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FluidMechanics Week 11 12 IntExt FluidFlow
FluidMechanics Week 11 12 IntExt FluidFlow
Fluid Mechanics
ME184335
2
Introduction
Flow regimes
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Introduction
Flow regimes
$% '$% )*"+,)-. /0+1"2
!" = = = à
& ( 3)21042 /0+1"2
4
Darcy - Weisbach Formula
• Consider a duct of length L, cross-sectional area Ac, surface area As, in which
a fluid of density, is flowing at mean velocity V.
• The forces acting on a segment of the duct are that due to pressure
difference and that due to friction at the walls in contact with the fluid.
• If the acceleration of the fluid is zero, the net forces acting on the element
must be zero, hence
5
Darcy – Weisbach Formula
• Where the pressures act normal to the flow direction on the area of cross-
section Ac, and the frictional force acts on the circumferential wall area As,
separating the fluid and the pipe’s surface.
• Let hf denote the head lost (m) due to friction over a duct length L, i.e.
?! − ?" = '@ℎ%
• Substituting we get
<$ $ "
ℎ% = /
<# 2@
• For a pipe,
<$ B%C 4C
= =
<# 1 B% " %
4
For Re>2000 and Re<4000, known as the critical zone and the value of the
friction factor is uncertain and not quoted on the Moody diagram
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The Friction Factor
The value of friction factor (f) depends on two parameters:
1. Reynolds number, and
2. Surface roughness
• In the turbulent zone, if the surface of the pipe is not perfectly smooth, then
the value of the friction factor has to be determined from the Moody diagram.
• The relative roughness (k/d) is the ratio of the average height of the surface
projections on the inside of the pipe (k) to the pipe diameter (D). In common
with Reynolds number and friction factor this parameter is dimensionless.
Values of k are tabled on the Moody chart for a sample of materials.
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Moody Diagram
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Flow Obstruction Losses
› When a pipe changes
direction, changes diameter or
has a valve or other fittings
there will be a loss of energy
due to the disturbance in flow.
This loss of energy (ho) is
usually expressed by:
$"
ℎ! = #
2&
› Where V is the mean velocity
at entry to the fitting and K is
an empirically determined
factor.
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Fluid Power
› The fluid power at a given point for a fluid is “the product of
mass, acceleration due to gravity and the fluid head”
› Since the mass flow rate is defined as the volume flow rate
multiplied by the fluid density.
! = #$%ℎLMLNO
For a pump, htot represents the head required to overcome pipe friction (hf),
obstruction losses (ho) and to raise the fluid to any elevation required (hz).
ℎ/0/12 = ℎ3 + ℎ% + ℎ0
If the delivery tank operates at pressure in excess of the supply tank, the head
pressure (hp) must be added to the required head equation as this pressure
rise must also be supplied by the pump.
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Fluid Power
If the pump efficiency ηp is introduced, the actual pump head
requirement is:
! = #$%ℎLMLNO /(Q
For a turbine with efficiency ηt, the power output is given by:
! = #$%ℎLMLNO ×(L
Where htot = hz – (hf + ho)
12
Example #1
Water flows in a 40mm diameter commercial steel pipe (k = 0.045
x 10-3 m) at a rate of 1 litre/s. Determine the friction factor and
head loss per metre length of pipe using:
a) The Moody diagram
b) Smooth pipe formulae.
Compare the results.
Take: ρ = 1000 kg/m3, µ = 1 x 10-3 kg/ms
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Example #2
Determine the input power to an electric motor (ηm = 90%) supplying a
pump (ηp = 80%) delivering 50 l/s of water (ρ = 1000 kg/m3, µ = 0.001
kg/ms) from tank1 to tank 2 as shown below if the pipeline length is
200m long, of 150 mm diameter galvanised steel (assumed surface
roughness k=0.15mm).
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Example #3
Water at 10oC flow from a large reservoir to a small one through a 5-cm-diameter
cast iron piping system shown in figure below.
Determine the elevation z1 for the flow rate of 6L/s.
µ = 1.307 x 10-3 N s/m2
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External Fluid Flow
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Regimes of External Flow
Internal flow: the flow of a fluid that is filly bounded by the surface
that makes the development of boundary layer is restricted. E.g.: a
pipe flow.
External flow: the flow of an unbounded fluid over a surface, so that
the flow boundary layer can grow freely in one direction. For
example: the flows over ship hull, airfoils, turbine blade, etc.
Source: http://www.engr.mun.ca/muzychka/Fluids-Section-5.pdf
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Regimes of External Flow
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Regimes of External Flow
The wake starts from the point at which the boundary layer
separation occurs.
Separation occurs due to adverse pressure gradient, which
combined with the viscous forces on the surface produces flow
reversal.
Thus, causes the stream to detach itself from the surface.
The same situation exists at the rear edge of a body as it
represents a physical discontinuity of the solid surface.
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Separation
› An important observation is that fluid flow is always irreversible,
because of its viscosity, and whenever velocity gradients appear in
the flow there will be friction and energy dissipation due to viscous
stresses.
› The separation point is defined as the point between the forward
and backward flow, where the shear stress is zero.
› The fluid flow becomes detached from the surface of the object,
and instead takes the forms of eddies and vortices.
› It is worth noting that sharp corners almost always produce a
separated flow, but they are not the only cause of separation.
› For example, the flow over a cylinder can produce a large region of
separated flow downstream of the cylinder. This region is called a
wake.
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Structure of External Flow
› The structure of the external flow is often dependent on the
body in the flow.
› Three categories of bodies are:
– Two-dimensional objects
– Axisymmetric bodies
– Three-dimensional bodies
21
Categories of Bodies
› Another classification of body shapes are:
– Streamlined bodies (defined as that body whose surface coincides with the
stream lines. The separation of flow will take place only at the trailing
edge.)
– Blunt bodies (defined as that body whose surface does not coincide with
the streamlines. The flow is then separated from the surface of the body
much ahead of its trailing edge with the result of a very large wake
formation zone)
22
Drag and Lift
The interaction between the body and the fluid:
– Stresses-wall shear stresses R4 due to viscous effects.
– Normal stresses, due to the pressure ?.
Any object moving through a fluid experiences drag – the net force
in the direction of flow due to pressure and shear stress forces on
the surface of the object.
While the resultant force normal to the upstream velocity is termed
lift.
Drag force can be calculated by:
1
65 = S6 × ×'×<×U " Lift
2
!! is drag coefficient
" is density of the fluid
U is flow velocity Drag
A is characteristic frontal area of the body,
normal to the flow direction
23
Drag and Lift
• Without detailed information concerning the shear stress and pressure
distributions on a body, the drag and the lift are difficult to obtain by
integration
• A widely used alternative is to define dimensionless lift and drag coefficients
and determine their approximate values by means of either a simplified
analysis, some numerical technique, or an appropriate experiment
Drag coefficient
%
S5 =
1
×'×U " ×<
2
Lift coefficient
C
S7 =
1
×'×U " ×<
2
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Boundary Layers Concepts
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Boundary Layers Concepts
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