Asian Green Mussel Shells Perna Veridis As Base Ingredient and Strengthener For Partial Dentures

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION II – CAGAYAN VALLEY
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF SANTIAGO CITY
SANTIAGO CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Calaocan, Santiago City
Asian green mussel shells (Perna Veridis) as base ingredient

and strengthener for partial dentures
Mitzy Karyl N. Montero
Kurt Lawrence F. Bolusan
Theodore Jordan R. Atienza
Output in Research II
Santiago City National High school
Calaocan, Santiago City, Isabela
Delaila S. Barbado- Navalta

Research Adviser
January 2022
Address: SICAT Rd., Calaocan, Santiago City 3311

Telephone No.: (078) 305-0110/0917-1241809
Email Address: 300599@deped.gov.ph
(1) PROJECT PROFILE
Project Title: Asian green mussel shells (perna veridis) as base ingredient and
strengthener for partial dentures
Names of Project Proponents: Mitzy Karyl N. Montero, Kurt Lawrence F. Bolusan,
Theodore Jordan R. Atienza
Region: 2 Division: Santiago City
School: Santiago City National High School Grade Level: 10
Project Duration (number of months): 6 months
Email: mitzymotero22@gmail.com Kurt.fausto.bolusan@gmail.com
tjratienza@gmail.com
Contact Number: 09688829292, 09668775305, 09655621441

(2) CATEGORY OF RESEARCH (4) THEME
_____ Food Safety
____ Physical Science _____ Water Conservation
____ Life Science Renewable Energy
_____ Cyber Security
Robotics and Intelligent
Machines _____ Traffic/Road Congestion
____ Mathematics and _____ Health
Computational Sciences _____ Disaster Mitigation
_____ Agriculture and
(3)
Environment
Individual
___ Team _____ Others (pls specify)
______________________________

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Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Tooth loss is more common among people who are 35 years of age
and above. Periodontal disease is regarded as the top reason for tooth loss.
This is, in fact, one of the globe’s primary cause of tooth loss. Some factors
for tooth loss are: the anterior teeth were more prone to be lost to gum
problems (periodontal disease) as compared to those teeth located at the
back part of the mouth, not using a toothbrush (not being able to brush teeth
properly), past or current smoking. According to some study, persons with
diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, high blood pressure, and high blood sugar
levels are more likely to lose some teeth.
As response to this problem, dentures are made. Dentures also known
as false teeth are prosthetic devices that made to replace missing teeth.
Dentures help people with missing teeth to eat and speak better. The main
benefit is a set of fully functioning set of teeth that gives the user a feeling of
completeness. Modern dentures are natural looking and fit so much better
than they used to and makes the user look younger. Tooth loss can cause
your face to take on a sunken cheeked appearance, but dentures can reverse
that by giving your cheeks shape and definition.

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Asian Green Mussel Shell (Perna viridis) or locally known as "tahong"
is one of the most popular mollusk species not only here in the Philippines but
also in the whole world. Green mussels are bivalves, which typically have two
hinged shells closed by one or two adductor muscles. Because the mussel
plays a significant role in the Philippine fishing sector because it is caught as
a delicacy and most of the time the shell is thrown off, we came up with the
concept to use this green mussel as a base ingredient in making partial
dentures stronger.
As time passes, dentures are continuously developing and improving.
Usually, dentures are made from acrylic, metal, nylon, porcelain, and resin. In
this project, the researchers came up with the idea to use Asian Green
Mussel shell as a strengthening agent in denture mixtures to study whether it
will make the denture stronger compared to commercial dentures.
Theoretical Framework
ASIAN GREEN MUSSEL SHELL

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RATIO OF MUSSEL SHELL IN THE DENTURE
PERNA VERIDIS AS BASE INGREDIENT FOR PARTIAL DENTURE
REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF WASTED ALTERNATIVE REPLACEMENT FOR

GREEN MUSSEL SHELL COMMERCIAL DENTURE
DURABILITY AND STRENGTH OF

THE GREEN MUSSEL DENTURE
Objectives
Generally, this study sought to find out the performance of dentures made
with Asian green mussel shells (Perna Viridis) as its base ingredient.
Furthermore, this study also compared the said dentures to commercial ones
in terms of their strength and durability.
1. Can Asian green mussel be an effective base ingredient and
strengthener for partial dentures?
2. Is the Asian green mussel shell denture stronger than commercial
dentures?
3. Is there a significant effect in the denture with perna veridids affter its
been submerged in boiling water?

Telephone No.: (078) 305-0110/0917-1241809
4. What specific amount of perna veridis added to the denture’s mixture
gives the best results?
5. What is the cost analysis of the product?
Scope and Delimitation
The goal of this research study is to provide a scientific basis for the
functionality of Asian green mussel shells (perna veridis) as base ingredient
and strengthener for partial dentures. This study aims to produce a denture
that will prove beneficial to its users and the environment. Moreover, this
study does not cover and will not provide solutions for other dental problems
along with other types of prosthesis besides dental prosthesis or dentures.
Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This section discussed the related literature on Asian green mussels and
dentures.

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Dentures
Artificial teeth known as dentures are made of synthetic materials to
replace missing natural teeth. Losing teeth can be caused by gum disease,
face trauma, dental decay, and age.
Dentures are made to assist you improve your appearance and fill out
your facial profile. Additionally, they make it simpler to routinely speak, chew,
and eat. Without the support of the denture, face muscles slump, giving the
appearance of aging.
Some dentures serve to fill in a few tooth gaps. Others completely replace
the gums, surrounding tissues, and teeth.
Asian Green Mussel
The Asian Green Mussel (Perma viridis) typically grows to a length of 80 to
100 millimeters (3 to 4 in) but can occasionally reach 165 millimeters (6 in).
Green mussels are bivalves, which typically have two hinged shells closed by
one or two adductor muscles. A strong ligament holds the two valves together
at the hinge. The foot is generally laterally compressed with no operculum.
The family Mytilidae, to which this species belongs, is characterized by

Telephone No.: (078) 305-0110/0917-1241809
narrow, elliptical, fan-shaped, thin valves which are of the same size; the
absence of prominent hinge teeth; anterior adductor muscle reduced or
absent; and often the presence of byssal threads for anchoring to hard
substrates. The shell of P. viridis is bright green as a juvenile, fading to brown
with green edges as it matures. The inner shell surface is bluish green and
smooth, and the adductor muscle is kidney shaped. Adults can reach 15 cm in
length.
They generally inhabit intertidal, subtidal, and estuarine environments with
high salinity. P. viridis attaches to hard substrata but is capable of relocating.
Dense colonies can develop in optimal temperature and salinity conditions,
sometimes with thousands of individuals per square meter. Perna species
appear to thrive in intake pipes of industrial plants, where they may interfere
with operation.
A bivalve mussel that is endemic to the Asia-Pacific region and is widely
spread there is called Perna viridis. Through ship ballast, hull fouling, and the
experimental introduction for farming, it has spread to other parts of the world.
In a variety of environmental circumstances, Perma viridis can swiftly
establish dense colonies. Among the impacts are clogging clam culture bags
and crab traps, as well as blocking intake pipes of industrial plants and

Telephone No.: (078) 305-0110/0917-1241809
hindering commercial harvest. Increased maintenance is required to clean up
fouling, and if this is neglected, fuel efficiency may suffer. Additionally, P.
viridis has the ability to outcompete many other fouling species, changing the
trophic structure of the community.
Acrylic dentures’ reaction to boiling water
The percentage change in degree of strength and the water content of
the acrylic specimens after treatment were significantly correlated, according
to Devlin & Kaushik (2005). In their study, Ten acrylic samples were treated
with 30 soak cycles of warm water (40 degrees C) and an alkaline peroxide
tablet (the Efferdent control group); ten additional samples were treated with
boiling water (100 degrees C) and one Efferdent tablet (experimental group).
In comparison to the warm water-treated specimens, the hot water-treated
specimens were noticeably whiter. The acrylic's hardness was significantly
reduced after being treated in hot water.
The denture is affected by the water's temperature. The researchers
(Handa, Jagger, & Vowles, 2009) further hypothesized the effect of water
temperature, in association with four denture cleansers, on the colour and
surface roughness of five soft lining materials. According to the findings of

Telephone No.: (078) 305-0110/0917-1241809
their investigation, several permanent and temporary soft lining materials'
color and surface roughness may be negatively impacted by the water
temperature utilized with denture cleansers. This study examined how the
color and roughness of permanent and temporary soft lining materials were
affected by employing both higher temperatures and the suggested
temperature.
Chapter III
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials

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The materials that the researchers used for the first setup are Asian
green mussel shells, sander, vinegar, a pot, plastic trays, and an electric
grinder. For the second setup, the researchers used an impression tray,
dental stone (castone), articulator, pink powdered dye, denture flask, and
acrylic.
For the preparation procedures, materials such as personal protective
equipment for hazardous activities like grinding and filing the Asian green
mussel shells (perna veridis), and the “Denture fusion test.”
In conducting the “Denture Fusion Test”, the researchers used
thermometers, pots, and a gas stove along with a printed table for the
experimental design.
For safety purposes, the researchers used and followed extra measures
by wearing proper clothing like cotton gloves, heat resistant gloves, hair net,
lab coat, and googles.
Methods
There were 2 setups:
Setup one for the Perna Veridis(Asian Green mussel shell)

Telephone No.: (078) 305-0110/0917-1241809
For the first step, the researchers manually washed each shell with running
water then, scrubbed and scrapped it until there are no visible dirt or meat.
After that, for the second step, the researchers sundried the shells for 30
minutes. Now we proceed to step three. Manually filing each shell with
sandpaper until the outer-most layer part of the shell can no longer be seen.
This procedure leads to the fourth step, the researchers soaked the filed
shells in vinegar for 48 hours or 2 days. After that, the shells are again
sundried for 30 minutes or until the shells are fully dried. Then, the
researchers ground the shells with an electric grinder and then, strained them
to remove large particles for a powder-like results. For the final step, the
researchers added the pink-dye.
Setup two for the denture
First step, use the impressions to make a plaster of Paris cast for the new
denture. The Paris cast is used to make a wax bite which will be inserted in
the selected person’s mouth and used for measuring the selected person’s
skull. Then duplicate the master cast. The alginate will serve as the
instrument used for the duplication of the master cast and impression tray and
the one that you should pour to this is a dental stone. Then, for the second
step, If necessary, articulate the duplicate cast using the articulator. After that,
we proceed to step three. A wax pattern refers to the manipulation of the wax

Telephone No.: (078) 305-0110/0917-1241809
teeth for the selected person to try if the wax teeth have exact specifications.
It is done by the researchers to see possible deformities as to the structure of
the teeth and for the patient to request anything pertaining to the wax teeth.
For the fourth step, Mix the dyed mussel shells with the acrylic. And lastly, for
the final step, now that the acrylic and wax pattern are ready, use the denture
flask to process the denture with the help of a dentist along with a lab
technician.
Research Environment
This study took place and was conducted in different environments. The
process of boiling and filing the Asian green mussel shells (Perna Veridis)
took place in Fausto’s residence located in Victory Sur, Santiago City under
the supervision of adults. The grinding of the shells is a hazardous activity
hence; the procedure took place on a controlled environment along with an
expert. The process of getting the impressions was conducted in Dra.
Clarisan N. Montero’s dental clinic under her supervision while the procedure
of making the denture was conducted on a laboratory in Santiago City with a
dental technician.
Sample and Sampling procedure

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The target samples of this study are the Asian green mussel shells
(Perna Veridis) which the researchers bought from the public market of
Santiago City and the dental materials such as, impression tray, articulator,
acrylic and dental castone which the researchers collected from Dra. Clarisan
N. Montero’s clinic.
Experimental design table
Experimental Design 1: The effect of boiling the dentures on Strength or
Durability of the Dentures
Independent Variable (IV): The amount of boiling time
Dependent Variable (DV): The Strength or Durability of the Dentures
The percentage represent the ratio of Asian green mussel shells in a denture
3 MINUTES
TEST COMMERCIAL 50% 75%

1
2
3
4

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5
6
5 MINUTES

1
2
3
4
5
6
10 MINUTES

1
2
3
4
5
6
Data gathering instruments
The research instruments that were used in the study are the
experimental design table, thermometer, and a checklist. To gather data in
this study, we conducted an experiment for commercial dentures, dentures

Telephone No.: (078) 305-0110/0917-1241809
with 75% green mussel shells, and dentures with 50% green mussel shells.
We then recorded our findings in a table
Data gathering procedure
Denture fusion test under water
In conducting this test, we start off by wearing a personal protective
equipment. Then, we submerge denture A (denture with 50% Asian green
mussel shells), denture B (denture with 75% Asian green mussel shells) and a
commercial denture under a constant temperature of 100 degrees Celsius
and see if any of these three has a visible signs of melting. The experimental
table consists of three setups therefore, there are three tables made. setup 1
for the three minutes, setup 2 for the 5 minutes, and setup 3 for the 10
minutes. The table also consists of 6 tests requiring a 15 minutes rest time
each round of test.
Conceptual framework
Input Process Output
1. Conducted reviews on
several research studies
about Asian Green
1. Conduct researches
mussel shells 1. Collected data
about denture
2. Collected, powderized on Denture
making
andSantiago
Address: SICAT Rd., Calaocan, moldedCity
dentures
3311 Fusion Test
2. Collect Asian Green No.: (078) 305-0110/0917-1241809
Telephone out of Asian green under Water
mussel shells
mussel shells 2. Analyze data
3. Collect materials
3. Undergone Denture and
needed in making a
Figure 1. The conceptual framework of the study entitled Asian Green Mussel
Shells (Perna Veridis) as Base Ingredient and Strengthener for Partial
Dentures
Expected output and potential impacts
The use of a denture made of perna veridis ( Asian Green Mussel shell)
would be a great advantage, especially to the following:
People in the Field of Dentistry. Being the professionals on their strand of
work, it will benefit them for having a new product that could catch attention of
people. It will also strengthen the mixture of the denture. They will most
probably have varied patience since the materials are cheaper.
Adults. They are the majority of people using prosthetics. It will maintain their
expectations and beneficiary on the product but modified in its structure.

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Garbage Collectors. It will cause them less work because instead of
throwing the mussel shells into the trash, it would be recycled into a denture.
Future Researchers. The study will help them continuing the research study
for new discoveries they will make. It will be a guide or trial for their future
works.
Data analysis procedure
The following statistics will be used:
 The Strength test of the dentures are examined based on the changes
of its state when it was boiled for 3 minutes in setup 1, 5 minutes for
setup 2, and 10 minutes for setup3. According to Handa RK, Jagger
DC, and Vowles RW (2005), The acrylic's hardness was significantly
reduced after being treated in hot water. Therefore there will be
changes in the denture base.
Chapter IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

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This chapter displays the results of different tests that shows the strength and
durability of the denture.
Findings and Analysis of Data
This part shows the results and discussions on the Asian Green
Mussel Shell as strengthening agent of Denture compared to the normal
denture.
Table 1. Data After boiling the denture for 3 minutes
TRIAL COMMERCIAL 50% 75%

1 Mildly Softened 3 MINUTES
Not Softened Not Softened
2 Mildly Softened Not Softened Not Softened
5 Moderately Mildly Softened Not Softened
Softened
Softened
The data above shows that after there is a change in the Commercial Denture
after boiling it for 3 minutes, it became Mildly Softened from 1 st to 4th Trial and
Moderately Softened at the 5th and 6th Trial .There were only changes in the
denture that had 50% Powdered Asian Green Mussels, when it was boiled for
the 5th and 6th Trial. Moreover, the denture with 75% Powdered Asian Green
Mussels had no changes after it was boiled for three minutes for 6 times.

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1 Moderately 5 MINUTES
Mildly Softened Not Softened
Softened
Softened
Softened
4 More Moderately Mildly Softened Not Softened
Softened
5 More Moderately More Mildly Not Softened
Softened Softened
6 More Moderately More Mildly Not Softened
Softened Softened
The data above shows that after boiling the dentures for 5 minutes for 6 times,
the Commercial Denture became Moderately Softened but in 4 th to 6th Trial it
became More Moderately Softened. However the denture with 50%
Powedered Asian Green Mussels, after boiling it from 1st to 4th Trial it became
Mildly Softened and More Mildly softened after the 5 th and 6th Trial. The 75%
Powdered Asian Green Mussels still had no changes.

1 Severely Softened 10 MINUTES
Moderately Not Softened
Softened
2 Severely Softened Moderately Not Softened
Softened
3 Severely Softened Moderately Not Softened
Softened
4 More Severely Moderately Not Softened

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Softened Softened
Softened Softened
Softened Softened
The data above shows that after boiling the dentures for 10 minutes for 6
times, the Commercial Denture became Severely Softened but in 4 th to 6th
Trial it became More Severely Softened. However the denture with 50%
Powedered Asian Green Mussels became Moderately Softened after boiling it
from 1st to 6th Trial, the changes are constant. The 75% Powdered Asian
Green Mussels still had no changes.
Chapter v
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
The final chapter represents the summary of the discussions presented in
the immediately preceding chapter, the conclusions made after the study and
the recommendations given by the researchers to further improve the study.

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Summary
This study was conducted to determine the feasibility of Asian Green
Mussel (Perna viridis) as a strengthening agent for the base of dental
dentures. The collection of the Asian Green Mussel took place in Santiago
City Public Market, and the rest of the procedure was conducted in school
wherein the researchers were supervised by their research adviser. Each
shell was washed, filed, soaked in vinegar, boiled and then powdered using a
grinder.
The commercialized denture was compared to the denture with Asian
Green mussel shells which the researchers determined that dentures with
75% powdered Asian Green Mussel shell and 25% acrylic provided a more
durable foundation for dentures and partial dentures than did commercial
products. The test results showed that the more powdered Asian mussel shell
it contained, the sturdier the denture base was. These results were supported
by an experiment that the researchers conducted in a controlled environment.
Conclusions
This part of the chapter shows that the researchers have answered the
research problem and hypothesis.

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1. It was concluded that green mussel can be an effective base ingredient and
strengthener for partial dentures.
2. The researchers concluded that there is a difference in the strength or
durability of the commercial denture and the denture made with Asian green
mussel. The more Asian mussels in the denture, the sturdier the denture is.
3. There is a significant effect on the denture when it is submerged in boiling
water. Their characteristics change after they are submerged in hot water.
4. The composition that produced the best mixture in making the alternative
denture is 75% of Asian green mussel and 25% of acrylic.
5. The product's cost analysis shows a price range of 2500 to 4000 pesos,
however actual costs will still vary depending on how many missing teeth and
surrounding tissues are replaced.
Recommendations
To further improve the study, the researchers recommend the following:
1. Find a better and improved way to test the strength of the dentures.
Use quantitative data.
2. Increase the grams of powder in dentures higher than 50g. If still
pliable add more grams by 5 until it reaches 70g.
3. Use more sample denture to have better results.

Telephone No.: (078) 305-0110/0917-1241809
Bibliography
Carpenter, K. E., & Niem, V. H. (1998). The living marine resources of the
Western central Pacific. Rome: FAO.
Danarto, Y. C., & Distantina, S. (2016, February). Optimizing deacetylation
process for chitosan production from green mussel (perna viridis) shell.
Retrieved March 13, 2018, from
https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4941494?
journalCode=apcCdswxzre21
Musico, Y. F. (2007). The Potential of Calcium Carbonate from Philippines
Green Mussel Shells as Extender in the Manufacture of Flat Latex

Telephone No.: (078) 305-0110/0917-1241809
Paints. Retrieved March 13,

2018, from https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=9170
Perna Viridis. (2005, September 2). Retrieved March 13, 2018,
from http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=731
What are Dentures? (n.d.). Retrieved March 13, 2018, from
https://colgate.com/en-us/oral-health/cosmetic-destistry/dentures/what-
are-dentures
Kim, Hae-Young. “Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Comparing Means of More
than Two Groups.” Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, vol. 39, no. 1, 2014,
p. 74, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3916511/,
10.5395/rde.2014.39.1.74.
Handa RK, Jagger DC, Vowles RW. Denture cleansers, soft lining materials
and water temperature: what is the effect? Prim Dent Care. 2008
Apr;15(2):53-8. doi: 10.1308/135576108784000285. PMID: 18397592.
Devlin H, Kaushik P. The effect of water absorption on acrylic surface
properties. J Prosthodont. 2005 Dec;14(4):233-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-
849X.2005.00050.x. PMID: 16359479.

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Asian Green Mussel Shells Perna Veridis As Base Ingredient and Strengthener For Partial Dentures

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Republic of the Philippines

Asian green mussel shells (Perna Veridis) as base ingredient

Mitzy Karyl N. Montero

Kurt Lawrence F. Bolusan

Theodore Jordan R. Atienza

Santiago City National High school

Calaocan, Santiago City, Isabela

Delaila S. Barbado- Navalta

Address: SICAT Rd., Calaocan, Santiago City 3311

(1) PROJECT PROFILE

Contact Number: 09688829292, 09668775305, 09655621441

Address: SICAT Rd., Calaocan, Santiago City 3311

problems (periodontal disease) as compared to those teeth located at the

properly), past or current smoking. According to some study, persons with

levels are more likely to lose some teeth.

As response to this problem, dentures are made. Dentures also known

that by giving your cheeks shape and definition.

Address: SICAT Rd., Calaocan, Santiago City 3311

Asian Green Mussel Shell (Perna viridis) or locally known as "tahong"

plays a significant role in the Philippine fishing sector because it is caught as

concept to use this green mussel as a base ingredient in making partial

As time passes, dentures are continuously developing and improving.

Mussel shell as a strengthening agent in denture mixtures to study whether it

will make the denture stronger compared to commercial dentures.

ASIAN GREEN MUSSEL SHELL

Address: SICAT Rd., Calaocan, Santiago City 3311

RATIO OF MUSSEL SHELL IN THE DENTURE

PERNA VERIDIS AS BASE INGREDIENT FOR PARTIAL DENTURE

REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF WASTED ALTERNATIVE REPLACEMENT FOR

DURABILITY AND STRENGTH OF

in terms of their strength and durability.

1. Can Asian green mussel be an effective base ingredient and

strengthener for partial dentures?

2. Is the Asian green mussel shell denture stronger than commercial

been submerged in boiling water?

Address: SICAT Rd., Calaocan, Santiago City 3311

4. What specific amount of perna veridis added to the denture’s mixture

gives the best results?

5. What is the cost analysis of the product?

Scope and Delimitation

functionality of Asian green mussel shells (perna veridis) as base ingredient

along with other types of prosthesis besides dental prosthesis or dentures.

Address: SICAT Rd., Calaocan, Santiago City 3311

Artificial teeth known as dentures are made of synthetic materials to

face trauma, dental decay, and age.

the gums, surrounding tissues, and teeth.

Asian Green Mussel

The Asian Green Mussel (Perma viridis) typically grows to a length of 80 to

at the hinge. The foot is generally laterally compressed with no operculum.

The family Mytilidae, to which this species belongs, is characterized by

Address: SICAT Rd., Calaocan, Santiago City 3311

absence of prominent hinge teeth; anterior adductor muscle reduced or

substrates. The shell of P. viridis is bright green as a juvenile, fading to brown

They generally inhabit intertidal, subtidal, and estuarine environments with

high salinity. P. viridis attaches to hard substrata but is capable of relocating.

Dense colonies can develop in optimal temperature and salinity conditions,

sometimes with thousands of individuals per square meter. Perna species

A bivalve mussel that is endemic to the Asia-Pacific region and is widely

In a variety of environmental circumstances, Perma viridis can swiftly

Address: SICAT Rd., Calaocan, Santiago City 3311

hindering commercial harvest. Increased maintenance is required to clean up

fouling, and if this is neglected, fuel efficiency may suffer. Additionally, P.