PUBLIC WORKS

PLANNING
Ma. Sheilah G. Napalang, D. Eng., EnP
29 May 2019

SCURP 2019
A Basic Course in Urban and Regional Planning
Training and Extension Services Division
Cariño Hall, 3/F School of Urban and Regional Planning
University of the Philippines - Diliman, Quezon City
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

• Definition of Public Works

• Objectives of infrastructure Planning
• Strategic considerations in infrastructure
planning
• Policy options in provision of infrastructure
• Local planning standards
DEFINITION OF
PUBLIC WORKS
Public Works

• Infrastructure that provide public service or

solve problems that are perceived to be the
public’s responsibility
• Planned, designed, and operated by or
under the auspices of government agencies
• Facilities which usually require intensive
capital investment
Public Infrastructure Categories
Transport Energy Telecoms Water
Road networks, Generation Networks/ Development
bridges, rail networks/ distribution – infrastructure-
networks, seaports distribution – national, regional,
hydro storage,
and airports national, regional, local irrigation, water
local storage supply storage,
transformers, Mobile towers and treatment,
alternative sources other equipment pipelines

Defensive
infrastructure-
flood protection,
sewerage
networks, and
wastewater
Urban infrastructure systems
• Primary infrastructure
Transport
Housing and green infrastructure (urban vegetation and
parks)
Energy
Water and wastewater
Solid waste
Telecommunications
• Secondary infrastructure
 Health care
 Education
 Nutrition
 Culture
F
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P
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Y

A
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S

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Framework for infrastructure management
and governance

Quality of life Attractiveness Competitiveness

of the City of the City

Secondary Infrastructure

Primary Infrastructure

Sustainability Resilience Efficiency

 OBJECTIVES OF PUBLIC
WORKS/INFRASTRUCTURE
PLANNING
Objectives of Public Works Planning

•Primary objective: provide adequate base

for social and economic development
•Physical link between inputs, production
and markets;
Objectives of Public Works Planning

•Primary objective: provide adequate base

for social and economic development
•Physical link between inputs, production
and markets;
•Protection – helps protects communities
from hazards by mitigating the impact of
natural calamities;
 Objectives of PW Planning

FLOODING

Source: https://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/07/world/asia/philippines-
floods/index.html
Objectives of Public Works Planning

•Provide adequate support to attain the

projected levels of food self-sufficiency
and production targets
•Guide the orderly expansion of
settlements
Infrastructure and Settlements

TRANSIT ORIENTED DEV’T.

“refers to residential and
Commercial Centers
designed to maximize
access by Transit and Non-
motorized transportation
to encourage transit
ridership”

Renee, 2009 as quoted by VTPI

http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm45.htm
Littman, 2014 15
 Infrastructure and Settlements
Features of TOD
- Grid street pattern
- Higher densities
- Limited surface parking and efficient parking
management
- Pedestrian and bicycle-oriented design
- Mixed housing types
- Horizontal and vertical mixed use
 San Diego, California

Loft apartments over retail

at Mocking Station, Dallas,
Texas
OBJECTIVES OF PUBLIC WORKS
PLANNING
•Infrastructure development and refurbishment
• Deteriorated old infrastructures
• Integration of new technology
• Provide for needs of society
Source: choosethecross.com
Source: http://www.iquestioneverything.net/2076/amazing-trips-to-
school/

Impaired mobility
Source: www.gmanetwork.com
OBJECTIVES OF PUBLIC WORKS
PLANNING
•Infrastructure development and
refurbishment
•Deteriorated old infrastructures
•Integration of new technology
• Provide for needs of society
•Control of external costs
Environment Cost of Transport
ROAD CRASHES
Economic cost of congestion

JICA estimates
cost of
congestion to be
PhP 3.2B daily
(2016)

Congestion costs estimated based on productive

time loss and fuel costs
OBJECTIVES OF PUBLIC WORKS
PLANNING
•Infrastructure development and refurbishment
• Deteriorated old infrastructures
• Integration of new technology
• Provide for needs of society
•Control of external costs
•Equity
Equity
VS
 Women’s Woes

Source: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-
15581450

Source:
https://halohaloo.wordpress.com
/2012/02/
Public Works and Community Dev’t

‘Physical entity that enables economic

processes, supports and guides urban
and rural development,
and integrates the various
communities…’

(Source:
National Framework for Physical Planning 2001-2030 by NLUC and
NEDA, 2002)
STRATEGIC CONSIDERATION
IN PUBLIC WORKS/
INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING
 Considerations in Infra Planning

•Prioritize and implement infrastructure projects

that allow increased access to basic social and
other development services while servicing
production and commerce
•Ensure compatibility of infrastructure with local
land use and development plans
•Attainment of environmental stability through
observance of standards that regulate physical
development and curtail unnecessary resource
degradation
Considerations in Infra Planning

•Promote local and private participation in

the planning and implementation of
infrastructure projects
•Protect infrastructure right-of-way
•Incorporate disaster mitigation in
infrastructure development
WATER SUPPLY
DEVELOPMENT
Sources and categories of service
•Major sources: rainfall, surface water and
ground water, including spring.
•Categories of public water supply systems
in terms of service level:
•Level I point source – a protected well or a
developed spring with an outlet (also
includes rain collector) but no distribution
system; normally serves 15 households;
yields between 40 to 150 liters/minute
Level I point source
 Sources and categories of service
•Level II communal faucet
system – system composed of
a faucet, a reservoir or a piped
distribution network and a
communal faucet located not
more than 25 m from the
farthest house; supplies about
40-80 liters per capita per day;
average one (1) faucet
servicing 4 to 6 households
Sources and categories of service
•Level III individual house
connection – with
reservoir, source, piped
distribution network and
household taps, serving
about 1,800 households
DATA REQUIREMENTS
FOR PLANNING
ExistingSupply
•Description of waterworks system
•Source of water
•Capacity (li/sec)
•Existing distribution system (location of
main reservoir, pumping station, treatment
facilities)
•Capacity of pumping station
•Existing water rates
DATA REQUIREMENTS
FOR PLANNING
•Other water-related data
•Location of watersheds
•Location and description of other untapped
potential sources
•Location and description of potential
sources of groundwater pollution
•Water resources
•Surface water
•Lakes and other water impounding
structures
DATA REQUIREMENTS
FOR PLANNING
Existing Demand
•Location, capacity and household served
by Level II system or communal faucets
•Number of households served by level I
system
•Other water sources utilized (e.g., water
peddlers and number of households
served)
•Average monthly expenses incurred for
water
DRAINAGE
DRAINAGE
Systems for dealing with excess water
Three primary drainage tasks:
oUrban storm drainage – stormwater collected in the
streets and conveyed through inlets to buried conduits
which carry it to a point where it can be safely discharged
into a stream, lake, or ocean
oLand drainage – removes excess surface water from an
area or lowers the ground-water below the root zone to
improve plant growth or reduce the accumulation of soil
salts
oHighway drainage – water collecting on the roadway (or
on the adjacent and slopes if the road is cut) must be
disposed of without flooding or damaging the highway
and adjacent areas
Typical Cross Section of Roadways
FLOOD-DAMAGE MITIGATION
Sources of flooding
•Tidal flooding
• Sudden flooding from sea and tidal rivers
• Caused by combination of low pressure weather
systems and peak high tides
• often possible to forecast with reasonable
accuracy, due to the predictability of the tide and
trackability of low pressure systems
• Where drainage is available, the duration of the
flood is likewise predictable
Sources of flooding
•Fluvial flooding
•Occurs in the bank of river when capacity
is exceeded due to heavy precipitation or
blockages of the water courses
•Ground water flooding
•Low lying areas sitting over aquifers may
periodically flood as ground water levels
rise
Sources of flooding
•Pluvial flooding
•Surface water flooding is caused by
rainwater run-off from urban and rural
land with low absorbency
•Increased intensity of development has
reduced permeable areas
•often exacerbated by overloaded and
outdated drainage infrastructure
Sources of flooding
•Flooding from sewers
• Occurs when capacity of sewers is exceeded due to
large amounts of surface water run-off in a short
time
• Poor cleaning and maintenance can lead to
blockages that can also cause local flooding
• Difficult to predict
Sources of flooding
•Flooding from man-made
infrastructure
•Canals, reservoirs and other man-
made structures can fail causing
flooding to areas downstream
Factors which determine the effect
of floods

•Level of predictability
•Rate of onset of flood
•Flash floods
•Duration of the flood
Flood control
RESERVOIRS
•Function of a
flood-mitigation
reservoir is to
store a portion of
the flood flow so
as to minimize
the flood peak at
the point to be
protected
Retarding Basins
Levees
Detention Ponds
Canals
Minimizing the Consequences
Building Resiliency
• Elevate the homes, schools and public buildings above
flood level.
• Use water-resistant building materials, such as
concrete or ceramic, in areas where frequent flooding
is a risk.
• Ensure that important appliances, such as heating and
electrical systems, are raised high above flood level.
• Install water-tight flood shields or barriers for
basement windows, doors, and other openings.
• Flooding can cause sewage to back up into houses
through drain pipes, creating a health hazard. Install
sewer backflow valves to prevent this risk
Non-structural Measures
•Good early warning system in place
•Land planning
•Where possible, prevent building and
development on flood-prone lands. Use land
along rivers for parks or ecological reserves.
•If industry is based on the flood-prone areas,
ensure there is flood-proofing and plans to
evacuate machinery and materials which
might be damaged by a flood.
•Protect wetlands and flood plains
Non-structural Measures (Con’t)
•Land planning
•Maintain natural vegetation and forest cover
in wetlands and flood plains. Trees help the
soil hold water!
•Restore and protect degraded wetlands and
flood plains. These areas can store large
amounts of flood water.
•Make room for rivers to flow naturally.
Creating more space for rivers, flood plains,
and wetlands is a major contribution to flood
prevention and protection
GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE
Green Infrastructure
Green Infrastructure
Green Buildings
Green Infrastructure
Green Buildings
•Efficient use of water, energy, and other
resources
•Protect occupant health and improve
employee productivity
•Reduce waste, pollution and
environmental degradation
Green Buildings
Environmental dimension of Urban
Infrastructure Management

• Managing operations of infrastructures in the least

polluting way
• Developing infrastructure with minimal
environmental impacts
 Reducing GHG emissions
 Reducing heavy material pollutants
 ANIMAL BRIDGES / ECODUCTS /
WILDLIFE CROSSING

The Borkeld, The Netherlands

Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada

Source: http://twistedsifter.com/2012/07/animal-bridges-around-the-world/
CONSIDERATIONS IN PUBLIC
WORKS/INFRASTRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANAGEMENT
 SIMPLIFIED SECTORAL PLANNING PROCESS

Data Collection & Analysis

Forecasting

Goal Formulation Plan Formulation

Plan Testing

Plan Evaluation and Selection

Preparation of Implementation Program

 CONSIDERATIONS IN
INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN

•Demand: Population, income level,

population/resource distribution/
concentration, users’ needs
•Supply
•Location: Physical suitability
•Institutional capability
•Environment
•Technology
 POLICY OPTIONS
IN PUBLIC WORKS/
INFRASTRUCTURE PROVISION
Policy Options
•Demand-supply balance (predict and
provide)
•Demand management
•User charges
•Subsidies
•Integrated resource management
Infrastructure investment
priorities
•Ensure adequate and proper maintenance,
including preventive maintenance of existing
assets
•Rehabilitate, whenever feasible, improve and
upgrade infrastructure facilities;
•Construct new infrastructure facilities to cope
with the demands and requirements of the
population and production sectors
LOCAL PLANNING
STANDARDS
 Local Planning Standards
Source: PLPEM Guidelines, ADB, 2007

R SERVICES SUPPLY STANDARDS

O
A Provincial road Connecting all component
municipalities/cities (except island
D
city/municipality)
N
City/municipality road Connecting major clusters of
E
population to the city or town proper
T
W Feeder road (barangay Connecting all barangays to municipal,
O road, rural road or city, or provincial road
R farm-to-market road)
K
HLURB Standards for Planning

•Urban road requirement = 2.4 km/1000

pop
•Rural road requirement = 1.5 kms per
100 hectares
HLURB Standards for Planning

Source: LWUA, as quoted by HLURB, 2007

BP 220: Technical Requirement for Economic and
Socialized Housing Projects in Urban and Rural Areas

• Each lot/unit should be have a water connection

• If there is an available public water supply system,
it must be connected to the subdivision
• Each subdivision shall have at least an operational
deep well and pump sets with sufficient capacity
to provide all homeowners. A spare pump and
motor set is also reserved.
• Water supply shall be potable and adequate
BP 220: Technical Requirement for Economic and
Socialized Housing Projects in Urban and Rural Areas

If there is no available water supply system, the

developer shall provide for an independent water
supply system within the subdivision project with a
minimum quantity of 150 liters per capita per day
ground reservoir - protected from pollution by
providing buffer of at least 25 meters from sources of
pollution/contamination
Elevated reservoir - capacity must be 20% average
daily demand plus fire reserve
Alternative sources of water supply may be availed of
such as collected rain water and other devices with
water impounding capacity
 WHO suggested
Minimum
requirement
for sanitation: 20
l/c/d

Source: Inocencio, Padilla, and Javier (1999)

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS

•1 telephone station per municipality (may be

outdated due to mobile phones)
•1 telegraphic transfer per municipality
•1 telex station per selected settlement
•One international communication sub-station
per major urban center
•1 post office per municipality
•1 letter carrier per 5,000 population
PD 1067: WATER CODE OF THE
PHILIPPINES (1976)

•Prescribes easement along banks of

rivers and streams and shores of seas
and lakes
•3 meters in urban areas
•20 meters in agricultural areas
•40 meters in forest areas
Managing Urban Infrastructure
Major tasks
•Planning for infrastructure development
•Operations
•Maintenance
Managing Urban Infrastructure
Major tasks
•Planning for infrastructure development
•For the infrastructure itself
•Services to be provided by the infrastructure
•The difference in the lifespans of
infrastructure and services must be
considered
•Compatibility between infrastructure and
services
Example of infrastructure and services provided
Managing Urban Infrastructure
Major tasks
•Operations
•Efficiency – services operating well
•Reliability
•Coordination of services
•Managing Stakeholders
Thank you for your
attention!