Alkanes

Catalytic Cracking
Catto D CaHu Hz
Ala03 8 02 Brokenpieces of porous pot Pumice as catalyst
5000C temperature

2 Thermal Cracking

3178 Catty CAM

8000C temperature
Presenceof steam absence of air
HighPressure

3 Complete combustion

C2H6 7202 2002 31720

M Incomplete combustion

C2H6 5202 200 3420

Cotto 3202 2C 3420

5 Free Radical Substitution

UVlight is necessary
InitiationCla El
Propagation Chu Ch s éH3 t HCl
ditz Cla D CH3cL t CL
Termination cut CL Cle
Eltz Cl CHUL
CH3 CH3 Cattle
 Alkenes

1 Hydrogenation Electrophilic Addition

CHz CHz Ha s CH3 CH3
1400C temperature Room temperature
or
Nickel catalyst Platinum Palladium catalyst
2 Halogens Electrophilic Addition
CHz Cha CHaBr CHz
CH Br CHzBr
MBirers B t
RoomTemperature
Absence of light
3 Bromine Water Electrophilic Addition
CHz CHz CHaBr It
CH2Br CHz
MBE
Eggs H É
A Egg

Roomtemperature HBr CHzBr CHIH C

Colour changes from red brown to colourless in presence
of an alkene
4 Hydrogen Halides Electrophilic Addition
CHz CHz 93 Eltz
6ft Bjp
CH3 CHzBr

p
Room Temperature

5 Mild Oxidation of alkenes

CHz CH2 CH2OH CH2OH

Cold dilute acidified KMnou

6 Strong Oxidation of alkenes

R ketones
c o e r
r k
R Carboxylic Acid
C O R
H E
H Carbon Dioxide
g e CO2
A

Hot concentrated acidified Kmnou

7 Electrophilic Addition of steam
CHz CHz 93 ditz 93 cha
CH3 CHIH
Go H
É HEE

3000CTemperature
70 atm pressure
H3POu as catalyst

Alkyl Halides
1 Nucleophilic substitution with NaOH
R
Snl
p
Est 88
R
a
C't OH R E OH
1
R R E
b E
p

1 B
sa Br digits H it

OH

R Br NaOH R OH NaBr

Aqueous conditions
Heat Provided

2 Nucleophilic Substitution of Cyanide

B Br t NaCN R CN t NaBr
Ethanol as solvent heat provided
3 Nucleophilic Substitution with Ammonia

R Br NH3 R N H2 HBr
Ethanol as solvent heat provided

4 Elimination of Alkyl Halides

H H

H C H2O NaBr CHz CHz

e CEE
t

NaOH as reactant
HÉ Ethanol as solvent
Heat Provided

Alcohols

1 Oxidation of Alcohols
Heatunder
Primary Alcohol Distills Aldehyde Y carboxylicAcid
heat ketone
Secondary Alcohol
Tertiary Alcohol No Reaction

Acidified KMnou 1220207

2 Reaction with metals

R OH Na R Ona t 42172
3 Reaction with Carboxylic Acids Esterification

R OH t L CO2H L CO2 R H2O

Concentrated Sulfuric Acid

Heat

4 Reaction with alkalis No reaction

5 Dehydration of alcohols
H
Y H
qt't M
qt G
It H2O
g
H I eHz CHz

concentrated Arson
1800C Temperature

6 Nucleophilic Substitution with HBr

R OH HBr heat R Br H2O

7 Nucleophilic substitution of chlorine

R OH Pelz R Ch t H3PO3
heat
R OH PCL5 R CL HCL POLO
room temperature
R OH SOCK R Ch t 802 t HCl
heat in pyradine as solvent
 Carbonyl Compounds
1 Reduction of carbonyl compounds

Aldehydes Primary Alcohols

ketones Secondary Alcohols

LiAlita in dry ether

Na in ethanol
NABHu in water

2 Nucleophilic Addition

Cgi
O HELI OH
r r e r R C r

Een En in

HCNas reagent
Traceamounts of Naen as catalyst

3 Reaction with 2,4 DNPH

NO2
R Nor
g y
yellow solution
nor
Yellow ppt c
N NOz C
R C N
I
H H
 4 Tollens lest

Reagents Silver diamine complex ions

Result Silver metal is deposited
heat R 0
R C O s 0
µ OH
Oxidation reaction
Carboxylic Acid forms
works only for Aldehydes

5 Fehlings lest

Reagents copper Il Tartar ate in alkaline solution

Result Colour change from blue sol to brick red pp t

R C O s R C O
I OH
Oxidation reaction
Carboxylic Acid forms
works only for Aldehydes

Nitrile Reactions

1 Hydrolysis

B C ON R e eOzH
OH OH
dilute HCl and heat under reflux
2 Reduction

R ON R CHINA2
Use Nals in ethanol heat

Carboxylic Acid
1 Reaction with metals
R Coat t Na R CO2Na t 42172

2 Reaction with bases

R CO2H NaOH R CO2 Na t H2O

3 Reaction with carbonates

2B CO2It Naz 03 QR CO2Na t CO2 H2O

4 Esterification
B CO2H L OH
t R CO2 L t H2O
Concentrated Sulfuric Acid Heat

5 Nucleophilic Substitution Chlorination

R lOzH PCL R COOL ASPOT

Heat
R coat PELS R COOL ALL POLO
Room temperature
R COzH SOCK R COOL SOR HCL
Heat in Pyradine as solvent
6 Reduction
R CO2H R CHz OH
liality in dry ether

7
Hydrolysis of esters
Acid CH3 000 OH CH3OH Chs Coat
Dilute All heat under reflux
Alkaline CH3 000 0173 0173OH CH3CO2Na
Aq NaOH room temperature

nodosomiest

Alkaline solution of 12
warm
CH13 Iodoform

R É OH R É o
Yellow ppt forms