Pile Foundations

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 Deep foundation
• Deep foundation are those in which the depth of
foundation is very large comparison to its width.
• Deep foundation may be of following types
• Pile foundation
• Pier foundation
• Caissons or Well foundation

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Pile foundations
• When the load is to be transmitted to underground strata of due poor bearing
capacity
• Pile - Slender structural member made up of concrete, steel , timber or
composite material
• Adopted when:
• Loose foundation soil but hard strata available at a depth of 10- 15 meters
• Heavy dead and live loads
• Position of water table is likely to fluctuate
• Other foundations not economical
• Seashore or river bed where scouring action is prominent
• Subsoil water level high
• Top layer soil has very low bearing capacity
• Canals or deep drainage lines nearby
• Top layer is expansive soil

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Classification of piles
A) Based on function
1. Load bearing piles
• End bearing
• Friction piles
2. Non- load bearing
• Compaction piles
• Sheet piles
• Anchor piles
• Batter piles
• Fender piles

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Classification of piles
B) Based on materials
• Concrete piles
• Steel piles
• Cast iron piles
• Timber piles
• Composite piles
• Sand piles

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• End bearing piles: This types of piles are used
to transfer load through water or soft soil to
a suitable bearing stratum.

• Friction Pile: Friction piles are used to

transfer loads to a depth of friction load
carrying material by means of skin friction
along the length of piles.

• Compaction pile: Compaction piles are used

to compact loose granular soils, thus
increasing their bearing capacity. 31
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• Sheet pile walls: Provide retention support through the stiffness of
continuous vertical wall elements
• They are an effective shoring system which retains both earth and
water.

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• Applications of Sheet pile walls:

• Waterfront structures, example: in building wharfs, quays,

piers
• Building diversion dams, such as cofferdams
• River bank protection
• Retaining the sides of cuts made in earth
• Temporary construction
• Light weight construction where sub-soil is poor for supporting
a retaining wall

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Anchor piles

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 Batter piles

A pile driven at an angle

with the vertical to resist
a lateral force

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Fender piles

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• Driven and cast-in-situ piles

• Cased piles
• Uncased piles 20
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• Jacked piles are commonly
used in underpinning existing
structures

• By excavating underneath a
structure short lengths of piles
can be inserted and jacked into
the ground using the
underside of the existing
structure as a reaction 23
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Cofferdams

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• A cofferdam is a temporary
structure which is built in a river,
lake etc. to remove water from an
area and make it possible to carry
on the construction work under
reasonably dry conditions.

Cofferdams are usually required for

project such as dams and
construction of piers and abutment.

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