TCW Compilation of Written Reports

Ablijina, Yna G. Agapito, Dexter S. Agustin, Calvin Kristan R.
Alvarez, John Carlo E. Allejaga, Mabellyn Q. Antonio, Kim Kervyn L.
Bachelor of Arts in Communication 1-3
Submitted to
Mr. Jonef Raul B. Reyes
WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
• Globalization is the increase of coverage among societies and involvements of
intersocietal connections. It is a concept interconnected with various countries
and cultures along with the different approaches in studying this field (Sheffield
et al., n.d.).
• Globalization is a challenged idea that refers to mostly contradicting social
processes (Steger, n.d.).
• Globalization refers to all interconnections among people and states; among
industries and markets; and between nature and society (Ruggie, 2003).
As you may have noticed within these definitions, two words are constant- connection
and society. In order for globalization to happen, connections need to be established
between societies. In this sense, one society can help and influence another, may gain
advantage from globalization, or vice versa. Globalization is a form of bigger
engagement within entities whereas these entities have something to offer for one
another. The idea of globalization is sort of a confusing one since many ideas are linked
to it because it is a concept which is applicable to almost every discipline and aspect
of society.
WHY STUDY GLOBALIZATION?

• Awareness - Knowing globalization and its nature will enable us to understand
how it takes place and affects our environment, making us aware on how this
process influences various aspects of our society
• Application - With enough knowledge on globalization, this will enable us to
apply such knowledge into work in weighing our decisions as a member of the
society as every decision may cause an impact to us and our environment
• Opportunities - Having the ability to compare and contrast the impacts of each
decision that we are going to make, proper discernment, planning, and
strategizing will open bigger and better opportunities brought about by
globalization
The following reasons to study globalization as indicated are derived from the different
definitions of globalization that were previously stated; Awareness, Application, and
Opportunities. These ideas interplay with one another because if we are aware enough
of globalization, we are able to apply the ideas of it in our decision-making and grab
the opportunities that globalization may offer.
PERSPECTIVES ON GLOBALIZATION
As we have already defined globalization pertaining to the increasing pace and scope
of interconnections crisscrossing the globe, I consider 4 perspectives contributing to
globalization: Information technology, Economic factors, Cultural Factors, and Political
changes.
Perspective in Information Technology

The world is bound to evolve, we are advancing in an increasing technological process.
The move from telephonic communication, to cables, and satellite digital
communication have resulted in an increasing information advancement. Through this
perspective, there is what we call “time-space compression” wherein people in faraway
places feel closer together as they can communicate instantaneously. Also, I believe
that Globalization boosts technological development. While globalization has been
much criticized for its possible negative side effects, I consider globalization amplifying
the spread of technology across borders in two ways. First, globalization allows
countries to gain easier access to foreign knowledge. Second, it enhances international
competition - including as a result of the rise of emerging market firms - and this
strengthens firms' incentives to innovate and adopt foreign technologies. Individuals
and families are more directly plugged into news from the outside world - some of the
most gripping events of the past decade have unfolded in real time in front of a global
audience.
Perspective in Culture
Cultural globalization refers to the rapid movement of ideas, attitudes, meanings,
values and cultural products across national borders. Here are some examples:
• Migration - This is an important aspect of cultural globalization, and in this
sense, this process has been going on for several centuries, with languages,
religious beliefs, and values being spread by military conquest, missionary work,
and trade. However, in the last 30 years, the process of cultural globalization has
dramatically intensified due technological advances in both transportation and
communications technology.
• Food - The globalization of food is one of the most obvious examples of cultural
globalization – food consumption is an important aspect of culture and most
societies around the world have diets that are unique to them, however the
cultural globalization of food has been promoted by fast food giants such as
McDonald’s, Coca-Cola and Starbucks. The spread of these global food
corporations has arguably led to the decline of local diets and eating traditions
• Sports - The Globalization of sport is another fairly obvious example of cultural
globalization – think of all the international sporting events that take place – most
notably the World Cup and The Olympics, and Formula 1, which bind millions
together in a shared, truly global, ‘leisure experience.’
The emergence of global sporting events such as The Olympics, football brings people
together across borders. Music, film, and celebrity culture more generally often draw
audiences from several different countries.
Global consumption patterns have become increasingly similar in recent decades, with
the rise of shopping malls and online shopping. International migration is a key aspect
of cultural globalization. The more people move around the globe, the more global
connections there tend to be. There is an emerging global risk consciousness – the
sense that we are all at threat from global problems such as the environmental Crisis,
• Manchester United Football Club is a good example of how global football is

– despite being based in one of the largest cities in England, fewer than half the
players are from England, the rest being from a diverse array of countries in
Europe, Africa and Latin America, and the UK only ranks 10th on Facebook for
the number of Man United fans.
Perspective in Economics
Economic globalization involves the global expansion of international capitalism, free
markets and the increase in international trade, a process which has accelerated since
the 1950s. Nearly every country on earth now imports and exports more from and to
other countries than it did immediately after World War Two, and even ex-communist
countries are now part of the global capitalist economy.
Britain for example imports around 60% of its food, with only 40% of the food supply
being grown in Britain, and if you take a look around any classroom, or any living room,
and you will probably find that the majority of products were imported from
somewhere else.
This post focuses on four key aspects of economic globalization: global supply chains,
the growth of transnational corporations, and the increasing importance of the
postmodern, weightless economy.
Perspective in Politics
• Political globalization refers to the growth of the worldwide political system, may
it be in size and complexity. In this perspective, the system includes national
governments, their governmental and intergovernmental organizations as well
as government-independent elements of global civil society such as
international non-governmental organizations and social movement
organizations.
• One of the key aspects of political globalization is the declining importance of
the nation-state and the rise of other actors on the political scene.
• The creation and existence of the United Nations is called one of the classic
examples of political globalization.
Anthony Giddens (2009) notes the following features of political globalization:

• The collapse of Communism in the 1990s meant the end of the divided ‘cold
war’ world, and now these ex-communist countries are themselves democracies
and integrated into the global economy
• The growth of international and regional mechanisms of government such as
the United Nations and European Union – governments of Nation States are
increasingly restricted by international directives and laws stemming from these
international bodies
• International Non-Governmental organizations such as OXFAM or Greenpeace,
operate in dozens of countries, and members tend to have an international
outlook
APPROACHES ON GLOBALIZATION
After two decades of intensive research by scholars, “Globalization” has still a
contested and slippery concept. Despite the remarkable research programmes to
study of globalization. There are different approaches to the study of globalization.
During (1990s) was the start of self-conscious academic inquiries into multiple process
of Globalization. Academics have remained divided on the use of different
methodological approaches, evidence in gauging the extent, impact, and direction of
globalization, also its normative implications.
According to Fredrick Jameson (1998), there seems to be little utility in forcing such a
complex set of social forces as globalization into a single analytic framework. It seems
to make more sense to various approaches to globalization by linking them on the
debates that have been taking place into two separate but related arena. One battle
has most fought within the narrow walls of academia, while the other one has been
unfolding in the popular arena of public discourse.
Academic Discourse usually happens in wealthy countries including the USA and UK.
Their influence reflects existing power relations and global dominance. Although they
share a common intellectual framework. They have different views on Globalization.
This is the reason why globalization itself is a fragmented, incomplete, uneven, and
contradictory set of social processes.
• Rosenau (2003) has defined globalization in terms of he called “fragmegrative

dynamics” to underscore the contradictions, ambiguities, complexities, and
uncertainties that have replaced the regularities of prior epochs.
• Roscow (2000) pointed out that many researchers approach globalization as if
they were dealing with a process or an object without a meaning of its own prior
or its constitution as a conceptual territory.
Since globalization falls outside the boundaries of established academic discipline, the
study of globalization invited armies of social scientists, scholars in the humanities, and
even natural scientists to leave their mark on an intellectual terra incognita.
As a result, scholars have approached the concept of globalization by analyzing and

describing a variety of changing economic, political, and cultural processes that are
alleged to have accelerated since the 1970s.
No generally accepted definition of globalization has emerged, except for broad
descriptions:
• Increasing global interconnectedness
• Expansion and intensification of social relation across world-time and world-
space
• Compression of time and space
• Distant proximities
• A complex range processes, driven by a mixture of political and economic
influences
• The swift and relatively unimpeded flow of capital, people, and ideas across
national borders.
Globaloney (“Baloney” - Non-sense or foolish) – Non-sensical or absurd talk or ideas

concerning the global issues. A small and rapidly decreasing numbers of scholars
contend that existing accounts of globalization are incorrect, imprecise, or
exaggerated. They note that just about everything that can be linked to some
transnational process is cited as evidence for globalization and its growing influence.
However, these scholars believe that globalization are just globaloney, (Held and
Mcgrew, 2007; Rosenberg, 2000, Vaseth, 2010). The arguments of these globalization
critics fall into three broad categories: Rejectionists, Sceptics, and Modifiers.
• Rejectionists
- Scholars who dismiss the utility of globalization as an analytical concept
typically advance their arguments from within a larger criticism of similarly
vague words employed in academic discourse.
- Susan Strange (1996) Argues that globalization is just a vacuous term, lack of
intelligence (non-sense). Suggesting that it has been used in academic
discourse to refer to ‘anything from Internet to a hamburger
- Suggest breaking the general idea of globalization into smaller parts.
- Identify and evaluate ideological maneuvers of opponent and proponent.
• Sceptics
- Globalizing process has limited nature.
- They argue that globalization is primarily an economic phenomenon thus
other dimension of globalization are reflections of deeper economic
process.
- World is not nearly integrated but economic activity around the world remain
national in origin and scope.
- Hirst and Thompson (2009) claimed that the world economy is not a truly
global phenomenon, but one centered on Europe, Eastern Asia, and
Northern America.
- They argued against the existence of economic globalization based on
empirical data in order to attack the general misuse of the concept.
- “Without a truly global economic system, there can be no such thing as
globalization”.
- As they proceeded with their research, they became more conceived that
globalization is largely a “myth,” also means nagdududa.
- Hirst – Thompson thesis: show that exaggerated accounts of an ‘iron logic of
economic globalization’ tend to produce disempowering political effects.
• Modifiers
- Globalization can be applied in a historically imprecise manner.
- Scholars dispute the novelty of the process while acknowledging the
existence of moderate globalizing tendencies.
- Globalization is not only on phenomenon instead it precedes the continuum
of modernizations for a long time.
- Those who refer to globalization as a recent process miss the bigger picture
and fall prey to their narrow historical framework.
- World system theorists reject the use of the term ‘globalization’ as referring
exclusively to relatively recent phenomena.
- Robert Gilpin (2000) confirmed the existence of globalizing tendencies, but
he also insists that many important aspects of globalization are not novel
developments.
- Two additional factor that seem support his position: the globalization of
labor was actually much prior to World War, international migration declined
considerably after 1918.
- Gilpin warns his readers against accepting the arguments of ‘hyper-
globalizers.’
Globalization as Economic Process
• Evolution of international markets and corporations intensifies global
interdependence.
• Economic accounts of globalization convey the notion that the essence of the
phenomenon involves ‘the increasing linkage of national economies, trade,
financial flows, and foreign direct investment by multinational firms (Gilpin,
2000). Thus, expanding economic activity is identified as both the primary
aspect of globalization and the engine behind its rapid development.
• (Gilpin, 2000) Globalization – phenomenon that signals an epochal
transformation in world affairs.
• The two most important aspects of economic globalization are the liberation
and their internationalization of financial transactions.
• Although a crucial aspect, economic globalization helps in the mobility and
profitability of powerful transnational corporations.
• Deregulation – eliminate government power to create industry competition.
• Transnational corporations cut labor costs by putting production in low wage
workers.
Globalization as Political Process

• An influential group of scholars considers political globalization as a process
intrinsically connected to the expansion of markets, Bryan and Farrell (1996),
Kurdle (1999), Rao (1998) and Weiss (2011).
• ‘Globalization has happened because technological advances have broken
down many physical barriers to worldwide communication which used to limit
the connected or cooperative activity of any kind that could happen over long
distances, Richard Langhorne (2001).
• As Lowell Bryan and Diana Farell (1996: 187) assert, the role of government will
ultimately reduce to serving as ‘a superconductor of global capitalism’.
• The most influential representative of this view in the 1990s was Kenichi Ohmae
(1990, 1995, 2005) Projecting the rise of a ‘borderless world’ brought on by the
irresistible forces of capitalism, the Japanese business strategist argues that,
seen from the perspective of real flows of economic activity, the nation-state has
already lost its role as a meaning full unit of participation in the global economy.
In the long run, the process of political globalization will lead to the decline of
territory as a meaningful framework for understanding political and social
change.
Globalization as Cultural Process
• They view globalization not as a one-dimensional phenomenon, but as a multi-
dimensional process involving diverse domains of activity and interaction,
including the cultural sphere. (Held and McGrew et al, 1999).
• He defines cultural globalization as a ‘densely growing network of complex
cultural interconnections and interdependencies that characterize modern
social life’. Culture no longer remains tied to fixed localities such as town and
nation but acquires new meanings that reflect dominant themes emerging in a
global context (Tomlinson, 1999).
• Americanization - overwhelming vulnerable cultures referring to the global
diffusion of American values, consumer good, and lifestyle.
• Glocalization - a complex interaction of the global and local characterized by
cultural borrowing. These interactions led to a complex mixture of both
homogenizing and heterogenizing impulses.
• Hybridization or Creolization - the processes of cultural mixing are reflected in
music, film, fashion, language, and other forms of symbolic expression.
DRIVERS OF GLOBALIZATION
Globalization has changed the world, the competitive situation and companies and
even us individuals are affected. The drivers of globalization are identified and defined,
and their impacts. It is emphasized that in the evaluation of drivers, the focus is on the
ones that are considered to have a significant effect on the competitive situation of
economies. In addition, it is the forces that lead towards closer economic integration.
Trade in Goods and Services

If you walk into a supermarket and find Apples, Brazilian Coffee, and a bottle of Yellow
Tail Merlot Wine, you’re experiencing the impacts of international trade. Trade of
goods and services allows countries to expand their markets and access goods and
services that may not have been available domestically, that’s the reason why the
market became more competitive. A product that is sold to the global market is called
export, on the other hand, a product that is bought from the global market is called
import. In general, globalization reduces the cost of manufacturing, it means that
companies can offer goods at a lower price to consumers. Trade of goods and services
has grown remarkably over the last century and it was the key to the rise of the global
economy.
Technology, Transport, and Communication

Transportation is essential for all countries, it is the key to globalization. It boosts trade
in goods and contributes to the global economy and includes carriage by air, railway,
trucks, and even by sea. With this, it will make their transactions easy and fast. Global
communication is also affected by the process of globalization, moreover, it helps
increase business opportunities, remove cultural barriers and develop a global village.
It changed the environmental, cultural, political, and economic elements of the world.
If you practice good communication, it will be easier because all those people you will
have communication with will be fast yet successful.
Financial Flows
Financial flows in globalization could help to raise the growth rate in developing
countries nevertheless, it indirectly weakens growth through appreciation of the real
exchange rate. This work focuses on the interaction between international and
domestic financial markets and section members conduct research on related topics.
Financial flows consolidate foreign direct investment (FDI), foreign aid, remittances,
portfolio investment, and other flows. It follows the movement of funds that are put to
use for productive economic purposes. In addition, it occurs at the national level, with
the government collecting revenues in the form of taxes or issuing bonds and spending
proceeds on various public projects or investments
Investment and Transnational Corporation
The fourth driver of globalization is an investment and transnational corporation. When
we say investment, it means the longer-term movements of money to buy or to
establish businesses. One of the major types of investment flows is FDI or Foreign
Direct Investment whose purpose is to start a new business or buy a proportion of the
share in an existing business. In an FDI investors have a say in the decision-making of
a business and they are for the long term. Foreign Domestic Investor has significantly
increased links between countries where investors set up operations in new countries
increasing involvement in the business. The biggest investor in this transnational
corporation for example is Apple, Nike, and McDonald’s. This provided money,
people, infrastructure, and knowledge. All of this increases the links between
economies.
International Division of Labor

International division of labor is the processes allocated to different workers in different
countries around the world. It means that the workers are doing different tasks in
different countries, but they are all linked together. In this driver labor market might
have shift countries, the top end of the highly skilled workers might move to other
countries for a better opportunity and financial stability. Same as with the bottom end
or low skilled workers where they do the same work but are paid higher wages than in
their country the division of labor where workers do different tasks in different countries
increase links between economies that boost the process of globalization.
EVOLUTION OF GLOBALIZATION
Over time, human civilization becomes more related to a process known as
globalization, or the acceleration of social trade, consciousness, and activity. Its
dynamic march towards a united globe where borders, language, race, governance,
and other factors do not impede contact. Technology has made it easier for 7 billion
individuals to communicate. However, globalization is not a new phenomenon and
started thousands of years ago.
Pre-historic Period
Globalization began during the prehistoric period, which lasted from 10,000 BCE to
3,500 CE. Prehistoric man expanded over the planet in tiny groups of hunter-gatherers
during this time. They were busy with hunting and survival, and the prospect of
globalization did not exist until the domestication of animals and the expansion of
farming. As agrarian societies evolved and the need for food became less important,
society began to differentiate a hierarchy and allow for the growth of different social
classes. During this time, the patriarchal society of settled groups that exist today arose.
Communication was constrained by the limited technology available, and as a result,
this age did not witness much in the way of globalization, yet it was a time of a great
human expansion.
Pre-modern Period
Large towns with distinct kinds of people began to sprout up across ancient near east
Asia during the Premodern period (3500 BCE to 1500 CE), giving rise to the present
understanding of globalization. The Mesopotamians' creation of cuneiform writing was
a significant step forward in communication technology. It enables the recording of
facts such as financial records, allowing a huge quantity of information to be recalled
and sent. The ultimate discovery of the Rosetta stone, which included the same
paragraph translated into three ancient languages, demonstrates that pre-modern
societies communicated in a variety of written forms.The invention of the wheel was
also important for globalization since it allowed products to be moved across great
distances and allowed carts and architectural technology to advance. This resulted in
the construction of highways, which resulted in increased trade and communication
across the expanding world and empires. It was a period when huge civilizations
flourished. With enormous improvements in engineering technology and art, the
Egyptian kingdom prospered. The Chinese empire developed along with
improvements in mathematics, science, and military, and they communicated with
other global powers. During this period, Greek culture emerged, as did a democratic
system that serves as the cornerstone for many modern countries.
For many years, the Greeks ruled a vast territory and developed as a center for the arts
and philosophy. In the Western world, the Roman Empire was the dominant force.
Their kingdom was large, and it saw periods of democracy as well as absolute
monarchs. They ruled over much of Western Europe. It spread Latin over the continent
after expanding into the United Kingdom. During this period, the first roads between
Rome and controlled territories appeared. The Roman Empire eventually got
Christianized and collapsed into the Holy Roman Empire, which might be seen as a
proto-intergovernmental organization of the past. Within the empire, independent
nations existed but were ruled by the ecclesiastical body of the period, the pope.
Empires laid the groundwork for the first global commerce routes. Using emerging
transportation technology like roads, improved ships, and animal-drawn carts and
wagons. Religion, technology, and illness all migrated across empires, as did goods.
The era of the empire was a time of significant scientific breakthroughs, but following
the fall of the Roman Empire, the expansion of technology in the Western world
stagnated. During the Middle Ages, when people struggled to survive in a colder
environment, trade slowed. The ruling class was able to dominate all of the main
resources and the trading system, thanks to the development of a feudal system that
held lower-class people down. Merchant ships were a terrific method to trade because
they were faster than walking, but they also carried illness. During the Middle Ages, the
black death spread over Europe and other parts of the world, eradicating about one-
third of the worldwide population. This was the period when globalization had the
potential to harm the globe. Because goods and people were going all over the place,
the sickness was following them.
Early Modern Period

During 1500, the end of the black death signaled the end of the pre-modern period
and the beginning of the early modern period. As the Black Death subsided, the
population began to grow and urbanize once more. People were able to migrate to
other regions of the world because of improved transportation and technology. The
interchange of ideas in urban areas, as well as the rediscovery of ancient cultures,
resulted in the Renaissance, or the revival of art and learning in the Western world.
There was now a strong desire to travel the rest of the planet. World monarchs began
to claim additional territory to obtain money, ideas, trade products, and religious
converts. The creation of the printing press, as well as advancements in navigation and
sailing, assisted development throughout the early modern period, which lasted from
1500 to 1750. The encounter with native American communities drew the Western
world into the process of globalization, although the effects were mostly unfavorable
for the existing population of new people and new territories. Conquistadors spread
the vast empires of Central America.
All for their riches, they must fight bloody conflicts and spread illness. This time was
devastating to some individuals, yet it opened up new trade channels and fueled the
urge to spread western civilization in search of a new world. To colonize America, they
jammed a crash aboard ships. During this time, sickness wiped out the native American
population. Despite the horrific deaths of indigenous peoples, colonization efforts and
the new world continued to prosper. Europe's rising population and urbanization
resulted in the expansion of the middle class. The merchant class initiated the
development of a more sophisticated capitalist economy. The protestant reformation
called into doubt rulers' ultimate sovereignty. The number of tiny kingdoms began to
dwindle, culminating in the 30-year conflict in the peace of Westphalia, which
established the modern nation-state structure in use today. In terms of globalization,
there were suddenly larger countries with borders that did not necessarily match the
ethnic groupings contained inside them, leading to conflict further down the road. At
the same time, the Dutch and British East India companies began to establish trading
posts across the world. This eventually led to a system of imperialism as countries
wanted to gain more resources but was also important to the furtherance of
globalization as people and new ideas were transported around the world along with
goods.
Modern Period
The nineteenth-century saw the emergence of globalization in its present form.
Industrialization enabled low-cost manufacture of household products through
economies of scale, while fast population increase produced long-term demand for
commodities. Globalization in this period was decisively shaped by nineteenth-century
imperialism. After the First and Second Opium Wars, which opened up China to
foreign trade, and the completion of the British conquest of India, the vast populations
of these regions became ready consumers of European exports. During this time, Sub-
Saharan Africa and the Pacific islands were integrated into the global system.
Meanwhile, the European conquest of areas of the world, particularly Sub-Saharan
Africa, produced important natural resources such as rubber, diamonds, and coal, and
fueled commerce and investment between European imperial powers, their colonies,
and the United States. The first phase of "modern globalization" began to unravel at
the turn of the twentieth century, with World War I, as the European-dominated
network was increasingly confronted with images and stories of "others," and thus took
it upon themselves to play the role of the world's guardians of universal law and
morality. Racist and unequal behaviors were part of their activities as they sought
materials and resources from other parts of the world. The growth in global trade prior
to 1850, just before World War I broke out in 1914, provided incentives for direct
colonial authority bases in the global South. As other European currencies grew more
widely disseminated, the necessity to hold resource bases became critical.
Since World War II, globalization has been fueled in part by governments' efforts to
eliminate trade barriers. Their efforts resulted in the Bretton Woods Conference, an
agreement by the world's leading leaders to establish the foundation for international
trade and finance, as well as the establishment of many international organizations to
monitor globalization processes.
Contemporary Era
The new and intense processes of modern globalization are distinguished by the
increasing interconnectivity of globalization's economic, cultural, and political
processes. Each of these processes includes ongoing contacts between various
societies and their separate sectors. These globalization processes have been defined
by an ever-increasing mutual impingement of various societies and social sectors
throughout the world. This procedure opens the door to increasingly intense clashes
between them. These dynamics comprise the ongoing shift of formerly peripheral,
'local,' non-hegemonic organizations and sectors to the core of their respective
national and internal systems. That takes us to now when we are seeing a new wave of
globalization. In a world increasingly controlled by two global powers, the United
States and China, the cyber world is the next frontier of globalization. The digital
economy, which was in its infancy during the third wave of globalization, is now a force
to be reckoned with, thanks to e-commerce, digital services, and 3D printing. It is aided
further by artificial intelligence, yet it is vulnerable to cross-border hacking and
cyberattacks. At the same time, negative globalization is spreading as a result of the
worldwide impact of climate change. Extreme weather occurrences are caused by
pollution in one section of the earth. And the destruction of trees in the few remaining
"green lungs" of the planet, such as the Amazon rainforest, has a further catastrophic
effect on not just the world's biodiversity, but also its ability to cope with dangerous
greenhouse gas emissions. It appears that technological advancement, like
globalization, is unavoidable. However, it is always altering. So, how would
Globalization manifest itself? In the future years, we will have to address that question.
DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALIZATION
Economic Dimension
As per the Washington International Trade Association (n.d.), this dimension deals with
the growing interdependence and interconnection of national economic sectors
around the world mainly focused on trade and financial flows. This was a result of the
widespread advancement of technology, which allows the growth of cross-border
exchange of goods and services, worldwide capital flows, and drastic developments in
innovation due to the constantly advancing relevance of information in all sorts of
innovative means and marketization as the driving forces (Shangquan, 2020).
Political Dimension
Political globalization, as presented by Steger (2017), is the process of intensifying and
expanding political interconnections around the world. 'The political dimension of
globalization' examines how these methods raise a number of critical political matters,
including state sovereignty, the growing influence of multilateral institutions, and the
possibilities for regional and global governance, international migration, and
environmental decisions that benefit our planet.
Cultural Dimension
Increased cultural flows around the world result in cultural globalization. The conflict
between cultural homogeneity and cultural differences is the emphasis of "The Cultural
Dimension of Globalization," which broadly defines culture as people's views,
traditions, and social behavior. The global mainstream media is frequently blamed for
the globalization of culture. New technologies such as satellite television and the
Internet have produced a continuous stream of media content that has had a significant
impact on nations and cultures, intensely impacting how people actually live their daily
lives. Language diversity is dwindling as the world becomes more connected and more
languages become obsolete (Steger, 2020).
Ecological Dimension
The Ecological Dimension focuses on how economic, political, and cultural aspects of
globalization have influenced ecological issues on which manmade threats, including
Chernobyl, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, and the Fukushima nuclear meltdown,
have had global repercussions. This means that their manifestations were not
constrained to one country's borders (Steger, 2020). The process of globalization
exacerbates uncontrolled population growth, environmental degradation, and climate
change. Some effort has been made, such as at the Paris Climate Conference in 2015,
but it is slow. The environment has been adversely affected by this wave of
globalization, and it continues to remain to be seen whether the breaking down of
boundaries would then lend a hand to us in collaborating on a solution.
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NAME REMARKS SCORE
Ablijina, Yna G. Present Reporter
Agapito, Dexter S. Present Reporter
Agustin, Calvin Kristan R. Present Reporter
Alejaga, Mabellyn Q. Present Reporter
Alvarez, John Carlo E. Present Reporter
Antonio, Kim Kervyn L. Present Reporter
Basco, Stephanie B. Present 20
Cabe, Dorie L. Present 17
Caong, Alyana Elaine N. Present 19
Carranza, Dhanver John S. Present 19
Castro, Janica Louise Present 16
Corong, Mark Neil S. Present 17
Cuba, Kyla Marie B. Present 18
Datul, Princess G. Present 10
De Guzman, Angelo James L. Present 19
Dela Torre, Rinoa Angeline B. Present 19
Dionisio, Jorge Marion V. Present 15
Duremdez, Cygen P. Present 20
Gamac, Guile B. Present 15
Garcia, Jarel Beatrice R. Present 20
Gilbuena, Angeline T. Present 6
Gonzalo, Julienne Maye G. Present 18
Lascota, Joanna Marie U. Present 17
Lim, Dhean Antonet B. Present 19
NAME REMARKS SCORE
Lozano, Andreah E. Present 16
Morales, Eunice Anny I. Present 20
Narido, Francesca S. Present 16
Nuevo, Ashley Belle Present 19
Oquendo, Xiannen V. Present 17
Pagunsan, Ellen Mae Present 19
Panaguiton, Erick Kent Present 19
Pasion, John Ivan S. Present 19
Precilla, Jhonard C. Present 20
Quillo, James Rowill S. Present 18
Quirante, John King C. Present 18
Rampula, Romulo Present 14
Remandaban, Jewel B. Present 13
Reye, Mariechelle A. Present 19
Rodriguez, Marianne Kristelle B. Present 16
Silang, Isabelle M. Present 19
Stambough, Micah Allaine C. Absent 8
Tapang, Juwanne Leigh D. Present 19
Torres, Mary Joy J. Present 19
Ugadan, Sophia M. Present 5
Vargas, Rodelyn R. Present 12
VERIFIED BY:
Calvin Kristan R. Agustin Yna G. Ablijina

In-Charge, Attendance & Quiz Scores Group Leader
The Contemporary World 0005-63
IDEOLOGICAL DIMENSION
OF GLOBALIZATION
SUBMITTED TO: SIR JONEF RAUL B. REYES
GROUP
2:
BASCO, STEPHANIE B.
CABE, DORIE L.
CAONG, ALYANA ELAINE N.
CARRANZA, DHANVER S.
CASTRO, JANICA
TORRES, MARY JOY J.
TABLE
TABLEOF
TABLE OFCONTENTS
OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
i. ideology definition
ii. ELEMENTS OF IDELOGY
III. FUCTIONS OF IDELOGY
IV. IDEOLOGY AND SOCIAL
IMAGINARY
V. TRADITIONAL & MODERN
IDEOLOGIES
VI. EMERGING IDEOLOGYOF
GLOBALISM
VII. SIX CORE CLAIMS OF
GLOBALIZATION
I DEOLOGY IDEOLOGY
I
WHAT IS
DEOLOGY IDEOLOGY
IDEOLOGY?
I DEOLOGY IDEOLOGY
I DEOLOGY IDEOLOGY
I DThroughout
E O Lhistory, OG the Y I D EhasO
term "ideology" Lapplied
been OG to aY
diverse range of subjects, ranging from science and politics
I DtoE OL
gender andO GY
artistic I D ItEcanObeLviewed
production. OG as aY
I Dmeans
EO LOGY IDEOLOGY
for social groupings to express themselves, or it can
be viewed as a means for individuals to act in a way that is
I Dboth
EO L Oand
deceptive Gnon-scientific
Y IDE Onature.
in its L O(GöranGY
Therborn, 1997). In sociology, it is impossible to overstate the
I Dimportance
E O Lof O GY IDEOLOGY
understanding ideation, as it is a fundamental
I Dtopic
E that
OL Onot
should GbeY I D Due
overlooked. EO Lfact
to the O that
G itY
has such a big impact on how societies are organized and
I Dfunction,
E Osociologists
L O GareY I D interested
particularly E O Lin O this G
topic.Y
I DUnderstanding
E O L the world is intricately linked to one's society's
O GY IDEOLOGY
social structure, as well as to the economic system of
I Dproduction
E O LandOtheGpolitical Y Iframework
DEO thatL O GtheY
governs
society in which one resides.
I DEOLOGY IDEOLOGY
I DEOLOGY IDEOLOGY
I DEOLOGY IDEOLOGY
I DEOLOGY IDEOLOGY
I DEOLOGY IDEOLOGY
I DEOLOGY IDEOLOGY
I DEOLOGY IDEOLOGY
ELEMENTS OF IDEOLOGY
ELEMENTS
CLASS OF IDEOLOGY
-DOMINANT IDEOLOGY
ELEMENTS
- CONSCIOUSNESS OF IDEOLOGY
DOMINANT IDEOLOGY
ELEMENTS
Dominant ideology refers to OF IDEOLOGY
the ideological forces or groups
that influence how societies work, as well as a collection of
cultural ideas and practices that support powerful social,
economic, and political interests.
ELEMENTS
POWER
OF IDEOLOGY
ELEMENTS
Marxism - Karl Marx is the OF founderIDEOLOGY
of Marxism, which is a
social, political, and economic ideology. It focuses on how
ELEMENTS OFandIDEOLOGY
capitalism affects labor, productivity, economic progress, and
it advocates for a worker revolution to overthrow capitalism and
ELEMENTS
replace it with communism. OF IDEOLOGY
ELEMENTS
Foucauldian - is someone who OFbelievesIDEOLOGY
in or follows the views of
French philosopher Michel Foucault.
Liberalism - openness to new ideas; willingness to appreciate
ELEMENTS
or accept behavior or viewpoints OF IDEOLOGY
that differ from one's own.
ELEMENTS
REALITY OF IDEOLOGY
ELEMENTS
Hyper Reality OF IDEOLOGY
Hyper Reality is a state in which it is impossible to distinguish
between reality and what is a representation of truth.
ELEMENTS
False Consciousness - refers OF IDEOLOGY
to people's incapacity to identify
injustice, oppression, and exploitation in a capitalist society because
ELEMENTS OF
beliefs that naturalize and excuse
prevalent.
IDEOLOGY
the existence of social classes are
True consciousness - is the understanding of one's own social class
and economic status in the greater society.
FUNCTIONS OF IDEOLOGY
FUNCTIONS OF
FUNCTIONS OFIDEOLOGY IDEOLOGY
EVALUATION
FUNCTIONS
Establish guidelines for studying
OF IDEOLOGY 1.
social situations, political institutions,
FUNCTIONS
and happenings.
OF IDEOLOGY
EXPLANATION
2 .
FUNCTIONS OF
Provide explanations for why
IDEOLOGY
social and political conditions are
as they are, particularly during
FUNCTIONS OF times ofIDEOLOGY
crisis.

ORIENTATION
3.
Individuals should be given a
FUNCTIONS
preference for topics and aOF IDEOLOGY
position in the world.
FUNCTIONS OFPOLITICAL IDEOLOGY
PROGRAM

4.
Assist people in making political
decisions and guiding their political
FUNCTIONS OF actions. IDEOLOGY
IDEOLOGY AND
SOCIAL IMAGINARY
I M A G I N ARY
SOCIAL
is a social and political organizations which where we
become aware, determine and act in our world. The above
deeply embedded modes of comprehension define the
broadest criteria within which individuals visualize their
shared presence. Social Imaginaries also are conventional
and realistic in the perspective of presenting us with the
criteria of how things generally go on as well as how things
should go on. People imagine their social whole through a set
of principles, organizations, rules, and signs. In anthropology,
sociology, psychoanalysis, philosophy, and media studies, the
idea of the hypothetical has received a lot of attention.
traditional and modern ideologies
TRADITIONAL & MODERN
VIEW OF IDEOLOGIES
traditional
Globalization or and modern
the growing influence ideologies
of economies,
traditional and
culture, population, and othermodern ideologies
things on an international level
traditional andinmodern
has been viewed by society many ways. Fromideologies
a traditional
traditional
point of view, it isand modern
believed ideologies
that the actual impact of
globalization is exaggerated.
traditional and modern From this perspective,
ideologies it is
widely thought that only secured countries can participate in
globalization because of the wide influence of western
culture, which other countries cannot afford. Additionally,
traditional and
instead of being global, modern
the actual ideologies
development of trade is
traditional
regional. On the otherand modern
hand, the ideologies
modern view on globalization
traditional and
is said to be widening, where modern ideologies
different countries are able to
interact.
In Alice Tilborgh’s 2018 commentary on the future of
Globalization, she takes a more modern view on globalization
as she emphasizes the increasing speed and intensity of the
development of international communication, intercultural
traditional
discussions, and trade andmarket.modern
She states the ideologies
three major
traditional
ideas in the modernand modern
world which are marketideologies
globalization,
traditional and
justice globalization, and modern
religion globalization. ideologies
In detail, the traditional
traditional and modern and modern ideologies about
ideologies
Globalization may be approached in different ways, namely;
Liberalism, Conservatism, Socialism, Fascism, Anarchism,
Feminism, Environmentalism, and Fundamentalism.
From the concept of Liberalism, it is believed that society
traditional and
will most benefit when modern
the legitimate members ideologies
experience an
traditional
unrestricted or freeand modern
system. An article byideologies
Jean-Pierre
traditional andof
Lehmann in the context modern
Liberalism and ideologies
Globalization
traditional
(2002), he mentions and modern
that liberalism ideologies
is one of the fundamental
philosophies to globalization,
traditional and modern as it allows the development
ideologies of
countries into taking a more modern and open-minded
approach. He exemplifies some traditional beliefs such as
China’s foot binding tradition that has been discontinued as
traditional and modern
liberty emerges throughout the country, ideologies
and the free
traditional and
decision of the people modern
on whether ideologies
to follow or not based on
traditional and
its impact and effects. Onmodern
the contrary, ideologies
Conservatism
traditional andview
takes more of a traditional modern
of change andideologies
development
as it emphasizes and
traditional the need modernto conserve and follow
ideologies
organizations and and
traditional structures rather thanideologies
modern the individual
liberty of a society’s members. Breckenridge and
Moghaddam (2012) discussed this in their paper about
traditional and modern
globalization and conservatism, ideologies
where they highlighted that
traditional
conservatism prevents and modern
the radical developmentideologies
of countries
traditional and
as it fails to surrender modern
traditional ideologies
beliefs and resists change.
traditional Like conservatism,
and modern Socialism also ideologies
takes a more
traditional approach on globalization by centraling its
concept around the social working class who takes care of
the production, distribution, and exchange in a community.
traditional
Petras (1999) states and modern
in his ideologies
study on globalization and
traditional
socialism that thisand modern
ideology focuses more ideologies
on socialist
traditional
relations, restrictingand modern
potential ideologies
development offered by more
traditional
advanced capitalist and modern ideologies
countries.
Characterized by dictatorship and total authoritarian
traditional
leadership, Fascismand on the modern
other hand, is anideologies
ideology that
traditional
attempts to take full and modern
control of globalizationideologies
(Robinson &
traditional and
Barrera, 2012). According to modern
Perelman’s work ideologies
on the anarchy
traditional and
of Globalization (2015), modern
Anarchism rivals thisideologies
philosophy by
firmly believing thatand
traditional government
modern authority ideologies
is unnecessary,
and that society should work by voluntary cooperation and
movement.
traditional
Taking a differentand modern
route, Feminism believesideologies
in promoting
traditional and
women rights, inclusivity and modern ideologies
equality on an international level
traditional and
(Falquet, 2011). Following themodern
same concept of ideologies
promotion of
traditional and
ideas, Environmentalism modern
concerns itself on theideologies
importance of
the environment, and
traditional and promotes
modern the protection
ideologies of the
matter as it is believed
traditional andthat modern
it is the fundamental influence in
ideologies
the development of the world (Schofer & Granados, 2006).
traditional
Lastly, the idea and modern
of Fundamentalism ideologies
is strictly following
traditional
scriptures or texts and modern
(usually referring ideologies
to religion), regardless
traditional and overriding
of its meaning and content, modern ideologies
authority and current
traditional and
way of living. Denmark modern
(2018) has discussedideologies
the problems
surrounding Fundamentalism
traditional and modern and Globalization in his article
ideologies
published by the International Studies Association and
Oxford University Press, where he states that perhaps,
Fundamentalism provides the most restriction of global
traditional
development as it and does modern
not allow anyideologies
process of
traditional
modernization. and modern ideologies
Characterized by dictatorship and total authoritarian
traditional
leadership, Fascismand on the modern
other hand, is anideologies
ideology that
traditional
attempts to take full and modern
control of globalizationideologies
(Robinson &
traditional and
Barrera, 2012). According to modern
Perelman’s work ideologies
on the anarchy
traditional and
of Globalization (2015), modern
Anarchism rivals thisideologies
philosophy by
firmly believing thatand
traditional government
modern authority ideologies
is unnecessary,
and that society should work by voluntary cooperation and
movement.
traditional
Taking a differentand modern
route, Feminism believesideologies
in promoting
traditional and
women rights, inclusivity and modern ideologies
equality on an international level
traditional and
(Falquet, 2011). Following themodern
same concept of ideologies
promotion of
traditional and
ideas, Environmentalism modern
concerns itself on theideologies
importance of
the environment, and
traditional and promotes
modern the protection
ideologies of the
matter as it is believed
traditional andthat modern
it is the fundamental influence in
ideologies
the development of the world (Schofer & Granados, 2006).
traditional
Lastly, the idea and modern
of Fundamentalism ideologies
is strictly following
traditional
scriptures or texts and modern
(usually referring ideologies
to religion), regardless
traditional and overriding
of its meaning and content, modern ideologies
authority and current
traditional and
way of living. Denmark modern
(2018) has discussedideologies
the problems
surrounding Fundamentalism
traditional and modern and Globalization in his article
ideologies
published by the International Studies Association and
Oxford University Press, where he states that perhaps,
Fundamentalism provides the most restriction of global
traditional
development as it and does modern
not allow anyideologies
process of
traditional
modernization. and modern ideologies
EMERGING IDEOLOGY
OF GLOBALISM
Market Globalization
Aims to develop market trade internationally.
Advocates consumerist, neoliberal, and free market
Embraces total privatization, a completely free market
between nations, and deregulation of both industry
and society
Justice Globalization
Aims to provide and promote accessible and inclusive
rights for everyone.
Encourage government intervention to protect the
rights of oppressed people in society.
Fights for much more liberal policies, such as those
aimed at ensuring minorities' rights
Religion Globalization
Aims to understand the world through different and
specific religious beliefs.
Globalization further provides fertile ground for a
variety of noninstitutionalized religious manifestations
The development of religion as a political and cultural
resource.
EMERGING IDEOLOGY
OF GLOBALISM
Capitalism
Capitalism is the dominant economic framework and
system in many parts of the world today.
It is primarily premised on the “profit motive”
It promotes claim that seeking profit is the basic aim of
any individual or entity in this world the profit motive
partly explains why.
Neoliberalism
The power is held by private entities.

The neoliberal ideology promoted individualism.
The person takes the identity of a highly individualistic
consumer to make a free choice about products and
services that fit his or her own preference or lifestyle.
SIX CORE CLAIMS OF
GLOBALIZATION
1. Globalization Is About the Liberalization and
Global Integration of Markets
“In other words the concrete outcomes of market interactions are neither
intended nor forseen, but are the result of the workings of what Adam Smith
famously called the ‘invisible happen'” yet Globalists usually convey the
assertion that globalization is integration of markets in the form of moral
imperatives “The concept of ‘free trade’ arose as a moral principle even
before it became a pillar of economics”- George Bush
This claim is based on the liberal ideal of a self-regulating market as the

normative foundation for a future world order. Global market liberalization
and integration are portrayed as both desirable and "natural" processes that
enhance individual liberty and material growth around the world.
Globalization is about
the
markets
triumph
governments.
of
over
01
Examples 02 The liberal market
economy is by its very
nature global. It is
the summit of human
endeavor.
The economic and political
components of globalization
are only considered as
secondary processes that are
dependent on global market
03
movements.
This claim that globalization is about market liberalization and global
integration strengthens what is essentially a contingent political undertaking as
tact. Globalists have succeeded because they have persuaded the public that
their view of globalization is an objective, or at the very least neutral, diagnosis
of the situations it professes to examine:
LIBERALIZATION + INTEGRATION OF MARKETS = GLOBALIZATION?

The economic and political components of globalization are only considered as
secondary processes that are dependent on global market movements.
Another point of view would be to link globalization to the establishment of a
global regulatory framework that would hold markets accountable to
international political institutions. For globalists, however, portraying
globalization as an enterprise that liberates and unites global markets while
also emancipating individuals is the most effective way of enlisting the public in
their fight against the most oppressive laws and institutions.
2. Globalization is Inevitable and Irreversible

After all, liberals and conservatives have leveled valid critiques against Marxists
throughout the twentieth century for their determinist beliefs that devalue
human free agency and belittle the power of non-economic elements to alter
social reality. Globalists, on the other hand, rely on a similar monocausal,
economic narrative of historical inevitability.
Globalization, according to the globalist interpretation, reflects the

unavoidable spread of irreversible market forces pushed by technical
advancements. Consider the following statements:
Today we must embrace the We need much more

Globalization is inevitable and
inexorable logic of liberalization and deregulation
inexorable and it is
globalization. Globalization is of the
accelerating. Globalization is
irreversible. Indian economy. No sensible
happening,

Indian businessman disagrees
- Frederick W. Smith, Chairman with this
- Bill Clinton, former US and CEO of FedEx Corporation
President - Rahul Bajaj, Indian
industrialist
The neoliberal image of globalization as a natural force, similar to gravity or
weather, makes it simpler for globalists to persuade individuals that they must
adapt to market discipline in order to survive and succeed. As a result, the
claim of inevitability depoliticizes the globalization debate. Neoliberal Policies
are depicted as being independent of politics; they just carry out orders, what
nature has decreed. This means that instead of acting, you should think. People
just comply with world-market regulations that demand the removal of
government controls based on a set of choices.
The sense of inevitability also helps to persuade the general public. allowing
the general people to share the burdens of globalization, so promoting an
Neoliberal politicians frequently cite the following justification: 'It is the market
that made us cut social programmes.' As German President Roman Herzog put
it in a nationally televised appeal, the unstoppable push of global forces will
force everyone to make compromises.
Finally, the claim that globalization is inevitable and irreversible is embedded

within a larger evolutionary rhetoric that places certain countries at the
vanguard of depoliticizing markets. Globalism has all of the major components
of traditional market liberalism. We uncover inescapable natural laws favoring
Western culture, the self-regulating economic model of perfect competition,
the benefits of free enterprise, the vices of state intervention, the concept of
laissez faire, and the irreversible, evolutionary process leading to survival of
the fittest.
3. Nobody is in Charge of Globalization

People are not in command of globalization. Markets and technology are.
Certain human behaviors may Globalization can be sped up or slowed, but in
the end, the invisible hand of the market will always establish its greater
knowledge.
This point of view is expressed in three ways:
1. Many on the Left dislike the global marketplace because it epitomizes what
they dislike about markets,
2. We all want to believe that someone is in charge and responsible.
3. The great beauty of globalization is that it is not controlled by
any individual, any government, or any institution.
In short, the concept of a leaderless globalization process does not reflect

reality in today's world. The assumption that nobody is in charge, like the
rhetoric of historical inevitability, aims to depoliticize the public debate on the
matter and so demobilize anti globalist forces. It becomes incredibly difficult to
build resistance groups after substantial portions of the people have
accepted the globalist vision of a self-directed machine that simply runs its
course. Globalism's ability to manufacture passive consumer identities grows
even stronger as ordinary people lose faith in the prospect of alternative
social structures.
4. Globalization Benefits Everyone

In today's interlinked world, economic growth and progress are inextricably
linked to the globalization process. Its many positive aspects include an
unprecedented expansion of investment and trade; the opening up of the
world's most populous regions to international trade and opportunities for
more developing countries to improve their living standards; the increasingly
rapid dissemination of information, technological innovation, and the
proliferation of skilled jobs. These globalization characteristics have resulted in
a significant increase in income and prosperity around the world. As a result,
the globalization process is a source of hope for a better future.
Globalists usually base their arguments on the purported benefits of market

liberalization, such as increased global living standards, economic productivity,
freedom of the individual, and extraordinary technical advancement.
Here are similar assertions:
" There can be little doubt that the extraordinary changes in global
finance on balance have been beneficial in facilitating significant
improvements in economic structures and living standards
throughout the world."
- Alan Greenspan, Chairman of the US Federal
Reserve Board
"Globalization's effects have been overwhelmingly good. Spurred by

unprecedented liberalization, world trade continuous to expand
faster than overall global economic output, inducing a wave of
productivity and efficiency and creating millions of jobs."
- Peter Sutherland, Chairman of British Petroleum
"We are at an optimistic time in our world: the barriers between

nations are down, economic liberalism is decidedly afoot and proven
to be sound, trade and investment are soaring, income disparities
between nations are narrowing, and wealth generation is at record
high levels, and I believe likely to remain so."
- George David, CEO of United Technologies
Corporation
5. Globalization Furthers the Spread of Democracy

in The World
The globalist claim is based on the neoliberal claim that freedom, free markets,
free trade, and democracy are synonymous. This emphasis on the act of
voting–in which equality only exists in the legal sense–helps to disguise the
circumstances of inequality reflected in society's existing unequal power
relations.
Here are three instances:
1. The level of economic development resulting from globalization is conducive.

(Francis Fukuyama, Johns Hopkins University)
2. The emergence of new businesses and shopping centers in former
communist countries is the backbone of democracy. (Hillary Rodham
Clinton, US Senator from New York)
3. The Electronic Herd will intensify pressures for democratization generally,
for three very critical reasons - flexibility, legitimacy, and sustainability.
(Thomas Friedman, New York Times correspondent and award-winning
author)
These arguments are based on a vision of democracy that prioritizes formal

procedures such as voting over wide majority participation in political and
economic decision-making.
In actuality, grafting a few democratic components onto a largely

authoritarian framework guarantees that those who are elected are shielded
from popular demands and may thus manage 'successfully.' As a result, the
claim that globalization helps expand democracy around the world is largely
based on a misunderstanding of democracy.
6. Globalization Requires War on Terror

Daniel Griswold, Associate Director of the Cato Institute (A Major DC5 Think
Tank) “An essential part of any plan to establish freedom in Iraq should be a
commitment to a free market and the institutions that support it, including a
commitment to free trade… The technology dynamism, and openness for our
own market helped us win this war; if spread to Iraq, could help us win the
peace”
Robert Kaplan reminds his readers “The purpose of US power is not power
itself; it is the fundamentally liberal purpose of sustaining the key
characteristics of an orderly world. Those characteristics include basic
political stability; the idea of liberty, pragmatically conceived; respect for
property; economic freedom; and representative government.
At this moment in time it is American power, and American Power only, that
can serve as an organizing principle for the worldwide expansion of a liberal
civil society” – The Hard Edge of American Values
Terrorism prevents global economic progress and free trade. There are still
doubts about why the war on terror occurs or is included, but it is because it
aids in the war against terror, and terrorism has become a global phenomena
as a result of advancement, technological breakthroughs, communication, and
transportation accessibility. The most effective way to combat terrorism is to
use international law in conjunction with the appropriate institutions to foster
international cooperation.
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Levi, M., 2015, What is ideology?, Sociologia, Problemas E Práticas, 9-
31,https://journals.openedition.org/spp/1782
Plamentz, J.P., 1971, British Journal of Sociology, 473-499,
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wCwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA7&dq=info:rh8_a4TQy7AJ:scholar.google.com/&ots=PT
S9VZW2D0&sig=ei-
_UIXCyeBE_fbdxRwVeLGCn4Y&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Therborn, G., 1997, The ideology of power and the power of ideology,
https://books.google.com/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=2W7UEJG9V1kC&oi=fnd&pg=PP9&dq=info:llRXUM_IseUJ:scholar.googl
e.com/&ots=_XsnCdsl0h&sig=frSK_jB_y7yfZvLdXdT_qna2iao
Steger, M. (2013). Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (3 ed.). Oxford University
Press, p. 103 DOI: 10.1093/actrade/9780199662661.001.0001
https://www.veryshortintroductions.com/view/10.1093/actrade/9780199662661.00
1.0001/actrade-9780199662661-chapter-7
Tilborgh, A. (2018). The Future of Globalization.
https://medium.com/@allisonvantilborgh/the-future-of-globalization-69dcce524e64
Haynes, J. (2018). Religious Globalisms. The Oxford Handbook of Global Studies. DOI:
10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190630577.013.33
oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190630577.001.0001/oxfordhb
-9780190630577-e-33
Saborski, F. (2014). Contrary to popular belief, traditional ideologies are not dead
and continue to map the politics of the global age. LSE’s EUROPP.
https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/contrary-to-popular-belief-traditional-
ideologies-are-not-dead-and-continue-to-map-the-politics-of-the-global-age/
Lehman, J. P. (2002). Liberalism and Globalization. The Globalist.
https://www.theglobalist.com/liberalism-and-globalization/
Breckenridge, J. & Moghaddam, F. (2012). Globalization and a Conservative Dilemma:
Economic Openness and Retributive Policies. Journal of Social Issues, 68(3), pp. 559-
570. http://fathalimoghaddam.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/1256626893.pdf
Robinson, W. & Barrera, M. (2012). Global capitalism and twenty-first century
fascism: a UC case study. Institute of Race Relations, 53(3) 4 –29
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and Unintended Consequences. World Review of Political Economy, 6(3), 352–374.
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_contents
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2019, 304 pages, £23.95, ISBN 9780674987593.
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Steger, M. (2013). Globalization: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford Oxford University
Press -04-04.
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0001/actrade-9780199662661-chapter-7
Milanovic, B. (2019). 4. The Interaction of Capitalism and Globalization. In Capitalism,
Alone: The Future of the System That Rules the World (pp. 129-175). Cambridge, MA
and London, England: Harvard University Press.
https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674242852-004
Six Core Claims of Globalization by Manfred Steger.(2011, September 21). Retrieved
from https://towerofrebel.wordpress.com/2011/09/21/six-core-claims-of-
globalization-by-manfred-steger/
Guarda, N. (2021). TCW SIX CORE Claims - about six core of globalization and the
examples. StuDocu. Retrieved from
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philippines/international-politics/tcw-six-core-claims-about-six-core-of-
globalization-and-the-examples/19557136
(n.d.) Claims of Globalization. Scribd. Retrieved from
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Steger, M. (2003). The ideological dimension of globalization. Globalization, A Very
Short Introduction. (pp. 97-111). Oxford University Press Inc.
Political Dimension
of Globalization
TCW 0005-63
Corong, Mark Neil
Cuba, Kyla Marie
Datul, Princess
De Guzman, Angelo James
Dela Torre, Rinoa Angeline
Ugadan, Sophia
Table of Contents
I. Nation-State Definition
II. Rise and Dominance of
Nation-State
III. Nation-State in Decline
IV. Nation-State in the
Globalizing World
V. Global Civil Society
VI. Global Governance
Nation-State
Nation
The nation, in another term, is the people inside a country. These humans
are connected with each other, and this idea is called nationalism.
Example:
Iceland was recognized as a fully sovereign state with an agreement with
Denmark, an independent country in personal union with Denmark
through a common monarch.
Sweden is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It had evolved
into a centralized nation with Stockholm as its capital by the 16th
century.
State
The state comprises all the rules and laws, government personnel and their
titles, physical boundaries, and those who define them. From a political and
practical sense, the state ‌makes a country run.
Example:
The Philippines is a sovereign state. This country has territory, its
netizens, government, and sovereignty.
California entered the union as a free, non-slavery state after the heated
debate in U.S. congress arising out of the slavery issue. It became the 31st
state in history.
Nation-State
The nation-state is an organizational system in which people who have a
similar identity live within a country with well-defined boundaries and a
single government. It also determines the language we speak, the holidays
we celebrate, and the laws we follow. The nation-state is held together by its
physical boundaries, administration, and the belief that its citizens are
linked to one another. The nation-state combines two principles: the first
one is state sovereignty which was first articulated in the Peace of
Westphalia(1648); it recognizes that states have the right to rule their own
territories without intervention from the outside world, and the second one
is the principle of national sovereignty which recognizes national
communities' right to self-government.
Example:
Japan is considered a nation-state because its territories, governments,
and residents share the same culture. It also has national symbols such as
the national flag, national anthem, and often a wide range of national
emblems.
Egypt can be regarded as the first nation-state in the reason that this
country gained sovereignty following world war II.

History of the Nation-State
Many historians debate the origins of the nation-state: the historian
Benedict Anderson, the author of Imagined Communities, suggested that
nation-states arose as a result of print media, such as newspapers, when
rising literacy and new technologies, such as the printing press, allowed
people to communicate in new ways between 1500 and 1600. They shared
their similarities and beliefs through the press, which caused the
development of a single language. They established the earliest forms of
national identities.
Rise and Dominance of

Nation-State
Rise of Nation-State
The nation-state developed fairly recently. Prior to the 1500s, in Europe,
the nation-state as we know it did not exist. Most individuals did not
consider themselves to be citizens of a country at the time; they rarely left
their village and did not know of the outside world.
Dominance of Nation-State
The role of the nation-state in globalization is complex in part because of
the varying definitions and shifting concepts of globalization. Globalization
is commonly characterized as the fading or complete elimination of
economic, social, and cultural borders between nation-states. However, it
has been defined in a variety of ways.
Nation-State Decline
In the international system, nation-states have remained one of the
essential interaction units. However, its importance in international
relations is being questioned today. Some researchers have termed the
'end of the nation-state system,' while others have envisioned the
'decline of the nation-state.'
SOME OF THE MAIN REASONS FOR
THE DECLINE OF NATION-STATE
SYSTEM:
INCREASED INTERDEPENDENCE
The age of mass production, resulting from advances in scientific,
technological, and industrial fields, and the resulting ability to meet rising
demands for people's socioeconomic well-being, the communications
revolution, increased mobility of people around the world, and so on, have all
contributed to increased and ever-increasing international interdependence.
The rise of Globalization increases interdependence between nations. To
some, Globalization is generally seen as the 'decline of economic, social, and
cultural borders between nation-states, and the notion of a nation-state
becomes less relevant.
NATIONALISTIC UNIVERSALISM
In this age of internationalism, a nation-state must frame its national
interests in a way that aids the achievement of widely acknowledged
international relations goals.
TRENDS TOWARDS INTERNATIONAL

INTEGRATION
Many global organizations actively engaged in promoting socioeconomic
cultural cooperation among nation-states had been on the rise for the last
fifty years. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations or ASEAN and the
European Union are prime examples of economic and regional integration.
Others include the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation or
SAARC and African Union. These institutions promote political and economic
union and advocate peace in their respective areas. This helps the smooth
flow of goods, services, trading, technology, capital, and people to achieve
economic growth.
THE NUCLEAR AGE AND ITS IMPACT
Nuclear weapons have had a significant impact on nation-states.
Numerous states create and obtain a relative amount of nuclear
armaments to maintain survival. A modern nation-state finds itself unable
to protect its citizens from the threat of nuclear war. Non-nuclear states
are in constant threat from their giant neighbors.
LIMITATIONS ON NATIONAL POWER

In the modern period of international relations, the rise of world public
opinion, the definition of international law and its greater influence, a
strong movement in favor of disarmament and armaments control, and so
on have all been sources of significant limitations on a state's national
authority. The lack of natural resources, people, and others can hinder
achieving one's national power, which turns to the interdependence
between other countries. In international relations, excessive use of a
state's power can lead to conflict, anarchy, and chaos among its neighbors.
THE EROSION OF THE CONCEPT OF SOVEREIGN

EQUALITY OF THE NATION-STATES
The concept of sovereign equality or that sovereign states are formally
equal with each other had been in decline due to the rise of few powerful
nations. Big and rich countries showcase their power and even use political
and military power to assert dominance in smaller and impoverished
nations. The victors of the Second World War - the United States, Russia,
China, Britain, and France have permanent seats in the United Nations
Security Council and have veto powers. These powerful nations also
possessed a nuclear arsenal. Japan, and Germany, came into prominence
as two new economically and technologically advanced powers. Most
nations had been partially or entirely dependent on superpower nations
with more significant economic and political influence worldwide.
RISE OF SEVERAL POWERFUL NON-STATE
ACTORS
Individuals from all over the world work together to carry out a specific
trade, production, or distribution of products and services. Globalization
gave rise to multinational and transnational corporations that influenced
national governments in making foreign policy. According to Miller (1994),
the rise of non-state actors has led to the formation of transnational
relationships rather than a state-centric approach in international politics.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the United Nations Security
Council (UNSC) are two major institutions in which certain powerful states
manage the organization's activities and selectively enforce their beliefs.
Nation-State in the
Globalizing World
While decreasing obstacles to international trade and communication are
sometimes a danger to nation-states, these tendencies have persisted
throughout history. Air and sea did not abolish individual nations'
sovereignty of transportation, which enabled same-day travel to different
continents and dramatically boosted trade between countries.
Globalization‌ is a force that has altered the way nations interact with one
another, notably in international trade.
Regionalism
Regionalism
Regionalism is a political ideology that seeks to increase the political
power, influence, and/or self-determination of the people of one or more
subnational regions.
Region
Group of countries located in the same geographical area
Regionalization
Process of dividing an area into smaller segments called regions
Why are nations participating in Regionalism?
Regionalism focuses on increasing administrative power and

persuading the available or some residents of a region.
So In line with that, Nations believe that regionalism can boost their
national interest in economic, military, political, and cultural
contexts.
Regionalists argue that establishing local governing bodies and civil
authorities at the expense of a national regime will significantly
increase local populations by enhancing local economies through
resource distribution and implementing local policies and plans.
Why do countries form regional organizations?

They form regional organizations as a way of coping with the
challenges of globalization.
Asian Regionalism
A product of economic interaction between Asian countries.
Asian Regionalism is the product of economic interaction, not political

planning. As a result of successful, outward-oriented growth strategies,
Asian economies have grown richer and closer together. As they say,
there has unity and diversity. For example, Asia is the ASEAN, so why has
Asia considered the region of diversity? That is because nations in Asia
have different cultures, customs, religions, beliefs, types of government,
and many more. As Asia economies have grown more extensive and more
complex, they also have become more integrated, so in what way? Of
course, trade, financial flows, direct investments, and other economic and
social exchange forms.
So now, we are going to differentiate the Regionalization & Globalization.
REGIONALIZATION GLOBALIZATION
A process of dividing
A process by which
an area into smaller

people are unified into
segments called
a single society and
regions. function together.
NATURE
Divides an area into
Promotes integration of
smaller segments economies across state
borders all around the
world.
MARKET
Monopolies are more
Allows many
likely to develop. corporations to trade
on international level;
it allows free market
A Free Market is an unregulated system of economic exchange that requires

no tariffs or is just minimal.
A tariff is a tax imposed by one country on the goods & services imported
from another country.
Monopoly means one producer controls supply of a good or service, and

where the entry of new products is prevented or highly restricted.
CULTURAL & SOCIETAL RELATIONS

Does not support
Acceleration to
multiculturalism multiculturalism through
free and inexpensive
movement of people
Multiculturalism is the view where cultures, races, ethnicities deserve

special acknowledgment of their differences within a dominant political
culture.
AID
A regionalized area
Globalized international
does not get involved

communities are more
in the affairs of other

willing to aid countries
areas. stricken by disasters.
TECHNICAL ADVANCES
Advanced technology is
Globalization has driven
rarely available in one

great advances in
country or region. technology.
Why do countries form regional organizations?

They form regional organizations as a way of coping with the challenges
of globalization.
Many countries join regional organizations or associations because of
number 1.
Military Defense
For example, NATO (), was formed to protect Europe from the threat of the
Soviet Union.
As a response, the Warsaw Pact or formally known as the Treaty of

Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance was established as a balance
of power or counterweight to NATO.
Economic Crisis
The ASEAN, along with China, Japan, and South Korea, established an
emergency fund that established Asian economies after the rippling effect of
that economy’s collapse.
Global Civil Society

Civil society is defined as a space that exists outside of government, family,
and the market.
Civil society is defined as a space outside of government, family, and the

market. Individuals and collective organizations work together to pursue
ostensibly mutual goals. Community groups, non-governmental
organizations, social movements, labor unions, indigenous groups,
charitable organizations, faith-based organizations, media, academia,
diaspora groups, lobbying, consulting groups, think tanks and research
centers, professional associations, and foundations are examples of civil
society organizations. The role of civil society organizations in international
politics is growing in importance. They have helped set the agenda, enact
international legislation, and conduct diplomacy. They have also had a role
in implementing and monitoring several empirical global concerns. These
include anything from business to education.
System of Civil Society

ECONOMIC TRANSACTION - Systems of economic trade that foster civil
society patterns rely on the long-term availability and equitable use of
natural and social resources for present and future generations to develop a
satisfying life.
POLITICAL GOVERNANCE - Civil society is usually associated with a

recognizable system of political governance, characterized by open, public
decision-making for all community members through governmental
structures that allow legitimate access to and use of civic space and
resources, and maintain fairness within existing political and judicial
systems by promoting and protecting the welfare of the people, with a
particular focus on the disenfranchised..
SOCIAL INTERACTIONS - Strong, active, vibrant, diverse community-
based groups and networks characterize civil society social relationships.
These groups and networks facilitate open, voluntary participation;
enable community stakeholders to hold economic and political actors
accountable for policy outcomes; provide a context for mutual benefit
and exchange; and promote the "common good," with a particular
concern for the inclusion of those currently marginalized.
Principles of Civil Society

Participatory Engagement shows that individuals of the society have access
to and control over resources used for the common good, are free to
participate in civic action and social change and are free to join groups that
create a sense of community belonging.
Constitutional Authority in civil society safeguards citizens' rights and

privileges.
Within this social environment, all members of the community have a moral
obligation to use their civil liberties in ways that do not harm others' human
rights. Social order and stability are produced by the practice of equity,
justice, and reciprocity.
Characteristics of Civil Society
The Commons
Office
Association
Trusteeship
Sovereignty
Accountability
Equity
Justice
Reciprocity
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
The Global Governance approach aims to identify inadequacies in the
international system for dealing with complex challenges and to engage
stakeholders in problem-solving strategies.
Thematic Focus and Projects:
Global Governance Reform

Almost everything in a fast globalizing society is in flux: information, trade,
finances, and people.
Global Business, Labor and Economic Governance

The central theme, Global Justice through Business, Labor, and Economic
Governance, focuses on the role of the private sector, labor, and multilateral
economic institutions in strengthening the peace-security-justice nexus,
including by advancing and shaping global norms and principles, as well as the
United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals.
Global Security, Justice, and Governance

The concept is based on the belief that no one country or collection of
countries can effectively address current and emerging global challenges on
their own.
References
Global governance. (n.d.). Retrieved March 19, 2022, from
https://www.thehagueinstituteforglobaljustice.org/portfolio/global-governance/
Google. (n.d.). What is regionalism? Google. Retrieved March 19, 2022, from
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.worldatlas.com/amp/what-is-regionalism.html
Take online courses. earn college credit. Research Schools, Degrees & Careers.
Study.com | Take Online Courses. Earn College Credit. Research Schools, Degrees &
Careers. (n.d.). Retrieved March 19, 2022, from
https://study.com/academy/lesson/characteristics-of-civil-society.html
Defining characteristics of civil society. ICNL. (n.d.). Retrieved March 19, 2022, from
https://www.icnl.org/resources/research/ijnl/defining-characteristics-of-civil-society
Bailey, R. (2018, September 6). Why do we need global governance?: Vision of Earth.
Vision of Earth | Shaping a happy, healthy, and prosperous future. Retrieved March 19,
2022, from https://www.visionofearth.org/social-change/global-governance/
Defining characteristics of civil society. ICNL. (n.d.). Retrieved March 19, 2022, from
https://www.icnl.org/resources/research/ijnl/defining-characteristics-of-civil-society
Global governance. Global Governance - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.).

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sciences/global-
governance#:~:text=Global%20governance%20encompasses%20activities%20that,of%20
economic%20and%20moral%20incentives.
Careers. (n.d.). Retrieved March 19, 2022, from
https://study.com/academy/lesson/nation-state-definition-examples-characteristics.html
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https://www.jstor.org/stable/48566255
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the-decline-of-the-nation-state/
Hall, M. (2022, February 8). What is the role of the nation-state in globalization?
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f
ECO NO MIC DIMENSION
OF GLOBALIZATION
TH
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TE
M 6 3
PO 5-
RAR 0
Y WORLD 00
SUBMITTED BY:
GARCIA, JAR-EL BEATRICE
DIONISIO, JORGE MARION
GILBUENA, ANGELINE
DUREMDEZ, CYGEN
VARGAS, RODELYN
GAMAC, GUILE
TABLE OF CONTENTS

GLOBAL ECONOMIC ORDER
THE EMERGENCE OF NEW GLOBAL ECONOMIC
ORDER
INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND GLOBALIZATION
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE AND GLOBALIZATION
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
GLOBAL ECONOMIC INSTABILITY
GLOBAL NORTH AND SOUTH DIVIDE

GLOBAL
ECONOMIC
ORDER
THE EMERGENCE
OF NEW GLOBAL
ECONOMIC
ORDER
INTERNATIONAL
TRADE AND
GLOBALIZATION
INTERNATIONAL
FINANCE AND
GLOBALIZATION
INTERNATIONAL
MONETARY
SYSTEM
INTERNATIONAL
ECONOMIC
INSTITUTIONS
GLOBAL
ECONOMIC
INSTABILITY
GLOBAL NORTH
AND SOUTH
DIVIDE
REFERENCES
DIM EN SI ON
IAL iz at S
C lob al i on
O
S of G
GROUP 5
Gonzalo, Julienne Maye G.
Lascota, Joanna Marie U.
Lim, Dhean Antonet B.
Lozano, Andreah E.
Morales, Eunice Anny I.
TCW 0005-63
Table of Contents
1. GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
2. GLOBAL MIGRATION
3. GLOBAL CITY
4. GLOBALIZATION AND CULTURE
5. GLOBALIZATION AND
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
6. GLOBALIZATION AND PEACE
STUDIES
7. GLOBALIZATION AND RELIGION
8. GLOBALIZATION AND GENDER
DEG L O B A L
MO H Y
OGRA P
Global Migration
Written by Joan Lascota
Demographics is the study
of a population based on
factors sunch as age, race,
and sex.
Demography is the
statistical study of the
human population.
Demography examines the
size, structure, and
movements of populations
over space and time.
Asia is the most populous continent in the world, with 4.68 billion people accounting
for nearly 59.5% of the world population as of 2021. Africa is the second-largest
continent by population, with around 1.37 billion people, or 17.4% of the world's
population. Only these two continents have crossed the one billion milestones. Asia
and Africa, together share about 77% of the global population. Europe has a
population of around 748 million (9.50%), North America is home to around 597
million (7.58%), and South America, the second least populated continent, has about
434 million inhabitants (5.51%). Oceania (43 million) is the smallest continent on the
basis of the population if Antarctica is excluded as there are no population estimates
for Antarctica by the UN (World Population Prospects 2019).
Global Migration
Map of countries by fertility rate (2020), according to the

Population Reference Bureau

According to World Health Organization, the total fertility rate is directly

calculated as the sum of age-specific fertility rates (usually referring to
women aged 15 to 49 years), or five times the sum if data are given in five-
year age groups. An age- or age-group-specific fertility rate is calculated
as the ratio of annual births to women at a given age or age-group to the
population of women at the same age or age-group, in the same year, for a
given country, territory, or geographic area. Population data from the
United Nations correspond to mid-year estimated values, obtained by
linear interpolation from the corresponding United Nations fertility
medium-variant quinquennial population projections.
THE TOP 20 LARGEST COUNTRIES BY POPULATION

Credits: Statista 2021

Global Migration
In 2021, China remains the country with the largest population in the
world, with more than 1.4 billion people. India has the second-largest
population in the world, with just under 1.4 billion inhabitants. With an
estimated difference of fewer than 20 million people, experts predict that
India will overtake China as the most populous nation on earth by the
middle of the decade.
7.8 billion People in the world as of 2021
According to the UN (World Population Prospects), the World population is

projected at 7,874,965,825 or 7,875 million or 7.87 billion as of July 1, 2021.
The Global population is estimated at 7,794,798,739 or 7,795 million or 7.79
billion for the year 2020. In 2023, the human population will grow to more
than 8 billion. By 2037, this number will exceed 9 billion. In 2057, 10 billion
milestones are projected.
In 2021, the world’s population growth rate is 1.03%, half the peak level of
2.09 percent
In 1968. That annual growth rate is expected to continue declining, reaching

0.5 percent by mid-century and moving close to zero by 2100. In the period
1965-1972, the global population growth rate was above 2% each year.
Global Migration
URBAN
Urban simply refers to the region or area which is densely populated and
possesses the characteristics of man-made surroundings. The people
residing in such areas are engaged in trade, commerce, or services. In this
settlement, there is high-scale industrialization that results in better
employment opportunities. The Urban settlement is not confined to the
cities only, but towns and suburbs (suburban areas) are also included in it.
There are many advantages of living in urban areas like easy access to
various amenities, better transportation facilities, entertainment and
education options, and health facilities. Although it suffers certain
drawbacks like pollution, caused due to large scale industrialization and
means of transportation like buses, trains, cars, and so on, leading to an
increase in health problems in the people living in that area.
RURAL
Rural is a region located on the outskirts it refers to a small settlement,

which is outside the boundaries of a city, commercial or industrial area. It
may include, countryside areas, villages, or hamlets, where there are
natural vegetation and open spaces. There is a low density of population in
such areas. The primary source of income for the residents is agriculture
and animal husbandry. Cottage Industries also form a chief source of
income here.
Global Migration
Global Migration
1. THE "PERILS" OF OVERPOPULATION
Shortage of Food and land

Environmental Problems
Problem of Unemployment
Poverty and Low Standard of Living
Inflation
Human overpopulation is among the most pressing environmental issues,
silently aggravating the forces behind global warming, environmental
pollution, habitat loss, the sixth mass extinction, intensive farming
practices and the consumption of finite natural resources, such as
freshwater, arable land , and fossil fuels, at speeds faster than their rate of
regeneration.
2. IT'S THE ECONOMY, NOT THE BABIES!
The use of population control to prevent economic crisis has its critics.
Betsy Hartman disagrees with the advocates of Neo-Mathusian theory
and accused governments of using population control as a “substitute
for social justice and much-needed reforms – sunch as land
distribution, employment creation, provision of mass education and
health care.
Neo-Malthusianism refers to the belief that population control through
the use of contraception is essential for the survival of the earth’s
human population.
Global Migration
The “Green Revolution” created high-yielding varieties of rice and
other cereals, and along with the development of new methods of
cultivation increased yields globally, but more particularly in the
developing world.
Between 1950 and 1984 global grain production increased by over 250
percent, allowing agriculture to keep global famine under control.
Scholars and policymakers agree with the neo-Malthusians but
suggest that if governments pursue population control programs, they
must include “more inclusive growth” and “greener economic growth”
3. WOMEN AND REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS
Women are often subject to these population measures. Reproductive

rights supporters argue that if population control and economic
development reached their goals, women must have control over
whether they will have children or not and when they will have
progenies – they will be able to pursue their vocations.
This correlation between family, fertility, and fortune has motivated
countries with growing economies to introduce or strengthen their
reproductive health laws, including abortion.
4. POPULATION GROWTH AND FOOD
SECURITY
Today’s global population has reached 7.9 billion, and it is estimated to
increase to 9.5 billion in 2050, then 11.2 billion by 2100.
95% of this population growth will happen in developing countries,
with demographers predicting that by the middle of this century,
several countries will have tripped their population.
Global Migration
Demographers predict that the world population will stabilize
by 2050 to 9 billion, although they warn that feeding this
population will be an immense challenge.
The decline in fertility and the existence of a young productive
population, however, may not be enough to offset this concern
over food security.
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAQ) warns that in
order for countries to mitigate the impact of population
growth, food production must increase by 70% annual cereal
production must rise to 3 billion tons from the current 2.1
billion and yearly meat production must go up to 200 million
tons to reach 470 million.
The FAQ recommends that countries should increase their
investments in agriculture, craft long-term policies aimed at
fighting poverty, and invest in research and development.
GL L
M O B A
ig r a tio n
Global Migration
Migration is the movement of people from one
place to another. Migration can be within a
country or between countries. Migration can be
permanent, temporary, or seasonal. Migration
happens for a range of reasons. These can be
economic, social, political, or even environmental.
Push and full factors drive migration. Migration
impacts both the place left behind and the place
where migrants settle. These impacts can be both
positive and negative.
PUSH AND FULL FACTORS
Push factors are the reasons why Pull factors are the reasons why
people leave an area. They people move to a particular area.
include: They include
Higher employment
Lack of services
More wealth
Lack of safety
Better services
High crime Good climate
Crop failure Safer, less crime
Drought Political stability
Flooding More fertile land
Poverty Lower risk from natural
War hazards
Global Migration
According to Cambridge Dictionary a situation in which people go to live
in foreign countries, especially in order to find work.
Moving from one place to another is a protected Human Right. The
freedom to move is so precious that it is a protected human right.
There are two basic types of migration studied by demographers:
TWO TYPES OF MIGRATION
Internal migration. This refers to a change of residence within

national boundaries, such as between states, provinces, cities, or
municipalities. An internal migrant is someone who moves to a
different administrative territory.
International migration. This refers to the change of residence over

national boundaries. An international migrant is someone who moves
to a different country. International migrants are further classified as
legal immigrants, illegal immigrants, and refugees. Legal immigrants
are those who moved with the legal permission of the receiver nation,
illegal immigrants are those who moved without legal permission, and
refugees are those who crossed an international boundary to escape
persecution.
WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF GLOBAL
MIGRATION
Migration is important for the transfer of manpower and skills and it

provides the needed knowledge and innovation for global growth.
In order to address the issues raised by global migration, it is
necessary to improve international coordination.
Global Migration
THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF MIGRATION VARY
WIDELY.
Sending countries may experience both gains and losses in the short
term but may stand to gain over the longer term.
HERE ARE SOME REASONS FOR GLOBAL

MIGRATION
Escaping hardships, conflict, and persecution

Seeking a better life
Displacement because of environmental factors
Family reunification
POSITIVE IMPACT ON MIGRANTS
The opportunity to get a better job.

Improved quality of life.
Safety form conflict.
The opportunity for a better education.
NEGATIVE IMPACT ON MIGRANTS
Migrants may run out of money.

Issues communicating due to language barriers.
Issues securing accommodation or housing on arrival.
Illness due to not being able to access healthcare
Migrants can be exploited.
Migrants may experience racism.
G lo b a Cit y
l
GLOBAL CITY
Written by Andreah Lozano
In the 1990s, sociologist Saskia Sassen popularized "Global City." She wrote
the book Global City, in which she recognized three global cities: New York,
London, and Tokyo, as the epicenters of money and capitalism across the
world. The three cities are considered the home of the world’s top stock
exchanges. According to Saskia Sassen, Global City is a key location for
financial and specialized service enterprises, which have surpassed
manufacturing as the major economic service. It is a production site for
major industries, including innovations. Furthermore, Global City is a
highly concentrated command center in the global economy's organization,
where marketplaces for products and ideas are produced.
Global Cities are centers for:
Economic Power - this factor heavily influences which cities are

worldwide.
Economic Opportunities – making it more appealing to talent
from across the world
Economic Competitiveness – where the EIU (Economic
Intelligence Unit) has included new criteria such as market size,
citizen buying power, middle-class size, and prospective growth.
Center of Authority — the seat of state authority
Political Influence — strong political centers have an impact on
both domestic and international issues (e.g., Jakarta and Indonesia)
Center of Higher Learning and Culture — the intellectual effect
of a city (e.g., museums, theater, sports centers, etc.)
GLOBAL CITY
Written by Andreah Lozano
Global Cities have many potentials, such as rapid economic

development as cities become commercial centers, but they also
have drawbacks, such as sites of great inequality and poverty,
and environmental degradation, where most cities are
environmentally unsustainable because they process a large
amount of energy and materials and excrete various types of
waste.
Global Cities serve as both places and conduits for

globalization. They are physical manifestations of the
phenomena. We see the best of globalization through them;
they are locations that foster interesting cultural and
intellectual fusions. They are also sites that produce a lot of
money. However, they continue to be places of tremendous
inequity, with global servants serving global entrepreneurs.
GLOBALIZATION
AND CULTURE
Globalization and Culture
Written by Dhean Lim
Globalization concerns the interconnection of people around
the world, may it be social, political, or economic- it is also
affixed with culture. As culture is linked to humans’ way of
living, it goes through constant change. Some modern
developments have benefited from the rapid escalation of this
process of change, with two key repercussions which are, one,
lessening of cultural diversity; and two, an advancement in
domineering control in the illusion of free trade and
communication at all levels.
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON CULTURE
Globalization brought mainly pros to individuals such that culture is

immensely affected. Through globalization, individuals who have
cultural diversity sustained uniformity being one of its dimensions.
Interrelation between people that embody varied cultures uplifted
forbearing respect and understanding although there are
extremities between them. Interactions built along relationships
from diverse cultures are becoming more connected and slowly
understood by society.
Knowing the differences in cultural traditions, especially some of the

more debatable ones like those that reflect gender issues and
identity, allows an individual to focus more on the economic aspects
of globalization. Economic transactions are facilitated by a broad
understanding of cultural heritage, including the languages of many
countries and areas.
THE 3 H SCENARIOS
There are interactions between globalization and culture. Globalization
and cultural interactions do not appear to be a new occurrence. In fact,
they are a source of debate in the literature, especially when it comes to the
impact of globalization on culture, as numerous theoretical perspectives
have been formed to investigate these interactions. These interactional
scenarios are presented which are namely; heterogenization,
homogenization, and hybridization.
1. Heterogenization
It refers to a condition in which the practices of a certain aspect of life

in a specific environment or locale become more diversified through
time. At a trans-local or global level, heterogenization refers to a
situation in which the practices of a sphere of existence in at least two
locations become more diverse through time. In a nutshell,
heterogenization, also known as differentiation, refers to barriers that
inhibit flows that would contribute to the homogenization of
civilizations (Ritzer, 2010). In this light, cultures are still distinct from
one another.
Different cultural groups become diverse entities as a result of

variances in demands imposed by their environment in an attempt to
adapt to the latter's requirements. As a result of changing
environmental conditions and pressures, these groups become more
diverse and distinct over time. For example, while the invasion event
resulted in a reduction in cultural differentiation, as the colonization
movement faded, cultures arose and cultural differentiation was
valued.
2. Homogenization
In its most severe form, homogenization, also known as convergence,

opens the door to the prospect of local cultures being shaped by more
dominant cultures or perhaps a global culture (Ritzer, 2010). In other
words, globalization helps to create a new and distinct class of people
who are part of an emerging global culture. The same mechanisms of
globalization, according to this idea, are decreasing the linkages between
geographical places and cultural experiences (Held and McGrew, 2003), as
well as reducing the sense of spatial distance, which tends to promote a
sense of national separateness (Prasad and Prasad, 2006)
Because some local cultures have proved their ability to domesticate or

resist foreign cultural influences, cultural homogenization is
oversimplified. As a result, cultural exchanges encourage cultural
hybridity over monolithic cultural homogenization. As a result,
globalization leads to creative fusions of global and local cultural
characteristics.
3. Hybridization
Another model that considers globalization and culture exchanges is the

process of trans-local fusion and cultural mixing, or hybridization.
According to the hybridization theory, external and internal flows
interact to produce a unique cultural hybrid that combines elements from
both (Ritzer, 2010). Foreign flow barriers do exist; nevertheless, while
robust enough to preserve local cultures from being overwhelmed by
external exchanges, they are insufficient to totally stop external flows.
The core thesis of cultural hybridization is that cultures are always
merging or combining. The latter is the outcome of the globalization of
ends generated from the integration of both the global and local
(Cvetkovich and Kellner, 1997), as well as the emergence of new, distinct,
and hybrid cultures that are fundamentally neither global nor local at
their core (Cvetkovich and Kellner, 1997). (Ritzer, 2010).
EVOLUTION OF GLOBALIZATION AND CULTURE
OVER THE YEARS
For years, human civilization spanned enormously with no

communication other than using their body parts such as hands, legs,
eyes, and voices. Cultural exchanges have occurred between individuals
living in various communities since the development of industrialized
cities more than 5,000 years ago and the commencement of economic
activities. Even so, there were limitations when it came to communication
and transportation in the past and cultural aspects were not publicized as
fast and simply as now in the modern time.
When technology got developed, the world had access to systems that
allowed them to share cultural products and commercials across borders.
In the 18th century, cultural uniformity has been predicted to be an
unstoppable movement by philosophers. The supremacy of the nation-
state and national economic barriers, on the other hand, had shielded and
safeguarded cultures from exterior influences. At the end of the 18th
century, cultural uniformization based on the European model was
common, owing to the triumph of Europe's rational capitalism, which
was the symbol of cultural modernity (Weber, 1905).
Cultural industries in the 19th century relied on technological advances made
during the first and second industrial revolutions, such as printing in 1860
and electricity and film in 1890. Furthermore, worry about cultural
minorities stretches back to 1853, when Arthur de Gobineau published an
influential essay on human race disparity in France. Marx and Engels noticed
a form of intellectual globalization of ideas in the literature that came before
the materialistic globalization of things and markets. Goethe, a German
scholar, argued for a world civilization based on world literature
(Weltlitertur), to which everyone may participate. Cultural industries arose
in the 20th century as communication technology advanced and flowed
seamlessly across boundaries.
GLOBALIZATION OF CULTURE THROUGH THE MEDIA
Culture's globalization is frequently attributed to worldwide mass media.

After all, modern media technologies like satellite television and the
Internet have resulted in a continual stream of global images that connect
people all over the world. According to the report, without global media,
How would youths in India, Turkey, and Argentina accept a Western
lifestyle of Nike shoes, Coca-Cola, and rock music, according to common
wisdom? As a result, the mass media is said to have a significant impact on
cultural globalization.
In international communication theory and study, the role of the mass

media in cultural globalization is controversial. Early media influence
theories, such as the "magic bullet" or "hypodermic needle" hypotheses,
held that the mass media had a significant impact on audiences. Since then,
the argument over media influence has fluctuated, preventing researchers
from agreeing on the level, scope, and repercussions of media impact.
Some aspects of Philippine culture has been changing since
globalization, connection with other individuals requires
connection, hence, we are introduced to various cultural
backgrounds that are adapted on our own. One of the effects of
this is the impact of globalization on Filipino culture is in our
language. Filipinos were able to learn new words and gain a better
knowledge of the language as a result of globalization.
Globalization has an impact on the Filipino language in terms of
language supervision because Filipinos grew more sensitive and
cautious in their usage of the language.
GL L
O B A
GLOBALIZATION
AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
GLOBALIZATION AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
Written by Julienne Maye Gonzalo
THE
THE INDIGENOUS
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
PEOPLE
In parts and corners of every nation, Indigenous people are the
ones who hold unique languages, beliefs, and knowledge
systems that possess practices that would help them to have
sustainable management of natural resources. In terms of
cultural diversity, they are the ones who represent this greater
part of the world because they are very distinct from those of
the dominant societies in which they live. According to a
common definition, Indigenous people or indigenous, are
someone or something who is known to be native or naturally
belongs to an area.
The term indigenous is a generic term for many years.

However, there are some countries that may have their own
preference that can be interchangeably used with “indigenous
people”. Examples are first people/nation, tribes, and ethnic
groups. Occupational and geographical terms such as nomads,
hunter-gatherers, and hill people also exist. According to United
Nations, there are some people belonging to a specific area that
may choose not to reveal or define their origins. The United
Nations stated that the most fruitful approach is to identify
them, rather than define indigenous people.
Globalization and Indigenous People
NATIVE VS. INDIGENOUS
Both terms have similar meanings, and they both relate to any living
or non-living entity that corresponds to a particular location. The
main difference between the two terms is that the term “indigenous”
is an adjective that is often used to refer to non-white, originally lives,
produced, exist in a region or environment. Government institutions
and other administrations generally use this term to refer to this type
of people as it is more considered to be polite and politically correct.
While the term native is a noun and adjective that is defined as
“belonging to a particular place by birth” and is not much used for
non-white inhabitants of a country or place.
UNDERSTANDING THE TERM "INDIGENOUS" BASED
ON MODERN UNDERSTANDING
The UN system has developed a modern understanding of the term
“indigenous” considering how diverse and distinct indigenous people are.
These are the following:
· Self- identification as indigenous peoples at the individual level and

accepted by the community as their members.
· Historical continuity with pre-colonial and/or pre-settler societies
· Strong link to territories and surrounding natural resources
· Distinct social, economic or political systems
· Distinct language, culture and beliefs
· Form non-dominant groups of society
· Resolve to maintain and reproduce their ancestral environments and
systems as distinctive peoples and communities.
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN THE PHILIPPINES

Across more than 70 countries, it is estimated that there are more than 370
and 500 million indigenous people worldwide. There is no definite estimation
of the indigenous population in the Philippines; it is unknown. However, the
indigenous population of the Philippines is still estimated to represent
between 10% and 20% of the national population, according to the country's
population census in 2015. In the Philippines, indigenous people have
preserved so much of their tradition, pre-colonial culture, social institutions,
and most especially their livelihood practices. Despite the non-recognition
and marginalization, they are mostly facing, they have managed to survive to
maintain, preserve and keep their cultural identity.
Although there are few indigenous groups in the country that have remained
among the poorest and least privileged members of society. Generally, they
live in isolated areas in the country, mostly residing in the mountains where
they lack access to most basic social services and mainstream economic
activities, and political activities, and some are away from education.
ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE PHILIPPINES

The Philippines has two major indigenous groups, which include upland and
lowland tribes dwelling in the country's southern and northern regions. The
indigenous groups in the northern mountains of Luzon, in Cordillera, are known
as Igorot, whereas non-Muslim indigenous people on the southern islands are
known as Lumad. Apart from these two, there are also other tribes who have
preserved their customs and traditions. Examples are the Badjaos, Palawan
Tribes, the Aetas and Negritos, and so on and so forth. Surrounded by
commercially valuable natural resources this made them continuously
vulnerable to threats and land grabbing, or in other terms – development
aggression.
COVIC 19 RESPONSE AND IMPACT
We know that at the beginning of the pandemic the Philippines was caught
unprepared. During this crisis, indigenous communities are highly affected and
had worsened the people’s economic, political and social lives. They were
mostly affected by this pandemic because they were stranded in communities
and has limited access to food, and health services. However, indigenous
organizations quickly responded to the crisis by simply conducting relief
operations, scattering information, and marketing local products to provide a
source of income to our farmers. But before this happened, it was reported that
the indigenous communities were able to use indigenous health practices such
as traditional community quarantine and therapeutic remedies.
CONTINUING DEVELOPMENT AGGRESSION
Indigenous peoples continue to battle to safeguard their territory to

this day. Most of the issues they face are with large corporations, the
majority of which are based outside of the Philippines. The majority of
the time, they exploit such natural assets — sometimes without the
consent of the indigenous people. The mining operation is one of the
most major and aggressive initiatives that indigenous people have
been fighting for. Even during the quarantine, the indigenous territory
is being mined.
On April 6, 2020, there were around 100 officers in full battle gear
assisting company trucks bringing in fuel supplies for mining
operations in Barangay Didipio, Nueva Vizcaya.
According to ATM updates, quarantine protocols were used to criminalize
indigenous community members by defending their land by OceanaGold,
the company name, from mining operations. Rolando Pulido, chairman of
DESAMA, and together with 14 others were charged for violating the
guidelines for Enhanced Community Quarantine and for resisting and
disobeying a person in authority.
THE CHALLENGES OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
As we all know, Indigenous people also belong to the marginalized group in

society. They are often muted and face discrimination every day in every
country’s legal system, leaving them fragile and defeated by violence and
abuse. Indigenous people are forced to compete for their homelands and
limited resources, violence is more prevalent in this kind of situation.
According to Ellen Lutz, an author from Cultural Survival, once violence
breaks out, infrastructure and natural resources destruction and
displacement is inevitable and it could cause economic breakdown to them.
The Threats of Globalization to Indigenous People

There are two forms of threats to Indigenous People, Active and Passive threats
according to First People Organization. Active threats are what’s affecting them
most, while passive threats are not having an active response to their situation.
Active threats include: Passive threats include

State Discrimination Few Recognition
Eviction From Native Lands Denial of Access to legal avenues
“Stripping of Natural Resources” Exclusion from funding and support
Exploitation of Intellectual
Benign neglect by civil society.
Property.
GLOBALIZATION
AND PEACE STUDIES
Globalization and Peace Studies
There are theorists in many fields that have come to a point to come
to terms with globalization, perhaps with varying success.
Globalization today can be defined in many ways by the people.
Truly, Globalization has made the world a better place to live in, a
world that will lead us more to economic prosperity, political
freedom, and world peace. But we can’t still deny the fact that there
are still some people who become “anti-globalization” due to how it
leaves a negative on them. Yet, according to Alan Tidwell and
Charles Lerche, this is still a one-sided view of globalization and
conflict, and the true relationship of globalization with the people is
more complex and subtle.
THE CONCEPTION OF PEACE ON GLOBALIZATION

According to Blankenship, economic ties are conducive to peace. In his
research, he indicated that greater participation in trading with
different nations reduces the likelihood of aggression.
(BlankenshipBrian, 2021) Some also argued that economic connections
will foster goodwill and political integration; some claimed that
economic interconnectedness among nations would contribute to
long-term peace; and some, too, argued that trading simply adds
competition between states that leads to conflict and war.
Globalization has provided the best opportunities to have better

democracy and good governance for every nation. Some have
embraced it; others did the opposite. A few countries that got the
opportunities are Mexico, Bangladesh, and a few others. So, what is the
real issue here?
The greatest value of globalization would always be its potential
for creating a peaceful world (BlankenshipBrian, 2021). It has
been identified that economic growth is one of the strongest
forces that will help people to turn away from conflict and wars
amongst themselves, tribes, groups, and nations. So stopping
globalization is not the issue here, but rather, how to lessen,
prevent or eliminate the negative effects of globalization to
achieve creating a world of peace.
GLOBAL PEACE CHANGE AND ACCOMMODATION
OF RISING POWER
Professor Thazha Varkey Paul argued in his research that it is

attainable to achieve peaceful accommodation if established
and status quo powers hold impressive strategies to push
through global peace. He discussed in his study the variations in
current US policies towards the Russia and China power. He also
clarified the difference between accommodation and
appeasement. In addition to that, he also highlighted the value of
mechanisms for restraining the aggressive behaviors of major
powers. Mechanisms include soft-balancing, relying on
institutions, and economic diplomacy. Lastly, in part of his
conclusion, the International Relation or IR has a special duty
discipline to encourage us students and policy makers to
enhance and develop strategies of peaceful global
transformation, rather than going through war as the main
mechanism to achieve peace.
"One way of
The term “peace” can be used in
defining “peace”
to remember that stability is a
a variety of ways. It is critical
is to treat this as
life routine to make things in
control. Stability requires full
“stability” " preparedness and commitment.
Having stability
in peace can break vicious cycles of conflict
and other development stresses, it can help nations to make
critical progress and other development goals.
An example of this would be two major states regardless of

their power are not fighting each other due to their good
condition. In this example, we can argue that if there is a rising
power that has given certain benefits and is fairly happy with
them, then there is a peaceful adjustment or accommodation.
One example that is quintessential of peaceful change is the
replacement of the UK as the dominant power by the US in the
1890s and early 1900 without any war between them. Two
researchers in Accommodating Rising Powers argued that the
US actually pushed itself into the British order. Some may call
it that “pushing themselves” into something may become
peaceful but obviously, it is different from other perspectives.
Therefore, in this example, there is always some difference in
opinion of global peaceful change.
DIFFERENT STRATEGIES OF ACCOMMODATION
ACCORDING TO T.V PAUL

1. Ideological/ Normative Accommodation – it happens when

both established and rising nations agreed on core ideologies and
normative frameworks of the international order.
2. Territorial Accommodation – this is where both established

and rising power agreed on the territorial status quo and their
“sphere” of influence.
3. Economic and Institutional Accommodation – in which

rising powers are given the right to voice and their place in the
economic and institutional framework.
GL L
O B A
GLOBALIZATION
AND RELIGION
Globalization and Religion
Written by Eunice Morales
No one can deny the fact that

“Globalization” is considered a strong
force to the world and has
influenced many. Apart from the
economy and society, globalization
also affects religion and human
values. Globalization can be defined
as an exchange or trade that can go
beyond national barriers.
According to Ven K. Dhammanand, the role of religion is to

promote peace since it plays an essential role in the world as this
can be a major way of settling conflicts. Moreover, it is also a key to
reduce and eradicate greed, hate, and misunderstanding. During
the “People Power II” in the Philippines, the Catholic Church’s
influence was prevalent as their goal was to promote peace in the
country. They also inspired the people to do good deeds such as
donating, helping others etc.
Though both of them can be defined as a concept that promotes

linkage; Globalization and Religion is said to have the most
complicated relationship as their ideas or beliefs continually clash.
Here are some of the contradicting concepts and perception
between Globalization and Religion:
According to Berger (1994), religions are the foundation of

modern republic; for example in Malaysia (Constitution of
Malaysia, Article 3), wherein their constitution states that “Islam is
the religion of the Country” thus their head is also known as the
“Head of Islam.” There are there are twelve (12) major religions:
Baha'i, Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam,
Jainism, Judaism, Shinto, Sikhism, Taoism, and Zoroastrianism.
However, it said that these five (5) are the most common religions
in the world namely: Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, and
Hinduism.
Be as it may be, religion does not see globalization as a problem but

they see it more as an opportunity to broaden and widen the
teachings especially the Islam and Christianity. As religion entered
the “information age” they also took advantage of globalization and
used technological tools to unite the people: Books, Movies,
Applications, Social Network, Charity Funds, Internet Sites, Religious
Schools, Podcasting. With these tools it is more efficient to spread
beyond and easier to engage with religious activities.
They may benefit from globalism, however many still claim that
globalization still threatens to destroy the cultural system and many
dislike the materialism concept involved. In fact, Pope Francis said
that Globalization is destined to suffocate hope. Moreover some
Muslims view it like a “Trojan Horse” wherein they are hiding
supporters like communism, liberalism, and secularism.
The negative attribute of religion can be caused by people’s

foolishness that tries to lure others to be converted with any means
possible and that includes breaking the law. A scenario is
interpreting a scriptural text into another, or forgery of sacred
letters.
GLOBALIZATION
AND GENDER
Globalization and Gender
Gender can be defined as the
characteristics of a person, the roles, and
relationships while sex is the biological
or physiological trait of a person such as
reproductive organs and etc. On the
other hand, sexual orientation indicates
sexual behavior, emotional attachment
or physical attraction to others. There
are different types of sexual orientations
and gender, some of them are;
DIFFERENT TYPES OF SEXUAL ORIENTATIONS
1. Homosexuals orientation is towards the same sex (Gays & Lesbians);

2. Heterosexual orientation is towards the opposite sex;
3. Bisexual which can be sexually oriented to both men and women.
4. Pansexual which can be attracted to people regardless of their
identity
5. Transgender refers to people who have undergone social transition.
6. Genderfluid are those people who may always feel like a mix of boy
and girl
7. Agender are those who classify themselves as being gender-neutral.
8. Bigender are those who differ themselves between male or female.
According to Garcia (2019), women and LGBTQ+ community experienced

different forms of oppression such as sexual harassments, hate crimes,
discrimination, income disparity etc. It said that gender oppression is not
an independent phenomenon but rather a structural issue wherein it is
brought by patriarchy.
Patriarchy also known as male ideology can be defined as dominating

women and other genders except men. Gender segregation also takes
place, for example in a company where men are the only ones who can
apply as the “work” is only exclusive for males. Traditional views also
plays role in (e.g. Mechanical engineer should be a male and Nurse should
be a female)
SEXUAL HARASSMENTS
Sexual Harassments choose no gender at this time. However it is still

safe to say that women are the most affected; In fact according to the
National Sexual Violence Resource Center (NSVRC), 81 percent
experienced sexual assault in their lifetime. Sexual objectification of
women for sexual consumerism and having control over women’s
biological reproduction were prevalent.
SEXUAL HARASSMENTS
Sexual Harassments choose no gender at this time. However it is still safe

to say that women are the most affected; In fact according to the National
Sexual Violence Resource Center (NSVRC), 81 percent experienced sexual
assault in their lifetime. Sexual objectification of women for sexual
consumerism and having control over women’s biological reproduction
were prevalent.
THE SOCIALIZATION IN GENDERS
A study of Eleonor R. Dionisio said that as soon as a person was born, they
automatically identified their gender identity (e.g. blue is for boys and
pink is for girls). Sutton (2021) supported this claim and added that gender
stereotyping is also a problem and the media makes it worse. Growing up,
people tend to watch advertisements like a Barbie doll is for girls and a toy
car is for boys. These commercials may be simple but have a lot of impact
to people as they are engraving gender roles on the people. Furthermore,
gender appropriation also controls the overall personality of a person (e.g.
Women should be gentle and Men should be strong)
GENDER ROLES
There are different environments that develop gender roles – The

beginning of gender oppression can be as at the household as when we
say family the first thing we can think is that the father is the one who
provides for the family while the mother takes care of the domestic tasks.
Workplace also has divisions of labor among men and women, for
example women are seen to do embroidery or sewing while men are most
likely to work on high-paying jobs like in a company.
A. Education
Education also affects people when it comes to gender appropriation as
girls are expected to be good in home economics such as cooking and they
are also expected to take courses that have a “feminine” personality such
as tourism or secretarial courses. On contrary, boys should excel in man
labor such as carpentry and “should” also show skills in mathematics or
science for them “to be successful”
B. Religion
Religion greatly influenced many topics and gender roles are no
exception. Christianity engraved to people that women should be virtuous
and pure (e.g Mary). Plus should also be inferior to men as men are the
ones who hold power. Inequality is evident in many different religions
(e.g. In Islam men can marry several women as long as they can provide
for their needs, thus women should just stick to one.)
C. Government
Government policies also contribute to the issues as the opportunities that
they offer are most favorable to men such as training and resources.
Another policy that the government refuses to consider is divorce rights.
Though annulment is an option, many women still wish for divorce for
different reasons (e.g. violence, abuses, etc.)
Discussing the issues of different genders,

people now caught on to the problems that
they faced. With the use of Globalization,
gender advocates helped the women and
other genders such as LGBTQ+ attain their
rightful status and to be accepted by
society. Men were also supported to speak
up and not to be afraid to show their
emotions.
Though it is still a long way to go, it is still probable that Globalization

became the way to slowly achieve gender equality and helped the
empowerment of women and different genders by spreading awareness
and informing the majority about fairness and breaking gender
stereotypes.
REFERENCES
(2014). Feminist Perspectives on Globalization. Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy
“Constitution of Malaysia, Article 3: The State,” Berkley Center for

Religion, Peace and World Affairs, n.d.,
http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/edu/quotes/constitutional-of-
malaysia-article-3-the-state-religion
Bryan S. Turner, “Globalization, Religion, and Empire in Asia,” in

Casanova, 145. “Rethinking Secularization: A Global Comparative
Perspective”
Cariño, J. K. (2021). Indigenous peoples in Philippines. IWGIA. The

Indigenous World 2021: Philippines - IWGIA - International Work
Group for Indigenous Affairs
Cariño, J. K. (2021). Indigenous peoples in Philippines. IWGIA. The

Indigenous World 2021: Philippines - IWGIA - International Work
Group for Indigenous Affairs
David Lehman, “Chapter 14: Religion and Globalization”,

http://www.davidlehmann.org/david-docs-pdf/Pub-
pap/Religion%20and%20Globalization.pdf
Dhammanand, V. K. (n.d.). The role of religion in promoting world

peace. Retrieved March 31, 2022, from
http://www.drbachinese.org/vbs/101_132/vbs120/120_10.html
Difference Between Urban and Rural. (2017, August 12).

https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-urban-and-rural.html
Does globalization homogenize, polarize or hybridize culture? Young
REFERENCES
Diplomats. (2018, August 7). https://www.young-diplomats.com/globalization-
homogenize-polarize-hybridize-culture/
Follow. (n.d.). Globalization and religion. SlideShare a Scribd company. Retrieved

March 31, 2022, from https://www.slideshare.net/efendievaz/globalization-and-
religion
García Johnson, C. P., & Otto, K. (1AD, January 1). Better together: A
model for women and LGBTQ equality in the workplace. Frontiers. Retrieved
March 31, 2022, from
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00272/full
Hassi, A., & Storti, G. (2012, August 22). Chapter: Globalization and Culture: The
three H scenarios. IntechOpen. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/38348
Impact of globalization on world culture - researchgate.net. (n.d.).

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hilal-Wani-
2/publication/312146733_Impact_of_Globalization_on_World_Culture/links/587
1d28408ae8fce491f0725/Impact-of-Globalization-on-World-Culture.pdf
List of continents by population. (2020, July 29).

https://statisticstimes.com/demographics/continents-by-population.php
Lutz, E. L. (2005). Indigenous Peoples and Violent Conflict: Preconceptions,

Appearances, and Realities. Cultural and Survival . Indigenous Peoples and
Violent Conflict: Preconceptions, Appearances, and Realities | Cultural Survival
n/a. (2021). Indigenous Peoples. The World Bank . Indigenous Peoples Overview:
Development news, research, data | World Bank
Perils of Overpopulation. (2017, July
19).https://countercurrents.org/2017/07/perils-of-overpopulation/
Peter Beyer, Religion and Globalization (London: Sage Publications, 1994)
Peter L. Berger, “Faith and Development”, Global Society (November 2008)
REFERENCES
Philippines Immigration Statistics 1960-2022
https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/PHL/philippines/immigration-statistics
Ray Takeyh, Iran and the World in the Age of the Ayatollahs (New York: Oxford
University Press, 2009).
Simpson, G. and Yinger, J. (1985). The Consequences of Prejudice and

Discrimination. Plenum US
Careers. (n.d.). https://study.com/academy/lesson/how-globalization-impacts-
local-culture-society.html
The dynamics of religion in the age of globalization - Phra Paisal Visalo. (n.d.).
Retrieved March 31, 2022, from https://visalo.org/englishArticles/Dynamics.htm
Total fertility rate (per woman). (no date)

https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/123
Tribune. (2021, January 4). How social media perpetuates gender stereotypes and
what we can do to educate people about it by Jacy Sutton. Yonkers Tribune.
https://www.yonkerstribune.com/2021/01/how-social-media-perpetuates-gender-
stereotypes-and-what-we-can-do-to-educate-people-about-it-by-jacy-sutton
Twenty countries with the largest population in mid 2021. (2021, August
17).https://www.statista.com/statistics/262879/countries-with-the-largest-
population/
University of Pennsylvania scholarlycommons. (n.d.).

https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=1333&context=asc_papers
Worldwide, F. P. (n/a). The Challenge we Face . First People Organization .

FirstPeoples.org - The Challenges We Face
DIM EN SI ON
IAL iz at S
C lob al i on
O
S of G
GROUP 5
Gonzalo, Julienne Maye G.
Lascota, Joanna Marie U.
Lim, Dhean Antonet B.
Lozano, Andreah E.
Morales, Eunice Anny I.
TCW 0005-63
THE CONTEMPORARY
WORLD
TECHNOLOGICAL
DIMENSIONS
OF
GLOBALIZATION
05/24/2022
Prepared by :
John Ivan Pasion
Jhonard Precilla
James Desiata Quillo Prepared for:
John King Quirante PROF. JONEF RAUL B.
Romulo Rampula REYES
Jewel Remandaban
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
TECHNOLOGY AND
GLOBALIZATION
TECHNOLOGY AND ITS

GROWTH
GLOBAL TRENDS IN
TECHNOLOGY
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE

IMPACTS OF MODERN
TECHNOLOGY
MEDIA AND GLOBALIZATION
INTERNET AND
GLOBALIZATION
DIGITAL GLOBALIZATION
TECHNOLOGY AND
GLOBALIZATION KING QUIRANTE
What is the role of technology in

globalization?
Technological progress is the vital force in the modern form of
business globalization.
as it revolutionized the global economy and has become critical
competitive strategy.
Technology globalized the world, which drives all the countries

to more ethical standards
Consistent developements in technology contributes in shaping

the worlds history, trade, our well being, and other valuable
exchanges of economic, social, and cultural capital.
+The Shrinking Globe
Also reffered to as "Time Space Compression"

The term "Shrinking Globe" became popular on 20th
century
The shrinking globe emphasizes that as technology
advances the gaps between countries is closed, and our
society as a whole becomes more integrated
The Techonological diffusion in

Globalization
Transportation
-Faster Air, land and sea transportation

- Faster products and good transport
- Better mode of transportations for economic growth
Changes in ICT
- Global satellites linked as to communication networks

- Easy and instantaneous communication with the help of
the internet
- better social engagements and beneficial to mass
corporations and economy
The Effects of Technology in
Globalization and Innovation
Landscape
1. TECHNOLOGY ENABLES PHYSICAL EXPANSION IN

GLOBALIZATION
(In processing and transporting of goods and better
conditions of services)
2. WITH TECHNOLOGY WE CAN EXPLORE NEW MARKETS

FOR GROWTH
(Importance of businesses in economic growth/if More
businesses and corporation flourishes and expands, more
jobs will be available and will promote social change
3. UNLIMITED SUPPLY OF KNOWLEDGE

(Beneficial to us, as it sharpens our skills and represents a
factor of economic and social developement.)
TECHNOLOGY AND ITS
GROWTH JAMES QUILLO
Technology is obviously a large investment opportunity

for investors all around the world. It has surpassed all
other industries, including financial and industrial, as the
largest part of the market in the recent decade.
Technology is today more than ever connected with
invention and innovation, and it has been interwoven into
all other existing sectors, including health, finance, real
estate, and manufacturing.
TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS
Technological change is the idea of improving existing

technologies and developing new ones in order to
improve existing products and introduce new ones to the
market. This entire process aids in the creation of new
markets and market structures, as well as the destruction
of outdated markets.
Invention is the first step in the process of technical
change. The invention is then improved and employed as
a result of innovations. The process culminates in
diffusion, in which technology spreads throughout
industries and communities.
PHASES OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS
INVENTION
The act of generating new technologies is known as

invention. It entails a novel scientific or technological
notion, as well as the methods of developing or
accomplishing it. An invention must be unique and useful
in order to be patented.
INNOVATION
Innovation can be used synonymous with "innovation," or

it can refer to developing a new method to use or apply
existing technology. Everett Rogers defined innovation as a
new concept, behavior, or product to a potential adopter.
DIFFUSION
The spread of technology throughout a community or

business is referred to as diffusion. It is the process
through which the market accepts a new concept, product,
or habit. The spread of new technology usage/application
from its current user to others is referred to as technology
diffusion.
Everett Rogers' diffusion of innovation theory discusses
how different groups of people adopt innovation in
different ways to best meet their own wants or
preferences.
Five converging forces driving technological
evolution
1. The drive to develop AI-powered intelligent

systems: Automation advancements are driving
analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) to new heights,
paving the path for more effective AI solutions to real-
world situations. AI-powered application development
and infrastructure modernization are boosting IT
scalability and agility. This will enable organizations to
move even further toward digitalization while also
increasing business agility, accelerating process
digitization, enabling real-time intelligence harnessing,
and improving IT operations efficiency.
2. The Genesis of Interconnected systems:

The rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) and
the necessity to collaborate and build advanced
equipment of intelligence have been important
reasons in the emergence of interconnected system.
The Internet of Things, edge computing, and digital
twins are providing the first opportunity for the
development and deployment of Cyber-Physical
Systems (CPS). The next step for CPS is swarm
intelligence and robotics, where the strength of many
coupled cyber minds will make the whole system
smarter, faster, more insightful, and creative.
3. The need for more effective human-machine interfaces:
Wherever the digital world meets the physical world, human-
machine interaction is critical. Immersive experiences are essential
for increasing product and service acceptability. Two major
technological advancements are driving improved human-machine
interaction. The first is AR/VR/hologram-driven immersive
experiences that will bring new virtual and mixed-reality worlds. The
second, also known as the internet of touch, will empower
businesses to innovate by expanding human touch-based online
interactions, opening up limitless possibilities in fields such as
healthcare, manufacturing, education, and others.
4. The demand for advanced communication technologies:

Advanced communication technologies are required to convey
enormous amounts of data quickly across multiple data-generating
and data-consuming systems. Emerging technologies like 5G,
wireless ad-hoc networks, Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET), and
Light Fidelity (Li-Fi or data transmission using visible light) hold a lot
of promise for improving network infrastructure and advancing
communications. They will pave the way for a more intelligent and
linked society.
5.The heralding of quantum technologies:

Quantum technologies are emerging from research to power
practical industry prototypes in a variety of fields, including secure
communications and encryption, healthcare, genetics, and others.
Quantum technologies have a wide range of applications.
Potential applications include new encryption standards and
algorithms in quantum computing, as well as a new generation of
optical equipment that can enable us visualize dimensions beyond
the capabilities of existing technologies.
GLOBAL TRENDS IN
TECHNOLOGY
JEWEL REMANDABAN
Globalization is one of the most important global trends

because it has an impact on our daily lives as well as the
majority of the world's systems that we are a part of, whether
they are social systems, economic systems, or even the world's
systematic order. Even while the consequences of globalization
are visible, it is difficult to grasp the entire picture and
comprehend all of the interdependencies across systems.
Moreover, Global technological trends are shifting away from

social networking and electronic gadgets and toward a
combination of more complicated technologies, which is
dramatically altering how firms it operates today. The stakes
and scope of such transformation will be paramount –
affecting global systems of governance, business, and
civilisation.
Technology's important role in our world now and in the future
has never been more visible, from creating and distributing
life-saving vaccinations, to helping businesses shift to online
operations, combating climate change, and bringing about
more social equality through the power of online learning.
Top 9 Emerging Technology in Trends in 2022
1. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning
Artificial intelligence, or AI, has generated a lot of

hype over the last decade, but it remains one of the
top new technological trends because of its
significant impacts on how we live, work, and play.
2. Robotic Process Automation (RPA)
Robotic Process Automation, or RPA, is another

technology that automates jobs, similar to AI and
Machine Learning. RPA is the use of software to
automate business operations such as application
interpretation, transaction processing, data
management, and even email response. It also
automates tasks that formerly required human
intervention.
3. Edge Computing
Cloud computing, which was formerly considered a

cutting-edge technology trend, has now gone
mainstream, with major players such as Amazon
Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google
Cloud Platform dominating the industry. As more
businesses transition to a cloud solution, cloud
computing use continues to rise.But it’s no longer
the emerging technology trend. Edge is
4. Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality
Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR), and

Extended Reality (ER). VR immerses the user in an
environment while AR enhances their environment.
Although this technology trend has so far been mostly
utilized for gaming, it has also been used for training,
such as with VirtualShip, a simulation software used to
train U.S. Navy sailors. Captains of ships from the Navy,
Army, and Coast Guard.
5. Blockchain
Blockchain offers security that is useful in many other

ways. In the simplest of terms, blockchain can be
described as data you can only add to, not take away
from, or change. Hence the term “chain” because you’re
making a chain of data. Not being able to change the
previous blocks is what makes it so secure.
6. Internet of Things (IoT)
Many "things" now include WiFi connectivity, allowing

them to connect to the Internet—and to one another.
The Internet of Things, or IoT, was born. The Internet of
Things is the wave of the future, and it has already
allowed devices, home appliances, cars, and much
more to connect to the Internet and exchange data.
7. 5G
The 5G technology wave will come after the IoT. Whereas 3G

and 4G technologies allowed us to access the internet, use
data-driven services, improve bandwidth for streaming on
Spotify or YouTube, and much more, 5G services are predicted
to completely transform our lives by enabling sophisticated
technologies like augmented reality and virtual reality, as well
as cloud-based gaming services like Google Stadia, NVidia
GeForce Now, and others.
8. Cyber Security
Cyber security might not seem like an emerging technology,

given that it has been around for a while, yet it is evolving
much like other technologies. This is partly due to the fact that
threats are continually evolving. Malevolent hackers
attempting to illegally access data will not give up easily, and
they will continue to develop ways to circumvent even the
most stringent security measures. It's also due to the adoption
of new technology to improve security.
9. Quantum Computing
It is a form of computing that takes advantage of quantum

phenomena like superposition and quantum entanglement.
Because of its ability to readily query, monitor, analyze, and act
on data from any source, this incredible technology trend is
also helping to prevent the spread of the coronavirus and
create viable vaccines. Banking and finance is another industry
where quantum computing is being used to control credit risk,
high-frequency trading, and fraud detection.
IMPACTS OF MODERN
TECHNOLOGY IVAN PASION
Positive & negative impact of modern technology
All of us are well aware of the vitality of technology in the modern world; especially today
that we are in a global medical crisis where we are left with no choice but to be computer
bounded in both our workplaces and classrooms. This current adversity we are in only
proves how the contemporary innovations truly answers most of the problems we face.. and
will face in the years to come.
But, we have to remember that technology does not only provide rainbows and sunshines in
our lives but can also bring forth storms. In this Paper, we’ll be discussing the positive; as
well as the negative impacts of modern technology from our micro lives to the macro-level
secto
- Positive Impact of Modern Technology -
The advancement of technology has no doubt been actively visible from our household
alone. It has come to a point that it is now a lifeline- an integral unit of our lives— now let’s
see just how much it has positively impacted us, the education sector, the healthcare
sector, and the economy.
1. Technology makes our lives easier
The most obvious positive impact of modern technology of course, is its ability to make
our lives easier and more convenient. Through the help of modern day tech, we are able
to connect and communicate with people around the globe with only a touch from our
phones. In the same vein, we can order food and other necessities through our hand held
devices as well. Consume numerous content may it be educational or purely for
entertainment, and express ourselves in the digital realm.
Technology is important in our lives simply because it helps us deal with every day’s
dynamic things. It also offers various tools to boost development and to exchange
information— Which ultimately makes our lives easier. Here’s some of the positive impact
that it brings us.
2. Technology advances Education
Technology is helping the process of working and learning. The education system is also
one of the fields which are greatly facilitated by technology in making the the academe
more efficient and better.
- Educational apps/ websites : Different kinds of educational apps as well as websites

have been made to facilitate students and teachers. Mobile devices and laptops with web
connections are providing teachers and students with the latest research and information
available.
- Virtual classrooms: Virtual Classrooms enables education to flourish in far areas.
Students can now track opportunities around the globe and remain updated.
- Availability of Information: Before the Internet, you would have to go to a library to do
research. Even then, the library may not have had the books you needed. You would then
have to order the books through the library, which could take some time. Doing research
was cumbersome and time-consuming. With the Internet, you can find information on any
topic you can think of. You’ll have no trouble finding multiple sources to verify that the
information you obtain is as accurate.
3. Technology advances the healthcare industry
The evolving technology has benefited and saved lives. Tech possesses an enormous
potential to improve health and healthcare systems as we know them. From AI-powered
clinical drug trials through enabling preventative patients’ monitoring up to wellness
solutions like wearables. Science and Technology have brought so many positive changes
in the field of the healthcare industry and made our lives, even more, simpler than that
before.
Examples of Health- related Tech
- 3-D printing: 3-D printing has been around for some years in many fields. When it comes
to medicine, it creates implants or even joints for surgery. It is also prevalent in prosthetics
as it can create perfect matching limbs allowing extra comfort and mobility.
- Artificial organs: Like 3-D printing, but for actual and operational organs, the patient’s
immune system will not be rejected. Else called bio-printing is an up-and-coming area in
technology in healthcare that could save millions of patients every year.
- Robotic surgery: Adds control, precision, and flexibility to a surgeon’s hands to operate
as non-invasively as possible to a patient. It has allowed making certain operations easier
or even possible.
- Health wearables: They Began as a fitness tracker to track heart rate and pace, and they
highlighted healthcare potential. Health wearables can detect cardiovascular anomalies
earlier and prevent severe conditions.
4. Technology advances the economy
In economics, it is widely accepted that technology is the key driver of economic growth
of countries, regions and cities. Technological progress allows for the more efficient
production of more and better goods and services, which is what prosperity depends
on.
-Emergence of new services and industries: Numerous public services have become
available online and through mobile phones. The transition to cloud computing is one of
the key trends for modernization. Research shows that Facebook apps alone created
over 182,000 jobs in 2011, and that the aggregate value of the Facebook app economy
exceeds $$12 billion.
-Digital Market: The Internet provides Business with new ways of reaching out to
customers and competing for market share. Over the past few years, social media has
established itself as a powerful marketing tool. ICT tools employed within companies
help to streamline business processes and improve efficiency. The unprecedented
explosion of connected devices throughout the world has created new ways for
businesses to serve their customers.
-Mechanized labor/production: Mechanization impacted production by allowing
human work to be replaced by machinery, decreasing the amount of people required to
produce materials. Making production more efficient and less prone to human
mistakes.
Negative Impact of Modern Technology –
1. Technology can affect our health ( Personal/ health )
Technology can have a large impact on users' mental and physical health. Being overly
connected can cause psychological issues such as distraction, narcissism, expectation of
instant gratification, and even depression. Beside affecting users' mental health, use of
technology can also have negative repercussions on physical health causing vision
problems, hearing loss, and neck strain.
Over exposure to the digital world can lead to certain effects that can be detrimental to
one’s health. Its ramifications can both be seen physically and mentally.
Psychological effects: Overuse or dependence on technology may have adverse

psychological effects, like: Isolation, Depression & Anxiety and Addiction etc.
Physical health effects: Technology use may increase the risk of physical issues as
well, including: Eyestrain, Poor Posture, Sleep Problems, Reduced physical activity etc.
2. Technology causes Ecological issues (Ecological)
As a society, we consume more energy than we ever have in the past.
Electronic devices obviously require electricity to run, which means it costs more to enjoy
all of this tech. It also requires massive amounts of energy to produce all of these gadgets,
not to mention the massive electronic waste problem due to gadgets that are no longer
working. Which therefore, creates unwanted pollution, that is highly lethal to our
environment.
Technotrash, also called electronic waste or e-waste, is any broken or unwanted

electrical or electronic device, and is currently the most rapidly-growing type of waste.
If you just throw away technotrash with the regular trash, it usually ends up in a landfill.
Most electronics contain non-biodegradable materials, and heavy metals and toxic
materials like cadmium, lead and mercury. Over time, these toxic materials can leak into
the ground, where they can contaminate the water we drink, the plants we eat and the
animals that live around the area.
3. Job loss or Downsizing ( economical)
One such change is in the jobs that we do from day to day. Technology is absorbing,
reducing or changing some jobs once widespread.
Companies and businesses have accelerated deployment of new technologies in their

operations especially since the onset of the pandemic to minimize costs, improve
productivity and reduce dependency on people. The adoption of technologies such as
cloud computing, internet of things (IoT), and 3D and 4D printing and modeling at
workplace could lead to substantial reduction in employing humans.
Some examples of jobs replaced by machinery are: Cashiers: Kiosks, Bank tellers & Clerks:
ATMs and more.
4. Infodemic and Misinformation in the digital world
An infodemic is too much information including false or misleading information in digital

and physical environments during a disease outbreak. It causes confusion and risk-taking
behaviors that can harm health. It also leads to mistrust in health authorities and
undermines the public health response. An infodemic can intensify or lengthen outbreaks
when people are unsure about what they need to do to protect their health and the
health of people around them. With growing digitization – an expansion of social media
and internet use – information can spread more rapidly. This can help to more quickly fill
information voids but can also amplify harmful messages.
Fake news and misinformation have been with us for quite some time, but with the
tech advancements moving rapidly, people find it hard to keep up with what’s true and
what’s not.
5. A threat to Privacy
We are currently living in the so-called information age which can be described as an era
were economic activities are mainly information based (an age of informationalization).
This is due to the development and use of technology. The main characteristics of this era
can be summarized as a rise in the number of knowledge workers, a world that has
become more open - in the sense of communication (global village/Gutenberg galaxy)
and internationalization (trans-border flow of data).
We greatly value our privacy and the protection of our personal sphere of life. We value
some control over who knows what about them. We certainly do not want their personal
information to be accessible to just anyone at any time. But recent advances in
information technology threaten privacy and have reduced the amount of control over
personal data and open up the possibility of a range of negative consequences as a result
of access to personal data. In the second half of the 20th century data protection regimes
have been put in place as a response to increasing levels of processing of personal data.
The 21st century has become the century of big data and advanced information
technology (e.g. forms of deep learning), the rise of big tech companies and the platform
economy, which comes with the storage and processing of exabytes of data.
Of course, we cannot enumerate every single negative and positive impact of technology
on our lives; Technology is vast and extensive, just like its effect on humanity— so do you
think the good outweighs the bad or vice versa?
Technology: Is it good or bad?
As they say, everything in moderation. There are some truly wonderful tools out there,
and you don’t have to delete your accounts or throw your computer out the window in
order to have a positive relationship with technology. All you really need is to set some
healthy boundaries!
Most importantly, check in with yourself regularly to see how you’re feeling. Take a
moment to ask yourself: Am I really benefiting from using this piece of technology? Am I
using this tool mindfully and how it was intended, or has it taken on a life of its own? Am I
getting more out of it than I’m spending—in time, money, or energy?
Technology is neither good, bad or neutral, humans are. Any technology is a tool and
human can use it in good, bad and neutral ways. Technology helps to extend the impact
of the human behavior to a larger scale. Humans possess a unique ability in choosing
between good and bad. Humans can become the worst destructive species or the noblest
of all species. No other species have this degree of freedom to impact the world in good
or bad ways consciously within a short time.
Remember
“Tech is equally capable of making lives easier and harder. Just like everything else
in this world, it pretty much depends on how we use it.”
(Paterska, 2021)
MEDIA AND TECHNOLOGY
ROMULO RAMPULA
i. What is Media?
The plural of medium, media, refers to the communication channels in which we spread
information such as news, music, entertainment, education, promotional messages,
and other data. Physical and online newspapers and magazines, television, radio,
billboards, telephone, the Internet, fax, and billboards are all included.
It describes the many modes of communication that we use in society. Everything from
a phone conversation to the nightly news on television can be defined as media.
Media can be broken down into two main categories: broadcast and print. But as time
passes by, Internet is one of the greatest platforms that is used by the present
generation.
Based on Jack Lule (Professor of Global studies)
-described the media as a “means” of conveying something, such as a channel of

communication.
MEDIA AND ITS FUNCTIONS
TO INFORM- give (someone) facts or information

TO PERSUADE- cause (someone) to do something through reasoning or arguments
TO ENTERTAIN- provide (someone) with amusement or enjoyment
TO TRANSMIT CULTURE- Cultural Transmittion is the process through which
cultutral elements, in the form of attitudes, beliefs, values and behavioral scripts,
are passed onto and taught to individuals and groups.
International flows of information have been assisted by the development of global

capitalism, new technologies and the increasing commercialization of global
television, and which have occurred as a consequence of the deregulation policies
adopted by various countries in Europe and US, paving the way for the proliferation
of cable and satellite channels
How did the globalization of communication advance? This was facilitated through
the evolution of technologies capable of transmitting messages via electromagnetic
news that marked a turning point in advancing the globalization of communications.
Trivia It was not until the 1960s with the launch of the first geo-stationary
communication satellites that communication by electromagnetic transmission
became fully global,thus making the globalization of communications a distinctive
phenomena of the 20th century
The mass media are today seen as playing a key role in enhancing globalization, and
facilitating cultural exchange and multiple flows of information and images between
countries through international news broadcasts, television programming, new
technologies, film, and music. media globalization is the worldwide integration of media
through the cross-cultural exchange of ideas,
Newspapers, journals, magazines, books, and reports all fall under the category of print
media.
Broadcast media includes radio and television, which debuted at the beginning and
middle of the twentieth century, respectively.
As more individuals seek news, entertainment, and educational information online, the
Internet – notably websites and blogs – is rapidly growing as viable and major conduits of
communication.
II. What is the role of Media in Globalization?
In today's fast-paced world, nation states are becoming increasingly interdependent.

Globalization has a significant impact on how countries interact with one another and
their roles in the international spectrum.
Globalization has always been fueled by technology, and increasingly by media. Thomas
Friedman (2005) identified various ways in which technology "flattened" the globe and
contributed to our global economy in a ground-breaking book. Personal computer and
high-speed Internet, according to the first edition of The World Is Flat, published in 2005,
have transformed key economic notions.
In many aspects, the media sector is ideal for globalization, or the growth of global trade
across traditional political borders. Shipping expenses are often insignificant for
information because it is not a tangible commodity. Thus, media's global reach permits it
to be important in a variety of countries.
Some believe, however, that rather than being just another worldwide industry, media is a
partial cause of globalization. Media is essentially a cultural product, and its transfer is
likely to have an impact on the culture of the recipient. Globalization is increasingly being
driven by technology. Technology enables for quick and easy communication.
(kdrama,kpop,anime)
In today's world, the media plays a critical part in the expansion of the globalization
process. Television, the Internet, computers, and other media are thought to have a
significant impact on globalization. Additionally, as a result of the globalization process,
today's society has greater access to a diverse range of media, which plays a critical role in
developing human brains and has a significant impact on our society's daily life. As a
result, these two equally vital processes interact with one another and aid each other in
expanding the field of impact.
Because it incorporates multidimensional notions, the media is recognized to be a source

of development. The management of interpretation, which is essential for globalization, is
linked to the shifting orientations of media policy. Development is, without a doubt,
intertwined with revolutionary policy. Globalization can play a significant impact in
reorganizing national policies and practices (Flew and Waisbord, 2015).
Things happen all across the world, and they may appear irrelevant to us, but with the
worldwide reach of the media and the Internet, we may nearly participate in these events,
or at the very least participate in the debates that surround them.
When injustices occur around the world, media empowers people all around the world to
gather together and protest. Cultural globalization and cultural interchange are carried
out through the media. We get our news, entertainment, and education from the media.
In general, the media has a lot of promise in today's environment of expanding

globalization. It has the potential to disseminate information to regions where it was
previously difficult to obtain a variety of viewpoints. It has the capacity to influence and
contribute to democratic processes, particularly in non-democratic countries and regimes.
On the other hand, it has the potential to push the ideas and cultures of more powerful
interests.
III. Effects of Media on Globalization
Telecommunications and media play a crucial part in international industrial methods.

Without advanced telecommunications networking, it is impossible to imagine how the
pace and depth of globalization could have been maintained throughout the previous
decades. Content industries like television and the Internet are at the forefront of cultural
preparation for consumerism, an essential precondition, and accompaniment to the
opening up of new markets for a wide range of products and the breaking down of
barriers to entry. It is done directly through advertising and indirectly through the
promotion of consumerist and individualistic lifestyles.
The second unique feature of the media and communication sector's globalization is its role as
a significant agent in altering social, cultural, and political systems. This set of (often
unintended) side effects of media globalization has the greatest impact of all, namely the
cumulative impact of the gradual commercialization of media and communications on critical
social functions such as the formation of individual and community identity, cultural and
linguistic diversity, and the transmission of information. The ability to engage in the political
process and the public sphere's integrity, the availability of information and knowledge in the
public realm, and the usage of media are all factors to consider.
There have been significant advances in technology over the last few decades. It is very
evident in how technology allows us as a society to communicate with one another. With the
rise of the Internet, new communication platforms such as Web 2.0 have developed. It alters
not only the method of communication but also the way people connect. A person in Mumbai
can communicate with a person in Arizona in real-time using platforms such as Skype, Google
Hangouts, or even FaceTime, and see their face and surroundings. Their voices are audible to
each other. They can even open other windows at the same time, watch a movie together,
send papers, and so on.
In the same manner that technology has altered and revolutionized communities, societies,
and even countries, technology has infiltrated the arena of education in the twenty-first
century. Schools (public and private), institutes, and higher education institutions have all been
challenged in their use of technology both within and outside the classroom. In some ways,
this social learning experiment has been beneficial. Middle and high school principals, for
example, have been able to send e-alerts and SMS to parents to keep them up to speed on
their child's progress or incidents, and entire communities have been invited into the learning
process via social media platforms.
Global communication systems have thus changed the relationship between localities and
social circumstances. Due to the rising speed and intensity of its functioning, global
communication mediums have enabled the rise of cultural cosmopolitanism or a
cosmopolitan sensibility. The media's portrayal of distant events and how people in other
parts of the world live has resulted in a celebration of difference. It has stimulated a
cosmopolitan orientation in sectors of the public, and the formation of a global civil society,
global public sphere, or international community, even though global media and the
increasingly global flow of people and goods across borders has not destroyed local ties.As a
result of quicker globalization of communications, increased mobility, migration, trade,
investment, and tourism, cultural awareness has grown. As a result, worldwide organizations
such as MTV alter their brand and content programming to suit local tastes and identities, and
global firms engage in marketing techniques to respond to these numerous identities
acquired by expanding global citizens.
Individuals' ability to access the Internet and modern communication technologies remain
significantly unequal, both in developing countries and among different social strata in
affluent civilizations. This was a fundamental concern of the cultural imperialism debates of
the 1970s, but in the current setting of rising globalization of new technologies and disparity in
their distribution, the issue of the "digital divide" has become much more of an urgent issue.
Countries in the South, for example, cannot afford the large upfront expenses of modernizing
their telecommunications networks.
INTERNET AND GLOBALIZATION
JHONARD PRECILLA
What is the internet?

- The Internet is a vast network that connects computers all over the world.
Through the Internet, people can share information and communicate from
anywhere with an Internet connection. (Encyclopedia Britannica)
What is globalization?
- Globalization is the spread of products, technology, information, and jobs across
national borders and cultures. In economic terms, it describes an interdependence
of nations around the globe fostered through free trade. (Investopedia)
CORRELATION BETWEEN THE INTERNET AND GLOBALIZATION

Without technology, globalization would probably not be a topic for discussion. In
particular, communications technology, in which the Internet plays a major role, has
revolutionized how people work, expanded the global knowledge base and
provided a variety of ways of bringing people and cultures closer together. The
Internet provides a platform where companies that are thousands of miles apart
can communicate and share information. On a social and cultural level, the Internet
provides access to the same music whether you are in Beijing, Boston or Beirut, and
people can make new friends around the globe via social networking sites.
If we define globalization as the ability for a firm to seek value outside of its home
country, a good metric would be the historical change in global export value as a
percentage of gross domestic product (GDP).
Global Exports of Goods & Services (1960 to 2010):
According to the World Bank, exports of goods and services as a percentage of GDP grew
from 21 percent in 1995 (when the Internet started gaining popularity), to its peak of 29.3
percent in 2008 before dropping to 24.2 percent in 2009 because of the recession—an 8.4
percentage point jump in just 13 years.[1] To put this in perspective, in the pre-Internet
era, it took 27 years from 1968 to 1995 for global exports to grow by about the same
percentage point.
Effects on Business
The Internet and globalization have radically changed the business world. It has enabled
companies to improve their competitive edge and increased productivity, simply because
of the speed of access to information, and of electronic transactions.
Effects on Mass Media

The Internet has altered the structure of the mass media. Most of the news networks
were local or national prior to the Internet revolution, and only a few companies, such as
CNN, broadcast in other countries. Now the news on all networks is available constantly,
anywhere in the world, and it is updated as events occur. Some see the mass media
aspect of Internet globalization as a negative, because it is claimed that English-speaking
countries dominate the media, and this has popularized U.S. culture at the expense of
local cultures.
Negative Impact of the Internet

Not everyone is able to join the global community. Countries in the developing world are
not able to take advantage of the Internet in the same way as developed nations can.
Socyberty suggests one reason for this is that Internet users are information receivers
rather than information creators. In some places, political control of the Internet means
the government censors the Internet and bans access to certain websites. In effect, there
is no universally equal access to the Internet, and this disadvantages people and
businesses in developing nations who are unable to take advantage of the Internet's
global potential.
DIGITAL GLOBALIZATION
- Digital globalization is the state of a digital form of globalization that connects nations,
industries, companies, and individuals around the world through flows of data, information,
ideas and knowledge, and through flows of goods, services, investment, and capital that are
digitally enabled or supported.
Digitization opens new possibilities for conducting business across borders. As digital
platforms grow in scale and sophistication, they are creating more efficient and transparent
global markets in which far-flung buyers and sellers find each other with a few clicks. They
provide businesses with enormous built-in customer bases and effective ways to connect with
them—and they enable even microenterprises to participate directly in global flows. Digital
flows are also shifting globalization into a faster gear as information ricochets around the
world and collaboration spans time zones. Taken together, these shifts create economic value
by increasing innovation, competition, and productivity.
DIGITAL ECONOMY
- The digital economy refers to economic activity that uses electronic communication and
digital technologies to provide goods and services.
MAIN BUILDING BLOCKS OF DIGITAL ECONOMY
The internet. This enables firms to offer goods for sale and enables consumers to browse
for goods that they need.
E-mail. Electronic communication enables very cheap, instantaneous communication
across the world. It can be used to send information and requests very quickly.
Digital automation. Firms can use the processing power of computers to make decisions
on output, prices and how to reach consumers.
Digital payments – credit cards, Apple Pay, Google pay, bitcoin, bank transfer. A digital
economy is moving us towards a cashless society.
Automation. Increasingly the digital economy relies on AI, mass use of electronic data and
automated technology
Social media. To a lesser extent, social media is an aspect of the digital economy. With
individuals using it share recommendations about business.
The traditional economy is based on physical shops, goods and cash
payments. Over time, the traditional economy has adopted aspects
of the digital economy, e.g. traditional firms taking debit cards, then
selling online. As the digital economy evolved, some firms missed
out on having a physical shop altogether, and selling straight from
an e-commerce site, delivered to consumers’ homes. Some digital
services now have no physical goods. For example, Netflix and
Spotify do not need to use any physical goods but has everything
streamed through the internet.
Examples of the digital economy:

• Airbnb – This enables tourists to book online. It has also made it
possible for individual households to let our their house/room to
tourists. Before the digital economy it was not practical.
• Amazon market place/Ebay.
• Netflix – This enables consumers to purchase tv-series and films
over the internet, without need for any physical good.
• E-commerce site – E.g. Economics help, selling e-books for
economics revision.
References:
Yadong Luo. New OLI advantages in digital globalization. International Business Review.
Volume 30 Issue 2 2021.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969593121000044
https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/mckinsey%20digital
/our%20insights/digital%20globalization%20the%20new%20era%20of%20global%20flows/
mgi-digital-globalization-full-report.ashx
Tejvan Pettinger. “The Digital Economy”. Economics Help. 5 May 2020.

https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/164275/economics/the-digital-economy-pros-and-
cons/
● Market Business News. (2019, February 13). What is media? Definition and meaning.
https://marketbusinessnews.com/financial-glossary/media-definition-meaning/
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348937541_MEDIA_AND_GLOBALISATION?
fbclid=IwAR3J3kAYWSYlgS0AueP6XgqF4XhoX2tfbc_G0d2qfN3Pnfx_UR9Br6jufOI
Top 9 New Technology Trends for 2022

Website title:Simplilearn
URL:
https://www.simplilearn.com/top-technology-trends-and-jobs-article
Title:The top 10 tech trends of 2021 - KPMG Global

Website title:KPMG International
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Paterska, P. (2021, June 17). Positive & Negactive Impact of Technology on Society. Elpasion.
https://www.elpassion.com/blog/positive-negative-impact-of-tech-on-society
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https://helpfulprofessor.com/technological-globalization-exmaples-pros-cons/
(2022, Mar 31). Positive and Negative Effects of Technology on Society. TechBaji.
https://techbaji.com/ph/technology-effects-on-society/
Hausmann, R. (N.D.). Knowledge, Technology and Complexity in Economic Growth. RCC. Hardvard. Edu.
https://rcc.harvard.edu/knowledge-technology-and-complexity-economic-
growth#:~:text=In%20economics%2C%20it%20is%20widely,is%20what%20prosperity%20depends%20on.
Knochko, E. (2013, Apr. 11). Five ways technology can help the economy. World Economic Forum.
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Ablijina, Yna G. Agapito, Dexter S. Agustin, Calvin Kristan R.

Alvarez, John Carlo E. Allejaga, Mabellyn Q. Antonio, Kim Kervyn L.

Bachelor of Arts in Communication 1-3

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Perspective in Information Technology

• Manchester United Football Club is a good example of how global football is

Anthony Giddens (2009) notes the following features of political globalization:

• Rosenau (2003) has defined globalization in terms of he called “fragmegrative

As a result, scholars have approached the concept of globalization by analyzing and

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Globalization as Political Process

Trade in Goods and Services

Technology, Transport, and Communication

International Division of Labor

Early Modern Period

Commons. (n.d.). Retrieved March 01, 2022 From:

Identifying the Drivers of Economic Globalization and the Effects on Companies’

Johnson, A. (2015, December 18). A history of globalization - YouTube. A History of

Labor Market. (2015). Retrieved February 28, 2022, from:

Scarlata, P. (2018). Critical communications for the transport sector;

Shangquan, G. (2000). Economic Globalization: Trends, Risks and Risk Prevention.

Sheffield, J., Korotayev, A. V., Grinin, L. E. (n.d.). GLOBALIZATION: Yesterday, Today,

Steger, M.B. (2017). The political dimension of globalization. Globalization: A Very

Steger, M.B. (2020). The cultural dimension of globalization. Globalization: A Very

Steger, M. B. (2022, February 27). Globalization: A very short introduction. Manfred B.

Thompson, A. K. (2017, June 1). What is political globalisation? ReviseSociology.

Thompson, A. K. (2020, November 10). What is economic globalisation?

Washington International Trade Association (n.d.). Economic Globalization.

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The power is held by private entities.

This claim is based on the liberal ideal of a self-regulating market as the

economy is by its very

The economic and political

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2. Globalization is Inevitable and Irreversible

Globalization, according to the globalist interpretation, reflects the

Today we must embrace the We need much more

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"Globalization's effects have been overwhelmingly good. Spurred by

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Rise and Dominance of

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Why are nations participating in Regionalism?

Regionalism focuses on increasing administrative power and