Sampling and Sampling Techniques 4. Registration or Census.

This method requires the

enactment of law to take effect bacause it needs the
SAMPLE is a part of the population that is subject to participation of a large, if not the entire, population.
research and used to represent the entire population as a 5. Experimentation. This method is usually conducted
whole. in laboratories where specimens are subjected to
some aspects of control to find out cause and effect
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES ARE :
relationships.
1. RANDOM SAMPLING - each member of the
Data gathered may be classified as primary and
population has an equally likely chance of being
secondary.
selected.
Ex: Fish bowl procedure, Lottery  Primary Data- are information gathered directly
2. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING - it is a sample that from the source.
is chosen so that it is easy for the researcher. Least  Secondary Data – are gathered from the
expensive, least time consuming. secondary sources, such as: books, journals,
Ex: complete a survey using the students handled. magazines, or thesis of other reserchers .
3. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
4. - the population is divided into subgroups (Strata), In data gathering, information is usually taken from
so that each population member is in only one a sample. The number of samples is determined by
subgroup. using the Slovin’s Formula.
Ex: the company has 800 female employees and 200
male employees. You want to ensure that the sample
Slovin’s Formula
reflects the gender balance of the company, so you
sort the population into two strata based on gender. N
Then you use random sampling on each group, n=
1+ N e2
selecting 80 women and 20 men, which gives you a
representative sample of 100. where, n = number of samples
5. CLUSTER SAMPLING - it is a sample that N = number of population
involves dividing the population into subgroups, but e = margin of error
each subgroup should have similar characteristics to
the whole sample. It is consists of items in a group Example: What is the sample size if the population is
such as a neighbourhood or a household. The group 3000 and the margin of error is set at : a. 5%
may be chosen at random. b. 3%
6. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING - is obtained using an
ordered list of the population, thus selecting Solution:
members systematically from the list. Every member
of the population is listed with a number, but instead a) The margin of error is 5% or 0.05. Thus,
of randomly generating numbers, individuals are n = __3000________
chosen at regular intervals. 1 + (3000)(0.05)2
n = 352.94
the sample size at 5% margin of error is 353.

COLLECTION OF DATA b) the margin of error is 3% or 0.03 . Hence,

The first step in any statistical work after the formulation n = ________3000____
of the problem is the collection of data. Data may be 1 + (3000)(0.03)2
gathered by the following methods: n = 810.81
the sample size at 3% margin of error is 811.
1. Interview. This method is reffered to as the direct
method of gathering data because
Worksheets 4.2

this requires a face-to-face inquiry with the Name: ______________________________________

respondent.
2. Questionaire. This method is referred to as the
indirect method of gathering beacause this makes
use of written questions to be answered by the
respondent.
3. Observation. This method makes use of the
different human senses in gathering information.
A. Identify the most appropriate method(s) of
collecting data to be used in each of the following
research topic.
1. The effectiveness of Filipino as medium of
instruction in Mathematics.
2. The changes of behavior of drug dependents.
3. The physical and behavioral changes in a Guinea pig
subjected to a new medicine for SARS.
4. The number of private and public utility vehicles in
the country.
5. The reaction of some celebrities to the
announcement of the presidential bid of an actor.
6. The recreational activities of third year students and
its relative effects to their study habits.
7. The values that are acquired by some teachers from
watching telenovelas.
8. The learning style of students.
9. The characteristics, problems, and needs of the
Filipino people.
10. The average temperature in Baguio City from
December 1 to February 1.
B. In each of the following examples, identify the
sampling method being used.
1. A sample of 2,000 was sought to estimate the
average achievement in science of fifth graders in a
city’s public schools. The average fifth grade
enrollment in the city’s elementary schools is 100
students. Thus, 20 schools were randomly selected
and within each of those schools all fifth graders
were tested.
2. A researcher is interested in maximum-security
inmates. She groups inmates by the type of crime
committed, determines the percentage of the total in
each crime category, and uses that percentage to
determine the number of inmates randomly selected
from each group.
3. A researcher has a population of 100 third grade
children from a local school district from which a
sample of 25 children is to be selected. Each child’s
name is put on a list, and each child is assigned a
number from 1 to 100. Then the numbers 1 to 100
are written on separate pieces of paper and shuffled.
Finally, the researcher picks 25 slips of paper and
the numbers on the paper determine the 25
participants.
4. A sociologist conducts an opinion survey in a major
city. Part of the research plan calls for describing
and comparing the opinions of four different ethnic
groups: African Americans, Asian Americans,
European Americans, and Native Americans. For a
total sample of 300, the researcher selects 75
participants from each of the four predetermined
subgroups.
5. A researcher is interested in political attitudes of
individuals within a particular state. The researcher
uses the following procedure to obtain a sample: (a)
a random sample of counties is drawn, (b) within the
counties selected, districts are randomly drawn, (c)
within each district, blocks are randomly sampled,
(d) within blocks selected, building are randomly
drawn, and (d) all residents within the buildings
selected comprise the sample.
6. Instructors teaching research methods are interested
in knowing what study techniques their students are
utilizing. Rather than assessing all students, the
researchers randomly select 10 students from each of
the sections to comprise their sample.
7. A researcher is interested in maximum-security
inmates. She groups maximum-security prisons by
state, randomly selects 10 states, and, from those 10,
selects three prisons. She includes all the inmates in
those three prisons in her sample.
8. To study the efficiency of a telephone company,
Judy selects every 20th subscriber listed in the
telephone directory for her sample.
9. Annette wants to study the annual salaries of
professors in a certain university. She divides the
population according to their academic ranks and
then selects a sample within these ranks.
10. A researcher wants to know the relationships
between smoking and death rate by making a
nationwide survey on this matter. He selects the 13
regions of the country and picks 25 persons at
random from each region for interview.
C. Identify the type of data being described.
1) Scott is researching opinions on uniform in his school.
He asks a sample of pupils whether they believe the
uniform in the school should be changed.
2) Lauren is trying to find out about the percentage
employment rates for certain degrees. She does some
research on the internet on different employment and
university websites.
3) Kwame is interested in the number of goals that
different players score in the different football leagues.
He checks the Wikipedia pages of each player to try and
find out the values.
4) Alex wants to know about whether the school lunches
provide good value for money. She asks a sample of
pupils in the lunch hall how much they paid for their
meal.
5) Conor wants to find out about the history of Second
World War. One of the things he does is look up online
the number of people who died from each of the
countries who fought in the war.

6) Leanne is doing a geography project. As part of her

project she is looking at the population density of
different urban areas. She looks this up on a website.

7) Will is in maths class doing a practical lesson where

he measures the lengths of different objects in the
classroom.

8) Sam is carrying out a readability test in her English

lesson. As part of her test she counts the word length of
each word on a randomly selected page.

D. Calculate the appropriate sample size.

1. Use Slovin’s formula to find out what sample of a
population of 1,000 people you need to take for a
survey on their soda preferences.
a. If the level of significance of 95%.

b. If the level of significance is 98%.

2. Determine the number of sample if the population is

9000 if:
a. Margin of error is 2% .

b. Margin of error is 5% .