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SEE 230 - Electric Circuits: PH.D., P.Eng., SMIEEE
SEE 230 - Electric Circuits: PH.D., P.Eng., SMIEEE
Circuit
Analysis
Power
Series – Parallel vs Complex Networks 4
Previously you were introduced to the fundamentals of series and
parallel circuits. Series and Parallel networks form a foundation for all
• A complex configuration is one in which none of the elements are Example of a Series-Parallel Network
in series or parallel.
• Due to the resulting series configuration in figure e, the source current is also
the current through 𝑅𝑅1 and 𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇′ .
• The voltage across 𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇′ (and therefore across 𝑅𝑅2 ) can be determined using
Ohm’s law.
• Finally, the desired voltage 𝑉𝑉4 can be determined by application of the
voltage divider rule.
The Reduce & Return process enables us to reduce the network to its simplest
form across the source which lets us determine the source current. In the return
phase, we use the resulting source current to work back to the desired
unknown. For most single-source series-parallel networks, the above approach
provides a viable option toward the solution
Block Diagram Approach 7
(Series – Parallel Circuits)
• Although the reduce and return method is relatively easy to
understand, occasionally when we see circuits that have multiple
elements in each path. On such occasions the Reduce and Return
(R&R) method discussed previously is not as obvious and we may
need to look at groups of elements rather than the individual
components.
• In this case we first need to identify the grouping of elements.
• Once the groupings are determined we can replace each grouping
with its equivalent (total) resistance and apply the R&R approach as
before.
• If unknown values within a grouping was required, we can consider
the voltage across (or the current entering the) grouping as an
independent source and treat the group as a separate entity.
• Remember you can always combine the block diagram approach
with other methods like R&R, KVL, KCL etc. when analyzing more
complicated networks
Example 2: Block Diagram Approach 8
Q) Given the following circuit, determine all the currents
𝐸𝐸 16.8
𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠 = = = 3 𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 = 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠 = 3𝐴𝐴
𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇 5.6
𝑅𝑅2 𝑅𝑅1
𝐼𝐼1 = 𝐼𝐼 = 1.2𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼2 = 𝐼𝐼 = 1.8𝐴𝐴
𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2 𝐴𝐴 𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2 𝐴𝐴
𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶
𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 = 𝐼𝐼 = 1 𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 − 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 = 2 𝐴𝐴
𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 + 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 𝐴𝐴
Exercise A: Reduce & Return 𝑏𝑏 9
Q) Given the following circuit, calculate:
i. 𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇
𝐸𝐸 36 (𝑅𝑅3 + 𝑅𝑅4 ) 12
Aii) 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠 = = = 9 𝐴𝐴 (CDR) 𝐼𝐼1 = 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠 = ×9 ⇒ 𝐼𝐼1 = 6 𝐴𝐴
𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇 4 𝑅𝑅3 + 𝑅𝑅4 + (𝑅𝑅1 ||𝑅𝑅2 ) 12 + 6
𝐸𝐸 240 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠
𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠 = = = 30𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼3 = = 15𝐴𝐴
𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇 8 2
6
𝐼𝐼6 = 𝐼𝐼 = 10𝐴𝐴 𝑉𝑉6 = 𝑅𝑅6 𝐼𝐼6 = 20𝑉𝑉
6+3 3
𝑌𝑌 ← Δ
𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 3×6
𝑅𝑅1 = = = 1.5 Ω
𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 + 𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 + 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 3+3+6
𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 3×6
𝑅𝑅2 = = = 1.5 Ω
𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 + 𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 + 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 12
𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 3×3
𝑅𝑅3 = = = 0.75 Ω
𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 + 𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 + 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 12
Circuit
Analysis Using
K-Laws
Example 6: Circuit Analysis Using K-Laws 18
Q) Find all the branch currents in the given network
A) Step 1: Since there are three distinct branches (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐, 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐, 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐), three currents of
arbitrary directions (𝐼𝐼1 , 𝐼𝐼2 , 𝐼𝐼3 ) are chosen, as indicated in the figure. The current
directions for 𝐼𝐼1 and 𝐼𝐼2 were chosen to match the “pressure” applied by sources 𝐸𝐸1
and 𝐸𝐸2 , respectively. Since both 𝐼𝐼1 and 𝐼𝐼2 enter node 𝑎𝑎, 𝐼𝐼3 is leaving.
Step 2: Polarities for each resistor are drawn to agree with assumed current directions,
as indicated in the figure.
Step 3: Kirchhoff’s voltage law is applied around each closed loop (1 and 2) in the
CW/CCW direction. You can choose the direction of the loop current for convenience.
Step 4: Applying Kirchhoff’s current law at node 𝑎𝑎 (in a two-node network, the law is
applied at only one node)
Step 5: Simplify and solve the simultaneous equations
𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 𝑎𝑎 : 𝐼𝐼1 = 𝐼𝐼 + 𝐼𝐼2 𝐼𝐼1 = 3.33 𝐴𝐴 Note: The book defines this case as a
Supermesh and provides a solution
𝐼𝐼2 = −0.67 𝐴𝐴 method that is slightly different than
𝑉𝑉𝐼𝐼 = 13.33 V what is described here. The results
however are the same.
Example 8: Circuit Analysis Using K-Laws 20
Q) Find all the node voltages in the given network
1 2
A) Step 1&2: Since there are three distinct nodes (1, 2, 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺), two node voltages (𝑉𝑉1 , 𝑉𝑉2 ) are
chosen, as indicated in the figure. Note that the voltage of the ground is always zero and so
only nodes 1 and 2 are analyzed. The current directions for all branches are chosen to match
the “pressure” applied by the sources. Voltage polarities for each resistor are drawn to agree
with assumed current directions.
Step 3: Kirchhoff’s current law is applied to each node (1 and 2). The currents are then written
in terms of the node voltages.
Step 4: Note, for the equations to have distinct solutions the number of equations must be
equal to the number of unknowns. Should there be more unknowns than equations, we need
to applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law around the of the circuits loops to find the missing
equation.
Step 5: Simplify and solve the simultaneous equations
Quiz #8
24
End of Lecture 4