AGR 122

LAB REPORT 1
CELL AND CELL DIVISION

Prepared by:

Name Student ID

SITI NUR ATHIRAH BINTI HALIM 2021833554

Prepared for:

DR NAZATUL ASIKIN BT MUDA

Date of Submission:
 Date : 3/11/2021
Platform : Google Meet / Google Classroom
Activity : Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cell (video A)
Animal vs plant cell (videos B, C, D)
Mitosis at onion root tips and meiosis in flower bud (video E, F, G, H)
Objectives : 1. To compare and recognized the structure and organelles in prokaryote
and eukaryote cell.
2. To compare the structure of animal cell and plant cell.
3. To compare the mitosis and meiosis cell divisions

EXPERIMENT 1: PROKARYOTIC VS EUKARYOTIC CELL

INTRODUCTION
All living things are made up with cells. There are many different types of cells in our bodies.
Including bones cells, cartilage cells, muscle cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. The both
classification of cells is in two groups. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic. There are a number of
differences between these two types of cells.
For millions years, Prokaryotes is the only form of life on this planet and Eukaryotes came later
as a result of the process of evolution.
Most Eukaryotes reproduce sexually. The offspring have genetic material. That is a combination
of the parent’s genome pro carriers. However, reproduce asexually their offspring clones of the
parent cell, which come about through binary fishing.

COMPARISON CHART ; DIFFERENCE

EUKARYOTIC CELL PYOKARYOTIC CELL

Nucleus Present Absent

Number if More than one One, but not true

chromosomes chromosome; plasmids

Cell type Multicellular Unicellular but some

cyanobacteria may be
multicellular
True membrane Present Absent
bound nucleus

Example Animals, plants, protozoa, and Bacteria and archaea

fungi

Genetic Meiosis and fusion of gametes Partial, undirectional

recombination transfers DNA
 Lysosomes and Present Absent
peroxisomes

Microtubules Present Absent or rare

Endoplasmic Present Absent

reticulum

Mitochondria Present Absent

Cytoskeleton Present May be absent

Multiple proteins act

DNA wrapping on Eukaryotes wrap their DNA together to fold and
proteins around proteins called histones condense prokaryotic
DNA. Folded DNA is then
organized into a variety of
conformations that are
supercoiled and wound
around tetramers of the
HU protein.

Smaller
Ribosomes Larger

Present
Vesicles Present

Absent
Golgi apparatus Present

Absent, called pro carriers

Chloroplasts Present but in plants only, called
eukaryotes
Submicroscopic in size,
Flagella Microscopic in size; membrane composed of only one
bound; usually arranged as nine fiber
doublets surrounding two
singlets
Absent
Permeability of Selective
nuclear membrane
Usually no
Plasma membrane Yes
with steroid
Usually chemically
Cell wall Only in plants cells and fungi complex
 Present
Vacuoles Present

1-10
Cell size 10-100

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic are both different and similar in many ways. The main thing is that
prokaryotes are without a nucleus while eukaryotes have a nucleus. Also, prokaryotes maintain
a single chromosome while eukaryotes have multiple chromosomes. Finally , prokaryotes can
normally survive in extreme conditions while eukaryotes cannot.

REFERENCES
 Through video in google classroom
 https://www.diffen.com/difference/Eukaryotic_Cell_vs_Prokaryotic_Cell
 https://images.app.goo.gl/Reu85wnw4TkW7hyF8

EXPERIMENT 2: ANIMAL VS PLANT CELL

 CHEEK EPITHELIAL CELLS PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT

MATERIAL : Human cheek epithelial cells, methylene blue stain solution, glass slide,
dropper, tweezers, pin, toothpick, paper strip, glycerin, compound light
microscope.

METHOD
1. Take a toothpick and gently scrap inner wall of your cheek.
2. Place the scraping on the glass slide.
3. Add a drop of methylene blue stain solution and allow the cell to take up the stain for 2-3
minutes.
4. Now carefully block out some amount of stain if necessary, while making sure to avoid
blotting out the cheek cell as much as possible.
5. Now add a drop of glycerin onto the slide.
6. Gently lower a cover slip on the specimen while making sure to avoid trapping an air
bubble.
7. Observe the slide on the lower high power on microscope.

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

 Epithelial cells are a fine example of Eukaryotic animal cell.

  The cheek epithelial like most animal cells are irregular in shape and structural outline.

 They are composed a thin cell membrane that encloses the cytoplasm along with a
large centrally located oval shaped nucleus.

 The cell organelles are embedded within the cytoplasm.

 The cytoplasm also contains numerous cytoplasmic granules.

 We may also be able to observe deeply stained dots on the surface of the cheek cells.
These are bacterial cells of the oral cavity.

ONION EPIDERMAL CELLS PEEL SLIDE PREPARATION

MATERIAL : Onion, bulb iodine, stain solution, glass light, cover slips, dropper, tweezers,
pin, sharp razor blade, paper strip, glycerin, compound light microscope.

METHOD
1. To begin the experiment, take it uninvolved and remove an outer layer of the bulb.
2. Peel off epidermal cell composed of a single layer. Transfer the appeal on a glass light.
3. continued drop a stain solution. Leave the peel in the stand for 2-3 minutes.
4. Blot up the stain from the peel and add a drop of glycerin or water to the peel.
5. Gently lower a cover slip onto the peel. Make sure to avoid trapping any air bubbles.
6. Observe and study the onion peel under low and high power of the microscope.

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

Onion epidermal are composed of numerous compactly arrange elongated and roughly
rectangular cells. Each cell has a deeply stains, vertical nucleus and cytoplasm that around a
large central hollow vacuole.

PLANT CELL - ONION

MATERIAL : Microscope, microscope camera, microscope slide, kitchen knife, cover slip,
toothpick, pipette, dropper, iodine tincture, onion, cutting board.

METHOD
1. Wash and peel the onion.
2. Slice the onion as thin as possible.
3. Clean microscope slide with an alcohol wipe. Do the same to the cover slip.
4. Place the piece of onion onto the slide reposition them with a toothpick
5. Add a drop of iodine onto the onion.
6. Drop the cover slip.
7. Observe under microscope.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The onion rigid cell walls allow the cells to be viewed under a microscope and iodine. The
nucleus is red, allowing it to be seen.

Conclusion
Plant and animal cell have several differences and similarities. For example, animal cell don’t
have a cell wall or chloroplast but plant cell do. Animal cell are round and irregular in shape
while plant cell have fixed, rectangular shapes.

Reference
 https://www.studymode.com/subjects/conclusion-on-plant-and-animal-cell-
page1.html

EXPERIMENT 3: MITOSIS AT ONION ROOT TIPS AND MEIOSIS IN FLOWER BUD

ONION ROOT TIPS MITOSIS

MATERIAL :Onion root, fixative (aceto:alcohol), alcohol 70%, spirit lamp, 1N HCI,
acetocarmine stain, glycerin, lighter, water, microscope slide, forcep , needle,
blade.

METHOD
Preparing the onion root tips.
1. Take the onion bulb.
2. Take two transparent glass tumbler with narrow bottom and wide mouth. Fill the tumbler
with tap water.
3. Place onion in each tumbler. Only the lower surface of bulb should be in contact with water.
Leave it for 3-4 days.

TO BEGIN THE EXPERIMENT

1. Take out 1 root tip on slide. Remove access part of the root tips.
2. Add 2-3 drop of 1N HCI and wait for 10 minutes.
3. Wash root tips with water. Then, take out water with blotting paper.
4. Add acetocarmine stain over the tip.
5. Warming the slide over the spirit lamb for about 8-10 minutes. This is to increase
temperature and speeding up staining. Make sure the slide is not overheated.
6. Add to more drop of stain for avoid tissue drying.
7. Wash root tip with water and take out excess stain.
8. Add a drop of glycerin then cover the tissue with cover slip.
9. Place slide in between the fold of blotting paper then gently press cover slip so that the root
tip spread as a thin layer of cells.
10. Slide is ready to observed under microscope.

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

When observing under microscope, we can see different stages of mitosis. Prophase,
anaphase, metaphase and telophase.

MITOSIS IN ONION ROOT TIPS

MATERIAL : Microscope, prepare slide of onion root tip

 We have to look at the area of elongation, this is where we going to find cell that happen
frozen in different stages of mitosis.

 During mitosis, the chromosome is condense and become visible in the light
microscope. We can see each cell that have interphase, prophase, metaphase,
 anaphase, and telophase.

 Also look for cytokinesis, this are plate cell and telophase practically you can see the
beginning of a cell plate forming between the two group of chromosome that at the cell.

PHASES OF MITOSIS - CELL CYCLE

Cell cycle pertains to the sequence of growth and division of a cell. In essence, the cell cycle
involves the duplication of DNA via DNA replication and this leads to the division of the parent
cell, yielding two daughter cells. These processes are essential for cell growth, replication,
and division.

In eukaryotes, the cell cycle is comprised of a series of biological events namely the resting
phase, the interphase, the cell division (mitotic phase and cytokinesis). During the resting
phase, the cell is in an inactive, non-cycling state. Interphase is that phase of the cell cycle
where the cell next grows in size, its DNA replicated, and makes a copy of the cell’s DNA to
prepare for the next cell division. The interphase is comprised of three stages: G1, S phase,
and G2.

The final stage is cell division. It includes the mitotic phase (mitosis) and cytokinesis. In
mitotic phase, the cell undergoes four stages of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
and telophase. Following telophase is cytokinesis, which is the division of the cytoplasm and
the plasma membrane resulting into two cells, each having its
own nucleus and cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane.

The end result is two daughter cells that are genetically identical and in which would enter the
first phase of the cell cycle
 MITOSIS IN ONION FLOWERBUDS

MATERIAL: Acetocarmine, carnoy’s fluid, immersion oil, beakers, specimen jar, glass
slide, coverslips, blade, glass rod, pins, tweezers, droppers, microscope,
flower bud of allium species.

METHOD
1. Flower bud preferably with intact sheath are collected and fixed in carnoy’s fluid for at least
2 hours.
2. A bud is then remove and transferred onto a glass slide. Immature flower of varying sizes
are removed with tweezers.
3. In order to maximize your chances of getting all the mitotic stages it is important that you
use at least 45 flowers in various stages of development.
4. A flower dissected using pins and anther are removed.
5. A drop of acetocarmine stain it place on the excised another on the slide.
6. The anther is crush using the blunt and of a steering rod or any other such similar tool in
order to release the microspore.
7. A cover slip is carefully introduce onto the crush anther making sure that no air bubble
trapped within the cover glass.
8. The crush material is now ready for observation.
9. Scan the slide under 10x objective for microspore cell in various stages of division.
10. Now, focus on a couple of cell under 40 and 100x.
11. For observation under 100x, place a drop of immersion oil onto the cover glass and
carefully lower the objective lens until it touch the oil surface.
12. From here on, use fine adjustment knob for focusing.
13. The immature that follow our microphotograph of the various stage of meiosis in microspore
of allium flower buds.
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

CONCLUSION
To sum up, mitosis and meiosis are cell division processes which aids with our daily life.
Without mitosis and meiosis, cell would not be able to replicate. Also genetic variation and cell
growth would not be possible. Both processes are fundamental for everyday life.

REFERENCES
https://www.ukessays.com/essays/biology/processes-mitosis-meiosis-8033.php
https://images.app.goo.gl/oFQsZv42yyUWgTE26
https://images.app.goo.gl/BjSr9YeykLXGSzfD7