C Interview Questions PDF For Freshers

Most Frequently Asked
C Programming
Interview Questions
w i t h a n s w e r s
Basic Level: Page 2
Intermediate Level: Page 8
Advanced Level: Page 14

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Basic Level
1. Why is C called a mid-level programming language?

Answer:
C has characteristics of both assembly-level i.e. low-level and higher-level
languages. So as a result, C is commonly called a middle-level language.
Using C, a user can write an operating system as well as create a menu-
driven consumer billing system.
2. What are the features of the C language?

Answer:
Some features of the C language are-
1. It is Simple And Efficient.
2. C language is portable or Machine Independent.
3. C is a mid-level Programming Language.
4. It is a structured Programming Language.
5. It has a function-rich library.
6. Dynamic Memory Management.
7. C is super fast.
8. We can use pointers in C.
9. It is extensible.
3. What is a token?
Answer:
The individual elements of a program are called Tokens. There are
following 6 types of tokens are available in C:
Identifiers
Keywords
Constants
Operators
Special Characters
Strings
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4. What is the use of printf() and scanf() functions?

Answer:
printf(): The printf() function is used to print the integer, character, float and
string values on to the screen.
Following are the format specifier:
%d: It is a format specifier used to print an integer value.

%s: It is a format specifier used to print a string.
%c: It is a format specifier used to display a character value.
%f: It is a format specifier used to display a floating point value.
scanf(): The scanf() function is used to take input from the user.
5. What is the use of the function in C?

Answer:
C functions are used to avoid the rewriting the same code again and again in
our program.
C functions can be called any number of times from any place of our
program.
When a program is divided into functions, then any part of our program can
easily be tracked.
C functions provide the reusability concept, i.e., it breaks the big task into
smaller tasks so that it makes the C program more understandable.
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6. What is a built-in function in C?

Answer:
The most commonly used built-in functions in C are scanf(), printf(), strcpy, strlwr,
strcmp, strlen, strcat, and many more.
Built-function is also known as library functions that are provided by the system
to make the life of a developer easy by assisting them to do certain commonly
used predefined tasks. For example, if you need to print output or your program
into the terminal, we use printf() in C.
7. How can a string be converted to a number?

Answer:
The function takes the string as an input that needs to be converted to an
integer.
int atoi(const char *string)
Return Value:
On successful conversion, it returns the desired integer value
If the string starts with alpha-numeric char or only contains alpha-num char, 0 is
returned.
In case string starts with numeric character but is followed by alpha-num char,
the string is converted to integer till the first occurrence of alphanumeric char.
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8. What is the use of a static variable in C?

Answer:
A variable which is declared as static is known as a static variable. The static
variable retains its value between multiple function calls.
Static variables are used because the scope of the static variable is available in
the entire program. So, we can access a static variable anywhere in the program.
The static variable is initially initialized to zero. If we update the value of a
variable, then the updated value is assigned.
The static variable is used as a common value which is shared by all the
methods.
The static variable is initialized only once in the memory heap to reduce the
memory usage.
9. What is recursion in C?
Answer:
The function that calls itself is known as a recursive function.
Syntax
void recursion()
{
... .. ...
recursion();
... .. ...]
}
int main()
{
... .. ...
recursion();
... .. ...
}
9. What is recursion in C?
Answer:
The function that calls itself is known as a recursive function.
Syntax
void recursion()
{
... .. ...
recursion();
... .. ...]
} Page no: 5
int main()
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10. What is the difference between global int and static int
declaration?
Answer:
A truly global variable has a global scope and is visible everywhere in your
program. A static variable has a local scope but its variables are not allocated in
the stack segment of the memory.
11. What is an array in C?

Answer:
An Array is a group of similar types of elements. It has a contiguous memory
location. It makes the code optimized, easy to traverse and easy to sort. The size
and type of arrays cannot be changed after its declaration.
Arrays are of two types:
One-dimensional array: One-dimensional array is an array that stores the
elements one after the another.
Multidimensional array: Multidimensional array is an array that contains more
than one array.
12. What is a pointer in C?

Answer:
A pointer is a variable that refers to the address of a value. It makes the code
optimized and makes the performance fast. Whenever a variable is declared
inside a program, then the system allocates some memory to a variable. The
memory contains some address number. The variables that hold this address
number is known as the pointer variable.
Syntax
data_type *p;
p is a pointer variable that holds the address number of a given data type value.
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Example Program
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int *ptr; //pointer of type integer.
int a=15;
ptr=&a;
printf("Address value of 'a' variable is %p",ptr);
return 0;
}
The output of above program is
Address value of 'a' variable is 0x7ffe5b268efc
13. What is the usage of the pointer in C?

Answer:
Accessing array elements: Pointers are used in traversing through an array of
integers and strings. The string is an array of characters which is terminated
by a null character '\0'.
Dynamic memory allocation: Pointers are used in allocation and deallocation
of memory during the execution of a program.
Call by Reference: The pointers are used to pass a reference of a variable to
other function.
Data Structures like a tree, graph, linked list, etc.: The pointers are used to
construct different data structures like tree, graph, linked list, etc.
14. What is a NULL pointer in C?

Answer:
A pointer that doesn't refer to any address of value but NULL is known as a NULL pointer.
When we assign a '0' value to a pointer of any type, then it becomes a Null pointer.
15. Difference between const char* p and char const* p?

Answer:
const char* p is a pointer to a const char.
char const* p is a pointer to a char const.
Since const char and char const are the same, it's the same.
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16. Why doesn’t C support function overloading?

Answer:
After you compile the C source, the symbol names need to be intact in the
object code. If we introduce function overloading in our source, we should
also provide name mangling as a preventive measure to avoid function
name clashes. Also, as C is not a strictly typed language many things (ex:
data types) are convertible to each other in C. Therefore, the complexity of
overload resolution can introduce confusion in a language such as C.
When you compile a C source, symbol names will remain intact. If you
introduce function overloading, you should provide a name mangling
technique to prevent name clashes. Consequently, like C++, you'll have
machine-generated symbol names in the compiled binary.
Additionally, C does not feature strict typing. Many things are implicitly
convertible to each other in C. The complexity of overload resolution rules
could introduce confusion in such kind of language
17. What is pointer to pointer in C?

Answer:
In C, a pointer can also be used to store the address of another pointer. A double pointer
or pointer to pointer is such a pointer. The address of a variable is stored in the first
pointer, whereas the address of the first pointer is stored in the second pointer.
18. Why n++ executes faster than n+1?

Answer:
n++ being a unary operation, it just needs one variable. Whereas, n = n + 1 is a binary
operation that adds overhead to take more time (also binary operation: n += 1). However,
in modern platforms, it depends on few things such as processor architecture, C
compiler, usage in your code, and other factors such as hardware problems.
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19. What is typecasting in C?

Answer:
It is the process to convert a variable from one datatype to another. If we
want to store the large type value to an int type, then we will convert the
data type into another data type explicitly.
20. What is dangling pointer in C?

Answer:
If a pointer is pointing any memory location, but meanwhile another
pointer deletes the memory occupied by the first pointer while the first
pointer still points to that memory location, the first pointer will be known
as a dangling pointer. This problem is known as a dangling pointer
problem.
Dangling pointer arises when an object is deleted without modifying the
value of the pointer. The pointer points to the deallocated memory.
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For example,
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int *p = malloc(constant value);
free(p);
}
In the above example, initially memory is allocated to the pointer variable p, and
then the memory is deallocated from the pointer variable. Now, pointer variable,
i.e., p becomes a dangling pointer.
21. What is static memory allocation?

Answer:
In case of static memory allocation, memory is allocated at compile time, and
memory can't be increased while executing the program. It is used in the
array.
The lifetime of a variable in static memory is the lifetime of a program.
The static memory is allocated using static keyword.
The static memory is implemented using stacks or heap.
The pointer is required to access the variable present in the static memory.
The static memory is faster than dynamic memory.
In static memory, more memory space is required to store the variable.
22. What are the advantages of Macro over function?

Answer:
Macro on a high-level copy-paste, its definitions to places wherever it is called. Due
to which it saves a lot of time, as no time is spent while passing the control to a
new function and the control is always with the callee function. However, one
downside is the size of the compiled binary is large but once compiled the
program comparatively runs faster.
23. When should we use the register storage specifier?

Answer:
If a variable is used frequently, it should be declared with the register storage
specifier, and the compiler may allocate a CPU register for its storage to speed up
variable lookup
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Placement
24. What is the difference between malloc() and calloc()?

Answer:
calloc() and malloc() are memory dynamic memory allocating functions. The
main difference is that malloc() only takes one argument, which is the number of
bytes, but calloc() takes two arguments, which are the number of blocks and the
size of each block.
25. What is call by reference in functions?

Answer:
When we caller function makes a function call bypassing the addresses of actual
parameters being passed, then this is called call by reference. In in call by
reference, the operation performed on formal parameters affects the value of
actual parameters because all the operations performed on the value stored in
the address of actual parameters.
26. What is dynamic memory allocation?

Answer:
In case of dynamic memory allocation, memory is allocated at
runtime and memory can be increased while executing the program.
It is used in the linked list.
The malloc() or calloc() function is required to allocate the memory at
the runtime.
An allocation or deallocation of memory is done at the execution time
of a program.
No dynamic pointers are required to access the memory.
The dynamic memory is implemented using data segments.
Less memory space is required to store the variable.
27. What is the structure?

Answer:
The structure is a user-defined data type that allows storing multiple types
of data in a single unit. It occupies the sum of the memory of all members.
The structure members can be accessed only through structure variables.
Structure variables accessing the same structure but the memory allocated
for each variable will be different.
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Syntax
struct structure_name
{
Member_variable1;
Member_variable2
.
.
}[structure variables];
28. What is an auto keyword in C?

Answer:
In C, every local variable of a function is known as an automatic variable.
Variables which are declared inside the function block are known as a local
variable. The local variables are also known as an auto variable. It is optional to
use an auto keyword before the data type of a variable.
29. What is the purpose of sprintf() function?

Answer:
The sprintf() stands for "string print." The sprintf() function does not print the
output on the console screen. It transfers the data to the buffer. It returns the
total number of characters present in the string.
Syntax
int sprintf ( char * str, const char * format, ... );
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30. What is a token?

Answer:
The Token is an identifier. It can be constant, keyword, string literal, etc. A token T
is the smallest individual unit in a program. C has the following tokens:
▪ Identifiers: Identifiers refer to the name of the variables.
▪ Keywords: Keywords are the predefined words that are explained by the
compiler.
▪ Constants: Constants are the fixed values that cannot be changed during the
execution of a program.
▪Operators: An operator is a symbol that performs the particular operation.
▪Special characters: All the characters except alphabets and digits are treated
as special characters.
31. What is command line argument?

Answer:
The argument passed to the main() function while executing the program is
known as command line argument. For example:
main(int count, char *args[]){
//code tobe executed
}
32. What is typedef?

Answer:
typedef is a C keyword, used to define alias/synonyms for an existing type in C
language. In most cases, we use typedef's to simplify the existing type
declaration syntax. Or to provide specific descriptive names to a type.
33. Which structure is used to link the program and the

operating system?
Answer:
The file structure is used to link the operating system and a program. The header
file "stdio.h" (standard input/output header file) defines the file. It contains
information about the file being used like its current size and its memory
location. It contains a character pointer that points to the character which is
currently being opened. When you open a file, it establishes a link between the
program and the operating system about which file is to be accessed.
Page no: 13
Placement
34. Which is better #define or enum?

Answer.
▪If we let it, the compiler can build enum values automatically. However,
each of the defined values must be given separately.
▪Because macros are preprocessors, unlike enums, which are compile-time
entities, the source code is unaware of these macros. So, if we use a
debugger to debug the code, the enum is superior.
▪ Some compilers will give a warning if we use enum values in a switch and
the default case is missing.
▪ Enum always generates int-type identifiers. The macro, on the other hand,
allowed us to pick between various integral types.
▪ Unlike enum, the macro does not have a defined scope constraint.
35. What is the acronym for ANSI?

Answer:
The ANSI stands for " American National Standard Institute." It is an organization
that maintains the broad range of disciplines including photographic film,
computer languages, data encoding, mechanical parts, safety and more.
Advanced Level
36. What is the difference between near, far and huge pointers?
Answer:
▪A virtual address is composed of the selector and offset.
▪A near pointer doesn't have explicit selector whereas far, and huge pointers
have explicit selector. When you perform pointer arithmetic on the far pointer,
the selector is not modified, but in case of a huge pointer, it can be modified.
▪ These are the non-standard keywords and implementation specific. These are
irrelevant in a modern platform.
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37. Write a program to print "hello world" without using a semicolon?

Answer:
#include<stdio.h>
void main(){
if(printf("hello world")){}
}
38. Can we compile a program without a main() function?

Answer:
Yes, we can compile a program without main() function Using Macro.
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#define abc main
int abc ()
{
printf("Hi everyone ");
return 0;
}
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39. How do you override a defined macro?

Answer:
To override a defined macro we can use #ifdef and #undef preprocessors as
follows:
#ifdef A
#undef A
#endif
#define A 10
If macro A is defined, it will be undefined using undef and then defined again
using define
40. C Program to find a sum of digits of a number using recursion.

Answer:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int sumOfDigits(int num)

{
static int sum = 0;
int rem;
sum = sum + (num%10);
rem = num/10;
if(rem > 0)
{
sumOfDigits(rem);
}
return sum;
}
int main() {
int j,num;
printf("Enter a number :");
scanf("%d",&num);
printf("sum of digits= %d ",sumOfDigits(num));
getch();
}
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Placement
41. What is the use of a semicolon (;) at the end of every

program statement?
Answer:
rIt is majorly related to how the compiler reads (or parses) the entire code and
breaks it into a set of instructions (or statements), to which semicolon in C acts
as a boundary between two sets of instructions.
42. What is a Preprocessor?

Answer:
A preprocessor is a software program that processes a source file before sending
it to be compiled. Inclusion of header files, macro expansions, conditional
compilation, and line control are all possible with the preprocessor.
43. Why is it usually a bad idea to use gets()?

Answer:
The standard input library gets() reads user input till it encounters a new line
character. However, it does not check on the size of the variable being
provided by the user is under the maximum size of the data type which
makes the system vulnerable to buffer overflow and the input being written
into memory where it isn’t supposed to.
We, therefore, use gets() to achieve the same with a restricted range of input
44. Differentiate Source Codes from Object Codes

Answer:
The difference between the Source Code and Object Code is that Source Code
is a collection of computer instructions written using a human-readable
programming language while Object Code is a sequence of statements in
machine language, and is the output after the compiler or an assembler
converts the Source Code.
The last point about Object Code is the way the changes are reflected. When
the Source Code is modified, each time the Source Code needs to be
compiled to reflect the changes in the Object Code.
Page no: 17
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45. What are header files and what are its uses in C programming?
Answer:
In C header files must have the extension as .h, which contains function
definitions, data type definitions, macro, etc. The header is useful to import the
above definitions to the source code using the #include directive. For example,
if your source code needs to take input from the user do some manipulation
and print the output on the terminal, it should have stdio.h file included as
#include <stdio.h>, with which we can take input using scanf() do some
manipulation and print using printf().
46. When is the "void" keyword used in a function?

Answer:
The keyword “void” is a data type that literally represents no data at all. The
most obvious use of this is a function that returns nothing:
The other use for the void keyword is a void pointer. A void pointer points to
the memory location where the data type is undefined at the time of variable
definition. Even you can define a function of return type void* or void pointer
meaning “at compile time we don’t know what it will return”
47. What is dynamic data structure?

Answer:
A dynamic data structure (DDS) refers to an organization or collection of data
in memory that has the flexibility to grow or shrink in size, enabling a
programmer to control exactly how much memory is utilized. Dynamic data
structures change in size by having unused memory allocated or de-allocated
from the heap as needed.
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Page no: 18
48. Check whether the number is EVEN or ODD, without using

any arithmetic or relational operators
Answer:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a;
printf("Enter the number ");
scanf("%d", &a);
(a&1)?printf("Odd"):printf("Even");
return 0;
}
49. Multiply an Integer Number by 2 Without Using

Multiplication Operator
Answer:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a;
printf("Enter the number ");
scanf("%d",&a);
printf("%d", a<<1);
return 0;
}
50. Write a program to check Armstrong number in C?

Answer:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n,r,sum=0,temp;
printf("enter the number: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
temp=n;
while(n>0)
Page no: 19
Placement
{
r=n%10;
sum=sum+(r*r*r);
n=n/10;
}
if(temp==sum)
printf("armstrong number ");
else
printf("not armstrong number");
getch();
}
51. When is the arrow operator used?

Answer:
The Arrow operator is used to access elements in structure and union. It
is used with a pointer variable. Arrow operator is formed by using a
minus sign followed by a greater than a symbol.
Syntax: (pointer_name)->(variable_name)
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52. How are random numbers generated?

Answer:
Random numbers are generated by using the rand () command.
Example:
#include <time.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
Srand (time (NULL));
Int r = rand ();
53. What do you understand by while(0) and while(1)?

Answer:
In while(1) and while(0), 1 means TRUE or ON and 0 means FALSE or OFF.
while(0) means that the looping conditions will always be false and the
code inside the while loop will not be executed. On the other hand, while(1)
is an infinite loop. It runs continuously until it comes across a break
statement mentioned explicitly.
54. Explain the difference between prefix increment and

postfix increment.
Answer:
Both prefix increment and postfix increment do what their syntax implies,
i.e. increment the variable by 1.
The prefix increment increments the value of the variable before the
program execution and returns the value of a variable after it has been
incremented. The postfix increment, on the other hand, increments the
value of the variable after the program execution and returns the value of a
variable before it has been incremented.
55. Explain modular programming.

Answer:
Modular programming is an approach that focuses on dividing an entire
program into independent and interchangeable modules or sub-programs,
such as functions and modules for achieving the desired functionality. It
separates the functionality in such a manner that each sub-program
contains everything necessary to execute just one aspect of the desired
functionality
Page no: 21
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currently working with Mastercard. experience in automotive software Over 4+ years of experience as a experience in design, developing,
Decent understanding of core development. Software Developer. Having expertise testing and maintenance of web
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C Interview Questions PDF For Freshers

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C Interview Questions PDF For Freshers

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Most Frequently Asked

Basic Level: Page 2

Intermediate Level: Page 8

Advanced Level: Page 14

1. Why is C called a mid-level programming language?

2. What are the features of the C language?

4. What is the use of printf() and scanf() functions?

Following are the format specifier:

%d: It is a format specifier used to print an integer value.

5. What is the use of the function in C?

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Why we are conducting What does this Pre-Placement

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6. What is a built-in function in C?

7. How can a string be converted to a number?

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8. What is the use of a static variable in C?

11. What is an array in C?

12. What is a pointer in C?

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Address value of 'a' variable is 0x7ffe5b268efc

13. What is the usage of the pointer in C?

14. What is a NULL pointer in C?

15. Difference between const char* p and char const* p?

16. Why doesn’t C support function overloading?

17. What is pointer to pointer in C?

18. Why n++ executes faster than n+1?

19. What is typecasting in C?

20. What is dangling pointer in C?

Complete Masterclass Courses and Features

Complete Masterclass Courses and Features

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21. What is static memory allocation?

22. What are the advantages of Macro over function?

23. When should we use the register storage specifier?

24. What is the difference between malloc() and calloc()?

25. What is call by reference in functions?

26. What is dynamic memory allocation?

27. What is the structure?

28. What is an auto keyword in C?

29. What is the purpose of sprintf() function?

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30. What is a token?

31. What is command line argument?

32. What is typedef?

33. Which structure is used to link the program and the

34. Which is better #define or enum?

35. What is the acronym for ANSI?

37. Write a program to print "hello world" without using a semicolon?

38. Can we compile a program without a main() function?

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85% students Students from

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39. How do you override a defined macro?

40. C Program to find a sum of digits of a number using recursion.

int sumOfDigits(int num)

41. What is the use of a semicolon (;) at the end of every

42. What is a Preprocessor?

43. Why is it usually a bad idea to use gets()?

44. Differentiate Source Codes from Object Codes

46. When is the "void" keyword used in a function?