Section 1 Formative ASSESSMENT

1. What is meant by enthalpy change?

Enthalpy change is defined as the amount of energy that is absorbed or released by a system as heat
during a process at constant pressure.

2. What is meant by enthalpy of reaction?

Enthalpy of reaction is defined as the amount of energy released or absorbed as heat during a chemical
reaction.

3. Describe the relationship between a compound’s stability and its enthalpy of formation.

We can say that the more negative the enthalpy of formation is, the more stable the compound will and,
the more positive the enthalpy of formation is, the less stable the compound will be.

4. What is the importance of Hess’s law to thermodynamic calculations?

It helps us to calculate the enthalpy of a reaction which is otherwise impossible to calculate in laboratory.

5. How much energy would be absorbed as heat by 75 g of iron when heated from 295 K to 301 K?

6. A hot, just-minted copper coin is placed in 101 g of water to cool. The water temperature changes
by 8.39°C, and the temperature of the coin changes by 68.0°C. What is the mass of the coin?
Section 2 Formative ASSESSMENT
1. What kind of enthalpy change favors a spontaneous reaction?
Exothermic (negative) enthalpy

2. What is entropy, and how does it relate to spontaneity of reactions?

If the entropy is negative and the enthalpy is positive, the reaction can never be spontaneous, but if the
entropy is positive and the enthalpy is negative, the reaction will always be spontaneous.

3. List several changes that result in an entropy increase.

1.Vaporization of liquid: On vaporization, liquid changes to gases in which the particles have a greater
degree of randomness.
2.Melting of ice: On melting of ice, solid changes to liquid in which the particles have a greater degree of
randomness.
3.Decomposition of ammonium nitrate: In this reaction, the solid ammonium nitrate decomposes to form
nitrogen and oxygen gases which has greater degree of randomness as compared to particles present in solid NH4
NO3
4. Define free energy and explain how its change is calculated.
Free energy measures how spontaneous a reaction is. We calculate using the equation: ΔG0=ΔH0−TΔS0

5. Explain the relationship between free-energy change and spontaneity of reactions.

If both ΔH and ΔS are positive, the reaction will only be spontaneous (-ΔG) at higher temperatures and
non-spontaneous (ΔG) at lower temperatures. On the contrary, if both ΔH and ΔS are negative, the reaction will
only be spontaneous (-ΔG) at lower temperatures and non-spontaneous (ΔG) at higher temperatures.

6. In the reaction in Sample Problem D, why does the entropy increase?

The reaction is the decomposition of a compound, which results in an increase in entropy.