PROJECT REPORT

On

“ Generated electricity by waste material and pollution control ’’

SUBMITTED TO

RAJEEV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

BHOPAL

For The Partial Fulfillment Of

“Diploma in Electronics & Instrumentation”

Submitted By

Prakash lodha
Aditya Dhabhai
Mayank vastri
Monaj Arhiwar
Keshav saini

Department of ELECTRONIC & INSTRUMENTATION

GOVT.POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE RAGHOGARH

2022 - 2023
 GOVT. POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE, RAGHOGARH

PROJECT REPORT

on

Generated electricity by waste material and pollution control

For The Partial Fulfillment Of

Diploma in “ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION”

Year 2022 – 2023

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF SUBMITTED BY

MR. MONU KUMAR SAINI 1. Prakash lodha

2. Aditya Dhabhai
( LECTURER ) 3. Mayank vastri
4. Keshav saini
( DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS 5. Manoj Ahirwar
INSTRUMENTATION.)
 GOVT.POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE ,RAGHOGARH
Affiliated to
(Rajeev Gandhi Proudyogiki VishwaVidhyalaya, Bhopal, M.P.)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled “ Generated electricity by waste

material and pollution control ” was Carried out in the session 2022-23 by the of final year,
Aditya Dhabhai, prakash lodha , mayank vastri, Manoj ahirwar , keshav saini , under my supervision
and guidance as a partial fulfillment for the award of Diploma in Electronics & Instrumentation.

COUNTER SIGNED BY

Mr. Monu Kumar Saini Mr. K. R. Deharyia

( LECTURER.) (PRINCIPAL)

( Department of Electronics & Instrumentation) Govt. Polytechnic College, Raghogarh,

Guna, M.P.
 DECLARATION

We here by declare that the Major Project entitled “ Generated electricity by waste
material and pollution control ” is the result

of our team work. The project has not been accepted for any Diploma and is not concurrently
submitted in

candidature of any other diploma.

NAME OF STUDENTS ROLL NO. MOBILE NO.

1. Aditya Dhabhai 20061E04001 6267592709
2. Prakash Lodha 20061E04031 ,8305193198
3. Keshav saini 20061E04019 9669297372
4. Mayank vastri 20061E04023 8827439563
5. Manoj Ahirwar 20061E04022 8103440596
 Acknowledgement

This project report is on the bonafide work done by us as a partial fulfillment for the
award of degree in Diploma in “ Electronics & Instrumentation” during the session
2022 – 2023 with in the four walls of the institution under the supervision and
guidance of our teacher “Mr. M K Saini” if any short comings or mistakes are there,
they are due to us while any good work or excellence achieved are due to our learned
guide. We acknowledge our heartiest gratitude to him.

(HOD & Other helping hands)

Mr. R K Dixit
Mr. M K Saini
Dr.Veervrat singh
Mr. Sunil Parihar
Ms. Manju Saini
 Contents

S.N. TITLE PAGE NO.

01. Abstract 01

02. Introduction 03

03. LITERATURE OF REVIEW 05

04. Project details 06

05. Thermo electric sensor 07

06. Solar panel 08

07. Printed circuit board 09

08. DC TO AC CONVERTER circuit design 10

09. Dc to ac CONVERTER device. 11

10. Air filters 12

11. Advantages, Disadvantages&Limitations 13

12. Conclusion 15

13. Component 23

14. Final project design 24

 Abstract

The gigantic growth in the amount of waste materials produced in India and their

potentially dangerous results in the environment and human health Which have led to

create several disease in Human bodies, So we need to ingurgitate scholarly methods

for safe arrangement of garbage. This is an innovative idea of generating electricity

Using solid waste. Which lead to decrease pollution by stoping to produce almost all

dangerous gasses like CO2,CO, SO2,NO2 and Heavy metals such as mercury to a

huge number. With a population of millions India produces large number of waste

every day to Contemplate about this idea.

So, we felt that it is valuable working on this project and it is high time to inject the

idea of Waste to Energy in India. Firstly, a map plan was carried out for research to

collect the fact of total waste generation in India. During this research it was found

that some locals were generating electricity using this process ago which ncouraged

the researchers to carry forward this Project.

Keywords: Solar Panels, Heating Sensor, Electrostatic Precipitator, Voltage Stabilizer.

01
CHAPTER - 01.

02
 INTRODUCTION

The Purpose of Making this Project is to generate electric energy from waste

Materials such a plastic, rubber waste and waste etc. and to convert that less

electricity energy into more high power electricity energy by electric coil , this process

is called boosting Process . Normally was undesirable substances which has been

obtained as a outcome of all those Humans and Animals activities. which includes

rotten food stuffs, treated biomedical solid wastes etc. This is basically an advanced

process where cost of generation of electricity is also been saved as we didn’t need

to use fossil It also includes all those waste materials which is been collected by

Municipals Corporation also fuel, coal, or any other raw materials which costs high

and it also produces less harmful gases as compare to other methods of generation.

The large amount of waste can generate a large amount of heat energy by burning it

in a controlled manor. In this Process we generate electricity by burning waste that is

collected from the door to door, mostly house waste The main components used in

this methods are heating panels, boosting coils, diodes, LEDs, capacitors, resistors,

battery, PCB board etc. The demand of Electricity is increasing day by day, thus it is

necessary to find out the different types of source which can be used as the input in

production of the electricity especially for developing countries like India. This

method is one of the best methods to generate electricity. The greatest advantage of

this project is that it does not require any other fuel except waste.

03
Chapter 2

04
 LITERATURE OF REVIEW

Waste to Energy generation is basically a form process for

the generation of electricity directly or through heating first
in both process we get Electricity as an output to use for
the process. is process is basically
completed in 3 steps and in last step we get the output All
these steps involves firstly waste materials is been
collected from door to door from every places which is
been useful for a long time After which in second step this
waste material is been purified according to their calorific
values and then in third step this waste is beenburrned out
in a container where heat is been generated and in result we
find to get Electricity as an output.

Compared with other form of technology this is most

attractive method of generation of electricity because of
low cost, low pollution and easy way. This project has been
carried out in some of the areas of bihar also by a small
unit call “HUSK POWER SYSTEM” which is one of the
worlds leading off grid utilities which provides 24 hours a
day power in rural areas.

05
 Thermoelectric sensor

The thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion of temperature

differences to electric voltage and vice versa via a thermocouple.[1] A
thermoelectric device creates a voltage when there is a different
temperature on each side. Conversely, when a voltage is applied to it, heat
is transferred from one side to the other, creating a temperature difference.
At the atomic scale, an applied temperature gradient causes charge
carriers in the material to diffuse from the hot side to the cold side.

This effect can be used to generate electricity, measure temperature or

change the temperature of objects. Because the direction of heating and
cooling is affected by the applied voltage, thermoelectric devices can be
used as temperature controllers.

The term "thermoelectric effect" encompasses three separately identified

effects: the Seebeck effect, Peltier effect, and Thomson effect. The
Seebeck and Peltier effects are different manifestations of the same
physical process; textbooks may refer to this process as the
Peltier–Seebeck effect (the separation derives from the independent
discoveries by French physicist Jean Charles Athanase Peltier and Baltic
German physicist Thomas Johann Seebeck). The Thomson effect is an
extension of the Peltier–Seebeck model and is credited to Lord Kelvin.

06
 Solar panel plates

Solar energy is the radiant light and heat from the sun that has been
harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving
technologies. Solar radiation along with secondary solar resources
account for most of the available renewable energy on earth.

However, only a minuscule fraction of the available solar energy can be

used to:

1.Generate Electricity
2.Heating and Cooling
3. Cooking
4.Water Desalination

Solar irradiation data is needed at all levels of solar power

development, from initial government planning through to
large-scale project development or the calculations needed
to size smaller systems. In the past such data was provided
at a relatively course level from NASA and other global
providers, but more recently specialist models have been
developed to more precisely calculate global horizontal
irradiation (GHI) and direct normal irradiation (DNI) using
primarily cloud cover data from satellites. A number of
firms now offer such data as a commercial service. Based
on this, it is possible to calculate average annual power
output from a theoretical photovoltaic power plant (PVOUT),
taking into account temperature, tilt, and the efficiency of
the equipment being used (solar panels and balance of
system components).

07
 Solar energy technologies refer primarily to the use of
solar radiation for practical ends. All other renewable
energies other than geothermal derive their energy from
energy received from the sun.

Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either

passive solar or active solar depending on the way they
capture, convert and distribute sunlight. Active solar
techniques include the use of photovoltaic modules (also
called photovoltaic panels) and solar thermal collectors
(with electrical or mechanical equipment) to convert
sunlight into useful outputs. Passive solar techniques
include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials
with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties,
and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.

Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and

are considered supply side technologies, while passive
solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources
and are generally considered demand side technologies

08
 Printed circuit board
A printed circuit board (PCB) is an electronic assembly that uses
copper conductors to create electrical connections between
components. Printed circuit boards provide mechanical support
for electronic components so that a device can be mounted in an
enclosure. A printed circuit board design must include a specific
set of steps that aligns with the manufacturing process, integrated
circuit packaging, and the structure of the bare circuit board.

Conductive features on printed circuit boards include copper

traces, pads, and conductive planes. The mechanical structure is
made up of an insulating material laminated between layers of
conductors. The overall structure is plated and covered with a non-
conductive solder mask, and a silk screen material is printed on
top of the solder mask to provide a legend for electronic
components. After these fabrication steps are completed, the bare
board is sent into printed circuit board assembly, where
components are soldered to the board and the PCBA can be
tested.

The printed circuit board design has grown into its own vertical
within the electronics industry. PCBs play an important role in that
they provide electrical interconnections between components,
rigid support to hold components, and a compact package that
can be integrated into an end product. Even the most basic circuit
board has to be carefully designed using specialized software
packages, and the best software can help take a design from
concept all the way through manufacturing. In this article, we'll
look deeper at what is a PCB meaning, its design description, and
some of the important points to understand when designing
circuit boards.

09
 How to Understand Printed Circuit Boards

Before we can explain PCB board design, it is best to understand where

PCBs have come from. In the past, electronics were designed and
assembled from small integrated circuits and discrete components, which
were connected together using wires. Today, standard designs can have
high pin count components with many integrated circuits and very small
passive components, making it impossible to manually connect
components together with soldered wires. Instead, copper connections are
deposited directly on insulating substrates to form electrical connections,
and the manufacturing processes for circuit boards have evolved
alongside the structural requirements for electronics packages and
interconnects. Many of today's devices are advanced HDI designs with
thousands of connections and multiple electrical interfaces, powering
everything from smartphones to heart rate monitors to rockets.

Before printed circuit boards, components were packaged by attaching

individual wires to components, and by mounting components to a rigid
substrate. This original substrate was initially a material called bakelite,
which was used to replace the top ply on a sheet of plywood. Conductive
paths were formed by soldering metal components to wires, and larger
circuits could contain many electronic components with many wires. The
number of wires was so great that they could get tangled or inhabit a large
space within a design. Debugging was difficult and reliability suffered.
Manufacturing was also slow, where multiple components and their wired
connections were manually soldered.

10
 12V DC to 220V AC Inverter Circuit & PCB

The post is about 12V DC to 220V AC inverter circuit designed with few
easily available components. Inverters are often needed at places where it
is not possible to get AC supply from the Mains. An inverter circuit is used
to convert the DC power to AC power. Inverter Circuit are very much helpful
to produce high voltage using low voltage DC supply or Battery. DC-DC
Converter circuit can also be used but it has certain voltage limitations.

The 12V DC to 220V AC inverter circuit is designed using IC CD4047. The

IC CD4047 acts as a switching pulse oscillating device. The n-channel
power MOSFET IRFZ44n acts as a switch. The 12-0-12V secondary
transformer inversely used as a Step-up transformer from converting low
AC to High Ac.

Components Required
The following components are required for making this Inverter project.

1. IC CD4047
2. IRFZ44 Power MOSFET – 2
3. 12-0-12/1A Secondary Transformer
4. 22KΩ Variable Resistor
5. 100Ω/10W Resistors – 2
6. 0.22µF Capacitors
7. 12V Sealed Lead Acid Battery

11
 Circuit Diagram & Construction

Diagram shown above is the tested 12V DC to 220V AC Inverter Circuit. It uses 2 power IRFZ44
MOSFETs for driving the output power and the 4047 IC as an astable multivibrator operating at a
frequency of around 50 Hz.

The 10 and 11 pin outputs of the IC directly drive power MOSFETs that are used in push-pull
configuration. Use suitable heat-sinks for MOSFETs as it will produce a huge amount of heat. The
output transformer has a 12V-0-12V, 1 Amps on the secondary and 220V on the primary.

Working of the Circuit

The IC CD4047 is configured in astable multivibrator mode with the help of variable resistor RV1
and capacitor C1. By varying the value of RV1 we can get a different range of output pulse at Q
and Q’ pins of CD4047. Consequently, there is a variation in the output voltage at the transformer.

12
 Dc to Ac converter device

DC to AC inverters are used for converting direct current

(DC) into alternating current (AC). They are also known as
DC to AC converters. DC/AC power inverters convert DC
power from a battery or other power source (mostly 12 VDC)
to standard household AC power (110VAC).

13
 Air filter

A particulate air filter is a device composed of fibrous, or porous

materials which removes solid particulates such as dust, pollen, mold,
and bacteria from the air. Filters containing an adsorbent or catalyst such
as charcoal (carbon) may also remove odors and gaseous pollutants
such as volatile organic compounds or ozone.[1] Air filters are used in
applications where air quality is important, notably in building ventilation
systems and in engines.
Diagram of a HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) filter
Some buildings, as well as aircraft and other human-made environments
(e.g., satellites, and Space Shuttles) use foam, pleated paper, or spun
fiberglass filter elements. Another method, air ionizers, use fibers or
elements with a static electric charge, which attract dust particles. The
air intakes of internal combustion engines and air compressors tend to
use either paper, foam, or cotton filters. Oil bath filters have fallen out of
favour aside from niche uses. The technology of air intake filters of gas
turbines has improved significantly in recent years, due to improvements
in the aerodynamics and fluid dynamics of the air-compressor part of the
gas turbines.

14
 Advantages and disadvantage

A.Generating energy from waste material solves the

problem of waste disposal.
B.Generating energy from waste material makes cities self
-reliant in their demand for power.
C.Generating energy from waste material is relatively
cheap.
D.Electricity generation plant can be easily set up within
the premises of a house.
The aim of this project is to find a good solution to optimize pollution.

The main challenges and barriers for reducing plastic waste in mixed
waste and residual waste streams,
hereby stimulating prevention and recycling of plastic waste.

Promoting recycling of plastic polymers as a substitute for virgin plastic.

The main application of these system is to generate electricity. This is

the only major application of this project. After the generation of
electricity, we can use it for other application such as agriculture,
industrial, residential use, etc.
15
 Conclusion
1.In This Project we show How to Generate Electricity by waste materials
is successfully and we show in project

2.how to control pollution by Pollution control filter , When we making

complete our project then we check it's

3.full working ,that time he's working is very good without any problem So
our Project is best for working and

4.Showing , How to Generate Electricity by Waste materials .From this

project we generate electrical energy from

5.waste material with minimum pollution is about 50%.Because of this

project 1250 hectares of land is save from

6.storage of wastage. As compare to thermal power plant it generate

less pollution is about 0-5%.

16
 Reference
[1] IJCRT, Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering Shree Rammurti Smarak College Of
Engineering and Technology Bareilly, UP-243202.
[2] BREF, Reference Document on the Best Available
Techniques for Waste Incineration, 2006.
[3] Study on the Solid Waste Management in India.

17
 Resistance 1 ohm
Resistance is a physical property of a material due to which, the
material resists the flow of electricity through it. Resistance
depends on the physical dimensions of the material, its
composition, and temperature. The fundamental property
resistivity or specific resistance is a measure of the resistance
offered by a material. The resistance of a conductor is very low
whereas insulators have very high resistances. The resistance of a
conducting wire is proportional to its length and inversely
proportional to its cross-sectional area. Resistance is a scalar
quantity and it is expressed using a number with appropriate units.
The SI unit of resistance is Ohm.

18
 10 ohm resistance
This resistor will provide 10 Ohms of resistance
wherever it is placed and will handle 1/4 watts. Use
these low value resistors for voltage dividers and
where you need to keep the current flow as high as
possible.
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical
component that implements electrical resistance as a
circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow,
and, at the same time, act to lower voltage levels
within circuits.

19
 Diode
A diode is a semiconductor device that essentially acts as a
one-way switch for current. It allows current to flow easily
in one direction, but severely restricts current from flowing
in the opposite direction.
Diodes are also known as rectifiers because they change
alternating current (ac) into pulsating direct current (dc).
Diodes are rated according to their type, voltage, and
current capacity.
Diodes have polarity, determined by an anode (positive lead)
and cathode (negative lead). Most diodes allow current to
flow only when positive voltage is applied to the anode. A
variety of diode configurations are displayed in this graphic:

20
 LED
LED is a highly energy-efficient lighting technology, and has the
potential to fundamentally change the future of lighting in the
United States. Residential LEDs -- especially ENERGY STAR rated
products -- use at least 75% less energy, and last up to 25 times
longer, than incandescent lighting.

Widespread use of LED lighting has a large potential impact on

energy savings in the United States. By 2035, the majority of
lighting installations are anticipated to use LED technology, and
energy savings from LED lighting could top 569 TWh annually by
2035, equal to the annual energy output of more than 92 1,000
MW power plants.

21
 Switch holder
The lamp holder shall conform to the relevant Indian Standard
specification and shall ensure proper contact with the lamp during
continuous operation, preventing Extinguishing of the lamp due to
small vibration. The material of lamp holder shall be suitable to
withstand the operating temperature without any deterioration.
The lamp Holder for fluorescent lamp shall be string loaded rotor
tube, suitable for bi-pin lamp, to prevent contact with live part of
the lamp holder after the lamp is taken out during removal of
inserting the lamp. The lamp Holder for mercury and sodium
vapour of edison screw type. CODES, STANDARDS RULES &
REGULATIONS: The fixtures & lamp shall be in accordance with
latest issue of specification as laid down Bureau of Indian
Standards, Tariff advisory committee of Five Insurance, licensees
& statutory authorities consultant's specifications.

22
 Switch button
A Push Button switch is a type of switch which consists of a simple
electric mechanism or air switch mechanism to turn something on or off.
Depending on model they could operate with momentary or latching action
function.
The button itself is usually constructed of a strong durable material such
as metal or plastic. Push Button Switches come in a range of shapes and
sizes. We have a selection of push button switches here at Herga.

Push button switches are used throughout industrial and medical

applications and are also recognisable in everyday life.

For uses within the Industrial sector, push buttons are often part of a
bigger system and are connected through a mechanical linkage. This
means that when a button is pressed it can cause another button to
release.

23
 Final project design
When we burn waste materials , then heating
panels convert heat to electricity and Red LED
bulb glowing by electricity for showing electricity
power ,After that circuit take electricity and give
to battery for Battery Charging , And waste
materials burning running in burning box , and
there is heating sensor

24