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DEVELOPMENT
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STUDIES
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REVISION QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
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MODULE 1&2
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Masunga Senior Secondary School
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`Development Studies Labour intensive Capital intensive
-cheap -expensive
-simple technology -advanced/ complex technology
Revision Questions
Examination Rules -When asked to compare/contrast, do not write independent paragraphs of the concepts
you are asked to compare/contrast, compare/contrast one factor to another.(a complete
sentence)
-Do not repeat any term/phrase/word that are asked to define in your definition, for
example, you cannot say ‘Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is -Do not leave points undeveloped/hanging. Always write to the full and drive your points
expected to live.’ home.
Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is likely to live.
‘Rural-urban migration is of people from ruralto urbanareas.’ Always link your points to what the question asks, for example, If a question asks ‘What
are the causes of urbanisation’ do not just write ‘rural-urban migration’ or ‘natural
-List, give, mention, state only when you are asked to do so, i.e. do not list, give, mention increase’ and leave it there, you must go further and show how these factors cause or lead
or state when you are asked to describe, discuss, explain, etc. However, link your points(s) to urbanisation.
to the stem.
-In addition to the point above, do not use words like ‘it’, ‘they’, etc. to stand for the
-When asked to describe, discuss, explain etc. write in continuous prose giving full details. concept or phrase you are asked to talk about, for example, if a question asks ‘What are the
causes of urbanisation’ do not use ‘it’ to stand for ‘urbanisation’ for instance ‘It is caused
-Do not set yourself an item or substitute words in the question with your own, i.e. answer a by’ will immediately raise the question “what?’.
question the way it has been asked, for example, when a question asks you to describe
characteristics of Developing countries do exactly that, write in details the features of -Your point must always have a stem and a locus, for example, if a question asks you to
Developing countries. ‘Discuss the negative effects of rural-urban migration on rural areas’, the locus is the ‘rural
area’ and the stem is ‘negative effects of rural-urban migration’.
Do not instead substitute Developing countries with ‘Third World countries’ or ‘Countries
of the South’ etc. because by so doing you are setting yourself a question i.e. you are not This is to say that in all the points you raise, the stem and the locus of the question must
answering the question the way it has been asked. come out clearly in your answer.
-When asked to compare and contrast, always start with the former and move to the latter, -Avoid negative answering at all costs, for example,
for example, when a question asks you to compare ‘labour intensive mode of production’ to 1.’GNP per capita is not a good measure of development because it does not include all
‘capital intensive’ always start every point you will raise with ‘labour intensive’ (the production’ instead write ‘GNP per capita ignores the informal sector of the economy;
former) and compare it to/ with ‘capital intensive’ (the latter). economists only count goods and services sold legally and/ or marketed openly and
recorded by the government.
-Do not draw a table when you are asked to compare or contrast. The table limits you to
give full details of what you are asked to compare or contrast, for example, 2. ‘Labour intensive mode of production is not an expensive method of production’ instead
write ‘Labour intensive mode of production is a cheap method of production’.
MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL Development Studies Module 1&2 Revision Questions Page 1
Module 1: Measuring & Investigating
Development
PAPER 1 Indicator Economic Development
TOPIC GENERAL OBJECTIVES SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
Learners should be able Learners should be able to:
Developed Developing
GNP High Low
to:
GDP high Low
Development Explain the concept and - Explain the concept of
practice of development development; GNP per capita High low
within the context of their - Explain the following divisions: Energy consumption High low
social, economic and First, Second and Third world, Employment High low
political environment. Newly Industrialised Countries, Number of people in Less people in agriculture More people in agriculture
North, South, Least Developed Agriculture
Countries and Developed
Countries; Social Development
- Give reasons for the differences in Indicator
the development levels in different Developed Developing
countries; Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) Low High
- Identify and discuss different Life expectancy High Low
development indicators including Death rate Low High
Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Birth rate Low High
Gross National Product (GNP), Doctor-patient ratio Low High
health, life expectancy, education Teacher-student ratio Low High
and energy consumption. Number of people per Low High
- Show why political aspects of telephone
development are difficult to Number of people per tap Low: Many houses with High: few houses with water
measure; water
- Describe the characteristics of the Dependency ratio Low High
developed and developing Literacy rate High Low
countries; Adult literacy rate High Low
- Analyse and evaluate theories of Calorie intake High Low
development: modernisation, Daily food intake High Low
dependency, sustainable
development and alternative
strategies;
Indicator
Political Development
Developed Developing
Democracy
What is development? Peace Civil wars/civil strife
Elections More Few
- Development is a process of change that makes people happier, freer, better Women in managerial positions More Few
fed, richer and take part in decision making Human rights
Freedom
Number of wrongful imprisonment
- Development is when the economy grows, standards of living rise, quality of Number of political parties in a country
life improves, wealth is shared more fairly and more people take part in Percentage of people who vote during elections
decision making
*The following are acceptable
‘Children / newborns…..before the age of 1 / under 1 / between the ages 0-1
Identify and define aspect of development The reasons why developing countries have a high infant mortality rate
Ideas such as:
- Economic aspect of development is when a country produces more or - Developing countries have high doctor patient ratio/ inadequate access to
enough for everyone and gets richer or wealthier. This is characterised by health care because there are few trained doctors and nurses.
more industries, better improved technology and higher income. - There is poor nutrition in developing countries leading to such health
conditions as kwashiorkor
- Social aspect of development is when people’s basic needs are fully - In developing infant mortality rate is caused by teenage pregnancy which
met.For example people will have better and more shelter, access to clean may lead to delivery complications.
water. - Infant mortality rate is caused by pandemic diseases such HIV/AIDS because
some of the babies are born with the virus.
- Political aspect of development is when people have more freedom and - Poor sanitation / unhygienic conditions
justice in a country. This means that all the basic human rights are - Poor care / parent negligence
guaranteed by law. *Sweeping statements are not allowed; no mark for a point connoting people, the
point should be specific e.g. infant… pregnant mothers… breastfeeding
Why is it difficult to measure political aspects of development? mothers…etc.
Ideas such as;
- Political aspects of development are difficult to quantify because are What is life expectancy?
intangible or immeasurable, for example, they can neither be seen nor - Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is likely to live
touched.
- Most countries prohibit independent human rights groups to monitor human What is life expectancy at birth?
rights violations. - Life expectancy is the average number of years a new born baby is likely to
- In developing countries most people are illiterate and unaware of their live
rights. The reasons why world life expectancy is rising
- Political aspects of development are affected by cultural or religious beliefs, Ideas such as;
for example, women being marginalised or there are gender inequalities. - The life expectancy is rising in the world because cleaner water supplies to
- The issue of sovereignty makes it difficult to measure political aspect of prevent waterborne diseases such as cholera.
development because countries belief that they are independent therefore - The governments of the world provide better sanitation to their citizens to
nobody can tell them how to treat their citizens. improve hygiene.
- Political aspects of development are affected by different political systems, - World life expectancy is rising due to provision better health care whereby
for example, dictatorship prohibits human rights because they are no voting, there is enough trained medical personnel such as doctors and nurses.
no freedom of speech. - Life expectancy is rising in the world because countries provide primary
What is infant mortality rate? health care to citizens who focus on the prevention of diseases and giving
assistance to the sick, for example, provision of clean water, health education
- Infant mortality rate number of babies who die before their first birthday and immunisation programme.
per thousand per year - In the world life expectancy is rising because some of the countries provide
- Infant mortality rate is the percentage of babies who die before their first citizens with better nutrition for example, in Botswana children are given
birthday supplementary feeding such as Tsabana
Suggest three reasons for the difference between male and female literacy rates
What is calorie intake? Ideas such as;
- Calorie intake is the energy value of the food eaten - The reason for the difference between male and female literacy rate is
that girls are denied the chance to go to school and are expected to stay
Why is calorie intake low in developing countries? home and help their mothers
Ideas such as: - The girls drop out of school because they marry and get pregnant
- In developing countries there is high unemployment so less money to buy - Girls are neglected for cultural/traditional reasons
food - It is believed a girl child has a smaller brain than their male counterpart
- There is lack of purchasable food in some areas (and this makes them less intelligent) and so sending them to school is a
- Developing countries have low calorie intake because of drought waste of time and money
- The high illiteracy rate in developing countries lead to inability to
determine food quality The girl child school enrolment is lower in African countries.
Give two reasons for the low enrolment of girls in African countries
Define literacy rate Ideas such as;
- Literacy rate is the percentage of the population / average number of - The reason for low enrolment of girls in African countries is domestic
people who are able to read & write responsibilities
- The belief that women will be married is another reason for low
What is the importance of literacy to development? enrolment of girls in African countries.
Ideas such as; - In African countries lower enrolment of girls is caused by religious
- When people are able to read & write they are able to learn / acquire new beliefs and customs, for example, polygamy.
skills easily - Oppression of women by men
- They can better participate in decision making and national campaigns - The belief that women have smaller brains and are therefore less
e.g. elections, immunisation programmes intelligent
- They can read and understand environmental issues/conservation better - Teenage pregnancy
- Reduces dependency on those who are literate and promotes privacy e.g. - Poverty
reading own letters/mail Give any three negative effects low school enrolment can have on a country’s
- Literate mothers can access information on childcare leading to better development
hygiene and lower IMR Ideas such as;
- Improved nutrition when the mother is literate - The negative effect of low school enrolment can have on a country’s
- They can easily find out and fill themselves application forms e.g. at the development is that of low literacy rate
post office, credit facilities forms and can even write application letters - A country that have low school enrolment can have fewer skilled
for jobs etc. personnel
- The negative effect of low school enrolment on a country’s development
Define adult literacy rate is lack of alternative sources of income and poverty
- Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people or number of people 18 - In a country with low school enrolment fewer people will be involved in
years and above who can read and write decision making
- A country with low school enrolment will have high birth rates because
Male literacy rate is higher in most countries than female literacy rate many people will lack knowledge on the use of contraceptives.
- The negative effects of low school enrolment on a country’s development - Developing countries have high school dropout rates because of negative
is high infant mortality rate and death rates attitude & truant behaviour by students.
Describe three challenges faced by developing countries in trying to improve Define Gross National Product:
their citizens’ education - Gross National Product is the total value of goods and services that a country
Ideas such as; produces in one year including earnings from abroad / outside
- The challenge that developing countries will be faced with in trying to
improve their citizens’ education is shortage of funds leading to Give reasons why GNP per capita is not a good measure of development:
inadequate educational facilities - A few people might own most of the land, farms, shops, factories, etc.
- Developing countries will have shortage of trained personnel in trying to leaving the majority very poor i.e. it ignores the difference between the rich
improve their citizens’ education. & the poor within the country
- The challenge that developing countries is faced with in trying to - GNP per capita ignores the informal sector and illicit trades; economists only
improve their citizen’s education is inaccessible educational facilities count goods and services marketed openly and recorded by govt.
- Poverty is another challenge faced by developing countries in trying to - Production/income statistics my be inaccurate / concealing of actual earnings
improve their citizens’ education whereby parents are unable to pay to avert tax / Business officials hiding information
school fees for their children. - Population statistics may be inaccurate and/or outdated
- There is official biasness of statistics to score a political mileage
What causes high school dropout rates in developing countries? - GNP per capita assumes that everyone is working and benefiting from the
Ideas such as; economy and ignores the quality of life, social & environmental
- High school dropout in developing countries is caused by teenage consequences of wealth/ignores happiness
pregnancy
- In developing countries high school dropout rate is caused by domestic Define GNP per capita
responsibilities e.g. looking after livestock - The proportion / share of a country’s wealth each individual is entitled to if
- Inability to pay school fees by some parents due to poverty causes high the country’s money is shared equally / evenly amongst the population
school dropout rates in developing countries. - The total money value of goods and services produced within & outside the
- Developing countries have high school dropout rates because of early country divided by the total population
marriage
- The cause of high school dropout rates in developing countries is lack Give three reasons why Countries of the North have a higher GNP than those of
of parental guidance the South
- High school dropout in developing countries may be caused by diseases Ideas such as;
such as HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis (TB). - Countries of the North have a higher GNP than those of the South because
- Some developing countries have problems of civil wars which may lead they have mass production due to many industries and the use of complex
to high school dropout, for example, Somalia and Sudan. technology.
- Developing countries have high school dropout rates because of alcohol - The reason why Countries of the North have a higher GNP than those of the
& drug abuse by students. South is because they export a lot of quality (high value / expensive) goods
- In Developing countries there are high school dropout rates because of & services
poor learning environment due to shortage of classrooms. - The Countries of the North have higher GNP than the Countries of the South
- High school dropout rates in developing countries is caused by long because they price the goods (commodities) themselves.
distance / proximity to educational facilities - They have favourable terms of trade
- Most MNCs originate there and operate in other countries/profit repatriation - Mines e.g. SelibePhikwe (sulphur dioxide & coal, carbon monoxide,
- They earn a lot of interest from loans to the developing world dust)
- Domestic / household appliances e.g. refrigerators, air-conditioners,
DefineSustainable Development: aerosol sprays, etc
- The wise use of resources by the present generation to meet its needs - Dump sites (smoke)
without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their needs - Industries (smoke, carbon monoxide etc)
- The wise use of resources by the present generation to meet its needs so - Construction sites (smoke, dust)
that future generations could also meet their needs - Roads / airports / railway lines/stations (dust, smoke)
- Vehicles / trains / aeroplanes (carbon dioxide)
N.B. Accept answers connoting wise use of resources provided it caters for
future generations. Describe three ways by which air pollution can be prevented
(Do not accept/mark ‘a theory …) Ideas such as;
Discuss three ways of achieving sustainable development in a country: - Through the polluter tax / polluter pays principle
Ideas such as; - Environmental impact assessment
- Stock piling of minerals / preservation - Use of alternative sources of energy
- Legislation / seasonal hunting / quotas / hunting licenses / National Parks - Elongation of chimneys
& Game Reserves / Anti-poaching laws - Use of catalytic converters
- Stabilising population growth e.g. planning for small families, birth - Use of unleaded petrol
control, practicing population control, giving incentives to small families - Encourage non-motorised transport e.g. bicycle, walking
or penalize for large families - Develop shopping malls that discourage use of cars
- Conservation measures; tree planting, recycling, re-use, reduce, refuse, - Develop a reliable & sustainable public transport system
clean-up, limited use of resources, good farming methods, Wildlife - Encourage car-pooling / many people using one car
Management Areas
- Education on resource use Land pollution is also an obstacle towards sustainable development.
- Use of synthetic products
- Finding alternative energy sources Define land pollution
N.B. Ideas must be developed to get a point - The discarding of substances that contaminate the earth’s surface
(A max. of 2 marks from the same idea) including all the natural resources found on or below it
What causes land pollution?
Ideas such as;
Pollution has proved to be a global problem and an obstacle against sustainable development. - Concrete pieces and bricks from construction (sites)
- Beverage containers (e.g. cans, bottles) & plastic (bags) from industries
What is pollution? - Oils from garages
- The emission of effluents or poisonous gases into the environment (air, - Clinical waste / waste from health facilities
land & water) - Worn out tyres
- Used batteries
State three sources of air pollution - Effluent from industries / pumping of effluent from mines into streams
Ideas such as;
- Fertilisers & chemicals contained in run-off water from farms causing Define dependency theory
eutrophication in streams
- Dependency theory is a set of ideas that argue that the South was unable
Describe three ways by which land pollution can be controlled to copy and adopt the North’s path of industrialisation because the North
Ideas such as; exploited the South’s resources to enhance their economy and kept the
- Polluter tax / Polluter Pays Principle South poor
- Strict waste management legislation
- Wise use of resources; 3Rs of conservation; Recycle, Re-use & Refuse - Dependency theory argues that the third world lack the ability to control
(extra wrapping or packaging) major aspects of their economic life because of the dominance of the
- Alternative packaging e.g. use of returnable bottles at a refund as industrialised countries in the world economy
beverage containers
What is sustainable development theory? - Dependency theory argues that less developed countries became
- Sustainable development is a set of ideas that argue that world resources economically reliant on the North and thus the North became
are limited and the planet is being irrevocably changed by industrialised at the expense of the South who remained underdeveloped
overpopulation, industrialisation and pollution, therefore new forms of
development must be found which will conserve resources for future
generations and lead to a more equal sharing of the world’s wealth.
State three policy implications of the sustainable development theory

Ideas such as;
Countries should:
- Set up world agreements on environmental issues
- Stabilise their population growth
- Use appropriate technology
- Ensure social justice
- Global resources should be distributed evenly between north & south
Define the modernisation theory
- Modernisation theory is a set of ideas that argue that for third world
countries to develop they must copy the path followed by (the
industrialised countries) America
- Modernisation theory argues that all countries must work through five
stages of change in order to achieve high standards of living enjoyed by
most people of the North
Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development - Brain drain is whereby educated or skilled people from developing
Paper II countries prefer working in developed countries.
The economy in developing countries is based mainly on the production of

Countries like Botswana are said to be lagging behind in development
primary products.
What difficulties do they face in trying to develop? Why are developing countries primary products producers?
What constraints do developing countries face in trying to develop? Ideas such as;
Why are countries of the South less developed than those of the North? - This is a reflection of a trading pattern which developed in the 18th& 19th
Ideas such as: century during the industrial revolution
- Suffer from rigidity and unwilling to accept & effect change - Developing countries were seen as a source of raw materials
- Suffer from colonial legacies - They were also seen as a market for manufactured goods
- They are a raw material producing lot - European influence changed colonies’ system of exchange from barter
- They are still enveloped in war and civil strive based societies to cash-based economies
- Export primary products/raw materials at low prices - Colonies were encouraged to grow crops for sale
- Import secondary products/manufactured goods/finished goods at high prices - Taxes imposed by the Europeans were to be paid in cash and this forced
i.e. they spend more on imports e.g. machinery / import more than they people to grow cash crops or to find employment in primary extractive
export / negative balance of trade / expensive imports industries
- Fluctuating demand & prices / developed countries control prices - Most colonial masters were only interested in the colonies’ raw materials
- Exchange control and did not develop any infrastructure to support industrial development in
- Seasonal products the colonies
- Mono economy/relying on a single product - Developing countries have large supplies of valuable minerals and other
- Substitute products/synthetic products primary products
- Countries of the south are equally affected when countries of the north go - Tropical climate in developing countries favour the growing of certain
through economic recessions crops and thus the Europeans encouraged them to grow such crops
- Dumping of used goods/machinery
- Transport difficulties / access to seaports
Why would a country like Japan find it easy to develop?
- Problems of widespread diseases / epidemics e.g. Ebola, HIV/AIDS which - Have the political will & drive and accept & effect change
hinder their effort to develop. A lot of money is spent on HIV/AIDS - Have research institute to invest in modern development
education and prevention instead of on developing the country - Export valuable finished goods, machinery and technology
- Most leaders of developing countries & government officials are very - Decide on the prices of their products
corrupt and use govt. funds for their personal gains - They enjoy political serenity and tranquillity
- Unequal distribution of resources because of lack of finance e.g. urban - They have a culture of hard work / workaholics
areas are often given first priority over rural areas
- Limited taxation base / lack of money
Identify and define the different aspects of development
- Rapid population growth - Economic development: When a country produces more/enough for
- Lack of awareness / public education everyone, the society gets richer; improvement in production e.g. GNP,
- Lack of able leadership (small elite) GDP, GNP per capita, energy consumption
- Foreign interference
- Poor technology
- Social development: When people’s basic needs are more fully met;
improvement of people’s living standards e.g. birth rate, IMR, life Describe the characteristics of countries with low GNP / Developing countries
expectancy, access to clean water, etc. Ideas such as
- Political development: When there is more freedom and justice, and people - Low energy consumption
are free to participate in decision making; respect for human rights/safety - Low income countries
and security e.g. democracy, equality, justice, etc. - High number of people in rural areas
(N.B. Give 1 mark for one example in each aspect) - High population growth rate
- Low enrolment in schools / high illiteracy rate
What are the reasons for low life expectancy in developing countries? - Use of simple technology
Describe factors that can lead to the decline of life expectancy in a country - High death rate
- Shortage of food / drought / famines - Low life expectancy
- Lack of medical facilities - High birth rate
- Poor sanitation - Weak currencies
- Illiteracy/lack of education - Import manufactured goods but export cheap raw materials / unfavourable
- Wars / civil strife balance of payments
- Poor diet - Low calorie intake
- Poor housing - High IMR
- Epidemics/pandemics/diseases e.g. AIDS, Ebola - Reliance on foreign aid
- Shortage of clean water - Less industrialised
- Back breaking jobs e.g. digging trenches, weeding - Unbalanced development / urban bias
- Natural calamities e.g. earthquakes, volcanoes, floods, etc. - High unemployment rates
- Economic decline/crises - Inadequate / poor infrastructure
- Low GNP, GNP per capita, etc.
What can a country do to raise the life expectancy of its people? - Shortage of skilled manpower
- Improvement in education - High inequalities
- Increase food production/ensure food security *Characteristics of developed countries are the opposite of the above
- Improve medical facilities and personnel
- Education on diseases/primary health care How can developing countries encourage economic development?
- Improved sanitation/access to clean running water Ideas such as;
- Welfare services/social security e.g. pensions - Provision of social services / infrastructure e.g. health, education, roads, etc.
- Provision of employment - Utilising local resources / environmental education
- Introduction of less laborious production methods - Creating job opportunities for the locals
- Ensuring freedom of choice
Describe the distribution of countries with low GNP - Provision of food, medicine, clean water, electricity, etc.
Ideas such as - Using appropriate technology
- Mostly found in Africa e.g. Ethiopia, Zambia - Ensuring that there is a variety of goods & services for people to have
- Found in South America / Latin America freedom of choice
- Can be described as being located mostly in the south / southern hemisphere *Economic development is different from economic growth; it is more of
- Found in the southern part of Asia improving the quality of life
What do modernisation theorists suggest developing countries should do in
Describe the strengths of the dependency theory order to develop?
Ideas such as; Ideas such as;
- It treats the world as one system, showing how the world can be linked - Countries should follow the capitalist path of development
together - Countries should invest in industries to allow take off
- It helps us to understand some of the crippling effects of colonialism - More money to be directed to industrialisation at the expense of social
- It also makes clear that even when the colonies became free once again, capital
economic & political power remained with the countries of the North - More emphasis on formal, vocational and technical training
- It looks at the political, social & environmental development & not just the - Encourage people to exercise some patience by suspending demand for high
economic ones salaries that fatten consumption levels
Describe the weaknesses of the dependency theory What problems are developing countries likely to face when they follow the
Ideas such as; modernisation theory of development?
- Small countries cannot raise enough investment capital on their own to Ideas such as;
break away from the North - Ignores countries have cultures they do not want to shed off
- Countries lose all the benefits of international trade - Ignores that the North’s take off was financed by raw materials from the less
- If they try to make all of their own goods, it will probably be a less efficient developed countries and the latter have few resources left
use of resources - Emphasises economic growth and ignores economic development
- In a world linked together in so many ways, it is impossible to cut off all - It assumes a trickledown effect to less developed regions which is not
communication always the case
- People often aspire to the northern way of life & they object when their - Has since divided countries into dual economies and society into haves and
govt. tells them that they should not import western goods have nots
Briefly describe the modernisation theory and list the five stages of this What evidence is used to support the modernisation theory?
theory Ideas such as;
Ideas such as; - The richest countries in the world are the ones which are industrialised and
- It is a set of ideas that argue that development can be achieved by copying have a capitalist system
the objectives, technologies & economic methods of the industrialised - The newly industrialised countries have successfully followed this pattern
countries, especially USA - Some aspects of development are evident all over the world; people are
- The theory believes that development occurs over stages through which all moving to towns/cities, formal schooling has spread, ideas & attitudes are
countries must pass/work in order to achieve high standards of living changing
enjoyed by people of the North - In some places commercial farming has successfully taken the place of
- These stages are; subsistence farming
1. The traditional society
2. Pre-conditions for take off
3. Take off
4. The drive to maturity
5. The age of high consumption
Study Fig.1 which is an extract on development. (b)(i) Describe the economic characteristics of developed countries.
Ideas such as:
- High GDP
- High energy consumption
- Few people in agriculture
- High GNP
- High GNP per capita
Fig.1 - High income level
(a)(i) Describe any two aspects of development other than social development. - High employment rate
- The aspect of development other than social development is economic (ii) Suggest why development is slow in most Southern African countries.
aspect of development. The economic aspect of development is when a Ideas such as:
country produces more goods and services for its people and gets richer. - Suffer from rigidity and unwilling to accept & effect change
For example , it is characterised by having many industries and the use of - Suffer from colonial legacies
advanced technology. - They are a raw material producing lot
- Political aspect of development is when there is more freedom and justice - They are still enveloped in war and civil strive
in a country. Human rights are guaranteed by the law. For example, - Export primary products/raw materials at low prices
freedom of religion and freedom of speech. - Import secondary products/manufactured goods/finished goods at high prices
i.e. they spend more on imports e.g. machinery / import more than they
(ii) Suggest ways by which the government of Botswana is promoting export / negative balance of trade / expensive imports
social development. - Fluctuating demand & prices / developed countries control prices
- The way by which the government of Botswana is promoting social - Exchange control
development is through providing supplementary feeding for babies, for - Seasonal products
example, Tsabana, cooking oil and beans. - Mono economy/relying on a single product
- The government of Botswana is promoting social development by - Substitute products/synthetic products
providing safe drinking water to prevent waterborne disease such as - Countries of the south are equally affected when countries of the north go
cholera, for example, construction of dams such as Ntimbale dam, through economic recessions
Lotsane dam and drilling of borehole where there are no dams. - Dumping of used goods/machinery
- The way by which the government of Botswana is promoting social - Transport difficulties / access to seaports
development through provision of health care services, for example, - Problems of widespread diseases / epidemics e.g. Ebola, HIV/AIDS which
training of more doctors and nurses. hinder their effort to develop. A lot of money is spent on HIV/AIDS
- The government of Botswana provide social development through education and prevention instead of on developing the country
provision of educational facilities to improve literacy and increase school - Most leaders of developing countries & government officials are very
enrolment. corrupt and use govt. funds for their personal gains
- The way by which the government of Botswana is promoting social - Unequal distribution of resources because of lack of finance e.g. urban
development by providing immunisation programmes for babies to areas are often given first priority over rural areas
prevent diseases such as polio and measles. - Limited taxation base / lack of money
- Rapid population growth
- Lack of awareness / public education
- Lack of able leadership (small elite) - Poor health education among mothers to raise babies
- Foreign interference - HIV and AIDS infection from mother to infant
- Poor technology - Shortage of health personnel to attend infants, for example, nurses and
- Brain drain is whereby educated or skilled people from developing doctors
countries prefer working in developed countries. - Alcohol/substance abuse by pregnant mothers
- Poor maternal care
Study Fig 1, which shows population statistics for selected African countries
and answer question 1(a) (ii) Describe the ways in which the government is trying to reduce the infant
mortality rate in Botswana.
Ideas such as:
- Provision of supplementary feeding, for example, Tsabana, cooking oil
and beans.
- Provision of clean safe drinking water through the construction of dams
such as Ntimbale, Shashe, Lotsane, Letsibogo and drilling of boreholes.
- Provision of immunisation programmes to eradicate diseases such as
polio and measles in babies.
- Provision of Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT)
programmes in clinics and hospitals to protect unborn babies to get
HIV/AIDS during birth from their mothers.
- Training more doctors and nurses to provide health care services
Fig1 - Building of clinic and hospitals throughout the country
(a)(i) Describe the causes of high infant mortality rate in developing - Widespread immunisation against infant killer diseases in the country
countries. - Provision of clean/safe water to all through primary health care to
Ideas such as: prevent waterborne diseases such as cholera
- Developing countries have high doctor patient ratio/ inadequate access to - Provision of nutritious food/ balanced diets in clinics, for example,
health care because there are few trained doctors and nurses. Tsabana and beans
- There is poor nutrition in developing countries leading to such health - Construction of more health facilities, for example, clinics and hospitals
conditions as kwashiorkor - Dissemination of health education/ environmental health
- In developing infant mortality rate is caused by teenage pregnancy which - Implementation of Prevention from Mother to Child Transmission
may lead to delivery complications. (PMTCT) programme in hospitals and clinics
- Infant mortality rate is caused by pandemic diseases such HIV/AIDS because - Training and employing more health personnel, for example, doctors and
some of the babies are born with the virus. nurses
- Poor sanitation / unhygienic conditions (b)(i) Describe the environmental factors that influence population
- Poor care / parent negligence distribution in Botswana
- Lack of widespread immunisation programmes which lead to infant killer Ideas such as:
diseases such as polio and measles - People avoiding windy areas
- Lack of access to clean/safe water by majority of infants and mothers - East has more rainfall/ west is dry
- Poor nutrition/malnutrition - People avoid areas with high temperatures
- Lack of health facilities to attend infant killer diseases - People are attracted to areas with open grasslands for livestock grazing
- Availability of water from big rivers attract people - Often less technologically efficient as it denies people the chance to be
- Flat land for agriculture attracts more people innovative
- Poor infertile soils in the west lead to sparse population/fertile soils in the - Very difficult to plan for the whole society
east lead to dense population - Encourages corruption among government officials
- North west sparsely populated due to animal diseases and pests - Unqualified politicians do the planning rather than qualified planners
- Lack of luxurious goods and wants
(ii) Describe the negative effects of overpopulation on the environment of
Botswana. (b)(i) Describe the benefits of localisation to Botswana.
Ideas such as: Ideas such as:
- Pressure on vegetation leading to deforestation - Easy appointment of locals to sensitive positions
- Overworked soils/ loss of nutrients/fertility - Government spends less on local labour
- Depletion of natural resources/ extinction of certain species - Creation of employment opportunities
- Overgrazing/overstocking resulting in soil erosion - Skills development
- High demand/high extraction of minerals leading to ugly landscape - Improvement of standards of living for the locals
- Pollution - National pride/self-reliance
- Disturbance of the ecosystem - Ownership of property by the locals/ citizen empowerment
- Desertification/land left bare - Promotes environmentally friendly activities as the locals are aware of
their environment
Study Fig. 2, which shows world economies and answer question (a) - Relevant development/needs of locals addressed
(b) Suggest ways in which a government can empower its people.

Ideas such as:
(a)(i) State five characteristics of a market economy. - Education/training
Ideas such as: - Financial assistance, for example, giving citizens loans at low interest
- Private ownership of property rate
- Freedom of enterprise - Creation of employment opportunities/localisation
- Self-interest/ profit motive - Influence people to participate in decision making, for example, elections
- Competition - Provisions of transport services/health services
- Price mechanism/ supply and demand determine the price - Information dissemination/newspaper circulation/information
- Less interference by the government on economic activities technology/extension services
- Provision of land
(ii) Describe the disadvantages of a planned economy.
Ideas such as:
- Lack of personal choice/ freedom/violation of human rights
- Large bureaucracy which may result in inefficiency
- Inefficiency use of resources due to the failure to allocate them according
to prices
- Few financial incentives for workers leads to lower productivity per head
Study Fig. 2 which shows some indicators to measure development. - High calorie intake shows that a country is developed whereas a low
calorie intake shows that a country is less developed.
Or
The higher the calorie intake, the higher the development but the lower
the calorie intake, the lower the development.
- The high school enrolment shows that a country is developed due to

having many schools whereas a low school enrolment shows that a
country is less developed due to having few educational facilities.
or
The higher the school enrolment, the higher the development but the
lower the school enrolment the lower the development.
- High GNP per capita due to having many industries shows that a country
is developed whereas a low GNP per capita because of having few
industries that produces goods and services shows that a country is less
developed.
Or
The higher the GNP per capita, the higher the development but the lower
the GNP per capita, the lower the development
- low percentage of people in agriculture because few people practise

commercial agriculture shows that a country is developed whereas high
percentage of people in agriculture as they practise subsistence
Fig.2 agriculture shows that a country is less developed.
Or
The higher the percentage of population engaged in agriculture, the lower
(a)(i) Explain how each indicator shown in Fig.1 is used to measure the development but the lower the percentage of the population engaged
development. in agriculture the higher the development.
- The doctor-patient ratio can be used to measure development because
when doctor –patient ratio is low shows that a country is developed while - High income level because they have many industries that have created
high doctor-patient ratio shows that a country is less developed. employment for many people shows that a country is developed whereas
or a low income level due to having few industries leading to high
If the population per doctor is high then there is less development but if unemployment rate shows that a country is less developed.
the population per doctor is low then there is high development. Or
or The higher the income, the higher the development but the lower the
If doctor patient ratio is high there is less development but if the doctor income, the lower the development.
patient ratio is low then there is high development.
(ii) State the disadvantage of using GNP per capita to measure development. - Incidents of discrimination or equality- (at times when people are treated
Ideas such as: unfairly for who they are) If there are many incidents of discrimination
- A few people might own most of the land, farms, shops, factories, etc. development is low.
leaving the majority very poor i.e. it ignores the difference between the rich - Incidents of conflict- If the occurrence of serious disagreements, for
& the poor within the country example, war, social unrest is high then development are low.
- GNP per capita ignores the informal sector and illicit trades; economists only - Peace –If there is calmness in the country or the absence of wars or social
count goods and services marketed openly and recorded by govt. unrest then development is low
- Production/income statistics may be inaccurate / concealing of actual - Security- If the sense of safety in a country is high, and then development
earnings to avert tax / Business officials hiding information is high.
- Population statistics may be inaccurate and/or outdated - Happiness- If the feeling of joy or gladness among people in a country is
- There is official biasness of statistics to score a political mileage high, then development is high.
- GNP per capita assumes that everyone is working and benefiting from the
economy and ignores the quality of life, social & environmental (ii) Explain why political development is difficult to measure.
consequences of wealth/ignores happiness
- It is just an average figure that ignores how wealth is distributed Ideas such as;
- It fails to show the actual standard of living enjoyed by people - Political aspects of development are difficult to quantify because are
- It excludes income from the informal sector so it is inaccurate intangible or immeasurable, for example, they can neither be seen nor
- It is calculated using inaccurate government statistics because people usually touched.
lie about their earnings to avoid paying tax. - Most countries prohibit independent human rights groups to monitor human
- It is calculated using outdated government statistics rights violations.
- In developing countries most people are illiterate and unaware of their
(b)(i) Explain how any three political indicators can be used to measure rights.
development. - Political aspects of development are affected by cultural or religious beliefs,
Ideas such as; for example, women being marginalised or there are gender inequalities.
- High number of women in managerial position shows that a country is - The issue of sovereignty makes it difficult to measure political aspect of
developed whereas a country with few women in managerial positions development because countries belief that they are independent therefore
shows that a country is still developing. nobody can tell them how to treat their citizens.
- The country with high number of people who vote during elections is a - Political aspects of development are affected by different political systems,
developed country while a country with few people who vote during for example, dictatorship prohibits human rights because they are no voting,
elections is a developing country. no freedom of speech.
- The developed countries have more peace whereas developing countries - Political indicators, for example, security or happiness are difficult to
have civil wars and civil strifes. quantify/ they are unaccountable/intangible
- Number of women in decision making positions – If the percentage of - Most countries prohibits human rights groups from monitoring human rights
females in leadership or posts is high it mean high development violations/research on human rights
- Voter turnout- If the percentage of adults in a country who participate in - Most people in less developed countries are illiterate or uneducated and so
elections is high then development is high. unaware of their rights
- Adherence to human rights- If the respect that a country has for people’s - Culture or religion can be obstacles to the understanding of human rights,
entitlements is high then development is high. for example, some countries can accept gender biases under cover of culture
and religion.
- Sovereignty of countries can be an obstacle because countries believe that - The differences in levels of development between developed and developing
they are independent and therefore reject guidelines on treatment of citizens. countries is that developed countries export finished goods whereas
- Different political systems make measurement of political development developing countries export raw materials.
difficult because some ideologies, for example, dictatorship disrespect
human rights. - Developed countries have skilled manpower because they have many
educational institutions and developing countries have brain drain because
Fig. 3 shows a list of countries and their indicators of development. Use it to most of skilled people prefer working in developed countries.
answer question (a)
- The difference in levels of development between developed countries and
developing countries is that developed countries dominate or control world
trade whereas developing countries have less control over world trade.
- Developed countries have many Multinational companies which contribute

towards government revenue by paying tax and developed countries have
huge debts because they have only few companies that export finished
goods.
- There is peace in developed countries whereas developing countries are

involved in political instabilities caused by wars and civil strife.
Fig.3 - Developed countries policies are directed to high infrastructural

development while developing countries policies are directed towards
(a)(i) Using Fig. 3 only, describe three economic characteristics of developed poverty and disease eradication.
countries.
- The difference in levels of development between developed countries and
- The economic characteristic of developed countries is GNP per capita (US$) developing countries is that developed countries use advanced technology to
which is high because of having many industries that produce goods and produce goods whereas developing countries use simple technology to
services. produce goods.
- The percentage (%) GDP on Agriculture is low in developed countries
because few people practise commercial farming. - Developed countries have high skilled manpower whereas developing
- The Energy Use (kg per capita) is high in developed countries because of countries have shortage of skilled manpower.
many industries and majority of people owns electrical gadgets, for
example, computers and microwaves. - Developed countries have created dependency syndrome in developing
countries by giving them aid or assistance, for example, foreign aid in the
(ii) Explain why there are differences in the levels of development between form of grants and loans.
developed and developing countries.
(b)(i) Describe the weaknesses of the dependency theory. Study the figure which shows some theories of development.
Ideas such as:
- Ignores the fact that small countries are unable to raise enough
investment or capital on their own to break away from developed
countries
- Countries may lose all the benefits of international trade or countries that
cut links economically fell
- If small countries try to make all their own goods, there will probably be
a less efficient use of resources
- It is impossible to cut off all communication in a world linked together in
so many ways/ connections difficult to break
- People often aspire for the northern ways of life or object when their
governments stop importing western goods/ negative attitudes towards
local goods and services.
(a)(i) Describe the stages of the Modernisation theory.
(ii) Explain how developing countries can use the modernisation theory in - The traditional society is where people practise barter system and
their development programmes. subsistence farming. The people make simple crafts. The people also
Ideas such as: experience low standards of living.
- Invest a lot in industry
- Invest a lot in infrastructure - The Preconditions for take-off stage is where new technology arises. The
- Encourage inventions/new ideas/ methods from your own culture
people start to practise commercial farming. The specialisation increases in
- Emphasise formal vocational and technical education
this stage. In this stage urbanisation starts to happen. The people start to use
- Encourage new attitudes and appropriate cultural changes hybrid seeds and fertilizers.
- Tell people to work hard/ be patient and expect less income until the
economy has grown quite large
- The take-off stage is when there is investment in capital goods. There is also
- Government must be democratic
growth of cities in the take-off stage. Some people become rich. In take-off
- Encourage urbanisation stage there is rapid urbanisation.
- Open up for technological transfer
- Encourage specialisation and division of labour
- The Drive to maturity/ maturity stage is where manufacturing dominates the
- Commercialise agriculture
economy. There are more exports than imports in drive to maturity stage.
- Participate in international trade
The wages increase as most people get employed. The demand for consumer
goods increases
- The age of high consumption/ high mass consumption stage is where service
industries and consumer goods dominate the economy. The wages are high
for many people. Many people experience high living standards.
(ii) Describe the benefits to the people of a country where modernisation has
taken place. - Developing countries have slow down development because they have high
populations.
- The benefit to the people of a country where modernisation has taken place
is that they will be technological development or people will start to use - The slowdown in development in developing countries is caused by
modern technology. corruption and mismanagement of public funds by most of the leaders for
their own personal benefit.
- In a country were modernisation has taken place there will be infrastructural
development, for example, tarred roads, hospitals and schools. - Developing countries have slowdown in development due to brain drain
because many skilled people in developing countries prefer working in
- The benefit to the people of a country where modernisation has taken place developed countries.
is having human resource development/ skilled manpower/ high literacy rate
because the modernisation theory emphasis training and education. - The factor that slows down development in developing countries is
dependency syndrome. This means developing depend on developed
- The country were modernisation has taken place people will have improved countries in order for them to develop.
standard of living.
- Developing countries are involved in foreign debts which slow down their
- In a country were modernisation has taken place they will be improved development; for example, they get loans from financial institutions such as
service delivery through research and development. the World Bank, International Monetary Fund and developed countries.
- The benefit to the people of a country where modernisation has taken place (ii) Explain how social indicators are used to measure development.
is availability of affordable goods. - When infant mortality rate is low it means that development is high and
when infant mortality rate is high, it means that development is low.
- They will be wealth creation in a country where modernisation has taken
place. - High literacy rate means that a country is developed whereas low literacy
- They will be employment creation in a country where modernisation has rate means that a country is less developed or developing.
taken place.
- High Birth Rate means that a country is less developed and a low Birth
(b)(i) Describe the factors that slow down development in the developing Rate means that a country is developed.
countries.
- The factor that slows down development in the developing countries is lack - When there is a high doctor-patient ratio it means that the country is less
of funds. developed and a low doctor-patient ratio means that the country is
- Developing countries have slow down development because of use of poor developed.
technology to produce goods and services.
- The slowdown in development of developing countries is caused by lack of - High life expectancy shows that the country is developed and a low life
skilled labour because of poor education. expectancy shows that the country is less developed.
- The factor that slow down development in developing countries is caused by - High calorie intake shows that a country is developed whereas a low
wars and conflicts. calorie intake shows that a country is less developed.
(ii) Explain the challenges which are faced by the Newly Industrialised
Study Figure which shows the Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs), and Countries.
answer questions (a)(i) and (ii). - The challenge faced by the Newly Industrialising Countries is that of high
inflation rates/ weak currencies/ high fuel prices.
- The Newly Industrialising Countries faces the challenge of having foreign
debt or debt crisis.
- The challenge faced by the Newly Industrialising Countries is that of the

wide gap between the rich and the poor or huge disparities of wealth.
- The Newly Industrialised Countries are faced with the challenge of

dominance of the industrial process by Multi-National Companies who
move their investment of the country.
- Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the challenge of depletion of

their natural resources or damage to the environment.
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is that of fast

growth of the private sector which makes it difficult to be controlled by the
government.
- Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the challenge of exploitation

of workers by the employer.
(a)(i) Describe the location of the Newly Industrialised Countries.
- The Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the challenge of
- The Newly Industrialising Countries are found in Southern Africa, for declining exports because of tough competition from the mostly developed
example, South Africa. countries or in the world market.
- Newly Industrialising Countries are located in the Far East countries such as
Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Philippines, South Korea and China. - The challenge faced by the Newly Industrialising Countries is that of high
- The Newly Industrialising Countries are found in South of North America, expenditure on imports and less on exports.
for example, Mexico.
- Newly Industrialising Countries are found in Northeast of South America, - Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the challenge of declining
for example, Brazil. real income.
- The Newly Industrialising Countries are found in South Asia, for example,
India. - The Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the challenge of
- Newly Industrialising Countries are located in the Middle East, for example, corruption.
Saudi Arabia and Turkey.
- Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the challenge of urban
poverty.
Study Fig. 6, which shows the division of the world into countries of the
North and countries of the South. (ii) Describe the economic characteristics of the countries of the North.
-The economic characteristic of countries of the North is that there is high use of
complex technology to produce goods.
-The countries of the North have high development of transport and

telecommunication networks or high infrastructural development.
-The economic characteristic of countries of the North is that they dominate

international trade or they have high share of international trade.
-The countries of the North have high income or high wages.
-The countries of the North have high energy consumption because people own
many electrical appliances such computers, televisions and refrigerators.
-The countries of the North have high industrialization or mass production or high
manufacturing of goods.
-The economic characteristic of the North is that they export finished goods and
Fig.6 they import raw materials.
(a)(i) Describe the geographical locations of the countries of the South. -The countries of the North have low percentage population depending on
agriculture because few people practise commercial agriculture.
-The geographical location of countries of the South is that there are found in
Central America, for example, Mexico. -The countries of the North have high GNP because they have many industries
-The countries of the South are found in South America or Latin America, for that produce goods and services.
example, Brazil and Argentina.
-The countries of the South are mostly located in Africa, for example, Botswana, - The countries of the North have high GNP per capita.
Nigeria, Ethopia, Kenya, Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Zambia,
Angola, Mozambique, Somalia, South Africa and Cameroon. - The economic characteristic of countries of the North is that they have high
-The countries of the South are found in South Asia, for example, India. GDP.
-The countries of the South are located in Far East, for example, Malaysia.
-The countries of the South are found in East Asia, for example, China.
-The countries of the South are located in the Middle East, for example, Saudi
Arabia.
(b)(i) Describe the challenges faced by the countries of the South as a result of -The way through which globalisation encourages development of all countries is
globalisation. by transfer of technology from developed countries to less developed countries,
for example, automated machines. /Improvement of technology/ from simple
Ideas such as: technology to complex technology, for example automated machines.
-The challenge faced by the countries of the South as a result of globalisation is
that of development of international crime syndicates or terrorism. -The way by which globalisation is used to develop the world is through
introduction of global communication networks, for example, internet and
-The countries of the South are faced with the challenge of increase of brain drain televisions.
as a result of globalisation because most of skilled people in developed countries
prefer working in developed countries. -The way through which globalisation encourages development is by trade
liberalisation or promote foreign exchange.
-The challenge faced by the countries of the South as a result of globalisation is
that of the dominance or control of the economy by the Multi-National Companies -The way by which globalisation is used to develop the world is through
taking profit away to their countries of origin. international policing/ Interpol/ peaceful interventions.
-The countries of the South are faced with the challenge of lack of funds to -The way through which globalisation encourages development is by increase of
educate and train people to compete for jobs locally or have high illiteracy rate. Trans-National Companies.
-The challenge faced by the countries of the South as a result of globalisation is -The way by which globalisation is used to develop the world is through
that of HIV and AIDS killing their skilled manpower. formation of regional and international groupings such as European Union and
African Union.
-The countries of the South are faced with the challenge of having weak
economies which fail to compete in a globalised world because of dependence on -The way by which globalisation is used to develop the world is through the
exporting raw materials instead of finished goods. promotion of democracy.
-The countries of the South are faced with the challenge of loss of sovereignty as a -The way by which globalisation is used to develop the world is through the free
result of globalisation. movement of labour.
- The challenge faced by the countries of the South as a result of globalisation is -The way by which globalisation is used to develop the world is through the
that of loss of culture. encouragement of investment or saving.
- The challenge faced by the countries of the South as a result of globalisation is

that of difficult to accept change.
(ii) Suggest ways through which globalisation encourages development of all

countries.
Ideas such as:
Module 2: Production, Consumption & - Assess how far local conditions
facilitate or militate against labour
Investment efficiency;
- Explain entrepreneurship;
- Describe the role played by an
TOPIC GENERAL SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES entrepreneur in the process of
OBJECTIVES production;
Learners should be Learners should be able to: - Discuss economic production
able to: systems;
Production Explain the concept - Explain the concept of production; - Suggest and justify an alternative
and the process of - Discuss the need for production production system for Botswana’s
production including basic needs, needs, wants economy.
(material and non-material),
choice, scarcity and opportunity Enterprise Demonstrate an - Explain enterprise;
costs; understanding of the - Discuss the characteristics of sole
- Discuss production in hunting and role of enterprise in the proprietors, private companies,
gathering societies; process of production. parastatals, joint venture,
- Identify and define the factors of partnerships and co-operatives;
production; - Discuss privatisation of parastatals,
- Discuss land ownership and citizen empowerment, localisation,
problems related to utilisation and women and property ownership
ownership; strategies for development;
- Explain the various forms of - Evaluate the role and development
capital such as finance, machinery of the primary, secondary, tertiary
and technology; and quaternary sectors of
- Discuss ways of raising capital; production in developing countries
- Discuss labour and capital with specific reference to
intensive modes of production Botswana.
- Discuss the determinant factors for Consumption Develop an - Explain consumption;
appropriate technology; and understanding and - Describe the relationship between
- Evaluate progress in the investment appreciate consumption consumption and production,
development of relevant and investment in supply and demand, consumption,
technology in Botswana including Botswana savings and investment;
efforts by Rural Industries - Discuss the benefits and risks of
Innovation Centre and Botswana investment;
Technology Centre; - Discuss foreign reserves as a form
- Discuss specialisation and division of investment;
of labour; - Evaluate the promotion of a culture
- Describe different types of labour of investment in Botswana’s
including specialised, skilled, semi- economy.
skilled and unskilled;
- Discuss conditions which either or
promote labour efficiency;
Module 2: Production, Consumption & - Capital / money is needed to pay workers
- Capital is needed to buy machinery & tools
Investment - We need capital goods to start a production process
Paper 1 Labour:
Production: - There is need for workers to provide labour in the production process
- Production is a process whereby natural resources are transformed into more - The labour has to be trained & motivated to be efficient / productive
useful goods/commodities - The labour needs to be managed and/or coordinated for optimum production
- Production is any economic activity that satisfies human needs and wants Define subsistence production
- When land, labour, capital & entrepreneurship are employed/combined to
- Production is any process whereby natural resources and human effort are realise a good or service to meet family needs
used to provide goods and services
Describe three ways by which subsistence production can be improved
Factors of production (defined) - Provision of extension services e.g. agricultures demonstrators, social
workers, etc
- Land refers to the whole of the earth’s surface together with all natural - Loan & credit schemes
resources found on it - Training
- Infrastructure development
- Labour refers to the human effort, both physical and mental, that is directed - Formation of syndicates
towards the production of goods and provision of services / OR work done - Addition of modern inputs / tools / machinery / technology / methods
by people to produce goods and services - Formation of cooperatives
- Capitalrefers to things people use to produce goods and provide services What is division of labour?
(e.g. tools, machinery, factories) and money saved up and used to buy such - Division of labour is the breaking down of work into small parts so that each
things worker takes a part
- Enterprise is the organization (management) of land, labour and capital in - Division of labour is when work is shared out in different parts between
the production process with the intention of making profit. different people
*Simple mentioning without definition is unacceptable
- Division of labour is the breaking down of the production process so that it
Explain three ways by which one of the factors of production can affect the may be based on gender or age or training
production process
Ideas such as; Give three advantages of division of labour
Land: Ideas such as;
- If land is unfertile crop production will be low / poor pasture for livestock - Work can be done faster and perfectly
- If there is shortage of water there will be poor harvest / poor pasture for - No time is wasted moving from one task to the other
livestock - There is a chance of exploring people’s potential
- There has to be land to start a production process - It is cheaper and time saving to train in one particular job (this saves a lot of
Capital: money & time)
- Quality goods & services are produced there are different areas of specialisation in the process of assembling a
- No tools lie idle / there is full utilisation of tools and/or machinery car; there is a person responsible for fitting the engine, the wheels, the
windscreen, the wipers, the gearbox etc.
Give three disadvantages of division of labour
Ideas such as; What is labour intensive production?
- Work becomes monotonous & boring
- Loss of craftsmanship - Labour intensive production is a way/process of making goods and providing
- It increases the chances of unemployment services which relies heavily on the use of human manual effort
- There is a lot of interdependence
Give three advantages of labour intensive production
What is specialisation? Ideas such as:
- Specialisation is concentration in a specific activity / profession OR - Creates employment to a large number of people
production of a specific commodity - Cheap to run and maintain / little capital required since simple technology
used
Describe any three forms of specialisation - Provides with an opportunity to train on the job
- Causes less pollution / destruction of the environment
- Specialisation by Individual iswhen a person concentrates or gives - Requires little skills to enter or run
great attention to one task only e.g. a Development Studies teacher, a - Promotes human interaction
dentist, an optometrist, etc - Encourages craftsmanship
- Uses local skills & knowledge
- Specialisation by Product is when an individual or company
concentrates on or gives great attention to making a single commodity What is capital-intensive production?
e.g. Nortex Company produces towels, Kgalagadi Soap Industries,
Kgalagadi Breweries Limited, etc. - Capital intensive production process of making goods and providing services
which relies heavily on the use of machinery and money/finance
- Specialisation by Nation is when a country concentrates on producing a
certain good(s) / commodity (ies) which they have comparative Describe three advantages of capital-intensive production
advantage over e.g. Botswana produces beef & diamonds, Namibia
produces fish, etc. - Greater opportunity to use machinery / quick & efficient method of
production
- Specialisation by Region is when countries of the same geographical - Production of quality goods
area concentrate on or give great attention to a particular product e.g. The - Mass production makes goods cheaper
Middle East countries produce oil. - Acquire skills of operating machines / skills development / creates a lot of
OR where the majority of people in a particular area are engaged in the same skilled manpower
type of work due to specific skills or resource availability e.g. basketry in - Work is made lighter and more enjoyable because of the use of machinery
North West Botswana, phane harvesting in the Central & North East
Botswana
- Specialisation by Process iswhen a company concentrates on or gives
great attention to various aspects of a product e.g. at a car assembly plant
Privatisation: What is localization policy?
- Privatisation is the transfer of public/state assets into the ownership of
individuals and companies usually through selling - Localisation policy is the process of promoting citizen labour and enterprise /
The process of giving jobs or businesses to citizens
Advantages of privatisation
Benefits of privatisation Benefits of localisation of labour in Botswana:
- Improves efficiency because of competition and profit - It promotes the socio-economic development of locals
- Increases participation in ownership of national assets / citizen empowerment - It is part of restoring national pride and asserting a country’s independence
- Reduces public bureaucracy - It helps in making Batswana believe in themselves and not always show too
- Accelerates economic growth by stimulating entrepreneurship much respect for foreigners
- Reduces prices and public sector budget deficit through enhancing the - Citizens would occupy politically sensitive positions
quality of goods and services - Creates employment for citizens
- Empowers citizens where such sales are restricted to them - Development is in accordance to culture
- Revenue/govt. gets tax from companies/revenue from sale of shares - There is possibility of making long term decisions as there is no fear of end
- Removes burden from govt. of contract
- Increases foreign direct investment - Locals acquire necessary skills
- Private companies take social responsibilities - Workers are patriotic and have their national interest at heart
- Saves money wasted on foreigners
Disadvantages of privatisation:
- There is massive job losses due to redundancy What is citizen empowerment?
- Open to abuse by corrupt political bureaucrats
- Widens the gap between the rich and the poor - Citizen empowerment is the creation of opportunities and a conducive
- Expensive due to adverts and publicity environment for locals to participate fully in social, political and economic
- It is a transfer of monopoly from public to private hands/may lead to development of their country
emergence of private monopolies
- Will lead to hyper-inflation to meet initial costs Explain ways through which your government empower citizens
How does your government empower citizens?
The role of government in privatisation: Ideas such as:
- Sets up regulatory price mechanism - Guaranteeing locals access to credit facilities e.g. National Development
- Makes laws that govern privatisation process Bank (NDB) and CEDA
- Sets up prices of assets to be privatised - Organising markets for local producers
- Empower citizens - Giving locals tax holidays & subsidies
- Provide loans/grants - Protecting infant industries
- Making some production exclusively for locals
Localisation of labour:
- Localisation of labour is the process of replacing expatriate public servants

with citizen public servants
What problems may hinder the implementation of citizen empowerment in - Efficient/prudent management/sharing management ideas/skills
Botswana? - Increased resource base
- Fronting - Economies of scale
- Insufficient market *To earn marks, ideas need to be developed
- Poor business skills
- Lack of commitment from the bureaucrats Define enterprise
Planned Economy / Socialism: - Enterprise is an act of organizing factors of production in order to make
- A system of production where the means of production are owned and profit
controlled by the state *The answer must have ‘profit’.
- A system of production that is based on the principle that govt. controls
production and consumption in the collective interest of the society Give three advantages of partnership in business:
Ideas such as;
Characteristics of planned economy: - Share business skills / skills / division of labour
- Easy to set up / no winding procedures involved
- State ownership: All important resources (e.g. land, capital) are owned by the - Share risks / consultative decision making
state - Secrecy in business maintained / no publishing of accounts
- Govt. as entrepreneur: Individuals are forbidden to set up their own - Share costs / contribute resources / share equipment
businesses and the govt. takes the role of the entrepreneur - Individuality maintained
- Collective interest: People are expected to work for the good of society and - Greater chances of securing loans
not for individual gain. They are paid wages by the state - There is continuity
- Competition: Competition between businesses is not allowed
- Price control: Prices are set and controlled by the state so that they could be What is a sole proprietor?
affordable by everyone - Sole proprietor is an individual / person who owns and runs a business
- Government role: The govt. controls all parts of the economy
State three characteristics of a sole proprietor:
Define joint venture - The owner gets the profit / bears the losses
- Joint venture is a business undertaking partly owned by a national govt and a - Employees are mostly members of the family
foreign govt / a national govt and a company / two different companies to - It is usually found within the location of the owner
realise profit - Small sphere of influence
- Joint venture is the coming together of two or more companies to undertake a - Unlimited liability
business activity
(In a joint venture, companies do not dissolve to become one as in partnership) What is technology?
*Without ‘business or profit’ the answer is wrong
*‘combine’ not accepted - Technology refers to tools, machinery and skills that a society uses to make
goods and services
Give three advantages of a joint venture
Ideas such as
- Cost sharing
Describe three major types of technology, giving examples to illustrate your Give three advantages of localisation policy in Botswana
answer - Promotes socio-economic development of locals
- Creates employment for locals
- Low/simple technology: The use of hand tools to produce goods and - It is part of restoring national pride and asserting a country’s independence
services e.g. hoes, knives. It is cheap and made form local materials - It helps in making Batswana believe in themselves and not always show too
much respect for foreigners
- Intermediate technology: The use of simple manually operated machines to - Citizens would occupy politically sensitive positions
produce goods and services e.g. hand sewing machine, ox-drawn mould - It saves money used on expatriates
board plough. It is also cheap but more efficient than low/simple
technology and can be used in small scale operations Fig. 2 shows some inputs required to make goods in a factory. Use it to
answer questions (a)(i) and (ii).
- Advanced/Complex technology: The use of very big and
sophisticated/advanced/modern machinery to produce goods and services
on a large scale. Most of the machinery is automatic, power driven i.e. uses
electricity and/or oil e.g. a tractor, combined harvester, computer, etc.
What is appropriate technology?
Appropriate technology is the skills, machinery/tools that are best suited to a

particular locality, which the locals would be able to afford and maintain
Describe three factors determining appropriate technology:

- Affordability/cost
- Availability of appropriate skills and knowledge (a)(i) Identify one factor of production from Fig.2.
- Availability of raw materials
(ii) Name one item of capital shown in Fig.2.
- Availability of opportunities
- Running cost of the technology (b) Give two disadvantages of capital intensive production to a developing
- Demand
country.
- Level of development
- Flexibility (c) Describe three major types of technology, giving examples to illustrate your
- Environmental risk/adaptability
- Sustainability answers.
(d) Suggest three ways by which the Government of Botswana can raise capital.
Define localisation of labour policy
- Localisation policy is the process of replacing expatriates public servants

with citizen public servants
-
Fig. 1 below shows two different modes of production. Use it to answer
questions (a) and (b).
(a)(i) Which diagram, A or B, shows labour intensive production?
(ii) Which mode of production, A or B, is suitable for large scale production?
(b) Give two characteristics of the type of production shown by diagram B.
(c) Give three advantages of a capital intensive mode of production.
Module 2: Production, Consumption & - Open to use even by those with private land
Investment How can production be improved in communal areas?

Paper 2 Ideas such as;
- Encourage fencing
Describe the different uses of state land in Botswana - Encourage farmers’ cooperatives
Ideas such as; - Training & education of the farmers
- Urban settlements e.g. Gaborone, Lobatse - Use of appropriate technology
- Mines e.g. Jwaneng, Sua Pan - Use of high quality seeds/breeds
- National Parks & Game Reserves e.g. CKGR - Proper management
- Police & Army barracks e.g. Pandamatenga
- Experimental farming e.g. Sebele, Impala Describe factors that influence the use of appropriate technology in
- Water reservoirs e.g. Letsibogo dam, Shashe dam developing countries
- Schools e.g. Shashe River School etc. Ideas such as:
- Hospitals e.g. Nyangabwe Referral Hospital etc - Availability of (local) appropriate skills & knowledge
- Refugee camps e.g. Dukwi Refugee Camp - Cost of machinery (affordability)
- Flexibility i.e. easy to teach & repair under local conditions
State the advantages of state land - Sustainability
Ideas such as’ - Availability of opportunities e.g. employment
- Use during emergencies e.g. settling flood victims - Availability of raw materials at local level
- Strategic reasons e.g. defence - Running cost of the technology
- Future use e.g. resettlement, town/city expansion - Demand
- Cheap (land is readily available & govt. does not have to buy expensive land - Level of development
from landowners) - Environmental risk / adaptability
- Experimental purposes e.g. research & introduction of high yielding crops / - Sustainability
animal breeds
- Creates employment Describe conditions that promote labour efficiency in production
- Source of govt. revenue e.g. fees at National Parks & Game Reserves, Describe ways of improving productivity in a country
hospitals etc. Describe the factors that increase the efficiency of labour
- Good education & training / employing skilled people / establishment of a
Why is production usually low in communal areas? National Productivity Centre
Ideas such as; - Good working conditions / good ventilation
- Communal land is unacceptable as collateral security (guarantees pledged - Availability of welfare services such as pension, housing, medical scheme,
for the repayment of a loan) etc.
- Mismanagement and less sense of ownership - Motivation e.g. 13th cheque, promotion, future prospects, good leadership,
- Overgrazing, mono-cropping, soil erosion etc. room for self-motivation
- Too small pieces - Attractive wages/salaries
- Left behind for use by the old & illiterate while the young & dedicated / - Improvement of infrastructure
able-bodied migrate to towns - Privatisation
- Division of labour / specialisation Describe ways of raising capital for production
- Accessibility to all factors of production - Buying or selling of shares
- Availability of social services - Selling personal assets
- Good labour cooperation - Investing in insurance policies
- Improved technology - Loans & overdrafts
- Good work ethics/hardworking - Leasing / rentals
- Higher purchase
Advantages of specialisation - Commercial activities (formal & informal)
- Easy & cheap to train for one job or profession / training time is minimised
- There is a chance of exploring people’s potential
- Greater opportunity to use machinery / brings about mechanisation &
industrialisation
- Enhancement of skills / focuses on individual skills
- Mass production
- Proficiency & expertise / efficiency
- No time is wasted moving from one task to the other / saves time / work is
done fast
- Quality goods & services are produced
- No tools lie idle / greater utilisation of tools & machinery
- Makes employment of specialists possible
Why do countries specialise?

- The theory of comparative advantage
- Resource endowment
- Uneven distribution of resources
- Immobility of resources
- International trade
- International relations
Disadvantages of specialisation
Ideas such as;
- Repetition brings about boredom
- Decline in traditional skills & craftsmanship
- There is a lot of interdependence
- Creates higher chances of unemployment
- Redundancy
- Limits occupational mobility of labour
Describe the differences between labour intensive & capital intensive - The people who own shares are joint owners of the company & are called
methods of production share holders
- Shareholders enjoy limited liability
Labour Intensive Capital Intensive - The company’s name must end in the two words (proprietary) limited,
- Cheap / little capital needed - Expensive / large capital needed usually abbreviated as (pty) Ltd.
- Simple technology used - Complex/advanced technology - It can sell shares by approaching individuals, but not the general public
- More environmentally friendly / - Environmental problems e.g. pollution - Shareholders in a private company have direct control over the company
causes - The company is managed by at least one director who is elected by the
less harm to the environment shareholders
- Promotes human interaction - Leads to alienation - Shares of a private company are not freely transferable without the
- Encourages craftsmanship - Reduces craftsmanship
agreement of the other shareholders
- Suited for small-scale production - Large-scale production
- Uses local skills & knowledge - Requires technical know-how
- Common in subsistence production - Commercial production
Describe a parastatal
- Uses more human power - Uses more machinery / capital Characteristics of a parastatal
- Low costs of wages because of - High costs of wages because of highly Ideas such as;
manual qualified & skilled workers - Definition of a parastatal (state owned business / public enterprise)
& unskilled labourers - Controlled by a board of directors
- Creates a lot of employment - Creates large-scale unemployment - Set by an act of parliament
opportunities because of use of machinery / fewer - Concentrates in the provision of essential services e.g. electricity, water,
job opportunities housing
- Poor quality work produced - High quality goods produced - Funds from the govt. / profit is for the govt.
- Slow method of production - Quick & efficient method of production - Management (CEO) is appointed by the president/minister/govt.
- Tiresome because work is heavy & - Work made lighter &moreenjoyable Reasons for owning a parastatal by a government
strenuous because of the use of machines / Ideas such as:
machinery can work for longer hours - To avoid wasteful duplication of services
- Creates lots of skilled manpower - To protect employment in non-profit making organizations
- Mass production makes goods cheaper - To avoid monopoly
- It allows for economies of scale (saving - As a political ideology
made from large scale production) - For strategic purposes
* Advantages & disadvantages of the two methods of production can be drawn Explain the negative impacts of localisation in Botswana
from the table above - Sacrifice for quality
- Reluctance by govt. to fund local projects
Describe a Private Limited Company - Locals may be inexperienced for those positions
Characteristics of a Private Limited Company - Corruption & nepotism may arise
- The owners buy shares i.e. small equal proportions which entitle them to - Entitlement syndrome
part ownership of the company - Weakens international relations
Study the extract below and use it to answer question (a)
(b)(i) Describe the characteristics of production amongst the hunting and
Most of the large commercial farmers in Namibia belong to a co-operative such as gathering societies.
Agra. Co-operatives can also be of great benefit to subsistence farmers and they Ideas such as:
have been set up in a number of African countries. - Simple technology/tools/labour intensive
Adapted from: Development Studies 1 by Mweli and Van Wyk - Gender based division of labour/women gather and men hunt
- Communal use of land/hunting areas
- Dependence on natural resources
(a)(i) Describe the advantages of being a member of a farming co-operative. - Subsistence production
Ideas such as: - Craftsmanship production/use of traditional skills
- Group buying makes buying in bulk cheaper
- Farmers can join to buy equipment/access to better technology (ii) Explain the advantages of labour intensive production.
- Group marketing saves time on labour/ improved markets Ideas such as:
- Technical education as extension service can advise them together/ easier - Job satisfaction
to be recognised by the government for assistance - Environmentally friendly
- Cooperative management/sharing of ideas - Creation of employment
- Skills acquisition - Less machinery costs/cheaper to purchase machiney
- Shared costs, for example, transport - Accessible/easy to use
- Ability to raise high amount of capital - Cheaper to maintain
- Increased production - Cheaper to operate/consumes less energy
- Increased profits - Craftsmanship/skills development
- Preservation of culture
(ii) Describe the ways in which a government can help local entrepreneurs.
Ideas such as: How does the Govt. of Botswana promote a culture of investment?
- Financial assistance, for example, soft loans, grants and subsidies - Credit facilities e.g. CEDA
- Technical assistance/skills assistance/management assistance - Protection of infant industries
- Marketing/advertising/market research - Encouraging import substitution & export oriented industrialisation
- Protectionism from competition/localisation/reserving certain business - Tax holidays/lowering tax
types for locals - Sale of investment certificates at Bank of Botswana/selling shares/bonds
- Improvement of infrastructure - Lowering inflation
- Provision of operation areas/serviced land/factory shells/land allocation - Affordable water, electricity
- Quality controls, for example, through BOBS - Political stability
- Business regulations - Low interest loans
- Tax rebates/tax holidays is when businesses are exempted from paying - Training in business skills
tax for certain period of time
- Government purchases from locals
- Joint ventures with government, for example, Delta fresh dairies
- Including or infusion of business skills in the curriculum, for example,
Business Studies subject
How does a host country benefit from the operation of Multi-National - Abnormally large numbers of civil servants as the govt is usually the
Companies? biggest employer
Describe the advantages of multi-national companies for developing countries - High unemployment rate in LDCs vs low in DCs
Ideas such as; - Import skilled labour
- Provide capital for industrialisation - Fewer people involved in industrial jobs due to lower industrial
- Increased govt. income (tax) development
- Creation of jobs *No mark for the structure of developing countries only, the answer must show
- Provide skills & technical knowhow / bring in modern technology the difference in employment structure of developing & developed countries
- Sponsorship source & scholarships
- Improved country’s trade Discuss problems faced by foreign investors in Botswana
- Increased production of goods - High crime rate
- Bring in foreign exchange - A monopoly by some businesses
- High corporate tax
What are the advantages of developing the secondary sector in Botswana? - Competition from outside companies
Ideas such as; - Preference of outside goods by locals
- Reduction of imports/increased exports/self-reliance - Lack of skilled manpower
- Skill development - Expensive infrastructure e.g. electricity / high prices of utilities
- Improved technology - Shortage of initial capital
- Localisation/employment creation - Fluctuating currency
- Utilisation of available resources/semi-finished goods - Poor technology/poor entrepreneurial/managerial skills
- Use of by-products - Small domestic market
- Diversification of the economy - Poor/inadequate infrastructure
- Expand the country’s GDP/GNP
- Development of economic linkages (upstream & downstream industries)
- Development of infrastructure
- Added value on finished / semi-finished goods
- National pride
How does the employment structure of a developing country differ from that
of a developed country?
In developing countries there are:

- More people in agric since agric production is still labour intensive
- Very few people in highly specialised jobs (e.g. computer engineering)
since few people are educated to those levels
- Fewer women involved in the formal sector since their access to formal
education has been limited for a long time / more women are involved in
the informal sector / more people in the informal sector
Describe ways in which the government of Botswana can encourage the Characteristics of economic production systems
development of local entrepreneurship
- Financial assistance/loans/credit schemes/grants Capitalism/Market Socialism/Planned Mixed Economy
- Provision of serviced land economy economy
- Training of entrepreneurs - Private ownership of - Public property / public - Both apply
- Advertisement/campaign promoting locally produced goods property / capital / factors ownership of
- Improvement of infrastructure of production property/means of
- Tax holidays/subsidies/provision of inputs production
- Organising outside markets e.g. BEDIA - Freedom of choice & State guided choice / state - There is choice
- Protection of infant industries (increasing import duty, quotas, tariffs) enterprise determines what goods &
- Reserving some production activities for Batswana e.g. services to provide
welding/privatisation/localisation - Competition allowed / - Production of uniform - Competition allowed
- Protection of individual property rights Privately owned products / no competition
Discuss five sources of revenue for Botswana govt. enterprises compete in the
Describe the ways by which the government of a country can raise revenue market
- Taxation (income tax, VAT, goods entering Botswana) - Self interest - Public interest / people - Self & public
- Fees (schools/cost sharing, hospitals) / tourism work for the good of the interest
- Privatisation society / collective interest
- Interest from loans - Profit motive - Public interest - Profit motive
- Licensing fees (hunting, business) - Prices of goods & - Prices determined by - Prices determined by
- Imposing fines and penalties services determined by the govt. / set & supply & demand +
- Production and sale of services through parastatals supply and demand controlled by the govt. state regulation
- Exporting goods - Private planning - Central planning / - Private & govt.
- Inviting MNCs - No / limited govt. role production planned & planning
- Through the running of lotteries directed by the state /
- Direct Foreign Investment / giving loans to other countries & charging Govt. is the entrepreneur
interest e.g. South Africa, USA, e.g. Former USSR, e.g. Kenya, Tanzania,
- Sale of shares Western Europe, Japan Eastern Europe Botswana
Advantages of capitalism/market economy - It is difficult to plan for the whole country & this results in a lot of mistakes
- High quality goods - Responds fast to people’s wants / some areas in the country are omitted in the plan / unequal development
- Effective and efficient production - There is high self-motivation - State appointed managers are inefficient & corrupt because they are
- Production is for profit and self interest political appointees with no experience in production
- There is freedom to start or occupy any business - Too much bureaucracy and red tape
Disadvantages of capitalism/market economy - Most technology is resolute (firm in purpose)
- There is preference of self-interest at the expense of public interest - Socialist economists are less technologically efficient because they do not
- There is uncertainty over meeting basic needs allow individuals to come up with new ideas, only the planning committees
- The market is ruled by money and only those with money can take part are allowed to suggest changes
- Wasteful use of resources
- High unemployment rates / competition might lead to overproduction of How does the govt. control the economy in a mixed economic system?
goods, resulting in prices going down & factories making a loss therefore Ideas such as;
will close down (liquidation) leading to mass unemployment & poverty - It taxes private companies
- Workers can be exploited because entrepreneurs want to make profit - It sets up rules / laws that protect workers from exploitation by employers
- Destruction of the environment in pursuit of profit e.g. minimum wage, working conditions etc.
- Businesses can overcharge because there is little or no govt. control - It controls the quantities of goods & services made available to the public
- Social differentiation / stratification is promoted / divide the society into or private companies
rich & poor / gap between the rich & poor widens - It controls prices for goods & services to prevent unfair & destructive
- Sometimes powerful people or groups get control of the market and use it competition
to their own advantage / monopolies and oligopolies thrive - The govt. provides infrastructure to encourage private investors to put up
*(Monopoly –the complete control of a business activity by a company or by industries e.g. roads, railways, telecommunications, power & water supply
govt. so that other organizations cannot compete. Oligopoly – the control of all or - Individuals are free to set up any business as long as it is legal & satisfies
most of a business activity by very few companies, so that other organizations govt. rules & regulations
cannot easily compete with them)
Advantages of mixed economy
Advantages of socialism Ideas such as;
- Production is for social benefit than self interest - It allows both private ownership and public ownership of productive assets
- There is equality between regions / means of production
- Basic needs are met/guaranteed - Competition is allowed between enterprises
- Goods and services are availed at affordable prices - The govt. redistributes the benefits of production by taxing businesses
- A minimum standard of living is guaranteed - Workers are protected from exploitation by employers
- There is saving in resources - The poor & unfortunate are helped by the govt. through welfare education
Disadvantages of socialism & health, drought relief, supplementary feeding such as TSABANA etc /
- Poor quality goods are produced the rich and poor are both catered for
- There is low productivity / de-motivation because of lack of self interest - There is both central and private planning
- Difficulty in meeting people’s wants since emphasis is on basic needs / no - The govt. provides basic facilities cheaply such as health and education
luxury goods are produced - Consumers get quality safe goods and services because of govt. control
- It suppresses individual freedom to think & act. This destroys people’s - Govt. laws prevent the destruction of the environment
morale
Study Fig. 1 which shows different types of land ownership. (ii)Suggest problems that people might face when they own land communally.
Ideas such as:
- The land may be degraded/ people ignore good practices
- Overgrazing/overstocking
- Soil erosion
- Banks reject it as a form of security for loan
- Deforestation
- Over harvesting of veld products or depletion
- Land can be taken anytime by the government
- Land degradation may occur as no one takes responsibility for looking
after it, for example, deforestation, soil erosion.
- Having title deeds is prohibited.
- The user is unable to use it as collateral to obtain loans.
- Women are denied ownership of land in some traditional societies.
Fig.1 (b)(i) Describe the use of any three factors of production in a hunting and
gathering society.
(a)(i) Describe each type of land ownership shown in Fig. 1. Ideas such as:
Ideas such as: - Land : Hunter gatherers hunt wild animals and collect fruits and plants in
- Collective land ownership is when people in the local community own their territories
and use land together, for example, In Tanzania after independence - Labour: Labour is provided by members of tribes/Labour is divided
families owned chunks of land together, shared work and farming according to gender where man hunt and women gather.
machinery - Capital: Hunter gatherers own simple tools for hunting/own simple
- Private ownership land is owned by individuals and companies. bows, poisoned arrows, clubs etc
- Public ownership is the land that is owned by the state. There are rules - Entrepreneurship: Hunter-gatherers use traditional knowledge and
on who has the right to fields, for example, Botswana and Lesotho skills passed down to them by their ancestors over the years.
system of Land Board. (ii)Suggest reasons why hunting and gathering is practised by very few
- Renting is when people use land through paying the owner some amount societies.
of money monthly and annually. - Provision of water by government, for example, boreholes.
- Share cropping is when people use somebody’s land to grow crops or - Encroachment of pastoral farming into wildlife areas.
farming and pay the land owner with part of the harvest or crop. - Overgrazing that has depleted edible plants.
- Construction of cordon fences that has disrupted migratory routes of wild
[ Correct description @ 1 mark each] animals.
- Increased population that has reduced the land available for a nomadic
life.
- Government resettlement programmes like Remote Areas Dwellers
(R.A.D)
- Increasing levels of education amongst the Basarwa.
- Anti-poaching laws that prevent Basarwa from hunting.
(b)(i) Describe the ways in which governments raise capital./Describe the Study Fig. 4 which is an extract about Rural Industries Innovation Centre
sources of government revenue in Botswana. (RIIC)
- Taxation, for example, income tax from workers and Value added Tax Located in Kanye, in the Southern District of Botswana, Rural Industries
(VAT) from consumers Innovation Centre (RIIC) is the national appropriate technology development
- Fees, for example, school fees and tourism and dissemination centre in Botswana. It undertakes new and renewable energy
- Penalties, for example, traffic offences such as over speeding activities with projects in solar cooking and pumping, biogas, energy
- Parastatals which are enterprises or businesses owned by the state management, and solar cold room.
- Joint venture, for example, the government of Botswana and Debeers Source: RIIC’s website http:// www.ripco.co.bw
forming a company known as Debswana Fig.4
- Foreign reserves which is the money saved outside the country and earn (a)(i) Describe factors which might make solar energy appropriate for
interest Botswana.
- Investment which is the money put in the business with the hope of Ideas such as:
making profit. - Botswana has many months of sunshine/ sunshine is readily available
(ii)Describe the factors that determine appropriate technology. - It is clean or environmentally friendly
- Levels of development, developed societies tend to concentrate on - RIIC can develop, install and maintain any required solar machines
complex technology while developing societies concentrate on simple
and intermediate technology. - It is easy to use
- Education and skills, complex technology needs highly educated and - It is affordable
skilled people to operate and maintain while simple technology and
intermediate technology need less skills and education. - It can be set up in rural areas where most Batswana live
- Capital/Cost/Affordability, complex technology is expensive to buy (ii)Suggest problems that the Rural Industries Centre might face in their
and maintain therefore only the rich countries can afford it. Developing
countries are poor hence can only afford to use simple and intermediate effort to disseminate new developments.
technology. Ideas such as:
- Employment creation, developing countries like Botswana have high
unemployment levels hence need simple and intermediate technology - It takes long to conduct proper needs assessment to decide products and
that are labour intensive. Complex technology would be inappropriate as technologies to develop
it would lead to high rates of unemployment.
- Environmental risks, for example, simple technology causes less - Feasibility of developing some technologies requested by clients is due to
pollution while complex technology causes pollution. sophistication/ lack of skills and knowledge by RIIC
- Batswana are slow to adapt to new technologies/ are traditional so they - Some school are located in remote areas without proper supporting
fail to support RIIC/ Low literacy rate making people to be rigid infrastructure, for example, electricity and telephone connections
- Recession/shortage of money to conduct research/ high cost to RIIC - IT equipment is easily stolen
- Batswana shun non-agricultural technologies - Some students and teachers have phobia for electronic machines
- Most Batswana may lack money to buy such technologies Study the figure which shows different types of production.
(b)(i) Describe the importance of Information Technology (IT) in the
development of Botswana.
Ideas such as:
- Stores a lot of data
- Easy analysis of complex information
- Easy or fast transfer of information from one source to another
- Promotes international trade by linking countries, for example, electronic
payments made possible
- Global communication become easy
- Increased productivity
- Development of infrastructure to suit the IT
- Improvement of technology/skills development
- Attracts investors/creates businesses
(a)(i) Describe each type of production shown in Fig.1.
- Creation of IT job opportunities Ideas such as:
- Primary production is the extraction or collection of raw materials from
(ii)Suggest factors that might slow down the introduction of Information the environment without changing their form.
Technology (IT) in Botswana schools. - Secondary production is the changing or transformation of raw materials
into finished and semi-finished products.
Ideas such as: - Tertiary production is the provision of services to support production, for
- Shortage of qualified IT teachers to teach IT example, services
- Quaternary production is the activities concerned with research,
- IT equipment, for example, computer are too expensive
compilation, processing and dissemination of the information to improve
- Large populations of students in schools human resources and production.
(ii) Suggest ways by which the productivity of the secondary sector could be
improved in Botswana. Study Fig. 1, which shows an assembly line in a car factory, and use it to answer
Ideas such as: questions (a)(i) and (ii).
- Training workers
- Importation of raw materials
- Provision of cheaper utilities, for example, water, electricity and
telephone bills
- Provision of funding, for example, loans for CEDA at low interest rate
- Provision of serviced land or infrastructure, for example, tarred roads,
water, electricity and telecommunication networks
- Reduction of bureaucratic processes
- Use of improved or better technology
- Inviting foreign investors/ Multi-National Corporations
- Looking for market for locally produced goods
(b)(i) Describe ways by which Botswana has benefited from primary
production.
Ideas such as:
- Employment creation
- Foreign exchanged/exports of raw materials
- Infrastructural development
- Botswana famous for beef production and diamond mining
- Stimulation of industrial growth, for example, meat processing, diamond
polishing (a)(i) Describe the factors that increase the efficient of labour.
- Food from farming
- Acquisition of skills - Education and training, the higher the level of training and education
- Technological advancement the higher the level of productivity.
- Source of income - Customs and attitudes of the people, some cultures encourage hard
- Increases GDP and GNP work, for example, Japanese and Chinese culture.
(ii) Explain why investing in livestock farming in Botswana may be risky. - Technology, if workers use simple technology then productivity will be
Ideas such as: lower. Workers who use advanced technology will be more productive.
- Meat or beef prices can fail easily - Working conditions, good working conditions ensure high productivity,
- Livestock can be attacked by diseases, for example, foot and mouth for example, good ventilation, lighting, safety and working hours.
- Livestock can be attacked by pests, for example, tsetse fly - Worker welfare, workers must have peace of mind for them to be
- Drought can result in the death of many animals productive at work. This can be done by giving workers medical aid,
- Drought can reduce the quality of meat pension schemes, funeral assistance, social and entertainment facilities
- Other livestock producers can bring too much competition and housing.
- Demands by importers, for example, European Union market makes sales - Motivation, workers can be encouraged to work harder by being offered
difficult incentives such as higher wages, bonuses, participation in decision
- Theft of livestock making.
(ii) Describe the factors that determine appropriate technology.
(ii) Describe the advantages of specialisation of labour.
Ideas such as:
- Work can be done faster and perfectly because the worker perform only
- Cost /affordability/peoples capital/wealth of the society
one task.
- Little time is wasted moving from one task to the other. - Skills available/education/training
- There is a chance of exploring people’s potential.
- Environmental friendliness
- It is cheaper and time saving to train in one particular job.
- Quality goods and services are produced because of use of advanced - Culture/approval/acceptability
technology.
- Availability of supporting infrastructure/back up service
- There is higher productivity because of the use of machinery.
- Increases worker’s proficiency because of constant repetition. - Levels of production/market size
- Creates a lot of employment opportunities, for example, teaching.
- Availability of local raw materials
(b)(i) Describe the ways in which governments raise capital.
- Employment creation/availability of labour
Ideas such as:
Study Fig. 2, which shows economic production systems.
- The way in which government raise capital is through taxation,for
example, income tax paid by workers and value added tax paid by
consumers
- The governments can raise capital through fines , for example, those who
breaks the law such traffic offences like over speeding
- Licenses, for example, business licenses and drivers licenses renewals
- Ownership of parastatals which are government businesses
(a)(i)Describe the characteristics of a planned economic production system.
- Running of lotteries
- State ownership: All means of production belong to the state.
- Fees, for example, from tourism and school fees - State entrepreneurship: The government is the only entrepreneurship
that is allowed to operate.
- Loans, for example, loans from other countries and international
- Collective interest: All people are expected to work for the good of the
institutions such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund society.
- No competition: there is any competition since all businesses belong to
- Privatisation,for example, selling of shares to individuals
the state.
- Setting of lending facilities, for example, National Development Bank - Price control: All prices are set and controlled by the state.
- Central planning: Decisions on what and how to produce are made by
(NDB) and CEDA the central government.
(ii)Explain the disadvantages of a market economic production system. and Riverside Hospital in Francistown. The government prepares
National Development Plans while individuals implement them.
- It is unable to meet the basic needs of the people since the emphasis is
only on profit.
- The government set regulations for business operations such as quality
control, price monitoring while individuals are free to make other
- Businesses overcharge since there is little government control.
decisions.
- Damage to the environment goes unchecked in the pursuit of profit, for
- The government gives free food or basic needs to destitute while other
example, deforestation and pollution.
people must buy for themselves. The government exempts the poor from
paying school fees whilst other people pay.
- Inequalities in society widen with the rich becoming very rich and poor
very poor.
(ii)Explain the benefits of choosing a mixed economic production system.
- Workers are exploited by the employers, for example, long working - The government social welfare programme ensures that
hours, violation of labour rights.
everybody has access to basic needs.
- Uncontrolled competition may lead to overproduction and lowering of - The government labour laws protects workers from exploitation
prices thus leading to collapse economies, for example, The economic through coming up with labour laws.
depression of 1929 in America that even affected Europe and the rest of - The benefit of choosing a mixed economic production system is
the world. having environmental laws that prevent damage to the
(b)(i)Describe the features that show that Botswana follows a mixed economic environment.
production system.
- The presence of government businesses or parastatals ensures
- The feature that show that Botswana follows a mixed economic
production system is that parastatals operating side by side with the availability of essential goods and services, for example, water
private businesses. For example, Botswana Power Corporation and
and electricity.
Choppies.
- The government price control ensures that basic needs are sold
- The prices determined by market forces while the government controls
at affordable prices, for example, water, electricity, mealie meal
prices for some goods and services, for example, petrol and maize meal.
and petrol.
- The government schools and universities such as University of
- The government laws and regulations prevent immorality, for
Botswana and Botswana International University Of Research Science
and Technology operating alongside private schools and universities such example, banning of pornographic materials. The element of
as Botho College and Baisago University College.
freedom of enterprise allows high achievers to excel.
- The government hospitals and clinics operating alongside private
hospitals and clinics. For example, Nyangagwe Hospital in Francistown
Study Fig. 4, which the relationship between Multi-National Corporations (ii)Describe the problems that Multi-National Corporations cause to
(MNCs) and developing countries. developing countries.
- At times they dominate economies by monopolistic practices.
- Sometimes they bring in their own expert instead of training locals for
managerial positions within the host country.
- Attracts experts locals to work for them at the expense of local industries.
- They encourage dependency and neo-colonialism through dependence on

foreign technology.
- They may take all the profits back to the country of their origin.
Fig. 4 - Sometimes they interfere with the policies of the host country.
(a)(i) Explain how Multi-National Corporations benefit host countries. - Some are too powerful for the host country to control.
- They pay tax to the host government.
(b) Localisation is the act of replacing foreign workers with nationals.
- They increase employment opportunities. (i) Explain why localisation is necessary in Botswana.
- They bring new technology to the host countries. - It promotes the socio-economic development of locals
- It is part of restoring national pride and asserting a country’s independence

- They bring in foreign currency when they export from the host
country.
- It helps in making Batswana believe in themselves and not always show too
- They enjoy greater economies of scale. much respect for foreigners
- Citizens would occupy politically sensitive positions
- They give support, mostly financial to the local social clubs and - Creates employment for citizens
associations.
- Development is in accordance to culture
- They offer goods and services of better quality and variety to - There is possibility of making long term decisions as there is no fear of end
of contract
customers.
- They widen the country’s income base increasing Gross - Locals acquire necessary skills
- Workers are patriotic and have their national interest at heart
National Products.
- Saves money wasted on foreigners
(ii) Suggest possible problems that the localisation process may cause in  Citizen empowerment is when the government equips nationals with
Botswana skills and other means so that they can participate in the economy of the
Ideas such as: country/development/ creating social, political and economic
- shortage of skilled locals opportunities so that nationals take part in the development/economy
- Poor work ethics among citizens  Localisation is when the government replaces foreign workers with
- Shortage of funds to implement the policy nationals/citizens/locals/ the government reserves some businesses for
- Lengthy training programmes that may delay the process, for example, locals
medical doctors  Privatisation of parastatals is when the government transfers ownership
- Brain drain where trained locals prefer to work in developed countries rather of its businesses to individuals/companies usually through selling.
than at home  Women and property ownership is when the government allows
- Lack of experience among locals slows down production, for example, when women to own big possessions, for example houses and forms or
a fresh local graduate replaces an experienced expatriate graduate The government recognises the rights of women to own big possessions
- The policy creates conflict between home government and other such as businesses and houses.
governments/ it strains foreign relations/ promotes xenophobia.
[RULE: Do not penalise for repetition of terms]

Study Fig.5, which shows some of the government policies in Botswana.
(ii)For threeof the policies shown in Fig. 2, suggest two ways by which each
policy may improve production.
Ideas such as:
 Citizen Empowerment
Increase businesses as locals are given financial assistance
Increased production as citizens are trained or become skilled
Fig.5  Localisation
(a)(i) Describe each policy shown in Fig.5. Locals are likely to work harder for their country or national pride
Ideas such as: Local businesses are given financial assistance
Locals are trained or given courses
 Privatisation of parastatals - Marketing of local goods and services to outside markets
Efficient use of resources will result in high production - localisation
Possibility of increased foreign direct investment (FDI) to fuel (ii)Suggest challenges that the government may face when trying to follow the
production through more capital or technology transfer localisation policy.
Improved quality of goods and services Ideas such as:
 Women and property ownership - shortage of skilled locals
More women owned businesses will increase production in the economy - Poor work ethics among citizens
Increased production in women inclined industries, for example, Fashion - Shortage of funds to implement the policy
and Design, Interior design, Beauty Parlours, Knitting and pottery - Lengthy training programmes that may delay the process, for example,
Inherited funds can be used as capital for investment medical doctors
Government allows females or women to own big or large possessions or - Brain drain where trained locals prefer to work in developed countries rather
assets/material/goods than at home
[Accept any two correct points per policy] - Lack of experience among locals slows down production, for example, when
a fresh local graduate replaces an experienced expatriate graduate
- The policy creates conflict between home government and other
(b)(i) Describe ways by which the government of Botswana empowers governments/ it strains foreign relations/ promotes xenophobia.
citizens. [RULE: Award slowing down of the economy/productivity if it is the only
Ideas such as: answer]
- Training/educating citizens Study the figure below which shows world economies and answer question (a)
- Provision of financial assistance to locals
- Providing opportunity for locals to vote in elections
- Provision of information through radio, television, newspapers on various
issues
- Provision of health services to fight/ cure/control/treat diseases (a)(i) State five characteristics of a market economy.
- Teaching locals their rights Ideas such as:
- Government providing a market to citizens or tenders - Private ownership of property
- Freedom of enterprise - Promote environmentally friendly activities as the locals are aware of
- Self-interest/profit motive their environment
- Competition - Relevant development/needs of locals addressd
- Price mechanism/supply and demand determine the price (ii) Suggets ways in which a government can empower its people.
- Less interference by government on economic activities Ideas such as:
(ii) Describe the disadvantages of a planned economy. - Education/training
Ideas such as: - Financial assistance , for example, from National Development Bank and
- Lack of personal choice/ human rights violation CEDA
- Large bureaucracy which may result in inefficienciey - Creation of employment opportunities/localisation
- Inefficiency of resources - Influence people to participate in decision making, for example, elections
- Few financial incentives for workers leads to low productivity - Provision of transport and health services
- Often less technologically efficient as it denies people the chance to be - Provision of land
innovative - Information dissemination through newspapers and information
- Very difficult to plan for the whole society technology
- Encourages corruption among government officials Study Fig. 1 which is an extract on parastatals.
- Unqualified politicians do the planning rather than qualified planners
- Lack of luxurious goods
(b)(i) Describe the benefits of localisation to Botswana.
Ideas such as:
- Easy appointment of locals to sensitive positions
- Government spends less on local labour
- Creation of employment opportunities Fig.1
- Skills development (a)(i)With the aid of Fig. 1, describe characteristics of parastatals
- Improvement of standards of living for the locals Ideas such as:
- National pride - They are established by Act of Parliament
- Ownership of property by the locals - The y are separate legal entity from government
- The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) handles the daily operations - To encourage more people to own shares/ encourage citizen empowerment
- They are owned by government - To encourage competition in some business areas where there is monopoly
- Profit goes to the government - To reduce trade union power since private companies are less likely to give
- The minister appoints board of directors into demands by unions
- They focus on the provision of essential service such as water and electricity - To increase efficiency in production since private productions will respond
(ii)Suggest benefits of operating parastatals to a developing country. to market forces /to reduce bureaucracy
Ideas such as: - To attract foreign investors so that individual companies pay tax
- To create employment for citizens (ii)Suggest problems that may be caused by privatisation.
- Parastatals prevent duplication of production which is wasteful Ideas such as:
- Parastatals allows for economies of scale because they are large - Many privatised assets are sold too cheaply so taxpayer loses/ encourages
- Parastatals ensure that essential goods and services are available even if they corruption
are expensive to produce or provide, for example, water supply and - Sometimes shares or business can land in the hands of foreign companies so
electricity profit will go out of the country
- Parastatals provide sufficient capital for large scale development - Shares are bought by the rich businesses so locals fail to participate/ widens
- Parastatals rescue dying industries in order to protect employment the gap between the rich and the poor
- Parastatals industries of strategic importance are in the hands of the - Privatisation may result in lower wages and poor working conditions fir
government rather than private individuals, for example, atomic power or workers/ exploitation of workers
electricity - Attempts to make profit often result in higher prices making consumers
- Parastatals also serve as a strategy to promote industrialisation in the country suffer
- They are a source of foreign exchange - Sometimes privatisation changes state monopoly to a private monopoly
- They encourage infrastructural development such as provision of piped water - Privatised businesses often reduce workforce/ increases unemployment/ loss
and tarred roads of employment
(b)(i) Explain why some parastatals have been privatised. - Private companies are profit driven so they fail to take care of the
Ideas such as: environment/ disregard care for the environment, for example, pollution
- To raise capital from sale of shares
- To reduce the burden of running production from the government

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State three policy implications of the sustainable development theory

Define the modernisation theory

The economy in developing countries is based mainly on the production of

(b) Suggest ways in which a government can empower its people.

- The high school enrolment shows that a country is developed due to

- low percentage of people in agriculture because few people practise

- Developed countries have many Multinational companies which contribute

- There is peace in developed countries whereas developing countries are

Fig.3 - Developed countries policies are directed to high infrastructural

- The challenge faced by the Newly Industrialising Countries is that of the

- The Newly Industrialised Countries are faced with the challenge of

- Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the challenge of depletion of

- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is that of fast

- Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the challenge of exploitation

-The countries of the North have high development of transport and

-The economic characteristic of countries of the North is that they dominate

- The challenge faced by the countries of the South as a result of globalisation is

(ii) Suggest ways through which globalisation encourages development of all

- Localisation of labour is the process of replacing expatriate public servants

What is appropriate technology?

Appropriate technology is the skills, machinery/tools that are best suited to a

Describe three factors determining appropriate technology:

- Localisation policy is the process of replacing expatriates public servants

(a)(i) Which diagram, A or B, shows labour intensive production?

(ii) Which mode of production, A or B, is suitable for large scale production?

(b) Give two characteristics of the type of production shown by diagram B.

(c) Give three advantages of a capital intensive mode of production.

Investment How can production be improved in communal areas?

Why do countries specialise?

In developing countries there are:

- They encourage dependency and neo-colonialism through dependence on

- It is part of restoring national pride and asserting a country’s independence

[RULE: Do not penalise for repetition of terms]

- Teaching locals their rights Ideas such as:

- Government providing a market to citizens or tenders - Private ownership of property

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