Schools Division Office- Quezon City

Justice Cecilia Munoz Palma High School

Molave St., Payatas, Quezon City

_________________________________________________________________________________________
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS
QUARTER 4
Week 1

MATHEMATICS 9
Name of Learner: _____________________________ Date: ________________
Section: ______________________________________

THE SIX TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS

Trigonometry is derived from the Greek words “trigonon” means triangle
and “metron” means measure. Thus, trigonometry means measurement of
triangles. It was used in ancient times in surveying, navigation, and astronomy to
find relationships between the lengths of the sides of a triangle and measurement
of angles.
Trigonometric ratios are relations existing between the sides and angles of a
right triangle that are expressed in the form of ratios. The six trigonometric ratios
are sine (sin), cosine (cos), tangent (tan), secant (sec), cosecant (csc), and
cotangent (cot).
In a right triangle, we can define the six
trigonometric ratios. Consider the right triangle
ABC on the right.

In this triangle we let θ represent ∠B or the

reference angle in the right triangle. Then the
leg denoted by a is the side adjacent to θ, and
the leg denoted by b is the side opposite to θ.

Opposite refers to the side of the triangle that is opposite of the reference angle.

Adjacent refers to the side of the triangle that is adjacent to the reference angle.
(The adjacent side will always form one side of the reference angle.)

The hypotenuse is the side of the triangle that is always opposite the right angle.

Illustrative example:

1. To find angle B, we can use the trigonometric ratio

of Sine: sin θ=opposite / hypotenuse,
where B is the reference angle and the opposite side
from the reference angle is side b, and the hypotenuse
is side c.
Therefore, the trigonometric ratio is sin B=b /c .
2. To find angle B, we can also use the trigonometric ratio
of Cosine: cos θ=adjacent /hypotenuse,
where B is the reference angle and the adjacent side
from the reference angle is side a, and the hypotenuse
is side c.
Therefore, the trigonometric ratio is cos B=a/c .

These six ratios represent all the ways to compare two sides of a right triangle.
NAME ABBREVIATION RATIO

Sine Sin opposite /hypotenuse

Cosine Cos adjacent /hypotenuse
Tangent Tan opposite /adjacent
Cosecant Csc hypotenuse /opposite
Secant Sec hypotenuse /adjacent
Cotangent Cot adjacent /opposite

Notice that cosecant is the reciprocal of sine, secant is the reciprocal of

cosine, and cotangent is the reciprocal of tangent.

The hypotenuse will never vary on its location however, the opposite and
adjacent side will be determined by the reference angle.

The three new ratios at the right are reciprocals of the ratios on the left.
Applying algebra shows the connection between these functions.

SOH – CAH – TOA is a mnemonic used for remembering the equations.

● SOH: Sine is Opposite over Hypotenuse or Sin θ

¿ opposite /hypotenuse

● CAH: Cosine is Adjacent over Hypotenuse or Cos θ

¿ adjacent /hypotenuse

● TOA: Tangent is Opposite over Adjacent or Tan θ

¿ opposite /adjacent

Learning Competency with Code

 Illustrates the six trigonometric ratios: sine, cosine, tangent, secant,
cosecant, and cotangent. (M9GE – IVa – 1)

Illustrative Example 1:
Let’s start by finding all 6 trigonometric ratios for angle A.

opposite hypotenuse
sin A= hypotenuse =3/5 csc A= opposite =5/3
adjacent hypotenuse
cos A= hypotenuse =4 /5 sec A= adjacent =5/4
opposite adjacent
tan A= adjacent =3/4 cot A= opposite =4 /3

Illustrative Example 2:
Use the figure below to find the following:
a. sin A d. csc B
b. cos A e. sec B
c. tan A f. cot B

Solution:
a. sin A=opposite /hypotenuse=5 /13 d. csc B=hypotenuse / opposite=13/12

b. cos A=adjacent /hypotenuse=12/13 e. sec B=hypotenuse /adjacent=13 /5

c. tan A=opposite /adjacent=5 /12 f. cot B=adjacent /opposite=5/12

Illustrative Example 3:
In right triangle ABC, ∠C is the right angle. Find side b , hypotenuse (c) and ∠B.

Solution:
Use the given above and draw ΔABC.
1. To find side b, we use the ratio for tangent
(opposite/adjacent)
tan 48° ¿ 10/b
b ¿ 10/(tan 48 °)
b ¿ 9.004
b ¿9

2. To find hypotenuse (c), we use the ratio for sine (opposite side/hypotenuse)
because of the given opposite side and reference angle A (48°).
sin 48°¿ 10/c
c ¿ 10/( sin 48 °)
c ¿ 13.4563
c ¿ 13.46
3. To find ∠B, let's add ∠A and ∠C. Then subtract it from 180° because we already
know that the sum of the interior angles of any given triangle is 180 °.
 ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
48° + ∠B + 90° = 180°
∠B = 180°- 48°- 90°
∠B = 42°

Activity 1
DIRECTIONS: Find the ratio of the following.

A. 1. sin A=¿ 4. csc A=¿

2. cos A=¿ 5. sec B=¿

3. tan B=¿ 6. cot A=¿

B. Find the angle and sides of the given triangle.

1. A = ______

2. b = _____

3. c = _____

Activity 2
Consider the special triangles below. Write the missing ratios.

Hypotenuse
Leg

Leg
Angle ( θ ) sin ⁡θ cos ⁡θ tan ⁡θ csc ⁡θ sec ⁡θ cot ⁡θ

30 ° √3
2

60 ° √3
3

45 ° √2
2

Did you answer them all correctly? Good.

From the previous activity, we can see the trigonometric ratios of special angles.
We now move on to the applications of those trigonometric ratios.
 FINDING THE TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
OF SPECIAL ANGLES

The trigonometric ratios for some specific angles such as 30°, 45°, and 60°
are commonly used in mathematical calculations. It is summarized in the table
below:
Angle ( θ ) sin ⁡θ cos ⁡θ tan ⁡θ csc ⁡θ sec ⁡θ cot ⁡θ
1 √3 √3 2√ 3
30 °
2 2 3
2
3
√3
√3 1 2√ 3 √3
60 °
2 2 √3 3
2
3
√2 √2
45 °
2 2
1 √2 √2 1

Learning Competency with Code

Finds the trigonometric ratios of special angles. (M9GE -IVb-c-1)

Illustrative Examples:
1. Determine the exact value of the expression sin 30 °+ cos 30 °.
Solution:
1 1
sin 30 °+ cos 30 °= + =1
2 2

2. Determine the exact value of the expression csc 2 30 °+ c os 2 45 °.

Solution:

( )
2
c sc 2 30°+ cos2 45 °=22 + √
2
2
2
¿4+
4
1 1
¿ 4 + =4
2 2

3. Determine the value of angle x when cot x = 1.

Solution:
Referring to the table, co t 45 °=1. Thus, x=45°

4. If x=30 ° , show that co t 2 x +csc x=5 .

Solution:
2
co t x +csc x=5
2
co t 30 ° +csc 30 °=5
2
( √ 3 ) +2=5
3+2=5
5=5

5. What does ( csc 60 ° )( sin 3 0 ° )equal to?

 ( csc 60 ° )( sin 30 ° )= ( 2√3 3 )( 12 )= √33
Hypotenuse
Leg
6. Find the length of the legs of the 45 ° −45 °−90 ° triangle,
if the hypotenuse is 6 cm.

Solution:
We know that the hypotenuse is the measure of the leg
multiplied by √ 2: Leg

Activity 3
Solve each problem and answer the riddle by writing the letter on the blank.
HINT: Use the table of trigonometric ratios of special angles to answer the problem
easily)

Choose from the box below:

H - 10 sin 30 ° Y -3 cot 45 °
I - 2 tan 6 0° N -1 8 s ec 30 °
D - 7cos 45 ° A - 50 sin 6 0 °
L -1 1csc 30 ° Z -1 3 cot 45 °

Activity 4
Answer the following questions on a piece of paper. Use CAPITAL LETTERS only.
Reflection
After doing the activities, I learned that ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

References:

Merden L. Bryant, et.al., Mathematics Learner’s Material 9, ed. Debbie Marie B.

Versoza, PhD. Pasig City, Philippines: Department of Education, 2014, p. 430.
Canalda, Rinel R. School-based LAS, Quarter 4 Week 1, JCMPHS 2022

Learner’s Material for Mathematics Grade 9. Philippines: Department of Education.

2015 pp 447 – 456.

Enriquez, Randy G. School-based LAS, Quarter 4 Week 2, JCMPHS 2022

Prepared by

MARY GRACE M. BELOY

Master Teacher I, Mathematics
Name of Writer

Answer key

Activity 1:
A. 1. □ sin sin A=8/10 4. □ csc csc A=10 /8 B. 1. ∠A = 30°
2. □ cos cos A=6 /10 5. □ sec sec B=10 /8 2. 13.86 m
3. □ tan tan B=6/8 6. □ cot cot A=6/8 3. 16 m

Activity 2:
Angle ( θ ) sin ⁡θ cos ⁡θ tan ⁡θ csc ⁡θ sec ⁡θ cot ⁡θ
1 √3 √3 2√ 3
30 °
2 2 3
2
3
√3
√3 1 2√ 3 √3
60 °
2 2 √3 3
2
3
√2 √2
45 °
2 2
1 √2 √2 1

Activity 3: Math Trivia

HIDILYN DIAZ

Activity 4:
1. A 2. B 3. B 4. C 5. D
6. C 7. A 8. D 9. D 10. D