Compilation Report Ce3231l (Bettina)

SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY
LABORATORY REPORT AND PARTIAL FOOTING DESIGN OF SOIL IN TUBA,

BENGUET
Compilation of Reports Presented to the
Faculty of Civil Engineering

Baguio City
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the course
CE3231L: GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING 2 - LABORATORY
Prepared by:
SANTOS, LOUELLA BETTINA R.
Engr. Kurt Allen F. Paningbatan
Course Adviser
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INTRODUCTION
Testing the soil, also known as soil investigation or geotechnical investigation, is
used to help determine soil properties at a construction site. Doing so helps to establish
the soil conditions and if it is solid enough for construction and helps choose the
properties of the building itself. It is part of the building and site preparation process. It
is completed by drilling into the soil to a reasonable depth, depending on the
construction plans, and then having a professional grade the soil and estimate its
properties for the length of the drilled hole.
The soil sample is collected from experimental borings and shallow test pits, and
simple laboratory tests such as moisture content test, density, unconfined compressive
strength test, etc., are conducted. Simple field tests such as penetration methods,
sounding methods, and geophysical methods are performed to get the relative density of
soils, strength properties, etc.
Soil testing is a necessary step in the construction process. Once established, the
soil properties, such as the soil settlement and other relevant data, can be used by
engineers and builders to determine the suitability of the soil, allowing us to assess
whether the construction project can be accommodated at the location. By drilling in
multiple different areas on the site, we can identify the different types of soil located on
the site and where they are. Testing the soil for strength, density, compaction,
contamination, sand content, etc., and assessing the soil's impact on the construction
project are also applied to determine the suitability of the soil. Moreover, getting the
data necessary to compile technical and safety data reports can help us get planning
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permissions from the council. Lastly, it is vital to receive precise results and ensure
maximum quality and safety for the project.
For a new construction project to begin, we must take a range of steps to ensure
that the building is being constructed in the right location and with the right partners.
Among the most important of these steps is a site investigation, which is designed to
look at the site's subsurface conditions. When this inspection occurs, information will be
gathered about the hydrologic conditions and soil properties, allowing us to determine if
the site can accommodate the type of building we would like to develop.
The soil exploration during a site investigation involves taking soil samples and
performing laboratory and on-site tests to identify the engineering properties of the soil.
This process is also used to ascertain the groundwater's location and report on possible
hazards that can be found below the surface. When you obtain a site investigation for
your construction project, it will invariably be broken down into five separate phases.
Each stage is integral to the success of a site investigation.
A site investigation aims to ensure that the groundwater conditions are ideal,
that the physical properties of rock and soil can accommodate construction, and that the
building will be safe for anyone who enters it. Without the right soil conditions, anything
constructed on the site could be in danger of collapsing or damaging. Site investigations
are necessary before any new construction projects, extending to residential homes and
commercial buildings. This article details the site investigation process and why this
process is required for new construction projects.
The initial stage of a site investigation involves simple site reconnaissance.
During this phase, the site will be visually inspected. At this time, geological and
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topographical features for the area will also be collected. Some of the primary
observations that are made during this facet of a site investigation include:
The next site investigation phase involves general site exploration, which is
preliminary and more detailed than the next stage. During this phase, site exploration
occurs for light structures, airfields, highways, and small projects. This process's primary
objective is to estimate the current sub-soil conditions without spending a significant
sum of money. A soil sample will be collected and tested in a laboratory during the
general site exploration. This testing will identify the density and moisture content of the
soil. A compressive strength test will also take place. Some of the on-site tests that take
place during a general exploration include sounding tests, penetration tests, and
geophysical tests. Performing these tests will allow us to obtain the information needed
to correctly identify the strength characteristics and density of any soils on the site.
With the information we collect during this site investigation phase, we should
be able to design and construct lighter structures.
Regarding disturbed sampling, this type of test aims to partially or fully modify
the natural structures of different soils, which usually occurs by drilling the soil before
obtaining the soil sample.
If your construction project is a major one involving complex building and
design plans, a detailed site exploration will likely be necessary. Thorough exploration
goes further than general site exploration and should be used when constructing major
engineering projects, more complex projects, and heavy structures. The heavier
structures that detailed site exploration applies to include high-rise buildings, bridges,
and dams. Unlike a general site exploration, the detailed site exploration process
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requires substantial capital. If your budget is relatively limited, it’s recommended that
you stick to a general site exploration, which should be adequate if the project is small.
During a detailed site exploration, many different on-site tests will occur to ensure that a
large construction project can occur without issue.
The fourth and final stage of a site investigation involves the creation of a sub-
soil investigation and creation report, which is very detailed and provides construction
crews and developers with everything they should know about the construction site.
This report can only be generated once the general or detailed site exploration process
has been performed. There are many reasons why completing a site investigation is
needed for any development project that involves new construction. Along with saving
money and reducing potential damages, performing a site investigation helps to identify
safety requirements for the project. It can assist in determining which materials should
be used during construction.
The site investigation will help us identify which materials should be used
throughout construction. When we better understand the characteristics of the soil, we
can make more informed decisions about the materials that will work best for a
particular project.
Site investigations are essential if you want to be confident that the funds for
your development project are being invested wisely. Without the results from a site
investigation, you may not know that the soil is weak or isn’t compatible with the
materials you’re using for the foundation until it’s too late. While the costs for an in-
depth site exploration can be high, the benefits of obtaining a site investigation far
outweigh the costs and risks that may accrue without having one done.
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1.1. POPULATION AND LOCALE OF THE STUDY
The project site is located at Tuba, Benguet. Figure 1.6.1 shows the topographic
view of Tuba, Benguet and Figure 1.6.2 shows the exact location both sourced from
Google Earth. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 48,312 in 12,004
households.Tuba is located in the most southeastern part of the province of Benguet. It is
surrounded by Sablan to the north, La Trinidad to the northeast, the City of
Baguio and Itogon to the east, San Manuel to the southeast, Sison to the south, Pugo to
the west, and Aringay to the northwest. Its coordinates are latitude: 16.4015704 and
longitude: 120.5400311 and is elevated at about more than 900m above sea level.
According to the Department of Agriculture Bureau of Soils and water
Management, the soil in the municipality of Tuba has a pH range of 4.6-5.5 and is
generally rated as moderately low to moderately high soil in agriculture. Figure 1.6.3
shows the soil pH map of Tuba sourced from Department of Agriculture.
Figure 1.6.1. Topographic Map of Poblacion Tuba, Benguet
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Figure 1.6.2. Site Location
Figure 1.6.3. pH Soil Map of Tuba
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1.2. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
 AASHTO - Abbreviation of American Association of State Highways and Officials

which has standard procedures in the determination of the classification of a soil
and this system is mostly used by state highway departments.
 Angle of friction - a physical property of earth materials or the slope of a linear
representation of the shear strength of earth materials
 ASTM - Abbreviation of American Society for Testing and Materials which develops
international standard procedures governing environmental and engineering
services.
 Atterberg limits - limit that distinguishes the stages of consistency of soil which
are liquid, plastic, semi-solid and solid
 Bearing capacity - the capacity of soil to support the loads that are applied to the
ground above.
 Coarse fraction - that fraction of the solid particles in a soil sample having grain
sizes larger than a No. 200 sieve.
 Cohesion - the tendency for particles of soil to stick together.
 Dry soil - soil sample oven dried for at least 24 hours.
 Fine fraction - includes any particle less than 2.0 mm (. 078 inches).
 Gravel fraction - portion of soil, which contains particle size bigger than 4.75 mm
is retained on the sieve.
 Ground water table - an underground boundary between the soil surface and the
area where groundwater saturates spaces between sediments and cracks in rock.
 Liquid limit - the water content where the soil starts to behave as a liquid.
 Moist soil - soil sample containing its original water content.
 Moisture/Moisture content - is the amount of water present in the voids of the soil.
 Particle size distribution curve - a graph that is generated to illustrate the average
particle size, the smallest particle size, and the largest particle size.
 Plastic limit - the water moisture content at which a thread of soil with 3.2mm
diameter begins to crumble.
 Plasticity index - the water content range over which the material remains plastic.
 Sand fraction - Content of grains in a sand in the entire grain range with a diameter
greater than 0.02mm.
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 Shear strength - the maximum shear stress that the soil may sustain without
experiencing failure.
 Sieve analysis - method that is used to determine the grain size distribution of soils
that are greater than 0.075 mm in diameter.
 Specific gravity - the ratio of the solid particles' unit weight to the unit weight of
water.
 Stress- the amount of pressure or pull applied to the coating surface after being
buried.
 Unconfined compression strength - a laboratory test used to derive the
Unconfirmed Compressive Strength (UCS) of a rock specimen.
 USCS - Abbreviation for Unified Soil Classification System which is a soil
classification system used in engineering and geology to describe the texture and
grain size of a soil.
 USDA - Abbreviation for United States Department of Agriculture which uses Soil
Taxonomy to classify soil.
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CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY
2.1. LABORATORY TEST PROCEDURE
Laboratory Tests were performed on extracted borehole sample in accordance
with ASTM Procedures. These are the following laboratory tests carried out:
ASTM D2216-10: Standard Test Methods For Laboratory Determination Of Water
(Moisture) Content Of Soil And Rock By Mass
These test methods cover the laboratory determination of the water (moisture)
content by mass of soil, rock, and similar materials where the reduction in mass by
drying is due to loss of water. For simplicity, the word “material” shall refer to soil, rock
or aggregate whichever is most applicable.
Apparatus
 Electric Balance
 Moisture Cans
 Oven (For drying, the temperature of oven is generally kept between 105 C to
110 C. A higher temperature should be avoided to prevent the burning of organic
matter in the soil.)
Experiment Procedure:
1. Determine the mass (g) of the empty moisture cans plus its cover (m1) using the
electric balance and also record the number.
2. Place samples of the representative moist soil in moisture cans close the can with
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its cover to avoid loss of moisture.
3. Determine the combined mass (g) of the closed can and moist soil (m2).
4. Remove the cover from the top and place it on the bottom of the can.
5. Put it in the oven for at least 24 hours to dry the soil to a constant weight.
6. Determine the combined mass (g) of the dry soil sample plus the can and its cap
(m3).
ASTM D854: Standard Test Methods For Specific Gravity Of Soil Solids By Water
Pycnometer
These test methods cover the determination of the specific gravity of soil solids
passing a sieve by means of a water pycnometer. Soil solids for these test methods do
not include solids which can be altered by these methods, contaminated with a
substance that prohibits the use of these methods, or are highly organic soil solids, such
as fibrous matter which floats in water. Procedures for moist specimens such as organic
soils, highly plastic fine grained soils, tropical soils, and soils containing halloysite and
oven-dry specimens are provided. The apparatus is comprised of water pycnometer
which shall be a stoppered flask, stoppered iodine flask, or volumetric flask; balance;
drying oven; thermometer; dessicator; a system for entrapped air removal which shall
be a hot plate or Bunsen burner or a vacuum pump or water aspirator.
Apparatus
 Volumetric Flask (500 mL)
 Thermometer
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 Balance sensitive up to 0.01 g
 Vacuum Pump
 Plastic Squeeze Bottle
 Drying Pan
 Drying Oven
 Funnel
 Sieve
Calibration of the Volumetric Flask
1. Clean, dry, and weigh the volumetric flask and record its mass, WF.
2. Carefully fill the flask with distilled water at room temperature up to the 500 mL
mark (bottom of the meniscus should be at the 500 mL mark). Dry the outside of
the flask and blot any water from the inside of the neck above the meniscus using
a long-handled swab.
3. Determine the mass of the flask and the water filled to the 500 mL mark (WFW).
4. Take the temperature of the water in the flask. This observed temperature (Ti) will
be used as the temperature reference. Table 2.2 indicates the relative density of
water to be used in determining the variation in the mass of the flask and over the
expected range of temperatures.
1. Pour off sufficient distilled water so that the flask bulb is approximately 1/3 full.
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Place approximately 100 grams of soil from the sample jar into the flask.
2. Add distilled water to wash down any soil particles clinging to the inside of the
neck and to fill the flask slightly above the required to cover the soil.
3. Agitate the flask slightly to ensure that all soil is dispersed. Remove any entrapped
air by applying a vacuum to the flask. During the vacuum phase, samples should
be agitated gently at intervals to assist in the removal of air.
4. Add distilled water to the volumetric flask until the bottom of the meniscus touches
the 500 mL mark. Dry the outside of the flask and blot any water from the inside of
the neck above the meniscus using a long-handled swab.
5. Determine the combined mass of the flask plus soil plus water (WFWS).
6. Record the temperature (TX) of the flask and its content.
7. Weigh the pan and record its mass, WP.
8. Pour the soil and water into a pan. Wash the inside of the flask. Make sure that no
soil is left inside.
9. Put the pan in an oven to dry to a constant weight.
10. Determine the mass of the pan and oven-dried soil in pan (WPS).
ASTM D422: Standard Test Method For Particle-Size Analysis of Soils (Historical Method
Standard)
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This method covers ASTM D422 on the quantitative determination of the
distribution of particle sizes in soils. The distribution of particle sizes larger than 75 um
(retained on the No. 200 sieve) is determined by sieving, while the distribution of
particle sizes smaller than 75 um is determined by a sedimentation process, using a
hydrometer to secure the necessary data.
Apparatus
 Sieves, a Bottom Pan, and a Cover
 Balance Sensitive up to 0.1 g
 Mortar and Rubber – Tipped Pestle
 Oven
 Mechanical Sieve Shaker (if available)
1. Collect a representative oven dry soil sample. Samples having largest particles of
the size of No. 4 sieve openings (4.75 mm) should be about 500 grams. For soils
having largest particles of size greater than 4.75 mm, larger weights are needed.
2. Break the soil sample into individual particles using a mortar and a rubber – tipped
pestle. Apply rolling process, and not pounding. (NOTE: the idea of break up the
soil into individual particles, not to break the particles themselves.)
3. Determine the mass of the sample accurately to 0.1 g.
4. Prepare a stack of sieves. A sieve with larger openings is placed above a sieve
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with smaller openings. The sieve at the bottom should be the No. 200. A bottom
pan should be placed under sieve No. 200. The sieves that are generally used in a
stack are Nos. 4, 10, 20, 40, 60, 100, and 200; however, more sieves can be placed
in between.
5. Weigh the sieves and bottom pan and record its mass.
6. Pour the soil prepared in Steps 1 and 2 into the stack of sieves from the top.
7. Place the cover on the top of the stack of sieves.
8. Run the stack of sieves through a mechanical sieve shaker, or shake manually for
about 10 to 15 minutes.
9. Stop the sieve shaker and remove the stack of sieves carefully.
10. Weigh the sieves and pan with soil retained.
11. If a considerable amount of soil with silty and clayey fractions is retained on the
No. 200 sieve, it has to be washed. Washing is done by taking the No. 200 sieve
with the soil retained on it and pouring water through the sieve from a tap in the
laboratory.
12. Plot the percent finer versus particle size (use the logarithmic graph). Connect the
points with a smooth curve. Determine the values of diameter of soils
corresponding to 10, 25, 30, 60 and 75 percent finer.
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ASTM D4318: Standard Test Methods For Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, Plasticity Index Of
Soils
These test methods are used as an integral part of several engineering
classification systems to characterize the fine-grained fractions of soils and to specify the
fine-grained fraction of construction materials. The liquid limit, plastic limit, and
plasticity index of soils are also used extensively, either individually or together, with
other soil properties to correlate with engineering behavior such as compressibility,
hydraulic conductivity (permeability), compactibility, shrink-swell, and shear strength.
Apparatus
Liquid Limit Test
 Casagrande Liquid Limit Device
 Grooving Tool
 Porcelain Evaporating Dish
 Spatula
 Electronic Balance Sensitive up to 0.01g
 Plastic Squeeze Bottle with water
 Paper Towels
 Oven
 Moisture Cans
Plastic Limit Test
 Porcelain Evaporating Dish
 Spatula
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 Plastic Squeeze Bottle with water
 Moisture Cans
 Ground Glass Plate
 Balance Sensitive up to 0.01g
Liquid Limit Test
2. An air-dried sample weighing about 100grams shall be taken from material
passing the 0.425 mm sieve which has been obtained in accordance with the
standard procedures in preparation of disturbed soil sample for test.
3. Mix the sample with 15 to 20 mL of distilled water (or tap water for this experiment).
Mix thoroughly by alternately stirring and kneading with the spatula. Further
addition of water shall be made by 1 to 3 mL increments.
4. Place a portion of the mixed sample in the brass cup of the liquid limit device.
5. Level off the sample through its surface with a spatula to a maximum depth of
10mm.
6. Divide the soil pat into two segments using the standard grooving tool,
7. Mount the brass cup to the carriage such that it can be raised and allowed to
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drop sharply on the base through a height of 10mm by rotating the crank at an
approximate of two rotations per second until the closure of the groove is evident
from the bottom.
NOTE: The closure should be by flow of the soil and not by sup page on the cup.
8. Take a slice of approximately width of spatula extending from the edge to edge
of the soil cake at right angles to the groove.
9. Place the removed sample in a moisture can and determine the total mass of the
moist sample and moisture can with cover (m2).
10. Remove the cover from the top and place it on the bottom of the can.
12. Repeat steps (4) to (12) with different moisture contents of the soil in the range of
10 – 40 blows.
13. A total of 4 determinations should be made.
14. Determine the combined mass (g) of the dry soil sample plus the can and its cover
(m3).
15. Plot the moisture content (Y-axis) against logarithmic number of blows (X-axis) and
draw a mean line (flow line). Determine the soil’s liquid limit by projecting the 25
blows and getting the corresponding value of moisture content.
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Plastic Limit Test
2. An air-dried sample shall be taken from material passing the 0.425 mm sieve which
has been obtained in accordance with the standard procedures in preparation
of disturbed soil sample for test. Mix thoroughly with distilled water (tap water) until
the mass is plastic enough to be shaped.
3. Take a portion of the mixture. Squeeze and form the sample into ball.
4. Roll the ball of soil between the fingers and the glass plate (or any non-absorbent
material) with just sufficient value of pressure into thread of uniform diameter
through its length.
NOTE: Hands should be dry before handling the soil sample to prevent the addition
or absorption of moisture of the soil.
5. When the diameter of the thread becomes 1/8 of an inch, break the thread into
6 or 8 pieces.
6. Squeeze the pieces together between the thumbs and fingers into a uniform mass
and reroll.
7. Continue the alternate rolling to a thread of about 1/8 of an inch until the thread
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crumbles and the soil can no longer be rolled into threads.
8. Take some of the crumbled soil and place in a drying can.
9. Place the sample in a moisture can and determine the total mass of the moist
sample and moisture can with cover (m2).
11. A total of 3 determinations should be made.
12. Determine the combined mass (g) of the dry soil sample plus the can and its cover
(m3).
13. Determine the moisture content of the soil samples. Obtain the Plastic Limit of the
soil by getting the average of these moisture contents.
ASTM D-3282: Standard Practice for Classification of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures
for Highway Construction Purposes
This practice covers a procedure for classifying mineral and organomineral soils
into seven groups based on laboratory determination of particle-size distribution, liquid
limit, and plasticity index. It may be used when a precise engineering classification is
required, especially for highway construction purposes. Evaluation of soils within each
group is made by means of a group index, which is a value calculated from an empirical
formula.
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AASHTO METHOD M145: Standard Specification for Classification of Soils and Soil–
Aggregate Mixtures for Highway Construction Purposes
This recommended practice describes a procedure for classifying soils into seven
groups based on laboratory determination of particle size distribution, liquid limit, and
plasticity index. Evaluation of soils within each group is made by means of a “group
index,” which is a value calculated from an empirical formula. The group classification,
including group index, should be useful in determining the relative quality of the soil
material for use in earthwork structures, particularly embankments, subgrades,
subbases, and bases. However, for the detailed design of important structures, additional
data concerning strength or performance characteristics of the soil under field
conditions will usually be required.
ASTM DESIGNATION D-2487: Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for
Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System
This classification system is based on particle-size characteristics, liquid limit,
and plasticity index. According to ASTM D2487-17, there are three major soil divisions:
coarse-grained soils, fine-grained soils, and highly organic soils. These are subdivided
further into 15 basic groups, each with its own group symbol (e.g. GW).
AASHTO Classification System:
- Used by highway departments for classifying soil as a highway subgrade
material
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1. Identify soil group
- Done per column, from left to right, top to base
 start at A – 1 – a for granular soil, A – 4 for silt – clay materials
- Check identified limits, if 1 criterion is not met, consider next classification
2. Solve the group index
Group Index, GI:
- Indicator of the quality of soil as Highway Subgrade Material
- GI is inversely proportional to soil quality
- ↓GI = ↑Quality of Soil
GI = (F200 − 35)[0.2 + 0.005(LL − 40)] + 0.01(F200 − 15)(PI − 10)
where:
F200 = %Passing through sieve no. 200
LL = Liquid limit
PI = plasticity index
Unified Soil Classification System (USCS):
– used by geotechnical engineers
1. Identify soil group (for 1st to 3rd column of Table 4.2)
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- Done per column, from left to right, top to base
- Compare identified limits
a. Check if soil is coarse or fine – grained:
- Compare F200 to 50% limit
a.1. Coarse: F200 < 50%
b. Check if gravels or sand
- Compare R4 to 50% of CF
b.1. Gravels: R4 > 50%CF
c. Check if clean gravels, gravel with fines or dual classification
- Check F200
c.1. Clean gravels: F200 < 5%
c.2. Gravel with fines: F200 > 12%
c.3. Dual Symbol: 5% < F200 < 12%
b.2. Sand: R4 ≤ 50%CF
c. Check if clean sands, sand with fines or dual classification
- Check F200
c.1. Clean sands: F200 < 5%
c.2. Sand with fines: F200 > 12%
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c.3. Dual Symbol: 5% < F200 < 12%
a.2. Fine: F200 ≥ 50%
b. Check LL to 50%
2. Check criteria of the 4th column of Table 4.2 and identify Group Symbol at the 5th
column.
- Compare Cu and Cc with the limits
- Compare PI with the limits
- Plot (LL, PI) in plasticity chart to check if above, on, or below A - line
3. If group symbol is already available, determine the group name using Figures 4.4, 4.5,
and 4.6.
ASTM D2166: Standard Test Method For Unconfined Compressive Strength Of Cohesive
Soil
This test method is applicable only to cohesive materials which will not expel or
bleed water (water expelled from the soil due to deformation or compaction) during the
loading portion of the test and which will retain intrinsic strength after removal of
confining pressures, such as clays or cemented soils. Dry and crumbly soils, fissured or
varved materials, silts, peats, and sands cannot be tested with this method to obtain
valid unconfined compression strength values.
Apparatus:
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 Loading frame of capacity of 2 t, with constant rate of movement. What is the
least count of the dial gauge attached to the proving ring.
 Proving ring of 0.01 kg sensitivity for soft soils; 0.05 kg for stiff soils.
 Soil trimmer.
 Frictionless end plates of 75 mm diameter (Perspex plate with silicon grease
coating).
 Evaporating dish (Aluminum container).
 Soil sample of 75 mm length.
 Dial gauge (0.01 mm accuracy).
 Balance of capacity 200 g and sensitivity to weigh 0.01 g.
 Oven, thermostatically controlled with interior of non-corroding material to
maintain the emperature at the desired level. What is the range of the
temperature used for drying the soil.
 Sample extractor and split sampler.
 Dial gauge (sensitivity 0.01mm).
 Vernier calipers
1. Place the sampling soil specimen at the desired water content and density in the
large mould.
2. Push the sampling tube into the large mould and remove the sampling tube filled
with the soil. For undisturbed samples, push the sampling tube into the clay
sample.
3. Saturate the soil sample in the sampling tube by a suitable method.
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4. Coat the split mould lightly with a thin layer of grease. Weigh the mould.
5. Extrude the sample out of the sampling tube into the split mould, using the
sample extractor and the knife.
6. Trim the two ends of the specimen in the split mould. Weigh the mould with the
specimen.
7. Remove the specimen from the split mould by splitting the mould into two parts.
8. Measure the length and diameter of the specimen with vernier calipers.
9. Place the specimen on the bottom plate of the compression machine. Adjust the
upper plate to make contact with the specimen.
10. Adjust the dial gauge and the proving ring gauge to zero.
11. Apply the compression load to cause an axial strain at the rate of ½ to 2% per
minute.
12. Record the dial gauge reading, and the proving ring reading every thirty seconds
up to a strain of 6%. The reading may be taken after every 60 seconds for a strain
between 6%, 12% and every 2minutes or so beyond 12%.
13. Continue the test until failure surfaces have clearly developed or until an axial
strain of 20% is reached.
14. Measure the angle between the failure surface and the horizontal, if possible.
15. Take the sample from the failure zone of the specimen for the water content
determination.
ASTM D3080: Standard Test Method For Direct Shear Test Of Soils Under Consolidated
Drained Conditions
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This test method covers the determination of the consolidated drained shear
strength of a soil material in direct shear. The test is performed by deforming a specimen
at a controlled strain rate on or near a single shear plane determined by the
configuration of the apparatus. Generally, three or more specimens are tested, each
under a different normal load, to determine the effects upon shear resistance and
displacement, and strength properties such as Mohr strength envelopes.
Apparatus:
 Direct shear device
 Load and deformation dial gauges
 Balance.
1. Weigh the initial mass of soil in the pan.
2. Measure the diameter and height of the shear box. Compute 15% of the
diameter in millimeters.
3. Carefully assemble the shear box and place it in the direct shear device. Then
place a porous stone and a filter paper in the shear box.
4. Place the sand into the shear box and level off the top. Place a filter paper, a
porous stone, and a top plate (with ball) on top of the sand
5. Remove the large alignment screws from the shear box. Open the gap between
the shear box halves to approximately 0.025 in. using the gap screws, and then
back out the gap screws.
6. Weigh the pan of soil again and compute the mass of soil used.
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7. Complete the assembly of the direct shear device and initialize the three gauges
(Horizontal displacement gage, vertical displacement gage and shear load gage)
to zero.
8. Set the vertical load (or pressure) to a predetermined value, and then close
bleeder valve and apply the load to the soil specimen by raising the toggle switch.
9. Start the motor with selected speed so that the rate of shearing is at a selected
constant rate, and take the horizontal displacement gauge, vertical displacement
gage and shear load gage readings. Record the readings on the data sheet. (Note:
Record the vertical displacement gage readings, if needed).
10. Continue taking readings until the horizontal shear load peaks and then falls, or
the horizontal displacement reaches 15% of the diameter.
2.2. LABORATORY TEST CALCULATIONS
EXPT. 1: DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT
 Mass of Moisture :
Mass 1 - Mass 2
 Mass 1 = Mass of Can + Cover + Soil
 Mass 2 = Mass of Can + Cover + Dry Soil
 Mass of Dry Soil :
Mass 2 - Mass 3
 Mass 3 =Mass of Can plus Cover
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 Moisture Content:
��
MC = ��
 Average Moisture Content:
��1 +��2 +��3

(��. ):
3
EXPT. 2: DETERMINATION OF THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOIL SOLIDS USING A
VOLUMETRIC FLASK OR PYCNOMETER
 Mass of Soil:
Ms = �� + ��
 Specific Gravity of Soil:
� (�� )
Gs = �
� +�� @�� −��
EXPT. 3: SIEVE ANALYSIS
 Mass of Soil Retained:
Mass of Soil Retained = (mass of sieve plus soil retained) - (mass of sieve)
 Total Mass:
Total Mass: ��
 % Mass Retained On Each Sieve:
��

��
× 100%
 (�� % ��)�:
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(�� % ��)�−1 + (�� )�
 % Passing:
= 100% - cumulative % mass retained on each sieve
 Uniformity Coefficient, �� :
�
�� = ��
��
 Coefficient of Gradation, ��:
(�� )2
�� = �
�� 6�
 Sorting Coefficient, �� :
��
�� = ��
EXPT. 4: ATTEBERG LIMITS
LIQUID LIMIT TEST
Mass of Moisture (�� ) = �� − ��
Mass of Dry Soil (�� ) = �� − ��
�
Moisture Content, % = �� × ��%
�
PLASTIC LIMIT
Mass of Moisture (�� ) = �� − ��
Mass of Dry Soil (�� ) = �� − ��
CIVIL ENGINEERING
�
Moisture Content, % = �� × ��%
�
�� +��+��
Plastic Limit, % = �
Plasticity Index (PI), % = LL - PL
SHRINKAGE LIMIT
A-Line PI = 0.73 (LL - 20)
B-Line PI = 0.90 (LL - 8)
EXPT. 5: SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
USDA
% ��
M.% Sand = 100% − %�� × (100%)
% ��
M.% Silt = 100% − %�� × (100%)
% ��
M.% Clay = 100% − %�� × (100%)
AASHTO
GI = (�200 − 35)[0.2 + 0.005(�� − 40)] + 0.01(�200 − 15)(PI − 10)
USCS
Gravel Fraction, GF = % Gravel
GF =�4 = 100% - ��
Sand Fraction, SF = % Sand
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SF = �4 = �� − ��
Coarse Fraction, CF = total of % Gravel and % Sand
CF = �200 = ��% − ��
Fines Fraction, FF = % Fines
FF = ��
EXPT. 6: UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST
AREA, �� :
�
4
(�� )2
VOLUME OF THE SOIL:
π r2 h
SAMPLE DEFORMATION, �:
γ = deformation dial div x deformation dial
UNIT STRAIN, �:
�
�= × 100%
��
TOTAL LOAD SAMPLE, P:
P = Load dial div x Load dial reading
CORRECTION FACTOR, CF:
1
CF = 1− �
100%
CIVIL ENGINEERING
SAMPLE STRESS:
� ×1000
�� = ��
CORRECTED AREA, CA:
CA = CF x ��
UNCONFINED COMPRESSION STRENGTH
UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH
EXPT. 7: DIRECT SHEAR TEST
NORMAL LOAD, P:
P = �1 + �2
NORMAL STRESS, ϑ':
�
ϑ' =
��
SHEAR:
V = DR x LD
SHEAR STRESS:
V
τ=�
o
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 3: DATA AND RESULTS
Following are the results of the different tests conducted in the geotechnical laboratory
at Saint Louis University.
EXPT. 1: DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT
In the moisture content investigation, it was observed that the calculated average
moisture of the soil is 40.485%. It indicates a good amount of water since soil moisture
generally ranges from 10-45% but can be higher during and after watering.
Furthermore, the determination of the natural moisture content of the soil is
required in almost all soil tests. Familiarizing with the natural moisture content is vital
in all soil properties studies since it gives an idea about the state of the soil in the field.
EXPT. 2: DETERMINATION OF THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOIL SOLIDS USING A
VOLUMETRIC FLASK OR PYCNOMETER
Based on the data and results of this experiment, the determination of the
specific gravity of soil solids using a volumetric flask or pycnometer is established. The
specific gravity of the soil solids obtained is 2.475. This value does not fall in the range of
2.6 to 2.75. Hence, the type of soil is organic.
In unit volumes, coarse-grained soils have large particle sizes, less mass, and
more voids. While in the same volume, coarse-grained soils have more mass and fewer
voids. Thus, the observation is that coarse-grained soils have a lower specific gravity
value than fine-grained soils.
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Figure 3.1. Particle Size Distribution Curve of Soil Sample
With the following data from the sieve analysis, the percent passing per sieve
number and the sieve opening (in mm) were used to plot a grain-size distribution curve.
The largest percent passing, equal to 91.267%, was found in sieve number four, with an
opening of 4.75mm. While the smallest percent passing, equivalent to 9.674%, can be
found in sieve number 200, with an opening of 0.075mm.
All the D10, D30, D60, D25, and D75 values are taken from the particle distribution
curve, as shown above. With the determination of these values, parameters such as the
uniformity coefficient (Cu), coefficient of gradation (Cc), and sorting coefficient (So) were
calculated. However, the effective size (D10) cannot be determined. Hydrometer analysis
is needed to determine D10. Thus, the uniformity coefficient (Cu) and the coefficient of
gradation (Cc) cannot be solved. But the sorting coefficient (So) is equal to 3.651,
computed through the values of D25 and D75.
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Figure 3.2. Flow Curve for Liquid Limit Determination
Based on the data and results of the liquid limit test, the higher the number of
blows, the lower the soil's moisture content is. And the lower the number of blows, the
higher the soil's moisture content is. As per the flow curve of the liquid limit, it is critical
to form a straight line to determine the liquid limit of the soil. The liquid limit is 46.376%,
as shown in the graph above.
All in all, it is better if the number of blows in three trials is evenly performed in a
way that it shouldn't be too far from each other in the liquid limit test. In this way, a
desired flow curve will be achieved.
The soil sample is A-1-b (0), Excellent to Good under the American Association of
State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Classification System. While
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under the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS), the soil sample was found to be SM;
Silty Sand. Lastly, the soil sample is Gravelly-Sandy Soil under the United States
Department of Agriculture (USDA) Classification System.
Figure 3.3. Unconfined Compression Strength of Soil Sample
Based on the unconfined compression test, the average UCS and USS of the soil
unconfined compression strength are 24.34 KPa and 12.17 KPa, respectively. This is also
the maximum load dial, 82 Div. in the 110th deformation dial. It means that even though
the deformation dial reached 120, the peak compressive strength of the cylindrical soil
sample, which is 24.34 KPa, didn't increase. Instead, it decreases. That is why the 110th
deformation dial is treated as the limit.
CIVIL ENGINEERING
And according to research, the soil's consistency is very soft when the
unconfined compression strength is 0-25 Kpa. Thus, our soil's consistency is very soft
because the unconfined compression strength is 24.34 KPa.
Ø’=11˚
Figure 3.4. Direct Shear Test
Based on the data and results, the normal stress of specimen no.3, which has
approximately 79.6106 KPa, is greater than specimens no.2 and 1. Normal stress
increases as the weight added increases. The shear stress increases as the shear
increases but decreases as the area of the soil specimen increases.
Moreover, the cohesion intercept and angle of shearing resistance are
determined by plotting a graph between shear stress at failure and normal stress. After
plotting, the cohesion equals 32 KPa while the friction angle is 11°.
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 4: FOOTING DESIGN
With the gathered data of the soil, bearing capacity calculation can be
determined based on Terzaghi’s Equation with the following limitations:
Groundwater table is located 2m below the footing depth, and Correlations were
used in obtaining SPT-N value equivalent, and Unit Weight of soil by Kulhawy and Mayne
(1990) and Bowles Correlations in obtaining the settlement equation.
A. Determination of width (B)
Solution:
�� = �� (�2 ) = 650��(�2 )
� = �� = 1.48(1.5) = 2.145 ��
1.3�'�� +�� +0.4��
��= ( eq. 1)
B2
�� q
�2
= ��u ( eq2. )
1.3(32�)(10.16)+2.145��(2.98 ��3)+0.4(9.81 ��3 )(0.61)� 650��(B2 )

� �
�2
= 2.5
( eq3. )
B=1.135m
B. Determination of Settlement
Since B<1.22m, then according to Bowles correlation, the settlement equation is
1.25��
�� = �60 ��
( �+0.3 )2
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where,
� = 1.3�'�� + �� + 0.4��
��
q=1.3(32�)(10.16) + 2.145��(2.98��3) + 0.4(9.81��3)(0.61)(1.135)= 335.439�2
��
�� = 1 + 0.33( ) ≤ 1.33
�
1.5�
�� = 1 + 0.33( �1.135� ) = 1.436 > 1.33; �� 1.33
��
1.25(335.439 2) 1.135
�� = 45(1.330
�
( 1.135+0.3 ) = 4.383��
Settlement was found to be 4.383mm which is lesser than the allowable
settlement of 25mm by Terzaghi’s Eqaution. Therefore, the design of the sqaure footing
with a width of 1.135m is safe but in actual practice, the footing width may be rounded
to 1.2m.
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 5: COMPUTATIONS
i. TABLES
TRIAL # 1 2 3
CAN # 134 T3 35
MASS OF CAN +COVER, m1 24.29g 24.48g 24.49g
MASS OF CAN +COVER +SOIL, m2 74.78g 55.91g 75.51g
MASS OF CAN +COVER + DRY SOIL, m3 59.08g 46.32g 63.02g
MASS OF MOISTURE 15.70g 9.59g 12.49g
MASS OF DRY SOIL 34.79g 21.84g 38.53g
MOISTURE CONTENT, w 45.128% 43.910% 32.416%
AVERAGE MOISTURE CONTENT 40.485%
Table 5.1. Moisture Content of Soil
MASS OF DRY, CLEAN FLASK, Wf (g) 160.5

MASS OF FLASK +H2O, WFW (g) 657.12
OBSERVED TEMPERATURE OF H2O, Ti (˚C) 23
Table 5.2.A. Calibration of Volumetric Flask
MASK OF FLASK +SOIL +WATER, WFWS (g) 715.34

OBSERVED TEMPERATURE OF H2O, TX (˚C) 26
MASS OF FLASK FILLED WITH H2O, @ TX, WFW @ TX (g) 656.744
PAN NUMBER 20
MASS OF PAN, Wp (g) 121.07
MASS OF PAN +OVEN DRIED SOIL, Wps (g) 219.29
MASS OF SOIL, Ws (g) 98.22
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOIL, Gs 2.475
Table 5.2.B. Specific Gravity Determination
SIEVE SIEVE MASS OF CUMULATIVE CUMULATIVE PERCENT

NO. OPENING, SOIL AMOUNT PERCENT PASSING,%
mm RETAINED, g RETAINED, g RETAINED, %
4 4.75 43.46 43.46 8.692 91.308
10 2.00 62.34 105.80 21.16 78.84
16 1.18 50.39 156.19 31.238 68.762
30 0.60 67.96 224.1I5 44.83 55.17
40 0.425 32.66 256.81 51.362 48.684
60 0.25 51.61 308.42 61.684 38.316
100 0.15 47.08 355.50 71.10 28.90
200 0.075 55.70 411.20 82.24 17.76
PAN - 88.86 500 100 0
TOTAL MASS 500
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Table 5.3. Sieve Analysis of Soil Sample
TRIAL # 1 2 3
NUMBER OF BLOWS (N) 26 24 20
CAN # A58 A20 5
MASS OF CAN, m1 (g) 23.90 24.47 23.92
MASS OF MOIST SOIL +CAN WITH 29.31 30.87 30.28
COVER, m2 (g)
MASS OF DRIED SOIL +CAN WITH 27.59 28.85 28.30
COVER, m3 (g)
MASS OF MOISTURE, Mw (g) 1.72 2.02 1.98
MASS OF DRY SOIL, Ms (g) 3.69 4.38 4.38
MOISTURE CONTENT, w (%) 46.612 46.119 45.205
LIQUID LIMIT “LL” (25 BLOWS), % 46.376
Table 5.4.A. Liquid Limit Test
TRIAL # 1 2 3
CAN # 125 A71 B-4
MASS OF CAN, m1 (g) 24.86 24.36 24.20
MASS OF MOIST SOIL +CAN WITH 28.92 29.26 30.03
COVER, m2 (g)
MASS OF DRIED SOIL +CAN WITH 27.67 27.81 28.26
COVER, m3 (g)
MASS OF MOISTURE, Mw (g) 1.25 1.45 1.77
MASS OF DRY SOIL, Ms (g) 2.81 3.45 4.06
MOISTURE CONTENT, w (%) 44.484 42.029 43.596
PLASTIC LIMIT “PL”, (%) 43.370
PLASTICITY INDEX “PI”, (%) 3.006
Table 5.4.B. Plastic Limit Test
SOIL PERCENT FINER (%) LIQUID PLASTICITY

4 10 40 200 LIMIT, % INDEX, %
SOIL SAMPLE 91.308 78.84 48.684 17.76 46.376 3.006
Table 5.5.A. Soil Sample Data
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE

HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION
OFFICIALS (AASHTO) CLASSIFICATION A-1-b (0); EXCELLENT TO GOOD
SYSTEM
UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM SM; SILTY SAND
(USCS)
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
(USDA) CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM GRAVELLY-SANDY SOIL
Table 5.5.B. Soil Classification Results
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SPECIMEN NO. 1
AVERAGE DIAMETER, Do 89.3 mm
AVERAGE HEIGHT, Ho 130.473 mm
AREA, Ao 6263.1498 mm2
VOLUME OF THE SOIL 204292.986 mm3
MASS OF THE SOIL 1006.8 g
LOAD DIAL 1.9 N/div
DEFORMATION DIAL 0.001 in/div
Table 5.6.A. Data Table 3.6.A. Data for Unconfined Compression Test for Unconfined
Compression Test
DEFORMATION LOAD SAMPLE UNIT TOTAL CORRECTION CORRECTED SAMPLE

DIAL DIAL, DEFORMATION, STRAIN, % LOAD FACTOR, CF AREA, CA STRESS
div. mm SAMPLE, N (mm)
5 8 0.127 0.0973581 15.20 1.001 6269.252 2.425
10 10.5 0.254 0.1945763 19.95 1.002 6275.366 3.179
15 15 0.381 0.2920114 28.50 1.003 6281.493 4.537
20 19 0.508 0.3893526 36.10 1.004 6287.631 5,741
25 23 0.635 0.4866907 43.70 1.005 6293.781 6.943
30 26.5 0.762 0.5840289 50.35 1.006 6299.943 7.992
35 30 0.889 0.6513670 57.00 1.007 6306.118 9.039
40 34 1.016 0.7787052 64.60 1.008 6312.304 10.234
45 38 1.143 0.8760433 72.20 1.009 6318.503 11.427
50 42 1.270 0.9733815 79.80 1.010 6324.713 12.617
55 47 1.397 1.0707196 89.30 1.011 6330.936 14.105
60 50.5 1.524 1.1680578 95.95 1.012 6337.172 15.141
65 55 1.651 1.2653959 104.50 1.013 6343.419 16.474
70 58 1.778 1.3627341 110.20 1.014 6349.679 17.355
75 62 1.905 1.4600722 117.80 1.015 6355.951 18.534
80 67 2.032 1.5574103 127.30 1.016 6362.236 20.009
85 70.5 2.159 1.6547485 133.95 1.017 6368.533 21.033
90 75 2.286 1.7520866 142.50 1.018 6374.843 22.353
95 75.5 2.413 1.8494248 143.45 1.019 6381.165 22.480
100 80 2.540 1.9467629 152.00 1.020 6387.499 23.796
105 80 2.667 2.0441011 152.00 1.021 6393.846 23.773
110 82 2.794 2.1414392 155.80 1.022 6400.206 24.343
115 79.5 2.921 2.2387774 151.05 1.023 6406.579 23.577
120 80 3.048 2.3361155 152.00 1.024 6412.964 23,702
Table 5.6.B. Results for Unconfined Compression Test
UNCONFINED COMPRESSION STRENGTH, qucs 24.34 KPa

UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH, Cu 12.17 KPa
Table 5.6.C. Unconfined Compression Strength and Undrained Shear Strength
Ao1 0.002304 M2
Ao2 0.002401 M2
Ao3 0.002601 M2
WEIGHT OF LOADING FRAME +PLATE, M1 7.5 kg
LOAD DIAL 1.379 N/DIV
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Table 5.7.A. Data for Direct Shear Test
SPECIMEN WEIGHT DIAL NORMAL NORMAL SHEAR, SHEAR

NO. ADDED, READING, LOAD, P STRESS, V (N) STRESS,
kg DIV (kg) (kPa) (kPa)
1 4.536 75 12.036 51.247 103.425 44.889
2 9.072 68 16.572 67.709 93.772 39.055
3 13.608 97 21.108 79.611 133.763 51.428
Table 5.7.B. Results for Direct Shear Test
COHESION, c’ 32 kPa
ANGLE OF FRICTION, ɸ’ 11˚
SHEAR STRESS, T 44.866 kPa
Table 5.7.C. Results from Graph
γd 1.43 kN/m3
ϕ 11 °
C 32 kPa
Nc 10.16
Nq 2.98
Nγ 0.69
FS 3.5
B 1.135
qall 335.439 kN/m2
N60 45
FD 1.33
Se 4.383mm
Table 5.8. Soil Bearing Capacity
ii. COMPUTATIONS:
EXPT. 1: MOISTURE CONTENT OF SOIL
 Mass of Moisture, g
Trial 1: 74.78-59.08= 15.7g
Trial 2: 55.91-46.32= 9.59g
Trial 3: 75.51-63.02= 12.49g
 Mass of Dry Soil, g

Trial 1: 59.08-24.29= 34.79g
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Trial 2: 46.32-24.48= 21.72g

Trial 3: 63.02-24.49= 38.53g
 Moisture Content, w (%)
Trial 1: 15.7/34.79 (100%) = 45.128
Trial 2: 9.59/21.72 (100%) = 44.153
Trial 3: 12.49/38.53 (100%) = 32.416
 Average Moisture Content, (%)
(45.128 + 43.91 + 32.416)%
Ave. w (%) = 3
= 40.485%
EXPT. 2: SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOIL
 Calibrated Value:
WFW @Tx = (0.9968156/0.9975702)(657.12-160.5) + 160.5 = 656.744g
 Specific Gravity of Soil:
K = 0.9968156/1.0000 = 0.9968156
Ws = Wps – Wp =219.29 – 121.07 = 98.22g
Gs = (0.9968156 x 98.22)/(98.22 + 656.74 -715.34) = 2.475
 Cumulative Amount Retained = (Cumulative Amount Retained)n-1 + (Amount

Retained)n
No. 4 = 43.46g
No. 10 = 43.46 +62.34 = 105.80g
No. 16 = 105.80 + 50.39 = 156.19g
No. 30 = 156.19 + 67.96 = 224.15g
No. 40 = 224.15 + 32.66 = 256.81g
No. 60 = 256.81 + 51.61 = 308.42g
No. 100 = 308.42 + 47.08 =355.5g
No. 200 = 355.55 +55.70 = 411.20g
Pan = 411.20 + 88.86 = 500g
CIVIL ENGINEERING
 Cumulative % Retained = (Cumulative Amount Retainedn / Total Amount

Retained) (100%)
No. 4 = (43.46/500)(100%)= 8.692%
No. 10 = (105.80/500)(100%)= 21.16%
No. 16 = (156.19/500)(100%)= 31.238%
No. 30 = (224.15/500)(100%)= 44.83%
No. 40 = (256.81/500)(100%)= 51.362%
No. 60 = (308.42/500)(100%)= 61.684%
No. 100 = (355.50/500)(100%)= 71.10%
No. 200 = (411.20/500)(100%)= 82.24%
Pan = (500/500)(100%)= 100%
 % Passing = 100% - Cumulative % Retainedn
No. 4 = 100 – 8.692 = 91.308%
No. 10 = 100 – 21.16 = 78.84%
No. 16 = 100 – 31.238 = 68.762%
No. 30 = 100 – 44.83 = 55.17%
No. 40 = 100 – 51.362 = 48.684%
No. 60 = 100 – 61.684 = 38.316%
No. 100 = 100 – 71.10 =28.90%
No. 200 =100 – 82.24 = 17.76%
Pan = 100 – 100 = 0
 Coefficients
Cu = D60/D10 = cannot be solved, need hydrometer analysis to
determine D10
Cc = D302/(D60 x D10) = cannot be solved
So = √ (D75/D25) = √ (1.6/0.12)= 3.651
LIQUID LIMIT TEST

 Mass of Moisture (�� )
Trial 1: mw = m2 − m3 = 29.31g − 27.59g = 1.72 g
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Trial 2: mw = m2 − m3 = 30.87g − 28.85g = 2.02 g

Trial 3: mw = m2 − m3 = 30.28g − 28.30g = 1.98 g
 Mass of Dry Soil (��)
Trial 1: ms = m3 − m1 = 27.59g − 23.90g = 3.69 g
Trial 2: ms = m3 − m1 = 28.85g − 24.47g = 4.38 g
Trial 3: ms = m3 − m1 = 28.30g − 23.92g = 4.38 g
 Moisture Content (w)
mw 1.72g
Trial 1: w (%) = ms
× 100% = 3.69g × 100% = 46.612%
mw 2.02g
Trial 2: w (%) = ms
× 100% = 4.38g × 100% = 46. 119%
mw 1.98g
Trial 3: w (%) = ms
× 100% = 4.38g × 100% = 45.205%
 Liquid Limit “LL” (Corresponding to 25 Blows)

LL (%) = 46.376%
PLASTIC LIMIT TEST

 Mass of Moisture (�� )
Trial 1: mw = m2 − m3 = 28.92g − 27.67g = 1.25 g
Trial 2: mw = m2 − m3 = 29.26g − 27.81g = 1.45 g
Trial 3: mw = m2 − m3 = 30.03g − 28.26g = 1.77 g
 Mass of Dry Soil (��)
Trial 1: ms = m3 − m1 = 27.67g − 24.86g = 2.81 g
Trial 2: ms = m3 − m1 = 27.81g − 24.36g = 3.45 g
Trial 3: ms = m3 − m1 = 28.26g − 24.20g = 4.06 g
 Moisture Content (w)
mw 1.25g
Trial 1: w (%) = ms
× 100% = 2.81g × 100% = 44.484%
mw 1.45g
Trial 2: w (%) = ms
× 100% = 3.45g × 100% = 42.029%
mw 1.77g
Trial 3: w (%) = ms
× 100% = 4.06g × 100% = 43.596%
 Plastic Limit (PL)
CIVIL ENGINEERING
w1 + w2 + w3 (44.484 + 42.029 + 43.596)%
PL (%) = 3
= 3
= 43.370%
 Plasticity Index (PI)

PI (%) = LL - PL = 46.376% − 43.370% = 3.006%
SHRINKAGE LIMIT TEST
 C-Line
PI (%) = 0.73(LL - 20) = 0.73(46.376 - 20) = 19.254%
 D-Line
PI (%) = 0.90(LL - 8) = 0.90(46.376 - 8) = 34.538%
USDA
Modified Percent:
 Modified % Sand
% Sand 78.40%
M.% Sand = 100% − %Gravel × 100% = 100% − 21.60% × 100% = 100%
 Modified % Silt
% Silt 0%
M.% Silt = 100% − %Gravel × 100% = 100% − 21.60% × 100% = 0%
 Modified % Clay
% Clay 0%
M.% Clay = 100% − %Gravel × 100% = 100% − 21.60% × 100% = 0%
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Classification of Soil based on the Figure 4.1:

∴ Gravelly-Sandy Soil
AASHTO
Soil Sample:
No.200 = 17.76% ≤ 35% ∴ Granular Material
Notes:
For the following classifications: A–1–a, A–1–b, A–3, A–2–4, and A–2 –5
∴ GI = 0
∴ A–1–b (0) = Excellent to Good
USCS
Soil Sample:
FF = F200 = 17.76%
CF = R200 = 100% − 17.76% = 82.24%
Table 4.2:
∴ Coarse-Grained Soil
GF = R4 = 100% − 91.308% = 8.692% < 50%
∴ Sands
Since FF = ��. ��% > ��%
∴ Sands with fines
Since PI = �. ��% < � & �� = ��. ��% (�� "�" ��)
Group Symbol: SM
Figure 4.4:
CIVIL ENGINEERING
GF = R4 = 8.692% < 15% Gravel

∴ Silty Sand
∴ Soil Sample: SM; Silty Sand
 Area (�� )
π π
Ao = 4 (Do )2 = 4 (89.30mm)2 = 6263.1498 mm2
 Volume of the Soil (V)

89.30mm 2
V= � = π r2 h = π( 2
) (130.473mm) = 204,292.986 mm3
 Sample Deformation (�)

γ = deformation dial div ×deformation dial
in 25.4mm mm
*Deformation Dial = 0.001 DIV × 1in
= 0.0254 DIV
mm
 γ1 = 5 DIV × 0.0254 = 0.127 mm
DIV
mm
 γ2 = 10 DIV × 0.0254 = 0.254mm
DIV
mm
 γ3 = 15 DIV × 0.0254 DIV
= 0.381 mm
mm
 γ4 = 20 DIV × 0.0254 DIV
= 0.508 mm
mm
 γ5 = 25 DIV × 0.0254 DIV
= 0.635 mm
mm
 γ6 = 30 DIV × 0.0254 = 0.762mm
DIV
mm
 γ7 = 35 DIV × 0.0254 DIV
= 0.889 mm
mm
 γ8 = 40 DIV × 0.0254 DIV
= 1.016 mm
mm
 γ9 = 45 DIV × 0.0254 DIV
= 1.143 mm
mm
 γ10 = 50 DIV × 0.0254 DIV
= 1.270 mm
mm
 γ11 = 55 DIV × 0.0254 DIV
= 1.397 mm
mm
 γ12 = 60 DIV × 0.0254 DIV
= 1.524 mm
mm
 γ13 = 65 DIV × 0.0254 = 1.651 mm
DIV
CIVIL ENGINEERING
mm
 γ14 = 70 DIV × 0.0254 DIV
= 1.778 mm
mm
 γ15 = 75 DIV × 0.0254 = 1.905 mm
DIV
mm
 γ16 = 80 DIV × 0.0254 DIV
= 2.032 mm
mm
 γ17 = 85 DIV × 0.0254 DIV
= 2.159 mm
mm
 γ18 = 90 DIV × 0.0254 DIV
= 2.286 mm
mm
 γ19 = 95 DIV × 0.0254 DIV
= 2.413 mm
mm
 γ20 = 100 DIV × 0.0254 DIV
= 2.540 mm
mm
 γ21 = 105 DIV × 0.0254 DIV
= 2.667 mm
mm
 γ22 = 110 DIV × 0.0254 = 2.794 mm
DIV
mm
 γ23 = 115 DIV × 0.0254 = 2,921 mm
DIV
mm
 γ24 = 120 DIV × 0.0254 DIV
= 3.048 mm
 Unit Strain (ɛ)

γ
ε= × 100%
LO
γ 0.127mm
 ε1 = × 100% = 130.473mm × 100% = 0.097%
L O
γ 0.254mm
 ε2 = × 100% = 130.473mm × 100% = 0.195%
L O
γ 0.381 mm
 ε3 = × 100% = 130.473mm × 100% = 0.292%
LO
γ 0.508 mm
 ε4 = × 100% = × 100% = 0.389%
L O 130.473mm
γ 0.635 mm
 ε5 = L × 100% = 130.473mm × 100% = 0.487%
O
γ 0.762mm
 ε6 = × 100% = 130.473mm × 100% = 0.584%
LO
γ 0.889 mm
 ε7 = L × 100% = 130.473mm × 100% = 0.681%
O
γ 1.016 mm
 ε8 = L × 100% = 130.473mm × 100% = 0.779%
O
γ 1.143 mm
 ε9 = × 100% = × 100% = 0.876%
L O 130.473mm
� 1.270 ��
 �10 = � × 100% = 130.473�� × 100% = 0.973%
�
CIVIL ENGINEERING
γ 1.397 mm
 ε11 = × 100% = 130.473mm × 100% = 1.071%
L O
γ 1.524 mm
 ε12 = × 100% = 130.473mm × 100% = 1.168%
L O
γ 1.651 mm
 ε13 = L × 100% = 130.473mm × 100% = 1.265%
O
γ 1.778 mm
 ε14 = × 100% = × 100% = 1.362%
L O 130.473mm
γ 1.905 mm
 ε15 = LO
× 100% = 130.473mm × 100% = 1.460%
γ 2.032 mm
 ε16 = × 100% = 130.473mm × 100% = 1.557%
LO
γ 2.159 mm
 ε17 = × 100% = × 100% = 1.655%
L O 130.473mm
γ 2.286 mm
 ε18 = × 100% = 130.473mm × 100% = 1.752%
L O
γ 2.413 mm
 ε19 = × 100% = 130.473mm × 100% = 1.849%
LO
γ 2.540 mm
 ε20 = × 100% = 130.473mm × 100% = 1.947%
LO
γ 2.667 mm
 ε21 = L × 100% = 130.473mm × 100% = 2.044%
O
γ 2.794 mm
 ε22 = × 100% = × 100% = 2.141%
L O 130.473mm
γ 2,921 mm
 ε23 = × 100% = 130.473mm × 100% = 2.239%
L O
γ 3.048 mm
 ε24 = × 100% = 130.473mm × 100% = 2.336%
LO
 Total Load Sample (P)

P = Load Dial Div ×Load Dial Reading; Load Dial = 1.90 N/Div
N
 P1 = 1.90 Div × 8 Div = 15.20N
N
 P2 = 1.90 Div × 10.5 Div = 19.95N
N
 P3 = 1.90 × 15 Div = 28.50N
Div
N
 P4 = 1.90 Div × 19 Div = 36.10N
N
 P5 = 1.90 Div × 23 Div = 43.70N
N
 P6 = 1.90 Div × 26.5 Div = 50.35N
CIVIL ENGINEERING
N
 P7 = 1.90 Div × 30 Div = 57.00N
N
 P8 = 1.90 Div × 34 Div = 64.60N
N
 P9 = 1.90 × 38 Div = 72.20N
Div
N
 P10 = 1.90 Div × 42 Div = 79.80N
N
 P11 = 1.90 Div × 47Div = 89.30N
N
 P12 = 1.90 Div × 50.5 Div = 95.95N
N
 P13 = 1.90 × 55 Div = 104.50N
Div
N
 P14 = 1.90 Div × 58 Div = 110.20N
N
 P15 = 1.90 Div × 62 Div = 117.80N
N
 P16 = 1.90 Div × 67 Div = 127.30N
N
 P17 = 1.90 Div × 70.5 Div = 133.95N
N
 P18 = 1.90 × 75 Div = 142.50N
Div
N
 P19 = 1.90 Div × 75.5 Div = 143.45N
N
 P20 = 1.90 Div × 80 Div = 152.00N
N
 P21 = 1.90 Div × 80 Div = 152.00N
N
 P22 = 1.90 × 82 Div = 155.80N
Div
N
 P23 = 1.90 Div × 79.5 Div = 157.05N
N
 P24 = 1.90 Div × 80 Div = 152.00N
 Correction Factor (CF)

1
CF = ε
1−
100%
1 1
 CF1 = ε = 0.097% = 1.001
1− 1−
100% 100%
1 1
 CF2 = ε = 0.195% = 1.002
1− 1−
100% 100%
CIVIL ENGINEERING
1 1
 CF3 = ε = 0.292% = 1.003
1−100% 1−
100%
1 1
 CF4 = ε = 0.389% = 1.004
1− 1−
100% 100%
1 1
 CF5 = ε = 0.487% = 1.005
1− 1−
100% 100%
1 1
 CF6 = ε = 0.584% = 1.006
1− 1−
100% 100%
1 1
 CF7 = ε = 0681% = 1.007
1−100% 1−
100%
1 1
 CF8 = ε = 0.779% = 1.008
1− 1−
100% 100%
1 1
 CF9 = ε = 0.876% = 1.009
1−100% 1− 100%
1 1
 CF10 = ε = 0.973% = 1.010
1− 1−
100% 100%
1 1
 CF11 = ε = 1.071% = 1.011
1− 1− 100%
100%
1 1
 CF12 = ε = 1.168% = 1.012
1− 1−
100% 100%
1 1
 CF13 = ε = 1.265% = 1.013
1− 1− 100%
100%
1 1
 CF14 = ε = 1.363% = 1.014
1− 1−
100% 100%
1 1
 CF15 = ε = 1.460% = 1.015
1− 1− 100%
100%
1 1
 CF16 = ε = 1.557% = 1.016
1−100% 1− 100%
1 1
 CF17 = ε = 1.655% = 1.017
1− 1−
100% 100%
1 1
 CF18 = ε = 1.752% = 1.018
1− 1−
100% 100%
1 1
 CF19 = ε = 1.849% = 1.019
1−100% 1− 100%
1 1
 CF20 = ε = 1.947% = 1.020
1− 1−
100% 100%
1 1
 CF21 = ε = 2.044% = 1.021
1− 1− 100%
100%
CIVIL ENGINEERING
1 1
 CF22 = ε = 2.141% = 1.022
1−100% 1−
100%
1 1
 CF23 = ε = 2.239% = 1.023
1− 1−
100% 100%
1 1
 CF24 = ε = 2.336% = 1.024
1− 1−
100% 100%
 Correction Area (CA)

CA = CF × Ao
 CA1 = CF × Ao = 1.001 × 6263.1498 mm2 = 6269.252 mm2
 CA2 = CF × Ao = 1.002 × 6263.1498 mm2 = 6275.366 mm2
 CA3 = CF × Ao = 1.003 × 6263.1498 mm2 = 6281.493 mm2
 CA4 = CF × Ao = 1.004 × 6263.1498 mm2 = 6287.631 mm2
 CA5 = CF × Ao = 1.005 × 6263.1498 mm2 = 6293.781 mm2
 CA6 = CF × Ao = 1.006 × 6263.1498 mm2 = 6299.943 mm2
 CA7 = CF × Ao = 1.007 × 6263.1498 mm2 = 6306.118 mm2
 CA8 = CF × Ao = 1.008 × 6263.1498 mm2 = 6312.304 mm2
 CA9 = CF × Ao = 1.009 × 6263.1498 mm2 = 6318.503 mm2
 CA10 = CF × Ao = 1.010 × 6263.1498 mm2 = 6324.713 mm2
 CA11 = CF × Ao = 1.011 × 6263.1498 mm2 = 6330.936 mm2
 CA12 = CF × Ao = 1.012 × 6263.1498 mm2 = 6337.172 mm2
 CA13 = CF × Ao = 1.013 × 6263.1498 mm2 = 6343.419 mm2
 CA14 = CF × Ao = 1.014 × 6263.1498 mm2 = 6349.679 mm2
 CA15 = CF × Ao = 1.015 × 6263.1498 mm2 = 6355.951 mm2
 CA16 = CF × Ao = 1.016 × 6263.1498 mm2 = 6362.236 mm2
 CA17 = CF × Ao = 1.017 × 6263.1498 mm2 = 6368.533 mm2
 CA18 = CF × Ao = 1.018 × 6263.1498 mm2 = 6374.843 mm2
 CA19 = CF × Ao = 1.019 × 6263.1498 mm2 = 6381.165 mm2
 CA20 = CF × Ao = 1.020 × 6263.1498 mm2 = 6387.499 mm2
 CA21 = CF × Ao = 1.021 × 6263.1498 mm2 = 6393.846 mm2
 CA22 = CF × Ao = 1.022 × 6263.1498 mm2 = 6400.206 mm2
CIVIL ENGINEERING
 CA23 = CF × Ao = 1.023 × 6263.1498 mm2 = 6406.579 mm2

 CA24 = CF × Ao = 1.024 × 6263.1498 mm2 = 6412.964 mm2
 Sample Stress (��)
P×1000
qu = CA
P×1000 15.20×1000
 qu 1 = CA
= 6269.252 mm2 = 2.425 KPa
P×1000 19.95×1000
 qu 2 = CA
= 6275.366 mm2 = 3.179 KPa
P×1000 28.50×1000
 qu 3 = CA
= 6281.493 mm2 = 4.537 KPa
P×1000 36.10×1000
 qu 4 = CA
= 6287.631 mm2 = 5.741 KPa
P×1000 43.70×1000
 qu 5 = CA
= 6293.781 mm2 = 6.943 KPa
P×1000 50.35×1000
 qu 6 = CA
= 6299.943 mm2 = 7.992 KPa
P×1000 57.00×1000
 qu 7 = CA
= 6306.118 mm2 = 9.039 KPa
P×1000 64.60×1000
 qu 8 = CA
= 6312.304 mm2 = 10.234 KPa
P×1000 72.20×1000
 qu 9 = CA
= 6318.503 mm2 = 11.427 KPa
P×1000 79.80×1000
 qu 10 = CA
= 6324.713 mm2 = 12.617 KPa
P×1000 89.30×1000
 qu 11 = CA
= 6330.936 mm2 = 14.105 KPa
P×1000 95.95×1000
 qu 12 = CA
= 6337.172 mm2 = 15.141 KPa
P×1000 104.50×1000
 qu 13 = CA
= 6343.419 mm2 = 16.474 KPa
P×1000 110.20×1000
 qu 14 = CA
= 6349.679 mm2 = 17.355 KPa
P×1000 117.80×1000
 qu 15 = CA
= 6355.951 mm2 = 18.534 KPa
P×1000 127.30×1000
 qu 16 = CA
= 6362.236 mm2 = 20.009 KPa
P×1000 133.95×1000
 qu 17 = CA
= 6368.533 mm2 = 21.033 KPa
P×1000 142.50×1000
 qu 18 = CA
= 6374.843 mm2 = 22.353 KPa
P×1000 143.45×1000
 qu 19 = CA
= 6381.165 mm2 = 22.480 KPa
CIVIL ENGINEERING
P×1000 152.00×1000
 qu 20 = CA
= 6387.499 mm2 = 23.796 KPa
P×1000 152.00×1000
 qu 21 = CA
= 6393.846 mm2 = 23.773 KPa
P×1000 155.80×1000
 qu 22 = CA
= 6400.206 mm2 = 24.343 KPa
P×1000 151.05×1000
 qu 23 = CA
= 6406.579 mm2 = 23.577 KPa
P×1000 152.00×1000
 qu 24 = CA
= 6412.964 mm2 = 23.702 KPa
 Unconfined Compression Strength (�� )
qu cs = 24.34 KPa
 Undrained Shear Strength (�� )

qu 24.34
Cu = = = 12.17 KPa
2 2
 Area of Specimen (��)

L1 +L2 +L3
Average Length = ; AO = (Average Length)2
3
1m
4.9+4.9+4.6)cm ×
 Ao1 = [ 3
100cm
]2 = 0.002304 m2
1m
5.1+4.7+4.8)cm × 100cm
 Ao2 = [ 3
]2 = 0.002401 m2
1m
5.3+4.9+5.0)cm ×
 Ao3 = [ 3
100cm
]2 = 0.002601 m2
 Load Dial (��)

lbs. 4.448N N
LD = 0.31 × = 1.379
Div 1lb. Div
 Weight Added, kg
0.4535924kg
 Specimen1 = 10lbs. × 1lb.
= 4.536 kg
0.4535924kg
= 9.072 kg
0.4535924kg
= 13.608 kg
 Normal Load (P)
CIVIL ENGINEERING
P = m1 + m2
 P1 = 7.5kg + 4.535934 kg = 12.036 kg
 P2 = 7.5kg + 9.071848 kg = 16.572 kg
 P3 = 7.5kg + 13.607772 kg = 21.108 kg
 Normal Load (�)
P
ϑ' = A
o
m 1KN
P 12.036 kg ×9.81 2 ×
s 1000N
 ϑ'1 = A = 0.002304 m2
= 51.247 KPa
o
m 1KN
P 16.572 kg ×9.81 2 ×
s 1000N
 ϑ'2 = Ao
= 0.002401 m2
= 67.709 KPa
m 1KN
P 21.108 kg ×9.81 2 ×
1000N
 ϑ'3 = Ao
= s
0.002601 m2
= 79.611 KPa
 Shear ( V)
V = DR ×LD
N
 V1 = 1.379 Div × 75 Div = 103.425 N
N
 V2 = 1.379 Div × 68 Div = 93.772 N
N
 V3 = 1.379 Div × 97 Div = 133.763 N
 Shear Stress ( �)
V
τ=A
o
1KN
103.425N ×
 τ1 = 1000N
= 44.889 KPa
0.002304 m2
1KN
93.772N ×
 τ2 = 1000N
0.002401 m2
= 39.055 KPa
1KN
133.763N ×
 τ3 = 1000N
0.002601 m2
= 51.428 KPa
Cohesion, C’
C’ = 32 KPa
Angle of Friction, Ø’
Ø’= 11˚
41.961+45.161+47.475
Shear Stress , τ = 3
= 44.866 KPa
CIVIL ENGINEERING
APPENDICES
A. REPORT ON BEARING CAPACITY
B. REPORT ON CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
C. Documentation
1. Soil Gathering
2. Experiment 1- Moisture Content Determination
3. Experiment 2- Specific Gravity of Soil
CIVIL ENGINEERING
4. Experiment 3- Sieve Analysis
5. Experiment 4- Atterberg Limits
CIVIL ENGINEERING
6. Experiment 5- Unconfined Compression Test
7. Experiment 7- Direct Shear Test
CIVIL ENGINEERING
D. Tables Used
1. Soil Classification
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING
REFERENCES:
[1] Anupoju, S. (2020). What is Site Investigation or Soil Exploration? Objectives and
Stages. The Constructor. https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/site-investigation-
soil-exploration/312/
[2] Projects, E. (2019). Soil Testing: What is it and Why is it Important? - Epic Projects &
Consulting. Epic Projects & Consulting. http://epicprojects.com.au/soil-testing-what-is-
it-and-why-is-it-important/
[3] Singh, K. (2023). Unconfined Compressive Strength Test. Civil Engineering Portal -
Biggest Civil Engineering Information Sharing Website.
https://www.engineeringcivil.com/unconfined-compressive-strength-test.html
[4] Klaus Kirsch and Allan Bell (2013). Ground Improvement 3rd Edition. CRC Press.
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
[5] JSomers, J. (2023). The Importance of Site Investigation with New Construction. Crest
Real Estate. https://www.crestrealestate.com/the-importance-of-site-investigation-
with-new-construction/
[8] http://bswm.da.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/Benguet_pH.pdf
CIVIL ENGINEERING

Compilation Report Ce3231l (Bettina)

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SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY

LABORATORY REPORT AND PARTIAL FOOTING DESIGN OF SOIL IN TUBA,

Compilation of Reports Presented to the

Faculty of Civil Engineering

of the Requirements for the course

CE3231L: GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING 2 - LABORATORY

SANTOS, LOUELLA BETTINA R.

Engr. Kurt Allen F. Paningbatan

Testing the soil, also known as soil investigation or geotechnical investigation, is

is completed by drilling into the soil to a reasonable depth, depending on the

properties for the length of the drilled hole.

soils, strength properties, etc.

whether the construction project can be accommodated at the location. By drilling in

maximum quality and safety for the project.

Each stage is integral to the success of a site investigation.

constructed on the site could be in danger of collapsing or damaging. Site investigations

process is required for new construction projects.

The initial stage of a site investigation involves simple site reconnaissance.

objective is to estimate the current sub-soil conditions without spending a significant

be able to design and construct lighter structures.

obtaining the soil sample.

If your construction project is a major one involving complex building and

large construction project can occur without issue.

be used during construction.

throughout construction. When we better understand the characteristics of the soil, we

1.1. POPULATION AND LOCALE OF THE STUDY

households.Tuba is located in the most southeastern part of the province of Benguet. It is

surrounded by Sablan to the north, La Trinidad to the northeast, the City of

According to the Department of Agriculture Bureau of Soils and water

shows the soil pH map of Tuba sourced from Department of Agriculture.

Figure 1.6.1. Topographic Map of Poblacion Tuba, Benguet

Figure 1.6.2. Site Location

Figure 1.6.3. pH Soil Map of Tuba

1.2. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

 AASHTO - Abbreviation of American Association of State Highways and Officials

2.1. LABORATORY TEST PROCEDURE

Laboratory Tests were performed on extracted borehole sample in accordance

ASTM D2216-10: Standard Test Methods For Laboratory Determination Of Water

(Moisture) Content Of Soil And Rock By Mass

or aggregate whichever is most applicable.

110 C. A higher temperature should be avoided to prevent the burning of organic

matter in the soil.)

electric balance and also record the number.

its cover to avoid loss of moisture.

oven-dry specimens are provided. The apparatus is comprised of water pycnometer

be a hot plate or Bunsen burner or a vacuum pump or water aspirator.

 Volumetric Flask (500 mL)

 Balance sensitive up to 0.01 g

 Plastic Squeeze Bottle

Calibration of the Volumetric Flask

expected range of temperatures.

be agitated gently at intervals to assist in the removal of air.

the neck above the meniscus using a long-handled swab.

6. Record the temperature (TX) of the flask and its content.

7. Weigh the pan and record its mass, WP.

soil is left inside.

9. Put the pan in an oven to dry to a constant weight.