GEOGRAPHIC

INFORMATION SYSTEM
Joy T. Santiago, EnP
31 May 2019

SCURP 2019
A Basic Course in Urban and Regional Planning
Training and Extension Services Division
Cariño Hall, 3/F School of Urban and Regional Planning

©2019 JTSantiago
University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City
27-31 May 2019
DEFINITION OF GIS

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GEOGRAPHIC
description, distribution, and interaction of the diverse
physical, biological, and cultural features of the earth’s
surface (Merriam-Webster, 2019a)

INFORMATION
knowledge obtained from investigation, study or
instruction (Merriam-Webster, 2019b)

SYSTEM
a group of devices or artificial objects or an
organization forming a network especially

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for distributing something or serving a
common purpose (Merriam-Webster, 2019c)
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

A container of maps in digital form

(Longley, Goodchild, Maguire, & Rhind, 2004)

Represent these measurements, usually in the form of a

computer database, to emphasize spatial themes, entities,
and relationships (Chrisman, 2002)

A spatial decision support system

(Longley, Goodchild, Maguire, & Rhind, 2004)

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 ANATOMY OF GIS

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GIS is composed of

People Hardware

Data Software

Process

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 SPATIAL DATA

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Geographic Information
multi-dimensional
coordinates  define a location

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(Longley, Goodchild, Maguire, & Rhind, 2004)
Geographic Information
Voluminous

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(Longley, Goodchild, Maguire, & Rhind, 2004)
 Geographic Information
1 METER
1 METER

may be represented at different

levels of resolutions

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(Longley, Goodchild, Maguire, & Rhind, 2004)
Geographic Information

Representatio
n can strongly
influence the
ease of
analysis and
the end
results

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(Longley, Goodchild, Maguire, & Rhind, 2004)
Geographic Information
often be projected onto a flat surface

Map

Real World

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(Longley, Goodchild, Maguire, & Rhind, 2004)
Geographic Information

many special methods

for its analysis

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(Longley, Goodchild, Maguire, & Rhind, 2004)
Geographic Information
Display of geographic information in the
form of a map requires the retrieval of
large amounts of data

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(Longley, Goodchild, Maguire, & Rhind, 2004)
BASIC FUNCTIONS AND
APPLICATIONS

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Basic Functions and Applications

• Government and public service

• Business and service planning
• Logistics and transportation
• Environment

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(Longley, Goodchild, Maguire, & Rhind, 2004)
Gov’t and Public Service
• Inventory applications
• Policy analysis applications
• Management/policy-making
applications

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(Longley, Goodchild, Maguire, & Rhind, 2004)
Business & Service Planning

• “Retailing”
• “Where?”
• Geodemographics
• composite indicators of consumer
behavior that are available at the small-
area level
• Profiling
• “Birds of the same feather flock
together”

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(Longley, Goodchild, Maguire, & Rhind, 2004)
Logistics & Transportation
• Shipping and transportation of goods
• Static – fixed infrastructure
• Dynamic – vehicles, goods, and
people that move on the static
part
• Evacuation planning

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(Longley, Goodchild, Maguire, & Rhind, 2004)
Environment
• Measures of area for effective strategy
• Dynamic simulation models
• Urban growth models
• Land use change

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(Longley, Goodchild, Maguire, & Rhind, 2004)
GEOGRAPHIC
REPRESENTATION

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Representation and Model
“Imply a simplified
relationship between the
contents of the figure and the
database, and the real-world
trajectories of the
individuals.”

• Photographs
• Travel accounts and diaries
• Thermometers, rulers, speedometer

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(Longley, Goodchild, Maguire, & Rhind, 2004)
Representation and Model
“Help us assemble far more
knowledge about the Earth than
is possible on our own.”

• Spatial interpolation allows inference based

on rule.
• Tobler’s First Law of Geography:
• “Everything is related to everything else, but
near things are more relate than distant
things.”

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(Longley, Goodchild, Maguire, & Rhind, 2004)
RASTER AND VECTOR
DATA

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Raster Data
“… divide the world into arrays of cells and
assign attributes to the cells.”
LEGEND:

RICE FIELD
RIVER
TREES
BUILT-UP

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(Longley, Goodchild, Maguire, & Rhind, 2004)
Raster Data
“represents geographic data as grid cells
containing values representing various
information with either continuous or
discrete grid values.” (ESRI, 2008)

1 1 5 3
5 5 5 3
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2

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 Raster Data
• Cell size represents the spatial resolution
of the image which indicates the area
covered by each cell.

1 1 1 5 3 3

1 5 5 5 3 3
30m
1 3 3 3 3 1

3 2 2 2 2 2

5 2 2 2 2 2

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30m 5 2 2 2 2 2
(Longley, Goodchild, Maguire, & Rhind, 2004)
Raster Data
8 meter

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(Wasser, 2019)
Raster Data
4 meter

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(Wasser, 2019)
Raster Data
2 meter

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(Wasser, 2019)
Raster Data
1 meter

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(Wasser, 2019)
Raster Data

8 meter 4 meter 2 meter 1 meter

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(Wasser, 2019)
Raster Data

GEOTIFF (.TIFF)

JPEG (.JPG)

Common Image Files (.bmp, png)

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Vector Data
• Depicted by geometry
• Points, lines, polygons
• Made up of vertices
• Vertex = coordinates (x,y)
x,y
x,y

x,y
x,y

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Vector Data
specific objects Historical site

Land use type

homogenous features
Agricultural

areas with discrete boundaries

features can be assigned attributes

such as name, length, and area
River

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 Vector Data

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Image Source: Google Earth
 Vector Data

OBLATION
STATUE

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Image Source: Google Earth
Image Source: https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/09/14/1851489/president-seeks-pnp-explanation-cops-campus
 Vector Data

University Avenue

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Image Source: Google Earth
Image Source: https://upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/UPD.jpg
 Vector Data

Academic Oval

University Avenue

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Image Source: Google Earth
Image Soruce: https://thisisechoes.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/upacad.jpg
 Vector Data

UP Main Lib

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Image Source: Google Earth
Image Source: https://www.up.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/UPD-main-lib.jpg
Vector Data

Shapefile (.shp)

Keyhole Markup Language (.kml)

Layer (.lyr)

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ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF
USING RASTER AND
VECTOR DATA

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 ISSUES RASTER VECTOR
Depends on density of
Volume of data Depends on cell size
vertices
Sources of Remote sensing, Social and
data imagery environmental data
Resources, Social, economic,
Applications
environmental administrative
Vector GIS,
Raster GIS, image
Software automated
processing
cartography

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Resolution Fixed Variable
COORDINATE SYSTEM

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 now?
Where
are we

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Relative Location

• Relative to other
landmarks

 One block away

 5-minute walk

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Relative Location
• Provides geographic context

1 2

3 5
3
6
4

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Absolute Location

Latitude: 14°39'13.85"N
Longitude: 121° 4'6.70"E

Latitude: 14°39'1.12"N
Longitude: 121° 4'30.33"E

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Absolute Location

1 2

3 5
3
6
4

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 Coordinate System
“Its measurement framework, which
is either geographic—in which
spherical coordinates are measured
from the earth's center; or
planimetric—in which the earth's
coordinates are projected onto a
two-dimensional (2D) planar
surface”

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(ESRI, 2010)
 Coordinate System
• Enables dataset
integration
• Allows overlaying
of spatial
datasets of the
same location
• Enables
integrated
analytical
operations

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(ESRI, 2010)
Types of Coordinate System

•Geographic Coordinate System

•Projected Coordinate System

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 Geographic Coordinate System

• Uses three-dimensional (3D) spherical

surface
• Includes an angular unit of measure
• Based on a spheroid
• The spheroid defines the size and
shape of the earth model, while the
datum connects the spheroid to the
earth's surface.

©2019 JTSantiago
(ESRI, 2010)
 ©2019 JTSantiago
(GIS & GPS Tips and Techniques, 2014)
Geographic Coordinate System

• graticule

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 Geographic Coordinate System

• Equator
• midway line between the north and
south poles
• zero latitude
• Prime Meridian
• Midway line between east and west
portion of the earth
• zero longitude

©2019 JTSantiago
(ESRI, 2010)
 Geographic Coordinate System

• Uses longitude and latitude values.

• Angles are often measured in degrees or
degrees, minutes, and seconds (DMS)
• Longitude and latitude are angles
measured from the earth's center to a
point on the earth's surface

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(ESRI, 2010)
 Projected Coordinate System

• Defined on a flat, 2D
surface
• Constant lengths,
angles, and areas
across the two
dimensions
0,0

©2019 JTSantiago
(ESRI, 2010)
 Projected Coordinate System

• Based on a GCS that is based

on a sphere or spheroid
• Identified by x,y coordinates
• Example: meter, kilometer, feet
• x coordinate  horizontal position
• y coordinate  vertical position

©2019 JTSantiago
(ESRI, 2010)
Types of Coordinate System
GCS PCS
Three-dimensional Two-dimensional
Degrees of latitude and
x and y coordinate values
longitude
A PCS is always based on
a GCS

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 MAP PROJECTION

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Map Projection
• A mathematical transformation to
represent three dimensional space
(the earth’s surface) in two
dimensional space (a map)

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Map Projection
• Conic
• Planar
• Cylindrical

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 Map Projection: Conic

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ESRI. (2016). Projection types—Help | ArcGIS for Desktop.
 Map Projection: Conic

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Battersby, S. (2017).
 Map Projection: Planar

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ESRI. (2016). Projection types—Help | ArcGIS for Desktop.
 Map Projection: Planar

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Battersby, S. (2017)
 Map Projection: Cylindrical

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ESRI. (2016). Projection types—Help | ArcGIS for Desktop.
Map Projection: Cylindrical

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Battersby, S. (2017)
Map Distortion

•Sizes
•Angles
•Distances
•Directions

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Map projection of Earth. (2011). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGumy-9HrSY&t=2s

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Most commonly used projection
in the Philippines
WGS84 datum (World Geodetic System
1984)
Earth-centered datum
Luzon 1911 datum
Origin is in Mogpog, Marinduque
Philippine topographic maps uses the
Luzon 1911 datum
PRS92 (Phil. Reference System 1992)
adjustment of Luzon datum

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 PRS 1992
• Philippine Reference System of 1992
• A local geodetic datum
established in 1992 using
GPS
• Modification of the old
Luzon Datum of 1911
Origin: Station Balanacan
Latitude 13⁰33’41.000” N

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Longitude 121⁰52’03.000” E
Photo: (“Luzon Datum and Lady of Lourdes Grotto | Hiking Association of Marinduque (HAM),” 2013)
CARTOGAPHY AND MAP
LAYOUT

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 of
Cartography

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 Cartography

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C COMPROMISE
A
R ARTISTRY
T
O OPPPORTUNITY
G
R Why
A
do we make
maps?
GRAPHICACY
P
H

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Y WHY?
Map
“… [is] widely used
for the
two-dimensional
representation of
the surface of the
Maps of world, 2015

world.”

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Map
 represents any
space and real
world features, real
or imagined.
 contains spatial
data representing
physical and
human features,
and also abstract
features such as

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political
Types of Map
• Reference Map
• General information about the location of
features
• Road map
• Topographic map
• Administrative boundary map

• Thematic Map
• Specific topic
• Choropleth map
• Proportional symbol
• Cartogram
• Isoline

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• Dot
Map Elements

All maps share common

properties that provide
information to assist the
reader in studying and
interpreting the map.

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Map Elements
Date When the map was made
Orientation Direction
Grid Perpendicular lines
Scale Map distance
Title What, where, wen
Author Map creator
Index Map address
Legend Meaning of map symbols
Sources Basis of map information

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Map Elements
Date
Orientation
Grid
Scale
Title
Author
Index
Legend
Sources

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Map Elements

Date

Author

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Map Elements
Date
Orientation
Grid
Scale
Title
Author
Index
Legend
Sources

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Map Elements

Orientation

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Map Elements
Date
Orientation
Grid
Scale
Title
Author
Index
Legend
Sources

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Map Elements

Grid

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Map Elements
Date
Orientation
Grid
Scale
Title
Author
Index
Legend
Sources

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Map Elements

Scale

Title

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Map Elements
Date
Orientation
Grid
Scale
Title
Author
Index
Legend
Sources

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Map Elements

Index

©2019 JTSantiago
Map Elements
Date
Orientation
Grid
Scale
Title
Author
Index
Legend
Sources

©2019 JTSantiago
Map Elements
Legend

©2019 JTSantiago
Map Elements
Date
Orientation
Grid
Scale
Title
Author
Index
Legend
Sources

©2019 JTSantiago
Map Elements

Sources

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 Questions?

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 Thank you for
your attention!

©2019 JTSantiago
References
• Bacani, M. (2018). PDLC updates Alumni Council on infra projects – University of the
Philippines. Retrieved March 16, 2019, from https://www.up.edu.ph/index.php/pdlc-updates-
alumni-council-on-infra-projects/
• Donges, N. (2018). Data Types in Statistics – Towards Data Science. Retrieved March 16, 2019,
from https://towardsdatascience.com/data-types-in-statistics-347e152e8bee
• ESRI. (2016). What is raster data?—Help | ArcGIS for Desktop. Retrieved March 16, 2019, from
http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/manage-data/raster-and-images/what-is-raster-
data.htm
• Longley, P. A., Goodchild, M. F., Maguire, D. J., & Rhind, D. W. (2004). Geographic Information
Systems and Science. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420087345-c26
• Market Research Man, L. (2009). Types of data measurement scales: nominal, ordinal, interval.
Retrieved March 16, 2019, from https://www.mymarketresearchmethods.com/types-of-data-
nominal-ordinal-interval-ratio/
• philstar.com. (2018). UP president seeks PNP explanation for cops on campus | Philstar.com.
Retrieved March 16, 2019, from
https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/09/14/1851489/president-seeks-pnp-explanation-
cops-campus
• thisechoes. (2015). upacad.jpg (500×375). Retrieved March 16, 2019, from
https://thisisechoes.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/upacad.jpg
• Wasser, L. A. (2019). The Relationship Between Raster Resolution, Spatial Extent &

©2019 JTSantiago
Number of Pixels | NSF NEON | Open Data to Understand our Ecosystems. Retrieved March 16,
2019, from https://www.neonscience.org/raster-res-extent-pixels-r
References
• Chrisman, N. R. (2002). Exploring geographic information systems. Wiley. Retrieved from
https://www.wiley.com/en-ph/Exploring+Geographic+Information+Systems,+2nd+Edition-p-
9780471314257
• ESRI. (2012). What is GIS? Economic and Social Research Institute, (July). Retrieved from
http://www.esri.com/library/bestpractices/what-is-gis.pdf
• folder1.jpg (253×269). (n.d.). Retrieved March 16, 2019, from
http://computertutorflorida.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/folder1.jpg
• Longley, P. A., Goodchild, M. F., Maguire, D. J., & Rhind, D. W. (2004). Geographic Information
Systems and Science. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420087345-c26
• Martindale, J. (n.d.). Research Guides: Mapping and Geographic Information Systems (GIS):
What is GIS? Retrieved March 16, 2019, from
https://researchguides.library.wisc.edu/c.php?g=178144&p=1169699
• Merriam-Webster. (2019a). Geography | Definition of Geography by Merriam-Webster.
Retrieved March 16, 2019, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/geography
• Merriam-Webster. (2019b). Information | Definition of Information by Merriam-Webster.
Retrieved March 16, 2019, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/information
• Merriam-Webster. (2019c). System | Definition of System by Merriam-Webster. Retrieved from
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/system
• overview-banner-layerstack-wide.png (685×461). (n.d.). Retrieved March 16, 2019, from

©2019 JTSantiago
https://www.esri.com/content/dam/esrisites/en-us/arcgis/what-is-gis/images/overview-
banner-layerstack-wide.png
References

• ALAzharSEG. (2011). Map projection of Earth. Retrieved from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGumy-9HrSY&t=2s
• ESRI. (2010). Working with spatial references. Retrieved March 18, 2019, from
http://help.arcgis.com/en/sdk/10.0/arcobjects_net/conceptualhelp/index.html#//000100000
2mq000000
• ESRI. (2016). Projection types—Help | ArcGIS for Desktop. Retrieved May 29, 2019, from
http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/guide-books/map-projections/projection-
types.htm
• GIS & GPS Tips and Techniques. (2014). A Simple Explanation of Datum. Retrieved May 29,
2019, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKGlMp__jog
• Luzon Datum and Lady of Lourdes Grotto | Hiking Association of Marinduque (HAM). (2013).
Retrieved May 29, 2019, from https://hamclub12.wordpress.com/2013/06/26/luzon-datum-
and-lady-of-lourdes-grotto/

©2019 JTSantiago
 This document was presented at the SCURP 2019: A Basic Course in Urban and
Regional Planning at Cariño Hall, 3/F School of Urban and Regional Planning
University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City on 31 May 2019. Contents of this
presentation file may not be used for publications or any other purpose without the
expressed written permission of the author.

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