxpges`vg cem ncs
7c cem 7i darg hco`l`t`gs. 8 wcs laajèb
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs ? C igm cem irgcjhcst `s c sdcll natgl ar 2 wcs seawèb
pr`vctg nausg tnct prav`mgs c raad har tng > ngcrm
e`bnt cem c dgcl tng egxt dareèb. 9i
= C tget `s c struoturg dcmg ah olatn tnct pcst oaetèuaus
yau slggp è wnge ocdpèb. C ocrcvce `s ?
usgm har l`vèb è ae nal`mcy cem `t `s pullgm 3 wcs wctonèb
ignèm c ocr. 9 wcs lgcvèb

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? ocdg 2 ?
= wgrg mr`vèb c haam i plcets o sa`l m oaetcdèctg Oaulm yau tgll dg tng t`dg ah tng egxt trcè
7 wgrg snappèb g ruii`sn h ]a` @na b gev`raedgetclly ta Ocetgriury1
8 dgt hr`gemly n j`w` hru`t … oce yau tgll dg wnòn plcthard `t `s har
2 wgrg tcljèb > tng trcè ta Laemae1
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs Vcrmae1
> wgrg maèb
_arry, @ m`me‐t octon tnct.
= L`stgeèb p9= =
9 Igocusg sadgiamy ncm stalge `t. 3 3 Oaulm yau tgll dg `h `t‐s passìlg ta pcy
? Igocusg tngy ncm ncm tng alm aeg har 3 i 9 c ? o = c iy mgi`t ocrm1
37 ygcrs. 9 9 Oaulm yau tgll dg wnct tng ongcpgst
= Igocusg @‐m egvgr ﬉awe igharg. _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs hcrg `s1
7 Igocusg `t ncm seawgm tng e`bnt igharg. ? ? Oaulm yau tgll dg `h `t‐s c m`rgot trcè1
8 Igocusg sng ncme‐t stum`gm duon. 96 ‟ 32 = Oaulm yau tgll dg wnct t`dg `t `s1
2 Igocusg ng ncm last n`s pcsspart. 3799 ‟ 3730 7 Oaulm yau tgll dg wnct t`dg tng trcè
> Igocusg ng ncm spget `t. 3>26 ‟3>29 crr`vgs1
0 Igocusg sng ncme‐t lght ae t`dg. gebèggr ‟ iusègssdce 7
hcst ‟ taaj c laeb t`dg _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
Mgvglapèb vaociulcry p93 kust avgr
avgr twa mc
mcys
ys ‟ lgss tnce ?9 na
naurs
urs 8
3 i 9 n ? b = h 7 m 8 g Brcddcr è oaetgxt pp9=‟97
2 c > o 3c Mgvglapèb wr`tèb p92
9c 3 i 9 o ? c 3
3 vgri 9 eaue ? vgri = eaue 3i _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
7 vgri 8 eaue ]ngy m`me‐t usg ta trcvgl iy narsg corass 9
9i tng W_. M`m tngy usg ta trcvgl iy narsg _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
]ng strgss è pnrcscl vgris `s usuclly corass tng W_1
?
ae tng prgpas`tàe. @h tngy ncvg c eaue 9
oauetgrpcrt, nawgvgr, tng strgss `s usuclly 3 usgm ta 9 M`m pgaplg usg ta ? m`me‐t 3 @t wcs laeb.
wctongm @t taaj
ffilds cem sgvge
plcygm naurs.
v`mga ]ngy
bcdgs.
ae tng ffirst pcrt. usg ta = usgm ta 7 m`me‐t usg ta 8 M`mM`m
9 @t wcs n`s hcvaur`tg cttrcotàe. ]ngy
? pgaplg usg ta 2 usgm ta > M`m pgaplg
spget naurs tngrg ae tng r`mgs.
c cwcy i ahh o èta m mawe usg ta 0 m`me‐t usg ta 36 usgm ta
? ? @t‐s aeg ah tng i`bbgst è tng warlm.
g aut ah h ae b è n ahh
]ngrg wcs ce cqucrùd. ]ngrg wcs c
=c cem =i 3 wget 9 usgm ta ba ? oyolgs
spgotcoulcr snaw è tng gvgeèb.
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs = m`me‐t usg ta l`jg 7 usgm ta plcy
8 m`me‐t usg ta ba = Muic`‐s èmaar seaw pcrj `s geardaus.
Bctgwcy ta l`hg sj`lls pp99‟9? = =
3 _ubbgstgm ceswgrs c ir`ll`cet plcog i laeb o c brgct t`dg
_ubbgstgm ceswgrs ]ngy m`me‐t usg ta plcy haaticll. m m`m l`jg
Vnata 9 igocusg tngy crg eat mcdcbèb ]ngy m`me‐t usg ta r`mg datari`jgs, tngy 7
tng gev`raedget ‟ tngy‐rg ae iòyolgs. usgm ta r`mg narsgs. 3 Rnct c iusy o`ty!
Vnata = igocusg tng b`rl `s usèb c ]ngy m`me‐t usg ta l`stge ta DV? plcygrs. 9 @t wcs suon c brgct ﬉`bnt.
bu`mgiaaj, wnòn dgces sng‐s snawèb ]ngy m`me‐t usg ta usg tcilgts. ]ngy usgm ? Rg wgrg sa t`rgm wnge wg crr`vgm.
ètgrgst è tng laocl oulturg cem pgrncps ta usg pge cem pcpgr cem iaajs. = @ ma lavg Egw Parj.
sng‐s lgcreèb sadg ah tng lcebucbg. ]ngy m`me‐t usg ta wgcr sueblcssgs, tngy 7 Rg m`m ncvg c baam t`dg.
9 usgm ta wgcr ncts. 8 Rg wgrg sa ncppy ta bgt icoj.
3 H 9 O ? G = C ]ngy m`me‐t usg ta gct tcjg cwcy p`zzc. 2 Rnct c brgct nal`mcy!
? ]ngy m`me‐t usg ta ﬉y nglòaptgrs. ]ngy > @t‐s suon c hcetcstò plcog har snappèb.
Igharg yau trcvgl; 3 M 9 C ? B usgm ta ncvg nat c`r icllaaes.
8
Rnge yau‐rg tngrg; 3 I 9 N ? J 7
= G 7 O 8 H 2 K > @ c oce i oce‐t o oce m oce‐t
2
= 8
3 `t mgpgems ‟ Pau eggm ta ongoj 3 waulm 9 waulm ? ea oncebg
lcws ciaut iuyèb n`starò crtghcots = ea oncebg 7 waulm 8 ea oncebg
ffirst. 9 icm ? `t mgpgems ‟ Pau oce 2c cem 2i Lcebucbg ongojpaèt; We`t 9
usg `t sa laeb cs yau ture `t ahh wnge yau‐rg _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
eat è tng raad. = `t mgpgems ‟ Csj Brcddcr rgv`sàe p90
pgrd`ssàe igharg yau tcjg sadgaeg‐s Mgvglapèb
Mgvglapèb spgcjèb p98
3
pnatabrcpn. 7 baam 8 `t mgpgems ‟ @h 3 3 stappgm 9 wcs wc`tèb ? put
yaur mgstèctàe `s lgss tnce 766 jd, usg c 3 Laemae 9 Axharm ? 99em _gptgdigr = bat 7 wgrg oryèb 8 wgrg wctonèb
trcè. @h yau eggm ta ﬉y, onaasg c`rlègs tnct = Aeg cmult 7 _èblg 8 _tcemcrm 2 mrappgm
ncvg gegrby-ghffio`get plcegs. 2 icm 2 £9=.66 9
7 9 3 Iy tng t`dg sng crr`vgm ct tng`r nausg,
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 3 Ocetgriury 9 ]amcy ? ?.77 pd tngy ncm clrgcmy lght.
8 = Oncebg trcès ct Laemae _t Vceorcs 9 Rnge ng ncm ffie`sngm usèb tng
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 7 Ygture, oadèb icoj egxt Rgmegsmcy oadputgr, ng sw`tongm `t ahh.
8 £=3 2 Mgi`t ocrm > Vlcthard 0

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Vnataoap`cilg © Dcod`llce Vuil`sngrs L`d`tgm 9638 ? ah 3>

? Chtgr tngy ncm iaubnt tng`r tòjgts, tngy _pgcjèb p?3 =

wget èta tng oègdc. = 3 ]ngy l`vg è tng oauetrys`mg. 9 Igocusg
Igocusg
= Cs saae cs sng ncm maeg ngr _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs èmustry `s brawèb cem pgaplg crg davèb
nadgwarj, sng wget ta igm. 7 ta tng o`t`gs ta bgt kais. ? ]ngy l`vg è
7 Rnge wg ncm gctge aur dgcl, wg pc`m lcrbg ilaojs ah ﬉cts. ]nct dgces tng o`t`gs
tng i`ll. crg vgry orawmgm. = ]ngy crg iu`lmèb
8 ]ngy wget èta tng nausg chtgr tngy ncm L`stgeèb p?3 goa-o`t`gs. 7 ]ngy usg salcr pawgr, tngy
uelaojgm tng maar. oallgot rcèwctgr cem tng wclls ncvg brgge
8
plcets l`vèb ae tngd wnòn olgce tng c`r.
? _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
7
3 usg 9 m`me‐t usg ta ? usuclly 2
= wae 7 usgm ta 8 usgm ta/waulm _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
2 waulm tcjg 3 om _pgcjgr 9 c _pgcjgr ? g
_pgcjgr =
_pgcjgr 8
brawèb 4 bgttèb i`bbgr
Xaociulcry rgv`sàe p90 Rr`tèb p?3 urbget 4 `s `dpartcet cem dust ncppge
3 > quòjly
3 c typg ah trcespart tnct bags ae tng _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs cooaddamctg 4 ta b`vg sadgaeg c nadg,
racm cem tcjgs c lat ah pgaplg hrad aeg dcjg spcog har sadgaeg
o`ty ta ceatngr èorgcsg è s`zg 4 igoadg lcrbgr
We`t ? egcriy 4 olasg, eat hcr cwcy
9 tng plcog wngrg yau stcem ta octon c
trcè Xaociulcry p?9 2
? tng s`tuctàe wnge sadgtnèb ncppges 3 _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
lctgr tnce plceegm c sgd`-mgtcongm nausg Brcddcr è oaetgxt pp?=‟?7
= tng daegy tnct yau pcy har c kauregy i tgrrcogm nausg
3c
7 c typg ah sgc trcespart tnct tcjgs o mgtcongm nausg/iuebcla
nausg/iuebclaw
w
pgaplg cem ocrs ae kauregys tnct crg eat 3 pcst s`dplg (sgetgeogs 3, =)
m oattcbg 9 prgsget pgrhgot (sgetgeogs 9, ?)
vgry laeb
9 3i
8 c tòjgt har c kauregy wngrg yau ba cem _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs pcst pcrtò`plg
oadg
2 wngeicoj
yautacrr`vg
tng scdg plcog
taa lctg harcscyau
ius,stcrtgm
trcè ? 9
_ubbgstgm ceswgrs 3 brgw 9 ncs baeg ? ncs oncebgm
ar atngr typg ah trcespart
j`tonge, igmraad, stumy, lauebg (ar l`vèb = iu`lt 7 ncs mgs`begm 8 ncs igge
> wnge yau stap sadgtnèb tnct wcs raad), ictnraad, mèèb raad, ncll,
baèb ta ncppge 2 wcs > ncvg v`s`tgm 0 ncs rgcongm
bcrcbg, cttò, ahffiog 36 ncvg iu`lt
9 = ?c
3 datgl 9 igm cem irgcjhcst _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 3 gvgr 9 kust ? clrgcmy = egvgr
? ocdps`tg = tget 7 ocrcvce 7 7 har, sèog, har, sèog 8 ygt
8 (yautn) nastgl _ubbgstgm ceswgrs
?i
? c ]n`s `s c o`ty ogetrg. Pau oce sgg sadg 3 clrgcmy, gvgr, kust, egvgr 9 har, sèog
3 è 9 ahh ? è = èta 7 mawe vgry tcll sjysorcpgrs è tng icojbrauem
icojbrauem.. @e
8 cwcy ? ygt
tng hargbrauem yau oce sgg tng tawe ncll.
i ]n`s `s ae tng autsj`rts ah tng o`ty iut `t =
magse‐t snaw tng suiuris. Pau oce sgg tng 9 ‐vg egvgr l`vgm ? ‐s clrgcmy v`s`tgm
Bctgwcy ta gxcds; We`ts 3‟9 part cem sadg hcotar`gs. = ‐vg ncm, har 7 Ncs (`t) kust rcègm
8 8 ‐vg lavgm, sèog 2 Ncvg (yau) gvgr
Ygcmèb p?6 3 part 9 èegr o`ty ? o`ty ogetrg l`vgm
3 = squcrg 7 suiuris 8 autsj`rts 7
Onr`s Ncmffiglm `s ce cstraecut. 2c 3 I 9 C ? M = M 7 C 8 I
3 Dasoaw ‟ hcvaur`tg o`ty 3 n`starò 9 qu`gt ? m`rty = l`vgly 2 I > O 0 I 36 C
9 Icricmas ‟ c souic m`vèb nal`mcy w`tn 7 iusy 8 orawmgm
Mgvglapèb vaociulcry p?7
hcd`ly 2i
? ]ètcbgl ‟ n`s hcvaur`tg plcog è tng ea`sy, olgce 3
Ir`t`sn @slgs, ng m`m c tr`p tngrg > 3 n 9 b ? c = o 7 h 8 m 2 k
= Vartubcl ‟ n`s igst nal`mcy 3 c ilaoj ah ﬉cts 9 c iuebclaw > ` 0 i 36 g
9
7 ]ng Ocrìigce ‟ tng egxt nal`mcy ? tng suiuris = tng èegr o`ty/o`ty
ogetrg 3 o 9 c/i ? m = c/i
9
0 ?
3 ] (lègs 3‟?)
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 3 stueeèb 9 ceo`get ? nat
9 ] (lèg >) = pcojgm 7 m`rty 8 s`lget
? H (lègs 30‟93) =c
Ygcmèb p??
= H (lègs 98‟92) Rg strgss gxtrgdg cmkgot`vgs darg.
3
7 H (lèg ?7) =i
8 H (lègs =2‟=>) _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
9
2 ] (lègs 77‟7>) ]ng tgxt `s ciaut dgbco`t`gs (vgry lcrbg 7c
> H (lègs 89‟8?) o`t`gs) è Onèc. _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
? ? 7i
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 3 g 9 i ? m = c 7 o _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs

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Vnataoap`cilg © Dcod`llce Vuil`sngrs L`d`tgm 9638 = ah 3>

Bctgwcy ta l`hg sj`lls pp?8‟?2 ? 9

3 c Aotaigr i Dcy o hcdaus m l`vgly 3 pnata c 9 sjysorcpgrs, iusy, pcojgm,
3 ‟6.? mgbrggs Oglsùs 9 9=.0 mgbrggs g oaeogrts h m`hhgrget oauetr`gs mcebgraus, ètgrgstèb, l`vgly, ea`sy, m`rty,
m`rty,
Oglsùs ? n`bngr = iy suiwcy 7 ygs b typòcl m`sn n pnysòs ` gxcds orawmgm ? Ng waulme‐t l`jg ta l`vg tngrg
9 = igocusg ng tnèjs i`b o`t`gs crg taa ea`sy,
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs m`rty cem orawmgm.
?
? Brcddcr è oaetgxt pp?>‟?0 @e tng pnata @ oce sgg ...
3 M 9 I ? C = O
3c Ae tng r`bnt ...
=
Vrgsget pgrhgot oaetèuaus; 3, = @e tng icojbrauem ...
3 r`sèb 9 c qucrtgr ? avgr
Vrgsget pgrhgot s`dplg; 9, ? @e tng hargbrauem ...
Cpprax`dctgly
= stcys
8 tng scdg 7 2 sl`bntly
èorgcsgm stgcm`ly 3i @e tng d`mmlg ...
3 i 9 o ? c = m @e tng tap r`bnt oaregr ah tng pnata ...
7c cem 7i
3o =
c = ]ng cvgrcbg tgdpgrcturg
tgdpgrcturg stcys
cpprax`dctgly
cpprax`d ctgly tng scdg igtwgge Kuly cem igge + vgri + -èb
-èb 3 @e tng pnata @ oce
Cubust. 9 9 r`bnt
i 9 Kust avgr c tn`rm ah Egw Parjgrs usg 3 _ng‐s igge rueeèb. 9 ]ngy‐vg ? icojbrauem
tng suiwcy. igge snappèb. ? Ng‐s igge stumyèb = iattad lght
cll e`bnt. / Ng‐s igge warjèb ae tng
o ? Wemgr c qucrtgr ah Egw Parjgrs trcvgl 7 d`mmlg
oadputgr. = _ng‐s igge mgoarctèb/
ta warj iy ocr. 7
pcètèb ngr nausg. 7 ]ngy‐vg igge
m 8 Aeg è tge Egw Parjgrs wclj ta warj. plcyèb tgee`s. _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
g 3 Ciaut twa tn`rms ah pgaplg è Egw ? 8
P
Parj
arj mae‐t trcvgl
trcvgl ta warj iy
iy suiwcy
suiwcy.. 3 @‐vg out dy ffiebgr
ffiebgr.. (]ng cotàe `s vgry _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
h 7 ]ng eudigr ah taur`sts baèb ta Egw snart.)
P
Parj
arj `s r`sèb.
r`sèb. / ]ng tgdpgrctur
tgdpgrcturg g è Egw Mgvglapèb wr`tèb p=3
9 Oarrgot. (]ng gdpncs`s `s ae tng
P
Parj
arj `s r`sèb.
r`sèb. murctàe ah tng cot`v`ty.) 3
7o 3 ] 9 ] ? ] = ] 7 ]
? Oarrgot. (]ng gdpncs`s `s ae ce cotàe
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs ffie`sngm vgry rgogetly.) 9
= _ng‐s rgcm tn`s iaaj tnrgg t`dgs. (]ng
3 Cbg 97‟?=, dcyig igocusg tngy usg gdpncs`s `s ae naw dcey t`dgs tng cotàe ?
tng tgonealaby darg hrgqugetly. ncppges.) _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
9 77‟8=, dcyig igocusg tngy crg almgr 7 Dy iratngr ncs igge pcètèb n`s =
cem tngy mae‐t jeaw tng tgonealaby. igmraad, iut ng ncse‐t ffie`sngm. c N` i ecdg o yaur lcst gdc`l
? wadge (]ng gdpncs`s `s ae ce cotàe tnct `s m ta ngcr hrad yau g tngy‐vg
2 èoadplgtg.) h ]ncej yau b An n ! ` wcy
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs k icoj saae j Lavg
8 Oarrgot (]ng gdpncs`s `s ae tng murctàe
> ah tng cotàe.) 7
3 H (Ciaut twa tn`rms ah usgrs crg _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
2 @‐vg irajge tng wèmaw. (]ng gdpncs`s
igtwgge 3? cem ?=.) `s ae tng rgsult ah tng cotàe.) 8
9 ] _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
> Oarrgot (]ng cotàe `s oadplgtg.)
? H (Avgr c qucrtgr ...) =
= H (... igtwgge tng cbgs ah 77 cem 8=) 3 igge sèbèb Lcebucbg ongojpaèt; We`t ?
7 ] 9 maeg
2 ]
8 H (... hclls
h clls qu`tg mrcdctòclly ...) = ncm
? igge laajèb Brcddcr rgv`sàe p=?
3
> H (... sl`bntly darg wadge tnce dge.) 7 igge maèb c ‐vg l`vgm i har o ncs oncebgm
0 8 dcmg m ncs bat g ‐vg iu`lt h stcrtgm
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 2 igge warjèb b ncvge‐t ffie`sngm n ygt ` kust
> igge plcyèb k wcetgm
L`stgeèb p?>
7 9
3 c ncvg yau igge l`vèb i ‐vg igge 3 Ncvg (yau) sw`tongm 9 ‐vg igge
_ubbgstgm ceswgrs stumyèb o ncvge‐t ffie`sngm m ncvg yau stumyèb ? ‐vg igge ffixèb = ‐s irajge
]ng pnata snaws c braup ah yaueb pgaplg igge stumyèb g ‐vg igge warjèb 7 ncs igge stumyèb 8 ‐vg igge iu`lmèb
s`ttèb crauem c tcilg. _adg ah tngd crg h ncvg yau igge l`vèb b ‐vg dcmg 2 ‐s dcmg > Ncvg (yau) igge wc`tèb
gctèb cem mrèjèb. @e tng hargbrauem, n ‐vg igge l`vèb 0 ‐vg igge wcljèb 36 ‐vg ffie`sngm
tngrg crg twa iawls ah haam. Gvgryaeg 8
laajs rgclly ncppy. @ tnèj tn`s d`bnt ig _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs Xaociulcry rgv`sàe p=?
lueont`dg ct oallgbg. ]ngy cll laaj ncppy
cem cs `h tngy‐rg gekayèb tngdsglvgs. 3
Mgvglapèb spgcjèb p=6
Mgvglapèb
9 3 mgtcongm 9 oattcbg ? tawe ncll
3 = part 7 èegr o`ty 8 suiuris
? ]urjgy
3 9 _clcdceoc,
Gebl`sn cem _pce`sn _pcè Vnata c; iusy, orawmgm, ea`sy, m`rty, èegr
o`ty, tawe ogetrg
2 tgrrcogm > ilaoj ah ﬉cts
9
Vnata i; n`starò, qu`gt, olgce, tgrrcogm
nausgs, v`llcbg 3 orawmgm 9 m`rty ? n`starò
= qu`gt 7 l`vgly 8 iusy

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? eutr`gets 4 `dpartcet haam braups tnct 9

3 igcut`hul 9 nat ? m`rty = icm dcjg tng iamy warj wgll, hauem è hru`t, 3 g 9 h ? m = n 7 o 8 b 2 c > i
7 i`b 8 iusy/orawmgm vgbgtcilgs cem brcè ?
pawmgr 4 l`bnt, mry suistceog, yau oce 3 ètgr 9 rg ? d`s = m`s 7 avgr
We`t = m`ssalvg `t è wctgr 8 uemgr 2 oa
igegffits 4 cmvcetcbgs =c
Xaociulcry p== mgvglapèb 4 `dpravèb: igoadèb darg 3 d`suemgrstaam 9 m`scmvcetcbgs
3 cmvceogm ar igttgr ? prgoaajgm/rgoaajgm = ètgrectàecl
onòjge, orgcd, al`vg, pgc, p`g, ròg, hcm 4 papulcr har c snart pgràm =i
swggtoare, tuec 8 _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
Hru`t; pgcon, plud Bctgwcy ta l`hg sj`lls pp=>‟=0
Brcddcr è oaetgxt pp=8‟=2 3
ilgs; ocrrat, lgttuog, al`vg, pgc,
Xgbgtcilgs;
Xgbgtc
swggtoare 3c _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
Dgct/H`sn/_gchaam; onòjge, lcdi, prcwe, 3 i 9 c ? o = m 9
tuec, turjgy 3i 3 N 9 G ? M = K 7 B 8 C 2 O
Mc`ry pramuots; orgcd, sgd`-sj`ddgm d`lj 3 w`ll (sgetgeog m) > I 0 @ 36 H
_wggts/Icjgry pramuots; pceocjg, p`g 9 w`ll (sgetgeog o) ?
Atngr; a`l, ròg ? tng prgsget s`dplg (sgetgeog c) c 7 (… gctèb aut `s egcrly clwcys darg
?c = ig baèb ta (sgetgeog i) gxpges`vg tnce gctèb ct nadg.)
_ubbgstgm ceswgrs 9 i > (… dcjg yaur hr`gems ncppy cem snaw
Vnata c; mgssgrt 3 oadgs, w`ll armgr 9 w`ll ocll, ffie`sngs tngd yaur sj`lls …)
Vnata i; dcè oaursg, m`sn ? w`ll ma, dcjgs = ba, w`ll ... iuy o = (… b`vg yau c brgct sgesg ah hrggmad.)
Vnata o; stcrtgr, secoj 7 oadg, w`ll dcjg 8 bgts, w`ll olgce m 2 (Pau oce ncvg c brgct t`dg kust iy igèb
igèb
?i 2 ncvg, w`ll gct > wae‐t tcjg, `s `dcbèct`vg
`dcbèct`vg cem orgct`vg è tng j`tonge.)
ae tng ffirst syllcilg; gxogpt mgssgrt (tng 0 oadg, w`ll dcjg 36 ia`ls, w`ll cmm g 36 (Dcyig yau‐ll igoadg c prahgssàecl
strgss `s ae tng sgoaem syllcilg) ongh, …)
?
?o
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs _ubbgstgm ceswgrs ? (…
hgcon l`d`t tng cdauet ah subcr cem hct è
dgcl.)
3 _ng‐s baèb ta out ngrsglh.
?m b 3 (… w`tn kust c hgw icsò, ecturcl
9 Ng‐s baèb ta mrap tng plctgs.
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs èbrgm`gets yau oce dcjg mglòàus dgcls …)
= ? N`s haam `s baèb ta iure.
n 0 (Oaajèb … oce tgcon yau ciaut
3 spòy 9 tcsty ? rcw = ngcltny/ = _ng‐s baèb ta octon c (lat ah) ffisn. m`hhgrget oauetr`gs …)
uengcltny 7 hrazge 8 hr`gm 2 ia`lgm = ` 9 (… wnge yau oaaj m`sngs yaursglh,
> icjgm 0 racst 36 hrgsn 33 hcst _ubbgstgm ceswgrs yau jeaw gxcotly wnct tngy oaetcè, …)
39 stclg @t‐s stcrtèb ct 8 pd. k 8 (Kust èorgcsg tng qucet`t`gs cem yau‐ll
7 ]ng ffirst spgcjgr `s tcljèb ciaut ngr egw ncvg geaubn ta hrggzg cem gct ceatngr mcy.)
_ubbgstgm ceswgrs ffild. ]ngy crg snawèb tng prgv`gw ct 2 pd. =
ngcltny ‟ sgd`-sj`ddgm d`lj ]ng sgoaem spgcjgr `s gxplcèèb n`s _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
racst ‟ onòjge salutàe ta tng haam or`s`s ct > pd.
7
8 ]ngy‐rg ncvèb c secoj ct >.?6 pd.
Kcsdèg; spgo`cl hr`gm ffisn
3 hr`gm 9 rcw ? spòy = hcst/ Ct 0 pd, tngy‐rg nalmèb tng pr`zg-b`vèb
Ige; @tcl`ce sclcm
uengcltny 7 stclg 8 racst ogrgdaey.
8
2 Ae Hr`mcy 39tn ct 2 pd, c prabrcddg ciaut
_ubbgstgm ceswgrs
tng tclj `s igèb snawe ae Onceegl >.
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 7 al`vg a`l ‟ a`l `s sl`ppgry wnge `t‐s ae tng
Ygcmèb p=7 ﬉aar, yau oaulm sl`p w`tn c je`hg ar nat haam
3i Oarrgot 9c Oarrgot ?c Oarrgot
è yaur ncems (Ige)
3 =c `s oarrgot igocusg `t‐s c prgmòtàe icsgm
cprae cem nc`r ‟ nyb`geg, nc`r dust ig t`gm
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs ae gv`mgeog. =i `s oarrgot igocusg `t‐s
icoj ar oavgrgm cem wgcr ce cprae igocusg
igocusg
9 c bgegrcl prgmòtàe. 7c Oarrgot 8c `s
`t jggps yau cem haam olgce (Kcsdèg)
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs oarrgot igocusg tng prgsget s`dplg `s usgm
har t`dgtcilgs. 8i `s oarrgot igocusg tng kgwgllgryy ‟ yau oce‐t
kgwgllgr oce‐t wcsn
wcsn yaur ncems
ncems cem
? dcjg tngd 366% olgce `h yau crg wgcrèb
prgsget oaetèuaus `s usgm har oaeffirdgm
3 ] (lègs =‟7) kgwgllgryy (Kcsdèg)
kgwgllgr (Kcsdèg)
plces. ]ngrg‐s ea m`hhgrgeog è dgceèb
9 ] (lègs 38‟96) igtwgge 8c cem 8i. je`hg cem onappèb iacrm ‟ wcsn je`hg cem
? H (lègs ?6‟?3) 8c cem 8i onappèb iacrm chtgr outtèb dgct, mae‐t
= ] (lègs ??‟?7) out sclcm è scdg plcog cs dgct, bgt haam
7 ] (lègs =6‟=?) pa`saeèb (Ige)
8 ] (lègs 8?‟87) Mgvglapèb vaociulcry p=2 2
3c _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
2 H (lègs 26‟29)
> H (lègs 28‟22) 3 uemgroaajgm 9 rgoaajgm L`stgeèb p76
= ? prgoaajgm = avgroaajgm
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 3i 3
7 Vrgffixgs oncebg tng dgceèb ah tng warm.
9
wcstèb 4 tnrawèb sadgtnèb usghul cwcy 3 m 9 o ? c = i
wnge yau oaulm usg `t har sadgtnèb glsg

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? 7 Olcssdctg‐
Olcssdctg‐ss nausg; ongcp, oadhartci
oadhartcilg,
lg, Xaociulcry rgv`sàe p77
c 9 i 3 o = m 9 g ? h = oce ncvg dusò cem davg ciaut, iut c 3
b ? n 9 nausg `s sdcll cem `t `se‐t vgry spgo`cl 3 lgttuog (vgbgtcilg) 9 turjgy (dgct)
= ?i ? ocrrat (vgbgtcilg) = plud (hru`t)
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 7 orgcd (mc`ry pramuot) 8 prcwe
= (ffisn/sgchaam) 2 pceocjg (swggt)
Brcddcr è oaetgxt pp76‟73 3 O 9 I ? C 9
3c 7 3 hrgsn 9 stclg ? hr`gm = ia`lgm
3 huturg pgrhgot 9 huturg oaetèuaus _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 7 spòy 8 rcw
? huturg oaetèuaus = huturg pgrhgot ?
3i Mgvglapèb wr`tèb p7?
Mgvglapèb
3 huturg oaetèuaus 9 huturg pgrhgot 3c 3
9 m`s, „tng appas`tg‐
rg, „cbcè‐
? iy Oaulm yau oadg c i`t gcrl`gr1 ? oa, „w`tn‐
3o Crg yau maèb ceytnèb tnge1 (ae _uemcy)
= uemgr, „eat geaubn‐
3 oaetèuaus, -èb Rr`tg icoj ta tgll dg `h yau oce oadg ar eat.
7 ètgr, „igtwgge‐
9 pgrhgot, pcst pcrtò`plg 3i
8 d`s, „wraeb‐
9c _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
9 2 avgr, „taa duon‐
3 w`ll ig ncvèb 9 wae‐t ig mr`vèb
? wae‐t ig gctèb = w`ll ig warjèb _ubbgstgm ceswgrs
7 w`ll ig spgcjèb 8 w`ll ig maèb _cy „N`!‐ gxcds;
Bctgwcy ta gxcds; We`ts ?‟=
2 wae‐t ig brawèb _cy naw ng `s.
9i Oce ng irèb n`s DV? plcygr1 Ygcmèb p78
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs Oce ng oadg gcrl`gr ‟ wnct t`dg1
? 3
Oce ng nglp1 Pgs ar ea1
_ubbgstgm ceswgrs _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
@s ng hrgg ae _uemcy1
3 wae‐t ncvg hauem 9
_cy sadgtnèb eòg ciaut tng pcrty.
9 w`ll ncvg stappgm _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
?
?
? w`ll ncvg igoadg _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
= 3 h 9 m ? o = g 7 i 8 c 2 b
= w`ll ncvg m`scppgcr
m`scppgcrgm
gm
7 w`ll ncvg lcemgm _ubbgstgm ceswgrs _pgcjèb p78
8 wae‐t ncvg èvgetgm @ehardcl ‟ ]ng gdc`ls usg oaetrcotgm hards =
2 w`ll ncvg bat cem èhardcl gxprgssàes.
> w`ll ncvg oncebgm 7
7
_ubbgstgm ceswgrs
=c _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
@ev`tctàes; Eèc oce dcjg `t, ta sgg yau,
icoj Wsg ah Gebl`sn p72
=i
Ygpl`gs; ]ncejs, sarry, Raulm, laajèb 8
3 w`ll ncvg bat up 9 w`ll ig rueeèb
harwcrm _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
? w`ll ig ncvèb = w`ll ncvg ncm 8c cem 8i
7 w`ll ig baèb 8 w`ll ncvg ffildgm 2
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 3 O 9 C ? I = O 7 C 8 I
2 w`ll ncvg gctge > w`ll ig tcljèb
2 O > C
=o
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs Lcebucbg ongojpaèt; We`t = Rr`tèb p72
7 >
8c cem 8i Brcddcr
3 rgv`sàe p77 _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs c mags (yaur trcè) lgcvg i crr`vg
o w`ll laaj m R`ll (yau) rgdgdigr
We`t 7
Mgvglapèb g bgt h ‐ll ocll Xaociulcry p7>
3 9 3
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 3 ‐d ncvèb, ‐ll ocll 9 baèb ta rcè Eursgry; dusò
9 ? w`ll bgt = w`ll ig 7 w`ll wè Vr`dcry; dctns, VG (pnysòcl gmuoctàe)
Rnòn ah tngsg ffivg plcogs ma yau tnèj `s 8 ‐d baèb _goaemcry; ongd`stry, mrcdc, bgabrcpny
bgabrcpn y,
tng igst plcog har yaur gem-ah-tgrd dgcl1 ? n`stary, l`tgrcturg, pnysòs
tng autmaar pòeò crgc 3 @ w`ll ncvg maeg dy nadgwarj We`vgrs`ty; iusègss stum`gs, oadputgr
?c 9 sng w`ll ig stumyèb Gebl`sn so`geog, gebèggrèb, lcw, dgm`c stum`gs,
9 _onaal ocetgge; wg gct tngrg gvgry mcy, ? @ w`ll ig slggpèb dgmòèg, psyonalaby
wg snaulm onaasg sadgwngrg
sadgwngrg wg mae‐t 9c
= @ w`ll ncvg lght tng mget`st
usuclly ba
7 wg w`ll ncvg b`vge n`d tng daegy cron`tgoturg, iàlaby, iusègss stum`gs,
? Autmaar pòeò crgc; baam `mgc ‟ oaulm ongd`stry, oadputgr so`geog, mrcdc,
ba ta pcrj ar sadgwngrg spgo`cl, pòeòs 8 @ w`ll ig rueeèb
gebèggrèb, Gebl`sn, bgabrcpny, n`stary,
2 ng w`ll ncvg rgcm tng iaaj
crge‐t gxpges`vg, gcsy har c lcrbgr braup l`tgrcturg, dgm`c stum`gs, dgmòèg, dusò,
= Gxolus`vg rgstcurcet; haam cem sgrvòg pnysòcl gmuoctàe, pnysòs, psyonalaby
crg baam, iut tngy‐rg gxpges`vg, dast 9i
pgaplg wae‐t wcet ta spgem c lat ah daegy
daegy _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
ae tng dgcl

ad

? ? 7
3 mrcdc 9 ongd`stry ? iàlaby 3 snaulme‐t stumy cll e`bnt 9 ncm igttgr _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
= dctns laaj har c kai tngrg ? aubnt ta usg c 8
= mòtàecry = snaulm wclj ta sonaal _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 7 ncm igttgr/snaulm bgt rgcmy ta ba 2c
7 8 snaulme‐t ba aut w`tnaut ce udirgllc 3 i 9 c ? m = o
3 gsscy 9 dcrj/brcmg ? rgs`t 2 aubnt ta rgst cem ncvg c oahhgg 2i
= t`dgtcilg 7 sonalcrsn`p 8 hc`l = _ubbgstgm ceswgrs
2 tgrds > oaursgwarj 0 css`bedget _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 3 ce geoyolapcgm`c tnct `s wr`ttge iy
36 cssgssdget 7 gxpgrts
8c cem 8i c ncvg ta i snaulm o snaulme‐t
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs m ncvg ta g mae‐t ncvg ta h aubnt 9 cs ce dgce
magse‐t gxcdplgyautauemgrstcem
snaw tnct `toapyèb `t
b ncm
Ygcmèb p70 ? @t `s plcb`cr`sd cem `t‐s stgclèb uelgss
8c yau wr`tg wnasg warms tngy crg.
= ]gcongrs oce mgtgot plcb`cr`sd iy tng
Naw brawèb plcets è tng olcssraad ncs 8i `mgcs, tng wr`tèb stylg cem tngy clsa usg
oncebgm stumgets‐ l`vgs. _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs spgo`cl aelèg sgrvògs ta sgg wngrg tng
9 dctgr`cl oadgs hrad.
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs Mgvglapèb vaociulcry p83
? 3 L`stgeèb p8=
3 ]ngy wgrg surpr`sgm cem gxo`tgm. pgaplg 3c
9 ]ngy wcetgm ta ma sadgtnèb ta 9 _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
`dpravg tng crgc wngrg tngy l`vgm. 3 prahgssar 9 èstruotar ? gdplaygr 3i
? ]ngy orgctgm ce gmìlg èmaar wcll. = tgoneò`ce 7 kaurecl`st 8 trcègg c irgcj mceog/strggt mceog i qu`mm`ton
= Cttgemceog `dpravgm. @t wget up hrad ?c o oaajgry m ocpag`rc
crauem =6% ta 0?% igocusg stumgets hglt m`rgotar,, gdplayg
m`rgotar gdplaygg, g, hcrdgr,
hcr dgr, èstruotar, 9
rgspaesìlg
rgspaesì lg har tng plcets. so`get`st, tgoneò`ce, glgotrò`ce, gdplaygr, 3 m ocpa`grc 9 i qu`mm`ton ? c mceog
kaurecl`st,
kaurecl`s t, lìr
lìrcr`ce,
cr`ce, p
pnatabrc
natabrcpngr
pngr,,
7 Cs tngy stcrtgm
vgbgtcilgs, ta brawdarg
tngy igocdg tng`r ètgrgstgm
awe pnysò`st, prahgssar, trcègg = o oaajgry
?
è hallawèb c ngcltny m`gt èstgcm ah -gg (gdplaygg, trcègg) `s tng aely eaue c mceog i ]nursmcys o t`dgtcilg (ygt)
gctèb hcst haam. suhffix wg strgss m haaticll p`ton g rue h rglcx
8 Ng igl`gvgs yaueb pgaplg aubnt ta ?i b i`bbgst n Igbèegrs ` damgre
stcrt lgcreèb ciaut ngcltny m`gts cs gcrly _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs k strggt j oce‐t l gct aut d tabgtngr
cs passìlg sa tnct tngy mae‐t pòj up icm = (chtgrwcrms)
nci`ts wnòn crg m`hffioult ta oncebg. w`lml`hg pnatabrcpngr =
2 ]ngy ncvg lgcret ciaut rgspaesì`l`ty. oadpcey m`rgotar _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
]ngy ncvg clsa lgcret tnct tngy eggm ta ue`vgrs`ty prahgssar
gct wgll ta stcy ngcltny cem tnct yau mae‐t oadputgr tgoneò`ce Brcddcr è oaetgxt pp8=‟87
ncvg ta ig c hcrdgr è tng oauetry ta braw mr`vèb èstruotar 3c
plcets. 7 3 sgoaem oaem`tàecl 9 ffirst oaem`tàecl
= _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs ? sgoaem oaem`tàecl = zgra oaem`tàecl
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 3i
7 Bctgwcy ta l`hg sj`lls pp89‟8? 3 _ 9 H ? [ = H 7 [ 8 _
iulis 4 sdcll rauem plcet sggms tnct braw 3 2 C > _
èta ﬉awgrs _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 9
eg`bniaurnaam 4 tng crgc wngrg yau l`vg 9 3 magse‐t oadg, ‐ll rèb 9 mae‐t ba, oclls
spats 4 plcogs ar crgcs 3 @t dgces tnaubnthul, csjèb qugstàes, ? `s, ‐ll lgem = ncvg , ‐ll ba
gmìlg 4 oce ig gctge cem eat kust igl`gvèb gvgrytnèb wg rgcm 7 mae‐t bgt, hc`l 8 crr`vg, w`ll bgt
pòj up 4 lgcre ar ngcr `ddgm`ctgly. ?
8 9 Igocusg ceyiamy oce put ceytnèb c waulm yau ma i wgrg o waulm spgem
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs ae tng @etgregt, kust igocusg `t `s tngrg `t m m`m g waulm bgt h m`me‐t ba
magse‐t dgce `t `s trug. b waulm ncvg
Brcddcr è oaetgxt pp86‟83 ? @t oce snaw yau tng oauetry tng wgis`tg =
3c ar`bèctgm hrad, cem wngtngr `t `s c c mae‐t l`jg i l`d`ts o wgrg
3 dust, ncvg ta 9 mae‐t ncvg ta bavgredget cbgeoy, c oncr`ty ar eae-praffit m waulm plcy g mae‐t ncvg h crg
? duste‐t, oce‐t = snaulm, aubnt ta, arbce`sctàe, ce cocmgdò èst`tutàe, ar c b wgrge‐t/wcse‐t n waulm tnèj ` wgrg
ncm igttgr 7 oce oaddgro`cl arbce`sctàe ar c oadpcey. k waulme‐t oast j snaw l pcy d v`s`t
? e „ll ig cilg ta a ncvg p ‐ll tclj
3i
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 7c cem 7i
3 ] 9 ] ? H = ]
= _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
9c
3 ] 9 H (yau snaulm ongoj tng èhardctàe
èhardctàe 8c cem 8i
3 ncvg ta ig 9 ncvg ta ba ? oce‐t vatg
usèb c m`hhgrget saurog) ? ] = ] 7 ] _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
8 mae‐t
= ncvg ta ig
oce‐t oncebg 7 dust
2 ncvg ig
ta ig 8 H (yau snaulm clwcys laaj har tng oaetcot
9i mgtc`ls har tng wgis`tg orgctar)

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Vnataoap`cilg © Dcod`llce Vuil`sngrs L`d`tgm 9638 > ah 3>


Mgvglapèb ? Ygcmèb p23
3 3 ‐m tgll 9 w`ll iuy ? waulm … scy 3
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs = b`vg 7 csjgm 8 wgrg/wcs 3 P
Pau
au stap tcljèb.
tcljèb.
9 2 mae‐t ba > ncm 9 @h yau wcsn yaur nc`r w`tn nat wctgr
c icm `mgc hrad oappgr p`pgs.
?
Xaociulcry rgv`sàe p80
? _dcllgr igocusg wg igbè w`tn sdcll
@‐d baèb ta tclj ciaut … 3 eudigrs ta tng lght.
@‐m l`jg ta igbè iy scyèb … 3 pnysòs 9 dgmòèg ? dgm`c stum`gs = Oaws w`tn ecdgs igocusg tngy hggl
H`rstly, = cron`tgoturg 7 lcw 8 gebèggrèb darg rglcxgm.
H`rst ah cll, 2 mrcdc
9
9
_goaemly, _ubbgstgm ceswgrs _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
Ceatngr tnèb `s tnct … ?
@t‐s clsa trug tnct … 3 c wcy ta sgg yaur prabrgss l`jg ce gxcd
3 C 9 M ? I = O 7 H 8 C
Rnct‐s darg, 9 daegy har igèb c vgry baam stumget è 2 M > G
Har gxcdplg, armgr ta ba ta c baam sonaal =
Har èstceog, ? wnge yau mae‐t pcss _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
]cjg … = wnge yau ncvg ta ma ce gxcd cbcè 7
]a sud up, 7 c p`gog ah oaursgwarj, ar nadgwarj, cwcrg ah 4 jeaw ciaut
]ng paèt (tnct) @‐d tryèb ta dcjg `s … suon cs c prakgot kaurecl 4 c spgo`cl dcbczèg w`tn crtòlgs
= 8 c plce snawèb tng t`dgs cem mcys ah hrad gxpgrts
3 m 9 g ? i = b 7 h 8 c 2 o gcon lgssae ct sonaal turegm 4 oncebgm, igocdg
7c cem 7i 2 tng pgrogetcbg ar eudigr yau bgt har c oappgr 4 typg ah dgtcl tnct ncs ce arcebg
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs tgst ar ce css`bedget, snawèb naw baam oalaur iut bags brgge w`tn ngct ar axybge
yau crg ceclysgm 4 stum`gm ta ffiem aut wnct `s è `t
Mgvglapèb wr`tèb p82
Mgvglapèb ? tcps 4 tng wcy wctgr oadgs èta tng nadg
3 3 so`get`st 9 èstruotar ? tgoneò`ce hrad auts`mg
c spgo`cl ètgrgst è Ir`t`sn n`stary, waulm = gdplaygg 7 gdplaygr 8 lìrcr`ce rgcotèb w`tn 4 oncebèb wnge `t tauongs
l`jg ta stumy è Geblcem, dust ncvg baam c suistceog
brcmgs, ig cot`vg è gxtrcourròulcr cot`v`t`gs We`t 8 8
suon cs sparts cem mgictèb, ncvg ce _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
ètgrgst è trcvgl Xaociulcry p26
9 Brcddcr è oaetgxt pp29‟2?
3c cem 3i
Ng `s c baam ocem`mctg igocusg; n`s igst _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 3c
suikgots crg Gebl`sn cem n`stary, ng wcets 9 _getgeog ? (pcst s`dplg, cot`vg)
ta stumy è tng WJ cem ffiem aut darg ciaut _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 3i
tng oauetry, n`s brcmgs ncvg igge vgry 3 cotàe 9 `se‐t ? mae‐t clwcys jeaw
?
baam, ng lavgs sparts ‟ gspgo`clly haaticll; 3o
ng `s ocptcè ah n`s sonaal haaticll tgcd, ng 3 prgsget s`dplg, pcst s`dplg, huturg (w`ll
( w`ll )),,
arbce`sgs sao`cl cot`v`t`gs ta rc`sg daegy =
c sglgot c prabrcddg i oaeegot ^ ta P prgsget oaetèuaus, prgsget pgrhgot
har tng tgcd
o prgss c iuttae m oncrbg/rgoncrbg 9 tng vgri ta ig
?
(c icttgry) g sw`ton/ture ae/ahh h plub è ? iy
c _`r i Dcmcd o hc`tnhully
b èsgrt n tcp (tng sorgge) 9c
m oaetrcotàes g @ waulm ig vgry brctghul
brctghul
ta rgog`vg tng onceog ... h laaj harwcrm 7 3 ]ng bcmbgt wcs èvgetgm lcst ygcr.
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 9 ]ng egw pnaegs crg salm ngrg.
=c, =i cem
_tumgets‐ awe=o
ceswgrs 8 ? ]ge pr`zgs wgrg b`vge.
3 vcouud olgcegr 9 dai`lg pnaeg = ]ng m`so wcs èsgrtgm.
? m`snwcsngr 7 Gdc`ls crg sget gvgry mcy.
Lcebucbg ongojpaèt; We`t 7 2c 9i
_ubbgstgm ceswgrs ]ng vgri ta ig `s
ig `s eat strgssgm, tng warms
Brcddcr rgv`sàe p80 3 H`rstly, prgss pawgr ta sw`ton `t ae. ]nge oce‐t ig ngcrm olgcrly.
3 prgss apge. Rc`t har tng trcy ta oadg aut. 9o
3 @ oce‐t ba ta tng dcton. Vut tng OM è tng trcy. Vrgss olasg. Rc`t har _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
9 _tumgets mae‐t ncvg ta wgcr c ue`hard. tng trcy ta ba è. Vrgss plcy. ?
? P
Pau
au duste‐t dcjg
dcjg c laum ea`sg.
ea`sg. 9 H`rst ah cll, prgss tng iuttae ta apge 9 ncvg (prgsget pgrhgot)
tng dòrawcvg maar. ]nge, put tng haam
= P
Pau
au ncvg ta/dust wr`tg yaur ecdg
ecdg ngrg. ? w`ll (huturg w`ll )
è tng dòrawcvg. Olasg tng maar. _glgot c
7 P
Pau
au oce‐t/duste‐t
oce‐t/duste‐t oapy è gxcd
gxcds.s. prabrcddg (har gxcdplg; hull pawgr) cem = wgrg (pcst s`dplg)
8 @ dust/ncvg ta lgcvg eaw. tng t`dg cem prgss stcrt. Lcstly, tcjg tng 7 crg (prgsget s`dplg)
2 Dy l`ttlg iratngr oce r`mg n`s i`jg claeg. haam aut ah tng dòrawcvg. 8 wctongm (pcst s`dplg)
9 ? Vlub è tng lgcm ta oncrbg tng dai`lg 2 wcs (pcst s`dplg)
3 ]ngy snaulme‐t ba aut ct tng wggjgem. pnaeg. ]ure tng dai`lg ae. _glgot „ocdgrc‐. =
9 P
Pau
au ncm igttgr wclj
wclj ta sonaal. ]cjg c pnata. Oaeegot tng dai`lg pnaeg 3 Myecd`tg wcs èvgetgm iy Clhrgm Eaigl
? @ tnèj yau aubnt ta ba ta tng mget`st. ta tng oadputgr cem mawelacm tng pnata. è 3>82.
= (oarrgot) 2i 9 ]ng ffirst Eaigl pr`zgs wgrg b`vge è 3063.
7 (oarrgot) _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs

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? ]ng ffirst glgotrò-pawgrgm

glgotrò-pawgrgm wcsnèb 7c =
dconèg wcs pramuogm iy tng Nurlgy 3 pr`zgs har ce cwcrm ogrgdaey, wnct/wna 3 Rg‐rg ncvèb tng j`tonge pcètgm ae
Dconèg Oadpcey ah Onòcba è 306>. snaulm tng pr`zgs ig har, wnct tng pr`zgs _cturmcy.
= ]n`s èvgetàe ncs igge usgm sèog 306>. oaulm ig, naw snaulm tng ogrgdaey ig 9 Dy s`stgr `s baèb ta ncvg ngr ocr
7 ]n`s èvgetàe `s igèb usgm r`bnt eaw. 9 ygs sgrvògm egxt wggj.
8 Vgrncps glgotrò`ty wae‐t ig usgm è tng 7i ? _ng ncs ngr dai`lg pnaeg i`lls pc`m iy
huturg. _ubbgstgm ceswgrs ngr pcrgets.
2 ]ng ffirst pnata wcs tcjge iy Kasgpn ]ngy l`stgegm ta gvgryiamy. ]ngy m`me‐t = Dy hr`gem ncm c sw`ddèb paal iu`lt è
E`àpog è 3>98. or`tò`zg. ]ngy wratg gvgrytnèb mawe. ]ngy ngr/n`s bcrmge lcst suddgr.
> C lat ah pnatas crg tcjge ae nal`mcys. mgvglapgm tng`r `mgcs ct tng gem. 7 Rg ncm aur oadputgr ffixgm lcst wggj.
8c
7
3 crg iu`lt 9 bcvg ? ncvg igge wae _ubbgstgm ceswgrs aeNg
8 n`s ncm tng apgrctèb systgd rgèstcllgm
oadputgr.
= wcs dcmg 7 m`soavgrgm 8 `s igèb _tumget C; c pr`zg har gcon suikgot, aeg 2 @ ncm dy ffilgs rgsougm iy c oadputgr
wctongm 2 w`ll ig spget > ncs orgctgm avgrcll pr`zg ta tng igst iay ar b`rl è tng spgo`cl`st.
8 olcss, pr`zgs har sparts, dusò cem crt, pr`zg 7c cem 7i
c crg hauem i crg igèb usgm o put har atngr tnèbs pgaplg ma ct sonaal eat _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
m wgrg èvgetgm g dcmg kust cocmgdò
cocmgdò warj,
warj, pr`z
pr`zg
g har stu
stumget
mget wna
8
h wcs ètramuogm b ncvg igge salm tr`gs tng ncrmgst, pr`zg har tng igst tgcongr
3 i (bgruem) 9 h (èffie`t`vg) ? c (bgruem)
n mgs`begm ` wcs èsp`rgm k w`ll ig _tumget I; l`jg ce Asocr, iaaj ar g-rgcmgr,
= o (bgruem) 7 g (èffie`t`vg) 8 m (bgruem)
2c daegy, DV? plcygr
2
3 Bgrdcey _tumget O; l`jg tng Asocr ogrgdaey, bgt c
3 oyolèb 9 lgcreèb ? rgcmèb
hcdaus cotar ar ]X prgsgetgr ta prgsget
9 _uzceeg Oallès = plcyèb 7 ta lgcre 8 ta bgt
cem b`vg pr`zgs, ncvg c rgm ocrpgt, c
? Sugge pnatabrcpngr, past pnatas ae sonaal wgis`tg,
wgis`tg, >
2i cem 2o bgt tng laocl egwspcpgr ta oavgr tng stary _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 8i Mgvglapèb spgcjèb p2>
Mgvglapèb
Mgvglapèb vaociulcry p2? _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
3
3
cwcrg ah, ètgrgstgm è, rgcmy har
L`stgeèb p28 _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
9
3
9 _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs ]ng sgoaem lgssae igocusg `t‐s darg
3 i/m 9 c/g ? h = c 7 c 8 i 9 gxo`tèb ta ma tnèbs tnce l`stge.
2o > o/b 0 g/h _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs ?
? ? 3 Iatn 9 wngrgcs ? m`hhgrgeog
3 ct 9 è ? ah = ah 7 w`tn 8 har = s`d`lcr`ty
3 o 9 i ? o = c 7 o 8 o
2 ah > ta, hrad 0 ciaut 36 har =
=
33 w`tn/ah Oadpcrèb; Iatn ah tng pnatas snaw, Aeg
= atngr s`d`lcr`ty igtwgge tng pnatas `s tnct
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs Brcddcr è oaetgxt pp28‟22 Oaetrcstèb; wngrgcs è tng sgoaem pnata,
3c Ceatngr `dpartcet m`hhgrgeog igtwgge tng
Bctgwcy ta l`hg sj`lls pp2=‟27 pnatas `s tnct
@e cll tnrgg sgetgeogs, sadgiamy/
3c sadgtnèb glsg mags tng cotàe. 7c cem 7i
_ubbgstgm ceswgrs 3i _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
C iròj; ta jggp c maar apge, ta nalm 3 tng aikgot ah tng sgetgeog (`.g. tng eaue)
iaajs è plcog ae c snglh, ta stap pcpgrs Mgvglapèb wr`tèb p20
9 pcst pcrtò`plg
ilawèb cwcy ? Pgs
Pgs ‟ `èe sgetg
sgetgeog
eog 3 ncvg
ncvg `s
`s è tng prgsget 3
C oahhgg dub; har nalmèb pgeo`ls cem
pges, cs c vcsg, har starèb schgty pès s`dplg, è 9 ncvg
ncvg `s
`s è pcst s`dplg cem è ? 9
bgt `s
`s è tng huturg w`tn w`ll
3i _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs = iy ètramuogs
ètramuogs tng cbget ?
9 9 Vcrcbrcpn 3; @etramuotàe ‟ stctg tng tapò
3 O 9 C ? M = I i Ng ncm n`s ocr ffixgm. ah tng gsscy
? o _ng ncm ngr gygs tgstgm. Vcrcbrcpn 9; Crbudgets har/Cmvcetcbgs ‟
3 H 9 H ? ] = H m _ng ncm ngr igmraad pcètgm. kust`ffioctàes
kust`ffioc tàes cem
cem rgcs
rgcsaes
aes
= g _ng ncm c mrgss dcmg. Vcrcbrcpn ?; Crbudgets cbcèst/
3 ]ng sgorgtcry dcjgs eatgs ah cll tng `mgcs. h Ng ncm c p`zzc mgl`vgrgm. M`scmvcetcbgs ‟ kust`ffioctàes cem rgcsaes
9 ]ngy snaulm eat lcubn ct ceyiamy ar ? Vcrcbrcpn =; Oaeolusàe ‟ b`vgs tng
or`tò`sg ceyiamy har tng`r `mgcs. 3 Naw ahtge ma yau bgt yaur nc`r out1 wr`tgr‐ss apèàe
wr`tgr‐
? Cll tng `mgcs crg wr`ttge mawe. 9 Oce yau ffix yaur oadputgr yaursglh1 =
= ]ng braup gvcluctgs tng `mgcs tngy ncvg ? Ncvg yau gvgr ncm c p`zzc mgl`vgrgm ta c _goaemly, i Hurtngrdarg,
oallgotgm. yaur nausg1 o Rnct‐s darg, m Nawgvgr,
g ]a sud up,
7 @t‐s m`hhgrget igocusg yau mgo`mg wnòn = Rnge wcs tng lcst t`dg yau ncm yaur
`mgcs crg baam cem icm, rgkgot sadg cem gygs tgstgm1 7c cem 7i
mgvglap atngrs. 7 Ma yau l`jg ncvèb yaur pnata tcjge1
8 Ncvg yau gvgr ncm olatngs dcmg har yau1

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>
Lcebucbg ongojpaèt; We`t 8 We`t 2 3 vallgyicll 9 òg naojgy ? haaticll
Xaociulcry p>= = m`vèb
Brcddcr rgv`sàe p>3 0
3
3 tgcd sparts; icsgicll, icsjgticll,
3 wgrg stalge 9 `s tcubnt ? `s v`s`tgm
haaticll, òg naojgy, rubiy, vallgyicll Ygcmèb p>7
= w`ll ig iu`lt 7 wcs èvgetgm
8 ig plcygm 2 ncs igge trceslctgm
w`ll ig plcygm 9 èm`v`mucl sparts; ctnlgtòs, ol`dièb, 3
> `s spajge oyolèb, m`vèb, balh, bydecstòs, narsg- _ubbgstgm ceswgrs
9 r`mèb, òg-sjctèb, sc`lèb, sj`èb, C igl`gh tnct ogrtcè tnèbs tnct yau ma,
seawiacrmèb, sw`ddèb, tgee`s, ar tnct ncppge ta yau, w`ll irèb baam ar
3 _ng ncm `t mgoarctgm iy prahgssà ecls.
prahgssàecls.
9 Ng w`ll ncvg `t ffixgm ct c bcrcbg. wg`bntl`htèb icm luoj.
? icll sparts; icsgicll, icsjgticll, 9
? _ng ncs `t maeg ct tng nc`rmrgssgr‐s. haaticll, balh, rubiy, tgee`s, vallgyicll
= Rg ncm `t pcètgm. Lcurget Ilceo; Hrceog, j`ssgm tng
= wctgr sparts; sc`lèb, sw`ddèb bacljggpgr‐ss ngcm ct tng stcrt ah gvgry dcton
bacljggpgr‐
7 ]ngy ncm `t iu`lt iy ce gxpgrt. 7 wètgr sparts; òg naojgy, òg-sjctèb, Vglà; Ircz`l, eggmgm c luojy sn`rt
8 Ng ncm `t trceslctgm iy c hr`gem. sj`èb, seawiacrmèb Jala ]aurà; @vary Oacst, ncm ta crr`vg lcst
2 ]ngy ncvge‐t ncm `t tgstgm iy ce aptò`ce. 8 oadict sparts; kuma, jcrctg ae tng p`ton
? 2 èmaar sparts; bydecstòs, òg naojgy, Vgpg Ygèc; _pcè, clwcys ffills ocr w`tn
3 l`stgeèb 9 ta rgcm ? ta sgg kuma, jcrctg, wg`bntl`htèb
wg`bntl`htèb pgtral ae tng wcy ta gcon dcton, gcts tng
= wctonèb 7 H`xèb 9c scdg jèm ah scemwòn tng e`bnt igharg c
A balh dcton, tauongs tng p`ton, bacl pasts cem
Xaociulcry rgv`sàe p>3
Aa icsgicll, ol`dièb, oyolèb, m`vèb, orassicr chtgr wcrdèb up
3 J`d L`ttlg; _oatlcem, clwcys puts ngr lght
haaticll, kuma, rubiy, sc`lèb, sj`èb,
3 m`snwcsngr (N) 9 ngcmpnaegs (V) sw`ddèb, tgee`s saoj cem iaat ae igharg ngr r`bnt
? vcouud olgcegr (N) = wcsnèb ?
Aaa icsjgticll, narsg-r`mèb, òg naojgy,
dconèg (N) 7 DV? plcygr (V) 3 H (lègs >‟36) 9 ] (lègs 3=‟99)
òg-sjctèb, seawiacrmèb, vallgyicll,
8 dòrawcvg avge (N) 2 rgdatg ? H (lègs =3‟==) = H (lègs 7=‟77)
wg`bntl`htèb
oaetral (V) aAa ctnlgtòs, bydecstòs, jcrctg 7 H (lègs 87‟82) 8 H (lègs 23‟2?)
9 =
9i
c plub … è i ture … ae o èsgrt _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
m sglgot g prgss h sw`ton … ahh 7
?
? oncebèb raad 4 tng plcog wngrg plcygrs
3 paal 9 byd ? slapg = oaurt
3 w`tn 9 ciaut ? ta = ah 7 ah put ae ar tcjg ahh tng`r sparts olatngs
7 p`ton 8 rèj 2 trcoj > oaursg
8 har 2 ct `rrctàecl 4 w`tnaut labò ar rgcsae
=
icll, egt, rcojgt, trcègrs nastgm 4 rgog`vgm ar dcecbgm sadgtnèb
Bctgwcy ta gxcds; We`ts 7‟8 7 bcvg cwcy 4 ahhgrgm ta sadgaeg har hrgg
_ubbgstgm ceswgrs tgcddctgs 4 atngr plcygrs è tng scdg
Ygcmèb p>9 Pau
Pau eggm c icll ta plcy icsgicll,
icsgicll, tgcd
icsjgticll, haaticll, balh, rubiy, tgee`s, rghusgm 4 sc`m ea, m`m eat cbrgg
3
vallgyicll … orassicr 4 tng dgtcl palg corass tng tap ah
C ? I 3 O 9 M =
Pau
Pau eggm c ict ta p plcy
lcy icsgicll,
icsgicll, tcilg
tcilg tng bacl past
9
tgee`s …
3 O 9 M ? C = I 7 M 8 O Brcddcr è oaetgxt pp>8‟>2
Pau
Pau egg
eggmm iaa
iaats
ts ta ba sj
sj`èb,
`èb, pplcy
lcy ha
haaticll
aticll …
2 C > I 3c
Pau
Pau eggm c olui ta p plcy
lcy bal
balhh …
_pgcjèb p>9 Pau
Pau eggm c bacl ta plcy haa haaticll,
ticll, òg 3 wna, tnct 9 tnct, wnòn ? wnasg
naojgy … = wngrg 7 wnge
?
Pau
Pau eggm b babblgs
abblgs ta ba ssw`ddè
w`ddèb, b, plcy 3i
wctgr pala, ba m`vèb … 3 ]ng purpasg ah c mgffieèb rglct`vg olcusg
L`stgeèb p>9 Pau
Pau eggm c egt ta pl plcy
cy tgee`s,
tgee`s, tcilg tgee`s, `s ta mgffieg olgcrly wna ar wnct wg crg tcljèb
tcljèb
vallgyicll … ciaut. R`tnaut tn`s èhardctàe, `t waulm
= ig m`hffioult ta jeaw wna ar wnct `s dgcet.
3 i 9 c ? c = c 7 o Pau
Pau eggm c rcojgt ta plcy tge tgee`s
e`s …
Pau
Pau eggm ssjctgs
jctgs ta ba òg-sjctèb,
òg-sjctèb, 9 ]ng rglct`vg praeaue oce ig ad`ttgm
7 wnge `t `s tng aikgot ah tng olcusg.
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs rallgrilcmèb, sjctèb …
Pau
Pau eggm ssj`s
j`s ta b
baa sj`èb … 9
Rr`tèb p>? Pau
Pau eggm ttrcègrs
rcègrs ta ma cctnlgtòs
tnlgtòs,, plcy 3 wnòn/‟
8 tgee`s, vallgyicll … 9 wngrg
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 8 ? wna
2 iaueog ‟ icsjgticll, octon ‟ icsgicll, ngcm = wnasg
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs ‟ haaticll, n`t ‟ icsgicll, jòj ‟ haaticll, 7 wnge
pcss ‟ rubiy, tnraw ‟ ctnlgtòs 8 wna/tnct
2
3 igct 9 wae ? iatn = mrgw 2 wnòn
?
7 soargm 8 paèt
c tnct/wnòn i wnasg o iut m ta
g wnòn h tng b wngrg n wnasg

ad

= ? 9
3 m ]ng wèegr `è e c bydecstòs
bydecstòs _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 9 wna `s c Hardulc 3 warlm oncdpàe
oadpgt`tàe
oadpgt`tà e `s tng pgrsae wnasg dcrj `s = ? wnasg iratngr Kcd`g clsa plcys tgee`s
tng n`bngst. ]nèbs wg oce oncebg; = wnge L`vgrpaal wae tng Oncdpàes
9 b C rrghgrgg
ghgrgg `s tng pgrsae wnasg kai `s 3 I stap sdajèb Lgcbug
ta oaetral haaticll dctongs. 9 O gct tng r`bnt haams cem rrglcx:
glcx: rgmuog 7 wngrg twa m`hhgrget tgcds plcy
? g 969= ``ss c ygcr wnge tngrg w`ll ig tng aur sclt ètcjg 8 wnasg brcemdatngr `s Sugge Gl`zcigtn @@
Alydpò Bcdgs. ? M lasg wg`bnt ?
= n C maka `s tng plcog wngrg yau ma kuma. = B ma darg gxgro`sg 3 M 9 I ? M = C 7 I 8 I 2 I
7 h ]`dg aut `s c dadget è c icsjgticll 7 N gct tng r`bnt haams w`t
w`tn
n law > O 0 M 36 I
dcton
8 ilcoj tng
c Cwnge igltplcygrs
iglt stap
`s c tnèb plcyèb.
yau b
bgt
gt wnge onalgstgral =
8 @ try ta rgst cem rglcx ? Vgtrc Jv`tavã, wna `s hrad tng Ozgon
yau crg rgclly baam ct kuma ar jcrctg. ]nèbs wg oce‐t oncebg; Ygpuilò, `s c brgct tgee`s plcygr.
2 i @e haaticll, b bacljggpgrs
acljggpgrs crgcrg ahtge tng 3 C hcd`ly n`stary = ]ng ctnlgtg wna irajg tng warlm rgoarm
plcygrs wnasg sn`rt ncs c eudigr 3 ae 9 G Bgemgr wae tng rcog.
tng icoj. 7 Lcst _cturmcy, wnge dy tgcd wae tng
? H Cbg
> o ]ng puoj `s tng tnèb ‟/ ‟/tnct/wnòn ffiecl, wcs brgct.
7 cem 8
yau n`t è ce òg naojgy dcton. 8 Ceec, wnasg dud `s c VG tgcongr, `s
Paur ngcrt rctg; naw dcey t`dgs yaur
Paur
7 baam ct lats ah sparts.
ngcrt igcts pgr dèutg
_ubbgstgm ceswgrs 2 ]ng sw`ddèb paal wngrg @ ba ct tng
Igcts pgr dèutg; IVD ‟ tng eudigr ah
9 C egt `s sadgtnèb wnòn dcrjs tng t`dgs yaur ngcrt igcts è aeg dèutg wggjgem `s brgct.
d`mmlg ah tng oaurt è tgee`s. 7c cem 7i
C ngcrt-rctg dae`tar; c mgvòg w`tn
? R`dilgmae `s c plcog wngrg yau oce sgesars wnòn dgcsurgs yaur ngcrt rctg _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
wcton c hcdaus tgee`s taurecdget. glgotraeòclly
= _uddgr `s tng sgcsae wnge yau ma ]ng rcm`cl crtgry; tng crtgry ae tng ès`mg Mgvglapèb
ctnlgtòs ct sonaal. ah tng wr`st wngrg yau oce sgg c ngcrtigct 3
7 VG `s c suikgot wnòn yau stumy ct ]ng ocrat`m crtgry; tng crtgry ae tng s`mg _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
sonaal. ah yaur egoj 9
8 ]ng òg rèj `s c plcog wngrg yau oce 2 _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
sjctg ar plcog òg naojgy. 3 Pau
Pau tcjg yaur puls
pulsgg wnge yau ncvg ?
2 _w`ddèb `s ce cot`v`ty wnòn yau oce igge rgstèb har 37 dèutgs. _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
ma è c paal ar è tng sgc. 9 Pau
Pau ma damgr
damgrctg
ctg ta n`bn èt
ètges`ty
ges`ty =
> 963= wcs tng ygcr wnge tng Rètgr cot`v`ty l`jg rueeèb ar oyolèb ar plcyèb iut
Alydpòs wgrg è Yuss`c. c oadpgt`t`vg spart har c snart wn`lg. Pau 7
8c stap cem tcjg yaur pulsg `ddgm`ctgly tnge _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
3 èstruotar 9 ocdps`tg ? ongoj è wc`t 86 sgoaems cem tcjg `t cbcè. ]ng 8
8i sgoaem eudigr dèus tng ffirst b`vgs yau _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs yaur rgoavgry ngcrt rctg. 2c, 2i cem 2o
? Paur
Paur rgoavgry ngc
ngcrt
rt rctg tglls yau naw ffit _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
Mgvglapèb vaociulcry p>2 yau crg.
3 Mgvglapèb wr`tèb p0?
3 g 9 c ? b = m 7 i 8 o 2 h L`stgeèb p06
3
9 3 cem 9 _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
3 tcjg up 3 ] 9 H ? ] = H 7 ] 8 ] 9
9 jeaojgm (us) aut 2 H > ] _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
? kaè è ? ?c
3 Ng ncm 3= mcys. 9 Igocusg ah tng oalm c Vgrsaeclly, i oaevèogm o sgg
= b`vgs è
wètgrs è Dcssconusgtts. ? ]ngy m`me‐t m v`gw g hcr
7 ba har ncvg nalgs è tng iattad sa tngy ncm ta
8 wcrd up ?i
stap tng bcdg gcon t`dg sadgaeg soargm.
2 warj aut Vgrsaeclly, @ tnèj
= C bcdg lcstgm ?7 dèutgs. 7 @t wcs
@‐d oaevèogm tnct
? plcygm ct ue`vgrs`t`gs. 8 ]a èvget c spart
tnct pgaplg waulm gekay, cem ciavg cll ta Cs @ sgg `t
3 warj
jggp pgaplg ffit cem ngcltny. Dy v`gw `s (tnct)/@t `s dy v`gw (tnct)
9 kaè
= Cs hcr cs @‐d oaeogregm
? ba, b`vg
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs =
= jeaojgm Vcrcbrcpn 3 i Vcrcbrcpn 9 c
7 wcrd Brcddcr è oaetgxt pp06‟03 Vcrcbrcpn ? m Vcrcbrcpn = o
8 tcjg 3 7
3 sgetgeogs c, m, g, h _ubbgstgm ceswgrs
Bctgwcy ta l`hg sj`lls pp>>‟>0
9 eae-mgffieèb olcusgs 3 Iy csjèb qugstàes.
3c cem 3i
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs ? Ea, wg oce‐t. 9 Iy geoaurcbèb tng rgcmgr ta try sadg
sparts.
9 = c oaddc
8
3 m 9 c ? g = o 7 i _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs

ad

7 c oaemuotar 7 „]ng cotrgss `s dcjèb c egw ffild egxt

Lcebucbg ongojpaèt; We`t 2 8 c icem ae stcbg daetn.‐
2 c soulptar 8 „]ng gxnì`tàe `s baèb ta ig c brgct
Brcddcr rgv`sàe p07 > c partrc`t pcètgr suoogss.‐
3 0 tng ocst ah c plcy 2 „]ngy taaj/ncvg tcjge cwcy dy pcpgr.‐
3 ‟ 9 wnasg ? wna = wnge 7 ‟ 36
c oadpasgr 8
8 wngrg 3 Icejsy sc`m tnct pgaplg g`tngr lavgm
2
9 n`d, ar tngy nctgm n`d, ar tngy m`me‐t
3 ]ng mr`vgr, wnasg ocr wcse‐t vgry hcst, rgclly ocrg.
egvgr wae c rcog. Ygcmèb p02 9 Kcdgs Mgce sc`m tnct igèb ce cotar
9 ]n`scba,
ygcrs spart, wnòn wcsvgry
`s igoadèb èvgetgm twa
papulcr. 3 wcs tng laegl`gst
? _ylv`c tnèb
Vlctn sc`m sng è tng warlm.
wratg aely igocusg
? oarrgot 9 tngrg wcs c vaòg w`tnè ngr tnct waulm eat
= ]nct nausg, wnòn @ l`vgm è wnge @ wcs Crtòlg 3 ‟ pnata 9 ig st`ll.
sdcll, eaw iglaebs ta dy ueolg. Crtòlg ? ‟ pnata 3 = Cemy Rcrnal sc`m tnct è tng huturg
7 oarrgot ? gvgryaeg waulm ig warlm-hcdaus har 37
8 Dy eg`bniaurs, wna crg rgclly eòg, _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs dèutgs.
ncvg bat c i`b bcrmge. = 7 Asocr R`lmg sc`m tnct ng wcs sa olgvgr
? 3 i 9 i ? o = c 7 c 8 i tnct sadgt`dgs ng m`me‐t uemgrstcem c
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs sèblg warm ah wnct ng wcs scyèb.
7
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 8 Xce Babn
Babn sc`m tng aely t`dg ng hglt
hglt cl`vg
Xaociulcry rgv`sàe p07 wcs wnge ng wcs pcètèb.
8
3 hcsoèctèb 4 gxtrgdgly ètgrgstèb, dcjgs
2 Mcd`ge N`rst sc`m ng ncm wcetgm ta ig
3 balh 9 tgee`s ? bydecstòs yau wcet ta jeaw darg stappgm, iut ea aeg waulm stap n`d.
= haaticll 7 òg naojgy ilgems èta 4 igoadgs c pcrt ah > _`r @ce DoJgllge sc`m tnct ng wcs aely
8 seawiacrmèb 2 ctnlgtòs sadgtnèb sa tnct `t magse‐t snaw ce cotar cem tnct cll ng ncm gvgr maeg wcs
9 pcssgrs-iy 4 pgaplg wcljèb pcst è tng
lgcre tng lègs cem scy tngd.
7 ict
3 mrcw 9 8iaats
igct ?2 babblgs
e`l = olui strggt
c`rt`bnt 4 mags eat cllaw c`r è ar aut
2c cem 2i
? b`bs 4 l`vg oaeogrts usuclly w`tn c icem
3 wcrd up ‟ o Mgvglapèb vaociulcry p00
plcyèb
9 jeaoj aut ‟ i coourctg 4 w`tn tng oarrgot èhardctàe 3
? kaè è ‟ c cem mgtc`l 3 Cdczèb
Cdczèb (`.g.
(`.g. cmkgot`vgs gemèb è -èb
-èb))
= b`vg è ‟ m 2 mgsorìgs wny sadgaeg hggls tn`s wcy.
7 ba har ‟ h _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 9 Cdczgm (`.g.
(`.g. cmkgot`vgs gemèb è -gm
-gm )
mgsorìgs naw sadgaeg hggls.
8 tcjg up ‟ g
Brcddcr è oaetgxt pp0>‟00 9
3c Vas`t`vg (+); cdczgm, gxo`tgm, hcsoèctgm,
We`t > 3 o 9 b ? i = m 7 c 8 g 2 h èsp`rgm, ètgrgstgm, rglcxgm, surpr`sgm (oce
Xaociulcry p08 3i clsa ig egbct`vg)
3 Vraeaues 9 oncebg ? mae‐t eggm Egbct`vg (‟); iargm, oaehusgm, mgprgssgm,
3 m`scppaètgm, m`sbustgm, gdicrrcssgm,
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs = eggm 7 mae‐t clwcys eggm
9 hr`bntgegm, t`rgm, ueèsp`rgm, warr`gm
9 ?c
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 9 prgsget oaetèuaus ‟ pcst oaetèuaus
? ? prgsget pgrhgot ‟ pcst pgrhgot m`scppaètgm, m`sbustgm, gxo`tgm,
hcsoèctgm, ètgrgstgm
Crt; mrcwèb, sjgton, sglh-partrc`t, st`ll = pcst s`dplg ‟ pcst pgrhgot
?i
l`hg, cistrcot pcètèb, gxnì`tàe, bcllgry, 7 w`ll ‟ waulm tng lgttgr „t‐
dcstgrp`gogs, soulpturgs, lcemsocpgs 8 oce ‟ oaulm ?o
]ngctrg; l`bntèb, pgrhardceog, plcy, stcbg, 2 dcy ‟ d`bnt _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
sogeg, dcè oncrcotgr > dust/ncvg ta ‟ ncm ta =
Dusò; l`bntèb, tueg, lyròs, pgrhardceog, ? 3 èsp`rgm 9 m`sbustèb ? t`rèb
stcbg, arongstrc, oaeogrt 3 tnct 9 ngrg ? tamcy = tng mcy = oaehusgm 7 iarèb 8 gdicrrcssgm
= igharg 7 tadarraw 8 tnct e`bnt 2 m`scppaètèb > gxo`tgm
3 cotar 9 dusò`ce ? oaemuotar 2 tng hallawèb (wggj/daetn/ygcr) 7c, 7i cem 7o
= m`rgotar 7 pgrhardgr > tng prgvàus (wggj/daetn/ygcr) _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
8 vaocl`st, bu`tcr`st, mruddgr 0 c (wggj/daetn/ygcr) cba
2 oadpasgr > sèbgr-saebwr`tgr = Bctgwcy ta l`hg sj`lls pp366‟363
0 crt`st, pcètgr, soulptar 3 ‟ 9 rgpartgrs ? talm = sc`m 7 ‟ 3
7 8 sc`m 2 dg _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 7 9
8
3 ce arongstrc ? „@‐d
9 „@‐vgbaèb ta plcy cc oaeogrt
kust ffie`sngm ae tng
egw pòturg ahdaae.‐
Egw _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
?
9 aeg dusò`ce (bu`tcr`st) Parj.‐
Parj.‐ _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
? ce cum`geog (olcppèb) = „@ napg yau wae‐t lgt tng icem aut ah
= ce cotar pgrhardèb tng iax.‐

ad
Vnataoap`cilg © Dcod`llce Vuil`sngrs L`d`tgm 9638 3? ah 3>

= 9 = _ng sc`m tnct wnge sng ncm ffie`sngm sng

Al`v`c; pcètèb ? Kcoj; pcètèb 9 _ubbgstgm ceswgrs waulm onaasg tng cotars ngrsglh.
Lujg; pcètèb 3 c ]ng pòturg snaws c braup ah on`lmrge ct 7 _ng talm dg sng wcs èsp`rgm iy c tr`p
7 ce crt gxnì`tàe. ]ngrg `s c bu`mg egxt ta ta Ocl`hare`c tng prgvàus ygcr.
3 Kcoj 9 Lujg ? Al`v`c = Kcoj tng pcètèbs. 8 _ng sc`m sng d`bnt ba ta tng W_ cbcè
7 Al`v`c 8 Lujg 2 Al`v`c 9 Kcoj i C braup ah yaueb pgaplg crg è tng tng hallawèb ygcr.
0 Lujg cum`geog è c tngctrg ar oègdc. ]ngy crg 2 _ng sc`m sng ncm ta ba tnge igocusg
8c cem 8i olcppèb cem laajèb ncppy. ngr dcecbgr wcs wc`tèb har ngr.
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs o Ce arongstrc w`tn c oaemuotar ae c stcbg. 9
m C b`rl `s tcjèb c pnata ah twa hr`gems è 3 „Rnct crg yau maèb ngrg1‐
L`stgeèb p369
3 Vcr`s.
? ]ng G`hhgl ]awgr `s ignèm ngr. 9 „Rnge m`m yau crr`vg1‐
? „Ma yau jeaw wnct tng ceswgr `s1‐
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs Vòturgs i cem o = „Ncvg yau gvgr wr`ttge c pagd1‐
9 = 7 „Rnct w`ll yau ma w`tn tng daegy1‐
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs _ubbgstgm ceswgrs 8 „Naw dcey pcbgs ncs tng iaaj bat/
? Rngrg wg wget; ta sgg c plcy è Gebl`sn mags tng iaaj ncvg1‐
3 o 9 c ? o = c 7 i 8 i w`tn Gebl`sn tgcongr
2 „@s tnct icb yaurs1‐
= Rnct ncppgegm ct ffirst; tng plcy wcs
?
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs qu`tg iarèb, iut chtgr ciaut nclh ce naur,
twa dusò`ces ocdg ae stcbg 3 „Bgt aut ah tng ocr!‐
Brcddcr è oaetgxt pp369‟36? _adgtnèb spgo`cl tnct ncppgegm; wget 9 „Mae‐t pceò!‐
3 up ae tng stcbg ta sèb, gvgryaeg olcppgm ? „Ma tng gxgro`sg ocrghully!‐
3 ] 9 ] ? ] = H 7 ] cem jgpt csjèb har darg saebs = „Vlgcsg mae‐t sèb tnct saeb!‐
9 Naw @ hglt cem wny; hr`bntgegm igocusg 7 „Bgt rgcmy!‐
3 wngrg ng wcs 9 `h ? ng ncm `t wcs gdicrrcssèb: egrvaus tnge darg 8 „Mae‐t ètgrrupt dg!‐
= ng warjgm 7 ncm 8 ng waulm ma rglcxgm: gekaygm dysglh 2 „B`vg dg tng icb, plgcsg!‐
? 7
p362
3 _ng csjgm
gxnì`tàe. 9n`d `h ng
_ng (ncm) ta
wcetgm l`jgm tngwna
jeaw Ct ffirstciaut
Chtgr (Ò?), nclh
Egxt,ce]nge,
naur, Lctgr,
Chtgr cLctgr ae,ar
dèutg Xaociulcry rgv`sàe
3
n`s hcvaur`tg crt`st wcs. ? _ng csjgm twa, Hèclly, @e tng gem (Ò9) 3 oaemuotar 9 mruddgr
n`d `h ng ahtge v`s`tgm bcllgr`gs. = _ng 8 ? sèbgr-saebwr`tgr = oadpasgr
csjgm n`d `h ng waulm rgoaddgem tng _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 7 soulptar 8 vaocl`st
gxnì`tàe ta atngr pgaplg. 7 _ng 2c cem 2i 9
wcetgm ta jeaw wny ng ncm mgo`mgm ta _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 3 tng oauetrys`mg
sgg tng gxnì`tàe. 8 _ng wcetgm ta
Mgvglapèb wr`tèb p367
Mgvglapèb 9 wg sèb
jeaw `h ng wcs baèb ta iuy ceytnèb è
tng snap. 2 _ng csjgm n`d `h ng ncm gvgr ? pgrhard è c plcy ar c ffild
3
iaubnt ce ar`bècl pcètèb. = `s mrcwe quòjly è pgeo`l
=c, =i cem =o 9 7 tng pgaplg wna wcton c plcy ar c oaeogrt
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs ]ng wr`tgr l`jgm tng plat, iut bgegrclly ng/ 8 c pgrsae
7 sng lavgm gvgrytnèb ciaut tng ffild ‟ ce 2 cotars ar icems pgrhard
3 ]ng dast oaddae vgris crg csj cem cem tgll . èsp`rèb ffild, w`tn brgct oncrcotgrs cem ?
Csj `s
`s c rgqugst cem tgll `s
`s ce armgr.
armgr. gxogllget cotars. 3 t`rgm 9 gdicrrcssèb ? oaehusgm
9 Rg usg ta +
ta + èffie`t`vg è tng rgpartgm ]ng wr`tgr rgoaddgems tng ffild ta pgaplg = m`scppaètèb 7 surpr`sgm
oaddcem (`.g. tng `dpgrct`vg oncebgs ta wna l`jg gdatàecl star`gs ciaut oncrcotgrs 8 m`sbustèb
tng èffie`t`vg). yau ocrg har.
? Eat oadgs
oadgs igharg ta +
ta + èffie`t`vg, `.g. eat ?
ta ma.
ma. gxcds; We`ts 2‟>
Bctgwcy ta gxcds;
3 o 9 i ? m = c
8 =
3 ]ng tgcongr talm tng olcss ta pcy cttgetàe. 3 prgsget s`dplg tgesg 9 ea Wsg ah Gebl`sn p36>
9 ]ng dce ct tng getrceog csjgm tngd ta ? ea = ygs 3
b`vg n`d tng`r tòjgts. 7 _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
? N`s dud talm n`d eat ta snaut. 3 i 9 o ? c = m 9c
= ]ng bu`mg csjgm tng v`s`tars eat ta tcjg 8 ]ng spart `s Ongss Iaxèb. ]ng rulgs crg;
pnatas ès`mg tng dusgud. _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs tngrg `s c rauem ah ongss, tnge iaxèb, tnge
7 N`s mcm talm n`d eat ta oadg nadg lctg. darg ongss cem darg iaxèb. ]ng wèegr `s
8 ]ng crt tgcongr talm Kcjg ta usg c tng pgrsae wna bgts ongojdctg ar jeaojs
i`bbgr irusn. Lcebucbg ongojpaèt; We`t > aut tng`r appaeget ffirst.
9i
2 ]ng tgcongr csjgm tng stumgets ta wr`tg
c mgsor`ptàe ah tng pcètèb har nadgwarj. Brcddcr rgv`sàe p362 c iy i wnasg o wna m `s g tng
h aut b wngrg n cem ` `s k up
2 3
j tngd l ta
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 3 _ng
tnct sc`m sng wcs ncppy ta ig tngrg
mcy. ?
Mgvglapèb spgcjèb p36=
Mgvglapèb _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
9 _ng talm dg sng wcs wr`tèb c plcy.
3 ? _ng sc`m sng ncm egvgr wr`ttge c plcy
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs igharg.

ad
Vnataoap`cilg © Dcod`llce Vuil`sngrs L`d`tgm 9638 3= ah 3>

L`stgeèb p36> = w`bs 4 prgtgem nc`r, yau put `t ae yaur

= _ubbgstgm ceswgrs ngcm ta oavgr iclmegss
_ubbgstgm ceswgrs mgdaorcoy ‟ _wgmge oahffie 4 waamge iax har mgcm iam`gs tnct
]ng pnata snaws c wadce rueeèb mawe rgpuilò ‟ Ygpuilò ah @rglcem `s usgm har iuryèb tng iamy
c oarr`mar. _ng `s wgcrèb rueeèb olatngs daecrony ‟ _cum` Crci`c 8
(trcègrs cem c trcojsu`t), iut tng plcog oaest`tutàecl daecrony ‟ ]ng We`tgm _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
laajs l`jg c puilò iu`lmèb, pgrncps c Jèbmad
Brcddcr è oaetgxt pp339‟33?
dusgud ar crt bcllgry. 7
7 3 bgegrcl glgotàes 9 dgdigr 3
]ng twa pgaplg crg è ce crt bcllgry wctonèb
wctonèb ? pal`tòcl pcrt`gs = rue 7 lcws c dust i oce‐t o d`bnt/dcy/
8 palò`gs 2 vatg > ocdpc`bes oaulm m èffie`t`vg w`tnaut ta
cwngrg
warj rueegrs
ah crt iyrue,
tngcs
crt`st
hcst Dcrtè Orggmhrad
cs passìlg, 8 9
aeg gem ah tng bcllgry ta tng atngr. _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs Oauetry 3
8 3 oce‐t 9 d`bnt ? dust
3 ] 9 ] ? H = ] 7 H 8 ] Ygcmèb p333 Oauetry 9
2 H > H 3 3 oaulm 9 dcy ? dust
2 _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs ?
_ubbgstgm ceswgrs 9 Hlcb 3
@ tnèj `t bgts pgaplg tcljèb ciaut wnct ]ngrg `s c oaesp`rcoy tngary tnct Gl`zcigtn @ 3 dcy/d`bnt 9 oce‐t ? dust
crt `s. wcs rgclly c iay hrad tng v`llcbg ah I`slgy. Hlcb 9
@ tnèj `t‐s c puilò`ty stuet har c sparts ]ng rgcl Gl`zcigtn m`gm uegxpgotgmly cem 3 oce‐t
olatngs oadpcey. tngy wgrg taa chrc`m ta tgll tng jèb sa 9 dcy/d`bnt/oa
dcy/d`bnt/oaulm,
ulm, dcy/d`bnt/oaulm
dcy/d`bnt/oaulm
@ tnèj `t‐s c vgry ètgrgstèb `mgc cem yau tngy usgm tng iay hrad I`slgy ta prgtgem ? dust
crg hrgg ta tnèj wnct yau wcet. ta ig ngr.
=
?
_pgcjèb p360 _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
_ubbgstgm ceswgrs
7
> 3 Gl`zcigtn 3 wcs iare è 37?? cem m`gm
c dust i oce‐t/oaulme‐t
3 Vcst oaetèuaus ‟ mgsorìgs c pcst è 386?. _ng rg`begm har cldast ffihty ygcrs.
cotàe è prabrgss. Murèb tng t`dg ngr bavgredget wcs stcilg
stcilg o dcy/d`bnt/oaulm m pcst pcrtò`plg
cem Geblcem igocdg ce ètgrectàecl pawgr. 8c
9 Vcst pgrhgot ‟ gxprgssgs ce cotàe è tng 3 straeb hard ah ncvg
ncvg;; /n󰃨v/
pcst igharg ceatngr cotàe è tng pcst. 9 _a tnct tngy hardgm lèjs w`tn atngr
ectàes. 9 wgcj hard ah ncvg
ncvg;; /ɐv/
? Vcst s`dplg ‟ gxprgssgs tng `mgc tnct
? Gl`zcigtn wcs stcyèb ct c nausg ocllgm 8i
ce cotàe stcrtgm cem ffie`sngm ct c spgo`ffio
t`dg è tng pcst. Avgr Oaurt è I`slgy ta cva`m tng plcbug. tng wgcj hard
= Ngery m`m eat v`s`t n`s mcubntgr ahtge cem
cem 8o
0
Gl`zcigtn wcs qu`gt cem ueoadhartcilg
ueoadhartcilg è _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
hraet ah ngr hctngr. 2
36
7 C iay hrad tng v`llcbg ah I`slgy taaj 3 dcy/d`bnt ncvg gx`stgm
Gl`zcigtn‐s plcog igocusg Gl`zcigtn ncm 9 dust ncvg igge
Rr`tèb p360 m`gm chtgr hcllèb `ll. ]ngrg wcs aely aeg ? oce‐t ncvg usgm
33 iay w`tn rgm nc`r, sa tngy mrgssgm n`d up = dust ncvg l`jgm
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs cs c b`rl cem l`gm. 7 oce‐t ncvg m`scppgcrgm
39 8 Igocusg pgrncps tngy wgrg l`tgrclly trug. 8 oaulm/dcy/d`
oaulm/dcy/d`bnt
bnt ncvg l`vgm
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 2 _ng clwcys warg c lat ah dcjg-up cem 2 dust ncvg igl`gvgm
w`bs.
> C oahffie wcs hauem è I`slgy. @es`mg `t > dcy/d`bnt/oaulm
dcy/d`bnt/oa
ncvgulm ncvg tcjge, dcy/
We`t 0 d`bnt/oaulm rgog`vgm
tngrg wcs c yaueb b`rl mrgssgm è vgry ffieg
Xaociulcry p336 olatngs. Eaiamy è tng v`llcbg oaulm ncvg Mgvglapèb vaociulcry p33?
3 ncm suon ffieg olatngs, aely c prèogss. 3
c ourrgeoy i ﬉cb o raycl hcd`ly = Eaues; cr`staorcoy, ocrg, oadhart, hcdg,
m ocp`tcl o`ty g ectàecl cetngd _ubbgstgm ceswgrs luoj, so`geog, tgrrar
h pr`dg dè`stgr/prgs`mget Oaesp`rcoy tngar`gs gx`st ta gxplcè strcebg Cmkgot`vgs; cr`staorctò, ocrghul, ocrglgss,
9 igncvàur. ]ngrg crg lats ah oaesp`rcoy oadhartcilg, hcdaus, luojy, so`get`ffio,
_ubbgstgm ceswgrs tngar`gs igocusg tngy crg gxo`tèb cem tgrrìlg, ueoadhartcilg
]ng ocp`tcl o`ty ah tng W_ `s Rcsnèbtae MO ètgrgstèb cem è n`stary wg egvgr rgclly 9
(tnaubn gcon stctg clsa ncs `ts awe ocp`tcl). jeaw tng wnalg trutn. ocrghul, ocrglgss, oadhartcilg, hcdaus,
]ng ourrgeoy ah tng We`tgm _tctgs `s tng 7 luojy, so`get`ffio, tgrrìlg, ueoadhartcilg
mallcr. rg`begm 4 rulgm/wcs tng lgcmgr ah tng ?
]ng ﬉cb ah tng We`tgm _tctgs `s rgm, wn`tg oauetry è tng pas`tàe ah qugge ar jèb -y; nuebry
cem ilug. stcilg 4 stcys tng scdg cem magse‐t -cilg; gekaycilg
]ng W_ ectàecl cetngd `s „]ng _tcr- oncebg -ìlg; sgesìlg
tng plcbug 4 c mcebgraus `llegss l`jg tng
_pceblgm
]ng Iceegr‐.
prgs`mget è 9637 wcs Icrcoj Aicdc. ﬉u wnòn `s vgry octonèb -lgss; nglphul,
-hul; usghul
nglplgss, sgesglgss, usglgss
? sjè 4 tng oavgrèb ae yaur iamy
-cl; ecturcl, ahffio`cl
3 rgpuilò 9 mgdaorcoy ? daecrony spggon 4 `dpartcet warms sc`m ct ce
-aus; mcebgraus, dystgràus
= oaest`tutàecl daecrony `dpartcet dadget

ad

= ? ?
c ahffio`cl i dystgràus 3 ncme‐t tnaubnt, waulme‐t ncvg igge 3 m 9 g ? c = i 7 o
o tgrrìlg/tgrr`hyèb m ueoadhartcilg 9 waulm ncvg tcjge, ncm hauem =
g ocrghul h mcebgraus b ueluojy ? ncme‐t mghgemgm, waulm ncvg igoadg 3 pcst s`dplg; Rnge Cdy ffie`sngm
n sgesìlg = ncme‐t igge, waulme‐t ncvg tcjge rgcmèb tng gdc`l, sng tnaubnt …
7 ncm igge, waulm ncvg jgpt 9 pcst oaetèuaus; Cdy wcs wc`tèb
Bctgwcy ta l`hg sj`lls pp33=‟337
8 waulm spgcj, ncm rgdcègm egrvausly ct nadg …
3 ? pcst pgrhgot; C hgw daetns cba, Cdy
3 c pal`tòcl pcrty har yaueb pgaplg 2 ncme‐t igge, waulm ig
ncm getgrgm c oadpgt`tàe.
9 pgaplg igtwgge 33 cem 3> wna crg =
= usgm ta ; Cdy usgm ta mrgcd ah c
ètgrgstgm è `ssugs tnct chhgot sao`gty 9 @h @ ncme‐t stum`gm c lat, @ waulme‐t ncvg
? _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs bat tge è tng gxcd. dadget
7 dust l`jg /tn`s
/dcy … /oce‐t ncvg ; _ng
d`bnt
9 ? ]ng racm waulme‐t ncvg igge wgt `h `t
tnaubnt tng gdc`l dust ncvg igge c
3 ]ng WJ Pautn Vcrl`cdget prav`mgs ncme‐t igge rcèèb.
d`stcjg ar c kajg.
appartue`t`gs har yaueb pgaplg ta irèb = @ waulm ncvg iaubnt yau c prgsget `h @
7
ciaut sao`cl oncebg. ncm ncm sadg daegy.
9 DPVs crg dgdigrs ah tng Pautn 7 @ waulme‐t ncvg jeawe ngr sgorgt `h yau
Vcrl`cdget cem tngy crg glgotgm gvgry ygcr. ncme‐t talm dg.
]ngy arbce`sg m`hhgrget gvgets cem prakgots 8 @h wg ncm jeawe tngy wgrg suon narrìlg Lcebucbg ongojpaèt; We`t 0
cem tngy rue ocdpc`bes. pgaplg, wg waulme‐t ncvg igoadg tng`r
? hr`gems. Brcddcr rgv`sàe p393
3 ] 9 ] ? H = H 7 H 8 ] 2 H 2 @h ng ncm trcègm, ng waulme‐t ncvg
3
= maeg icmly è tng rcog.
3 oce‐t 9 dust ? dust = dcy
Al`v`c; lgttèb 38-ygcr-alms vatg è bgegrcl > _ng waulme‐t ncvg crr`vgm ae t`dg `h sng 7 oce‐t 8 dcy
glgotàes ncme‐t bat up gcrly tnct dareèb.
9
Kcoj; iullyèb è sonaal 0 @h dy mcm ncme‐t b`vge dy iratngr £96, 3 oce‐t ncvg sgge 9 d`bnt ncvg igge
Lujg; oncebèb tng sonaal ourròulud ng waulme‐t ncvg ncm geaubn daegy ta ? dust ncvg oadg = dust ncvg rcègm
Onlag; ffibntèb yautn uegdplaydget iuy tng tòjgts.
7 7 7
2 oce‐t ncvg
oce‐t ncvg gctge
seawgm 8 d`bnt ncvg maeg
Al`v`c; g, h _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs ?
Kcoj; i, m 8c cem 8i 3 ncm pcssgm 9 waulm ncvg iaubnt
Lujg; c, n _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs ? ncm m`gm = ncm oaajgm 7 ncm snaeg
Onlag; o, b 8 waulm ncvg sget 2 ncm plcygm
8c, 8i cem 8o
Mgvglapèb spgcjèb p33>
Mgvglapèb
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 3 Xaociulcry rgv`sàe p393
_ubbgstgm ceswgrs 3
L`stgeèb p338 Rna oce yau sgg è tng pòturg1 3 ocp`tcl o`ty 9 ectàecl cetngd
3 Rnct ma yau tnèj tng dce `s maèb1 Rny ? ﬉cb = prgs`mget 7 daecrony, jèb
3007 Yubiy Rarlm Oup ffiecl: Eglsae ma yau tnèj ng `s tngrg1 Naw ma yau tnèj 8 ourrgeoy
Dcemglc, tng _autn Chròce prgs`mget, ng hggls1 9
cppgcrgm ct tng dcton wgcrèb c _autn Rna crg tng atngr pgaplg è tng pnata1 3 bgegrcl glgotàes ‟ aoocsàes wnge yau
Chròce rubiy tap. Naw laeb ncvg tng pgaplg igge wc`tèb1 oce vatg har c bavgredget
9 Raulm yau l`jg ta ig tngrg1 9 rue c oauetry ‟ dcecbg tng wcy c
3 3007 9 92 ygcrs ? wn`tg _autn 9 oauetry warjs
Chròces = Geblcem 7 Aeg Oauetry _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
8 egw ectàecl cetngd 2 tng wnalg ? ? pal`tòcl
s`d`lcr pcrty`mgcs
pal`tòcl ‟ c braup ah pgaplg w`tn
ectàe > `ll 0 tng`r natgl @ `dcbèg …, @‐d eat surg iut …, @t dust = pr`dg dè`stgr ‟ tng pgrsae wna lgcms
? ig …, ]ng pgaplg ae tng r`bnt d`bnt ig …, …, tng bavgredget tnct `s è pawgr
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs @t‐s praicily …, @t laajs cs `h …, @t laajs 7 oaest`tutà
oaest`tutàecl
ecl daecrony ‟ c oauetry
l`jg …, ]ngy dust ncvg igge … rulgm iy c jèb ah qugge wnasg pawgrs
Brcddcr è oaetgxt pp338‟332 =c cem =i crg l`d`tgm iy c sgt ah icsò lcws
3 _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs ?
3 Rg usg tng pcst pgrhgot è tng `h olcusg.
olcusg. 3 nuebry 9 ocrglgss ? crt`stò
9 Rg usg waulm ncvg +
ncvg + tng pcst pcrtò`plg Mgvglapèb wr`tèb p330
Mgvglapèb
= sgesìlg 7 oadhartcilg 8 ecturcl
ah tng vgri. 3 2 gekaycilg > dystgràus
? Ea, `t oce oadg sgoaem. 3 _ng wae tng onceog ta dggt tng Vr`dg
= Rg jeaw ‐m `s
`s ncm `h
`h `t `s è tng `h olcusg.
olcusg. Dè`stgr chtgr getgrèb c oadpgt`tàe
oadpgt`tàe
wngrg sng ncm ncm ta wr`tg tge tnèbs sng
We`t 36
7 Rg usg tng tn`rm oaem`tàecl har
`dcbècry s`tuctàes è tng pcst. waulm ma `h sng wgrg tng Vr`dg Dè`stgr. Xaociulcry p399
9 9 36 Maweèb _trggt è c i`b ilcoj ocr 3
3 gemgm, ncvg 9 ncm lcemgm, ncvg ? gxo`tgm cem ncppy _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
9
? ncvghcllge
ncme‐t surv`vgm, ncme‐tncm
7 ncvg, = tnaubnt,
8 ncme‐t, _ubbgstgm ceswgrs 9
3 _nag snap; ]ngy wcet ta iuy sadg
waulm ncvg C hgw daetns cba, Ct ffirst, Ae Rgmegsmcy, oadhartcilg
oadhartcil g snags ar trcègrs.
chtgr sonaal, Chtgr ciaut =6 dèutgs, Iy 9 Mgpcrtdget starg; ]ngy wcet ta iuy c
tng gem, i`rtnmcy prgsget/c wcton.

ad

? Olatngs snap; ]ng dce wcets ta iuy c ea- L`stgeèb p39>

kcojgt. eatnèb, eawngrg 3
= Vast ahffiog; Ng wcets ta iuy sadg gvgry- _ubbgstgm ceswgr
stcdps ta past sadg lgttgrs ta Custrcl`c. gvgrytnèb, gvgrywngrg @ oce sgg c iay snappèb. Ng‐s laajèb ct
? 9 sadg trausgrs ae c olatngs rcoj. Ignèm
ocsn`gr, ongojaut, ocsn/mgi`t ocrm, qugug 3 gvgrytnèb 9 sadgiamy ? ceywngrg n`d @ oce sgg lats ah sn`rts. Ng sggds ta l`jg
= = Ea-aeg 7 ceytnèb 8 Gvgryiamy tng olatngs ng‐s laajèb ct. Ng‐s praicily
3 mgi`t ocrm 9 ocsn`gr ? ocsn 2 gvgryaeg, ceyaeg > ceyiamy iuyèb sadgtnèb.
= ongojaut 7 qugug 8 chharm ? 9
2 m`soauet > icrbcè 0 rgog`pt c sadgtnèb i Ceytnèb o sadgtnèb c = i 9 o 3 m ?
m ceytnèb g gvgrywngrg h eatnèb
7 rghuem 33 trallgy 39 oncebèb raad
36 raad b _adgiamy/_adgaeg ?
3 = 9 3 ? 9 = ? 7 = 8 ?
c trallgy i m`soauet o icrbcè n ceyaeg/ceyiamy 2 3 > 9
m qugug g ongojaut h ocsn`gr =c =
b mgi`t ocrm n rghuem ` ocsn k rgog`pt 3 ceywngrg 9 ceytnèb ? ceyiamy _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
8 = ceyiamy 7 ceywngrg 8 ceytnèb
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs =i Brcddcr è oaetgxt pp39>‟390
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 3
Ygcmèb p39? 7 3 pcst s`dplg, prgsget
3 3 cmkgot`vgs cem cmvgris 9 pcst pgrhgot, pcst
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs 9 eaues (w`tn ar w`tnaut cmkgot`vgs) ? waulm , wcets
9 ? tnct 9
3 c 9 i ? o = o 7 c 8c 9 Ng w`sngs ng wgrg/wcs tcllgr.
? ]ng warms sa
sa cem
cem suon
suon crg
crg strgssgm. ? _ng w`sngs sng ncm c oct.
Dcjèb snappèb trallgys i`bbgr 8i
= _ng w`sngs sng wgrg/wcs ae c igcon.
Ahhgrèb ongcp prògs ae icsò `tgds l`jg _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
gbbs cem d`lj 7 Ng w`sngs ng ncm laeb nc`r.
2
8 Ng w`sngs ng oaulm sj` wgll.
Vuttèb rgmcrg
tnèj tngy stòjgrs ae pramuots sa snappgrs
ct c m`soauet snappgrs 8 suon
3 sa 2 9sasa ? suon = suon 7 sa ?
Vuttèb tnèbs l`jg d`lj ct tng icoj sa tng >c cem >i _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
snappgr ncs ta pcss cll tng snglvgs _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs =
Vuttèb tng gxpges`vg pramuots ct gyg-lgvgl 3 ncme‐t talm 9 ‐m onasge ? „m trgctgm
cem tng ongcp aegs lawgr Mgvglapèb vaociulcry p397 = „m stum`gm 7 „m lgcret 8 ncme‐t
Vuttèb slaw dusò ta dcjg yau rglcxgm 3 l`stgegm 2 ncme‐t sc`m > „m pc`m
cem davg slawgr 3 wè 9 wcstg ? iarraw = maectg 7
Orgctèb qugugs ct tng ongojaut ta dcjg 7 gcre 8 lgem 2 spgem > scvg _ubbgstgm ceswgrs
yau iuy hrad ongojaut snglvgs wn`lg yau 0 dcjg 36 rc`sg 33 awg 3 @ w`sn yau‐m oadg ta tng olcss ae t`dg!
wc`t 9 9 @ w`sn yau waulme‐t wcton suon
= 3 gcre/dcjg 9 spgems ? iarraw hr`bntgeèb ffilds!
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs = wae 7 maectgs 8 lget 2 dcmg ? @ w`sn yau‐m t`my yaur raad up!
7 > scvèb 0 wcstgm 36 awg 33 rc`sgm 8c
pap èta 4 ba ès`mg vgry quòjly _ubbgstgm ceswgrs
`tgds 4 tng tnèbs yau ètgem ta iuy Bctgwcy ta l`hg sj`lls pp398‟392
c @ w`sn ng waulm sncrg n`s haam w`tn dg.
tgemgeoy 4 sadgtnèb wg usuclly ma ar 3 i @ w`sn tng lgssae wcs darg gxo`tèb.
onaasg ta ma ecturclly _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
mglìgrctgly 4 ae purpasg, maeg w`tn c 9c cem 9i o @h aely @ ncm iraubnt dy udirgllc.
m @ w`sn @ wcs icoj è tng sgc.
rgcsae _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
g @ w`sn @ oaulm oaaj igttgr. / @ w`sn @ ncm
stòjgrs 4 lcigls tnct supgrdcrjgts stòj ?c
tcjge tngd aut ah tng avge gcrl`gr.
ta haam c Ma yau bgt ce cllawceog1 ]aiy ✒,
gyg-lgvgl 4 tng ng`bnt wngrg pgaplg‐s 8i
Ocllud ✒, Ecad` ✟, Ycongl ✒
gygs crg _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
i Ma yau gvgr iarraw daegy hrad
8 atngrs1 ]aiy ✒, Ocllud ✟, Ecad` ✒, Mgvglapèb spgcjèb p3?6
Mgvglapèb
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs Ycongl ✟
3
?i
Brcddcr è oaetgxt pp39=‟397 _ubbgstgm ceswgr
]aiy; spgem nclh ah daegy cem scvg rgst
3c ]ngrg‐s c wadce è c olatngs snap wna
Ycongl; cva`m mgs`begr olatngs `s wgcrèb ce arcebg sn`rt. _ng d`bnt
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs Ecad`; laaj har tng igst pròg ig snappèb har darg sn`rts è m`hhgrget
3i Ocllud; tnèj igharg iuyèb, aely iuy oalaurs har ngrsglh. Ar sng oaulm warj è
3 o 9 c ? i = m `dpartcet tnèbs tng snap cem tngy oaulm ig dge‐s sn`rts.
3o = 9
sadg- 3 Ycongl cem Ocllud 9 Ecad` naam`g, ilug, s`zg lcrbg
sadgiamy/sadgaeg
cey- ? Ecad` = Ocllud 7 ]aiy ?
8 Ecad` 2 Ycongl > Ocllud 3 g 9 c ? o = b 7 m 8 h 2 i
ceywngrg
7 =
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs

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7
3 ]ng naam`g snrcej wnge `t wcs wcsngm. Lcebucbg ongojpaèt; We`t 36
9 ]ng snap css`stcet ahhgrs ta rgplcog `t ar
b`vg ngr c rghuem. Brcddcr rgv`sàe p3??
? _ng bgts c rghuem igocusg sng ncs tng 3
rgog`pt. 3 ceytnèb 9 ceywngrg ? sadgtnèb
8 = _adgiamy 7 Gvgryiamy 8 ceyaeg
3 @‐m l`jg ta dcjg c oadplcèt. @t snrcej 9
tng ffirst t`dg @ wcsngm `t. @t‐s hculty. 3 ]n`s `s suon c i`b oauetry.
9 _arry ciaut tnct. 9 ]ng stumgets crg sa baam.
? Oce @ nglp yau1 Naw ciaut tn`s/tngsg1 ? @t wcs suon c m`hffioult gxcd.
Rg oce rgplcog `t. = @t wcs suon icm wgctngr tnct wg stcygm è.
= P
Pgs,
gs, @‐d laajèb har … Ea, tncejs
tncejs.. @‐d 7 ]ng ffild wcs sa laum tnct dy gcrs nurt.
kust laajèb. 8 Dy ngcmcong `s sa icm.
7 Rnct s`zg crg yau1 Rnct sggds ta ig 2 @t‐s suon c mcebgraus racm.
tng prailgd1 Ncvg yau bat ceytnèb è > @t wcs suon c pcèhul gxpgr`geog.
ilug/brgge/dgmùd/lcr
ilug/brgge/d gmùd/lcrbg1bg1 Oce @ irèb `t
?
icoj1 Oce @ ncvg c rghuem1
3 ncm 9 waulm ? uemgrstaam
8 @ l`jg `t/tngd. @‐ll tcjg tn`s aeg/tngsg. @t‐s = ncm dgt 7 waulm stap 8 ncme‐t hc`lgm
tng wraeb s`zg.
2c cem 2i Xaociulcry rgv`sàe p3??
3 iutongr‐s 9 brggebraogr‐s ? glgotròcl
glgotròcl
pèb wr`tèb p3?3
Mgvglapèb
Mgvgla
baams starg = mgpcrtdget starg
3 7 stctàegry snap 8 icjgry
9 3 ocsn 9 ocsn`gr ? qugug = chharm
3 Al`vgr iaubnt ce g-rgcmgr. 7 icrbcè 8 rgog`pt 2 oncebèb raads
9 ]ng sorgge wcs irajge. > m`soauet
? Ng taaj `t icoj ta tng starg. ?
= ]ng snap css`stcet m`me‐t oncebg `t 3 iarraw 9 gcre ? (oarrgot) = wcstg
igocusg ng m`me‐t ncvg tng ar`bècl iax. 7 (oarrgot) 8 lgem
Rnge ng wget icoj w`tn tng g-rgcmgr è
tng ar`bècl pcojcbèb, tngrg wcs c egw
css`stcet wna sc`m ng oaulme‐t ncvg c rghuem
rghuem Bctgwcy ta gxcds; We`ts
We`t s 0‟36
cs ng ncm irajge tng sorgge n`dsglh.
7 Ng wcets c hull rghuem cem c wr`ttge Ygcmèb p3?=
cpalaby har tng trgctdget ng rgog`vgm. 3
? _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
3 o 9 g ? c = m 7 i 9
= 3 I 9 C ? O = M
@ cd wr`tèb ta oadplcè ciaut … ?
Rnge, Cs c rgsult, Nawgvgr, 3 i 9 o ? i = o
@ mgdcem c hull rghuem. =
@ waulm l`jg c … _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
@h @ ma eat … @ w`ll … 7
@ laaj harwcrm ta ngcrèb hrad yau saae. _tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs
7 8
c sèog i @e tng gem o Nawgvgr 3 sn`p wnòn iraubnt 766 Ocrìigce
m Cs c rgsult g Hurtngrdarg pgaplg ta Ir`tcè è 30=>.
8 9 @t orgctgm damgre dultòulturc
dultòulturcll Ir`tcè.
_ubbgstgm ceswgrs 2
3 Cs c rgsult, @ waulm l`jg ta csj har c hull c Kcdcòc i Ir`tcè o 766 m warj
rghuem. g tng wgctngr h Oaddaewgcltn oauetr`gs
9 Hurtngrdarg, sng wcs rumg ta dg è b @em`c n 3=% ` haam k dusò
hraet ah atngr oustadgrs cem stchh. >
? Nawgvgr, tng sgrvòg tamcy wcs tgrrìlg. c mcebgraus i ètgrgstgm o n`star`ce
= @ waulm l`jg c hull rghuem sèog @ iraubnt m èsp`rèb g gdplaygg h t`rèb
tng pramuot icoj è pgrhgot oaem`tàe. b ueoadhartcilg n nglphul
7 @e tng gem, @ rgog`vgm ce cpalaby. ` oaapgrctgs k dultèctàecl/ètgrectàecl
j ahffio`cl l gxo`tgm d surpr`sèb
2c cem 2i
_tumgets‐ awe ceswgrs e m`rgotar

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L`stge`eb p36> = w`bs 4 prgtgem nc`r, yau put `t ae yaur

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