Op-AMP tnSor ttheng Croncutts

UNT1
output voltage scotng.
the op-amp outputes hoimally
In Sortcheng applk catcon
cand-ve scrtuatcon voltage
Stortched betoeen the tve
(+NoCsat) and -Vocab). as the
occaS ts Knocon
that
Ihe actua vGHage change
output voltage storng
catusatron voltageae
output the
F o many op-amp level m0us 1V
the supply voltage
typrcally
AVVocsat)-(=-Yokal)
Va-1V) -(VeE tV)
Vo
.Tt could be
approximatcon
The V coop es only a ough
upon
the paotrcular op amp.
2 07 OsV dependrng
soctched
the output
ftowever many op-amp Can have
mentconed en
to the othes. As
level
from me Supply knocwn as ail-to-Taf opevatton.
thrs ts
Sectcon 2-3

maxtmum dererenta Input voltage descussed en

) for a Op-tmp
as

¥The enput vo
ltage range leneay catron one tnput
to apple
Sectcon 2-3 efe only be g7oanded
aohcle a lavqe
op-amp may
texmtna) othe s appled
to the othes temtnal
-ve vo ltage
tVe o
tnPut
transestos may
the op-amp
case One of typrca
* I n thes e VeTsed
brased. A
Junctcom
have ts base enm tttco than sV obase
ematttes
mOTe
suTVVe
ned
BJT cannot most op-amp ave des tq
bras hoo evey
Teverse
deferenta) thput vo ltage.
to handle lage
 nput tnpu

PW

tYe (cat) +Vo(sa-

cutpy output
Av
-Nocsat)
t
6Gutput destorteon ts
out put destortean caused
by sloco slew oatt

sle3ate
ate of change of
the maxtmum Swrtchtng speed T the ate
the sleco
Ps tea md
the op-amp output vo ltage
appicccetcom step vottage ts
usually applced
xInstortchtng
and the output that sesult a y
to the opamp enput
the eHcct s
off the SR.
be destoo ted by
Se and fall o} the toput
temes
rs where the
Thrs but the
to be noteceable.
cave are too small
square toD
fall ttmes ae large enough
g0output Ttse and the coave fom
Sub stah trally change the shape of

At AVo
SR
and fall tcme of the outputh ave notqeater
TP the vcse
the form pulse cvedth (PW) the
than lo of coave

output corll atleasE look leke a rectanqulas cave

laatassali
 (3

4) Frequenty compen sateon.

tn a neo ltneas applz cateons aohese the
op-amp employed
f1om one extreme
to the othes . nomall
Scwttched
out put ave
not nequired frequenty. Compensateon.
do the outpd
ts steady tnu

cohen
hese ts no ac feed back

stute scttuated condr Feon. crrcut usudlly poscave

the eed back pn swrtche nq
*Infact So the Cac
stabrlty
rather than neqattve
dc quantr ty. do not
en lrnec applkcatcans
Constdanctkon tmpotat

en op-amp Sortchtg
Crrcult
aPPy
zo0 CeN
detectoTti) non-inve rhin celos
7Zeso CoSStnq
used cts a zeoo
c 3OSs t9
Compaaajor
Can be
The bastc
es set to zero. An tnveteng
that Vzef
detrctor provoc and the
Shocon tn fcguoe
detecto ES
zeo caOSStng
ts

Srnusoxd al nput sqnal

coave-oTm -fo a
called cs a
Output 6)a
crUCuit PS also
frgure.
Shown en genev atoo
cbave
Stne to squase

R pV
w- Vo
Vm

Aloka
+kat 5at VSa
PVsefo

a)
-NSOr

(b
 rvertna
Reqen erautrve COmpayater (schmt tt brcqqes)
T the +Ve feed back es added to the Compasator
ckt, gan can be ncaeased gaeat ly

BAoL s adyusted to uncty

f the loop gatn es

back Avf become tntnrte.

then gain coeth feed
the
t may not be posstble to mau ntainloop-garo Cxactlyy
equal to untty fa a long ttme because of sepply
value
voltage and tem peratuTe vavcatcons. So a

9peatey than untty es Choo Sen

tVCC

Vo

uPeR VR last
R VRz
FTnvertngemil a
yThe cTTuit also Knocon as Sch mttt rrgger. The tnput

voltage ts applzed to the e) nput teomrnal and the

to the (tve) enput termtnal
feecd bauck vo ltage
T h e ro put voltage Ve tscgqe»s The output Vo evey

ttme ex ceeds 'cestarn vottage

levels. These voltaqe ase

locwes
called pper thres hould votage (VUT) and

thires hould votage (VLT)

Vo= +Vsat.
output
VUT oet R R Ysat
Rit R2 Rit R2
 Vur
Thrs rs culled upper thye shold votug
the lo Temaxns
as lony as Ve ts less than VUT outpu
at tVsat.
Constant
the votage af the tve tnput texmt nal zs

Fov Vo -Vsat
VETVaefR R, Vsat
Rt Rz Ri t Rz

YeT

Ygat

-Vsar

between
and the deffex
ence
Note thatt VLT es YOT
can

s the hystereses coecth V anc

these2 voltage
be covctten as

Vsat
VH VuT-VLT =2R2
RtR2
iangulay WaVe Geneyator
H trangulay coave genexato can be Stmply obtaned by
the Square
Thtrgsatng aSquaTe coave the ampletude
Coave ts cons fant at tVsat, -the amplt tude o the
cvave ts decTeasea as the frequeny
Wtanqulay
encaeases
AResestance R4 ts ConOected acvoSS C2 to avocd the

Sataratcon problem at the loco requeny as

the case o poactecal entegrator.

cove generctor ustnq lesser number o

the trchqular
cOTmponent
conscsts o 2 level com pasator llowed by
t s bastally the outpuct of the Comparatos Ar E gquare
an tntegrator
+ Vsat and es applzed to the E) enput
coave of ampltude
Heme na of the entegrato f productn a
trnqular ccavc.

R F10Ra
R -
www.

w
R3 Vo
C

fcom

T7cnglar ceave
9enerator

Yea

-Ysat Doutput coave famn

 L
R No

R2

Tngulao coave genesatos uscng less er comPonent

Volfage
+Vsat
+Waampt
No

VTap
-Ysa

ts at tVsar
compasator Ai
let us conseder that output the
otll be negatrve gocng
the output of the Entegratr Ag
Tamp voltage
the voltage deveder RaRs .tS at
a

¥Thus one end o

+Vsat and the other at the Ve gotng samp o f

A t a tme t-ti cohen the neqattve qong ramp

attains
avalue o-Ve rarop. the effecttve voltaqe at poent
become Sltg htly Jess than ov

-Vsamp Rz
+8,Vsat--Yramp)
RatRa

P becomes qual to pevo

AE t=t the votage at point
-

Vzamp =
R2 (+Vsat)
Stmrlasly t-t2 cohen output A suoctehes -fro m -Ycat to t o t

Vsamp Yea
Ra
) (Veat)
R3
peak to peak amplrtucde

Vo CPp)= +
Yramp (-Vramp) 2 2R3
-

Vsat

teme
0ttput swrtthes omamp to +Vyamp en the
pex cod 4

2
Cpp)- Ysat) dt - RC
Ysat

T 2 B,C . (PP)
Ysat

V {pp)
putteng the value of
T4R Ck2p ho s
Ra
R3
AR,CIR2
 oscllatos
RC Phase shrt mode and these
en the
envevt tny
The Op-amp gs used
shrttl
fore povotd 180 phase
180 provocd b
the R Feedback
addrtconalphase of ts
The 360
nettook to obta~n a total phase shct of
RC Stages.
network Constst of 3 rdenteal
The Jeed back
phase sheP
So
a Go
provocds
*Fach othe RC slage eed back
betwok
shrft due to
total phase
that the
ts 180

op-ampas
Tnves g ompltfer ww
feecdback netocrk
Ri
ww-

Peedback

netooik the
back
to eec
ts grven
The output amplfcer
deytves the op-ampP
back vs
Op feed
for oScllatton
AIRP 29
R
R 29
. XRT
The ocilatbos frtau
auRe]6
Wern bredge Oscrllatos
I t ay be notel that feedback ccgnal to thes dkt es
Connected to the non-tnvey trng () Fnput termtna) so that
the op-amp s cooT k tng as non-rnverterg amplfcer.

The feecd back hetcoork need hot povocd any netcoark

Phase shtft
cDrth Seores RC NetooT t h one aom and
XACoetn brcdqe
en the
pavallel RC netuoark adjotn teng avm

connected tn the De mcun tng 2

*Rescs to R and Rp ase

aoms
AC f The
op amp ampkfces cs fed
The out put Sgna
back to poent A o the bardge

feed back

w- Yout
a

bt
The qcin of the amplctcer tS

A= 1+ Re
Ra
and feed hack tactor B
Ze
Vo Zt 72
co here
Z Rt - sRG+
sl sl
R2
Zp
1t cR, C

the value of z and 22 tn

Eq
puttrng

BR/+R,(zs)
JtsR,G R2

sCi 94 sRC

s R,C

1ts(RIC tRC2 tR,G)1S R,RG2

put -s =jw
JOR C
- w R,RGC2
R)
Itjo (RGt RC, +
to be a zeal quantcty
Tn ordey to B
0
-co RR G,C2

fo
9T RR,CG C2
 RC
R,C +RC +R,C
Fov RR R and Ci =C

fo 277RC

ABI fo sustai ned oscr llateon

A 13

A + Re
Ra
3 1 + Re
R3
Rp 2 R3
mvetrg &op Cfng de-ltctod,

vo

Fi:merting wno
ANcak
1
Cosma debetool -Vkat
ob
F ' outpal cve frt
mverting z010 ( u S T

FYom ihe abole

Figshe attPut i negtive uwhen he
tP
abeNe the qTunded 1evel omd ite ersa

Becaube ab the wave-form

imersion, t i ciruit ib an
inveyhg
o cDing deletoot omd albo Te kad aD an
i nve tteot

Non-inverti Sehmitt t 1 Clrui E

ww
+Ncet
oVo
eudput
-Vecak
Fi8 inwsting edhmit
tig creuit
F: i Wave ost

he non-inverting sebrmitl täg9eo PaDke ike an mvestia amrot

ecopt ttat tunuik an tnvertirg amitiks) the ineting Vp d
 TID
ded and he
ooiveftHi ingu tb Coetd totr
uneien
Rand R
e
iS cuave-fcom chouo tha scol-kh Tapidy t
oCsat) to +Vottnt) Uwhen 9 arive at he UTP ornd-tat
Vo Sewikhe bockob cat when ut +all t o the LTP.

f U= UTPhen Vo=+at

VVTr then Uo= -Vosat

VR lUrPI =|Pl R.UTY n

Da
Ra Vo

Signod Generotbs| cuPut ConiDls

>Al sigra enesatcec» (pube,sine,tiarguagk

CI
reed to have a Contop) w.
fost Vo
cdjustirg the cutpe ampi-tde ,and
Usualy-these abso a need foon3
ee
aHnading tte de-Votto leel
obthe p

ol ançiettele Contspl is acdived b RsE

heorno ab an ampitOI wrtha VaaiabebNEE
Aain wite he o/p de
VOL tag copo) yeauivOD aD atlitiom
volto dudesto-the
amfitio1