STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF STEEL AND

TIMBER HOT-ROLLED STRUCTURAL STEEL

Structural Steel
 Iron - principal component.
 Carbon - contributes to strength but reduces ductility.
COLD-FORMED STRUCTURAL STEEL
It refers to a number of steels that, because of their
economy and desirable mechanical properties, are suitable for
load carrying members in structures. Structural steel is 100%
recyclable and one of the most reused materials in the world.
ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials) Designation
For Ferrous Metals - the designation has the prefix letter “A”
followed by two or three numerical digits. PROPERTIES OF STEEL:
Ex. 1. Yield Stress, Fy
ASTM A36
ASTM A514 Unit tensile stress at which the stress strain curve
exhibits a well-defined increase strain (deformation)
THREE GROUPS OF HOT ROLLED STRUCTURAL without an increase in stress.
STEELS USED IN BUILDINGS: 2. Ultimate Tensile Strength, Fu
1. Carbon Steel: Fy = 220-290 MPa Largest unit stress that the materials achieve in a
2. High Strength Low Alloy Steel (HSLA) : Fy = 480-840 MPa tension test.
3. Modulus of Elasticity, E
3. Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel : Fy = 480-690 MPa The slope of the initial straight-line proportion of the
stress strain diagram, Esteel= 200,000 MPa
STEEL TREATMENTS:
1. Quenching - rapid cooling 4. Ductility
2. Tempering – reheating Ability of the material to undergo large inelastic
deformation without failure.
 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM OF DUCTILE/ MILD STEEL
5. Toughness
Ability of the material to absorb energy and is
characterized by the area under a stress strain curve up
to rupture.
6. Weldability
Ability of steel to be welded without changing its
mechanical properties.
7. Poisson’s Ratio, µ
Ratio of the transverse strain to the longitudinal strain.
8. Shear Modulus, G
Ratio of the shearing stress to shearing strain during the 1. Proportional limit
elastic behavior. It is often called Modulus of Rigidity. 2. Elastic limit
9. Modulus of Resilience 3. Yield point, Fy
Maximum energy that the material can absorb per unit 4. Ultimate tensile strength, Fu
volume before it becomes permanently deformed. It is 5. Theoretical rupture strength
characterized by the area under the Stress-Strain 6. Actual rupture strength
diagram up to the yield point.
10. Modulus of Toughness
Energy absorbed by the material per unit volume up to
rupture. It is characterized by the area under the
entire Stress-Strain diagram up to rupture.
TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF ASTM A36 STEEL:
E= 200,000 MPa
Fy= 248 MPa

Fu= 400 MPa

Density= 7780 kg/m3

Shear Modulus, G= 77,200 MPa
Coeff. of thermal expansion, α=11.7 x10-6 / Co
 Centroid of an Area (First Moment of Area)
ATXC = ∫ xdA
ATYC = ∫ y dA

Varignon’s Theorem
AT x = A1 x1 + A2 x2 + ... +An xn
AT y = A1 y1 + A2 y2 + ... +An yn
Moment of Inertia (Second Moment of Area)
It measures the ability of a member to resist bending.
Ix = ∫ y 2 dA

Iy = ∫ x 2 dA
Polar Moment of Inertia, J
J = ∫ r 2 dA = ∫ ( x ¿ ¿2+ y 2 ) dA ¿
Section Properties J = lx + ly
a Dimensions Radius of Gyration, r
b. Area / Perimeter An imaginary distance from the centroidal axis at which the
c. Center of Gravity / Centroid ( ) entire area can be assumed to exist without affecting the
moment of inertia.
d. Moment of Inertia Ix , Iy
e. Section Modulus Sx , Sy r=
√ I
A
f. Radius of Gyration rx , r y
a. Mome
of Iner
b. Sion
c.
d.