CFLM 1: NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM 5.

5. ANTI-SOCIAL CHARACTER – a person who neither care’s for the norms set by the society nor cares
Review Notes by: MARK JOSEPH GANIA, RCrim for the moral or ethical values is an anti-social character.
6. INSINCERE CHARACTER - a person who thinks others is there serving for serving him and is without
CONCEPTS OF CHARACTER any warmth in the feeling for others.
Character – derived from the Greek word “Charassein” referring to an engraving instrument originally used of 7. COMPLACEMENT CHARACTER – A person who imbibes this trait finally faces ignoble defeat being
a mark impressed upon coin. Then it was applied to a distinctive mark of personality. so and learns a lesson.
Character - is defined as the habitual ways of feeling and reacting of a person.
Character Formation - is defined the process by which the individual, through interaction of biologically
transmitted predispositions with the environment develops stable pattern of functioning, thinking and feeling. It is THE MOST WELL - KNOWN TRAITS AND ATTITUDES OF THE FILIPINO
also known as Character Building.
POSITIVE TRAITS
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS FOR CHARACTER FORMATION
 Hospitality - is a trait displayed by every Filipino, characterized by heart-warming generosity and
A. PARENTAL INFLUENCE – is the most important of all the factors responsible for personality friendliness exhibited to foreigners and locals alike. Good thing is that the hospitality of the Filipinos is
development. not only shown to the foreigners but to its fellow Filipino as well.
B. HOME ENVIRONMENT– Home as a cradle of human character and personality.  Respect – the Golden Rule in Human relations, “Do unto others as you would have them to do to
C. SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT – to perfect the total development of a child’s character and attitude. you, “ respect is often observed-not just by younger people-but also by people of all ages. In the
D. CULTURE – everyone has different cultures where of that is exposed, because of that, influence of Philippines, respect for one's elders is a tradition. (e.g. po and opo, pagmamano)
culture in personality and social development cannot be ignored.  Strong Family Ties and Religions - It is a value system of the Filipinos to pray before eating, going to
bed, before the start of the meeting, conferences of program, gathering, etc.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE FILIPINO CHARACTER FORMATION  Generosity and Helpfulness - When you will be in trouble, Filipinos cannot refuse to help you. They are
always willing to assist you or lend a hand.
1. HOME ENVIROMENT
2. SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT  Strong Work Ethics - Another good thing most Filipinos have is being hardworking people. They are
3. CULTURE AND LANGUAGE always willing to work almost the whole day to provide the needs of their families. Filipino farmers
4. HISTORY though earning so little but they work harder with not much compensation.
5. EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM  Loving and Caring - Because of their generosity, hospitality and religiosity, Filipinos are found to be
6. RELIGION the sweetest and most loving people in the world. Filipino women are also romantic and very caring,
7. ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT which often makes some foreigners want to marry them.
8. POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT NEGATIVE TRAITS
9. MASS MEDIA
10. LEADERSHIP AND ROLE MODEL  Fatalism ("Bahala Na" or "Come What May" Attitude) - An attitude of "What Goes Around Comes
Around." Filipinos have a tendency to surrender the future to luck.
DETERMINING CHARACTER OR PERSONALITY TYPES
 Mañana Habit (Procrastination) - True blooded Filipinos have the attitude of causing delays in
1. Openness: appreciation for a variety of experiences. accomplishing things or making transactions. When not interested or not in the mood, they wait or
2. Conscientiousness: planning ahead rather than being spontaneous reserve until tomorrow or the next day to finish what they are doing or meeting their transactions.
3. Extraversion: sociable, energetic, and talkative.  Crab Mentality - This is an attitude of some Filipinos where they tend to push each other down to clear
4. Agreebleness: being kind, sympathetic and happy to help. the way for their own gain. Filipino people with this kind of mentality attitude try their best to ruin each
5. Neuroticism: inclined to worry or be vulnerable or temperamental. other, either making issues against the other for him to turnout bad to the public or to the company or
organization so that people will gradually put distance and loss their confidence and trust that eventually
TYPES OF CHARACTER result to their replacement.
 Hypocrisy - This is a trait of the Filipino where criticisms to others' failure to live with the moral
1. SELF-REALIZED CHARACTER – a person with this type of character is ever enthusiastic for he knows standards of the society are inevitable.The fear of being an outcast has forced a lot of people to live a
his potentialities and limitations. double standard life. To hide our failure in following a norm, we tend to be condemning those who are
2. COVETOUS CHARACTER – This refers to a jealous or acquisitive character. caught red handed.
3. SUPERSTITIOUS CHARACTER – the refers to a person who in a way all are superstitious but when
 Ningas Cogon - Most Filipinos are very good at the start when doing something. Nevertheless, after a
we’re over superstitious then problem starts.
few hours of days, that excitement to do or accomplish something is lost we and become too lazy to
4. EGOISTIC / OVERBEARING / BOSSY/ TALL-TALKER – The person who thinks that world runs due to
finish what were have started.
him and everything and everybody should respect him as such.

 Tardiness (Filipino time)- Only in the Philippines that we have the so-called "Filipino time” but not
exactly referring to the Philippine standard time, but then again, we use it to refer to the "tardiness" of
the persons that we are waiting or who keeps on coming late to the set time schedule of events. Instead
of being something to be proud of, Filipino time' brings a negative impression to our people.
 Gossiping - Filipinos are fond of talking about others’ business. It is not true that only women are into
gossiping. Even men can also be nosy on other people's lives.
 Blaming- Filipinos can sometimes be too self-righteous. When mistakes happen, we do not want to
take the blame, we lack humility to accept our failures, and instead we point at others.
 Selfishness (being insensitive of others) - Most Filipinos are insensitive to the needs and situations of
others. This could be an outcome of having too many problems that Filipinos are facing and the
tendency is to focus on their own needs first before others.
 Disobedience to Simple Rules and Instructions - Some Filipinos, despite of the understanding of the
purpose of laws and ordinances have inability to observe and follow them. Consequently, crime
victimization and accident rate in the Philippines are constantly rising, poverty is getting more rampant
and lifestyle development is relaxed.
 Attention Taker -Filipinos are fun and people loving race. Thus, attracting attention is natural for them.
Nevertheless, it is a different thing to be an "epal" or "kapalmuks simply, being an attention grabber.
 Being onion-skinned or too sensitive - Another habit or attitude that we need to change is our being
too proud which usually results to being oversensitive. If we think highly of ourselves, the we have the
tendency to put a wall around us and that a signboard on our forehead saving. "I must" respected."
Therefore, when someone makes joke" a not so positive comment about us, we feel like we are not
respected and we get offended. If all people" the country do not know how to accept constructive
criticism, then we can never expect unity.
 Living beyond their means (social climbing) - One of the reasons why a lot of Filipinos live in poverty
is because of overspending. Since most people want to live an elite lifestyle, many resort to social
climbing or living beyond their means. Sometimes, some of us think that as long as we wear designer
clothes and shoes, and we send our children to the most expensive schools, it is alright to be swimming
in credits and loans.
 Passivity (lack of leadership) - Filipinos' lack of initiative for change is also one reason why our country
does not progress. We keep on complaining against the government and other societal issues.
However, we do not do anything about them.
THREE MAIN TRAITS UNDERSCORING FILIPINO VALUES
1. Personalism - Filipinos valued interpersonal relationship. It is firmly believed that harmonious personal
relationship is the key to successful endeavours. Amicable settlement of dispute is the primary means
of restoring broken relationships and face-to-face open forum is considered once conflict is recognized
in an organization or the community.
2. Familialism - Filipinos are family-oriented. Development programs and projects in the community are
concentrated on the family. Decision on matters is centered on the welfare and best interest of the
family rather than on the betterment and interest of some individuals. The mistakes committed by a
family member affects the credibility and of the immediate members of the family and relatives.
3. Particularism - Displayed behaviour by the individuals may it be good or bad is blamed against the
family. It is based on the principle that home is the cradle of human personality and character that is,
the product of goodness is always good and those who are moulded in wickedness, will always show-
off badness. Individuals strive to promote their own and their family's interests over community
interests.
Values Orientation - Is the approach that may influence work or social relationships by persons relating to
objects, events and ideas.
OBLIGATIONS UNDERLYING FILIPINO VALUE ORIENTATION
1. Pakikiramay
It is in the Filipino value of going out of the way to help, without being asked, i.e ., unsolicited help.
2. Pakikisama (Smooth Interpersonal Relations)
Regardless whether someone's views are agreeable or not, Filipinos are capable of getting along with it.
Camaraderie, trust, confidence, and loyalty are enhanced and developed by this Filipino value.
3. Bayanihan
As mentioned in the preceding topics, Filipinos are able to render services and generous enough to extend
help without compensation. - Somebody can request help in time of need from those to whom it is extended.
4. Galang (Respect)
Filipinos are basically oriented to revere to the opinions of elders, peers, or those in authority, during
important discussions during social encounters. Verbal clash or any sign of extreme familiarity in public meetings
is a sign of disrespect to elders or persons in authority.
BASIC CONCEPTS OF NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM
NATIONALISM
Nationalism is an ideology and movement defined by promoting the interests of a particular nation, in particular
with the aim of acquiring and maintaining the nation's sovereignty over its country of origin (Smith, 2010). It also
aims to build and maintain a single national identity, based on shared social characteristics such as culture,
language, religion, politics and belief in a distinctive shared history, and to promote national unity or solidarity
(Yack, 2012).
Types of Nationalism
1. Ethnic Nationalism (Ethnonationalism)
The country is described from prior generations in terms of ethnicity and descent. It also involves the concept
of a shared culture among group members, and generally a shared language.
2. Civic Nationalism (Civil Nationalism)
The state derives political legitimacy from its citizens ' active involvement and the extent to which it reflects
the "will of the individuals." Civic nationalism lies within the traditions of rationalism and liberalism, but it is
contrasted with ethnic nationalism as a type of nationalism.
3. Expansionist Nationalism
 A radical form of imperialism that includes independent, patriotic feelings with a faith in expansionism, It that was calls Revolutionary first for ascribed destiny, a domestic and nationalism also group strongly
generally through military aggression. known united is as promulgated an radical nationalism.

4. Romantic Nationalism 14. Left-Wing Nationalism

It is otherwise known as organic nationalism and identity nationalism. It is based on the presence of a Left-wing nationalism, also sometimes referred to as socialist nationalism, relates to any political movement
historical ethnic culture that meets the romantic ideal. It expressed Romanticism's values and opposed the combining left-wing or socialism with nationalism.
rationalism of Enlightenment.
PATRIOTISM
5. . Cultural Nationalism
Patriotism or national pride is a sense of love, dedication and attachment to a country and an alliance with
The country is described by shared culture, not solely civic or ethnic. Chinese nationalism is an instance of other people who share the same impression. This attachment can be a mixture of many distinct emotions,
cultural nationalism, partially due to China's many national minorities. Membership in the nation is neither including ethnic, cultural, political or historical elements, related to one's own country.
completely voluntary nor hereditary.
The English word patriot is first known in the Elizabethan period; it originated from Latin (6th century) patriota via
6. Third World Nationalism Middle French, meaning "countryman, finally from Greek (patriotes), meaning 'from the same nation' (patris),
meaning "fatherland" (Liddell & Scott, 2013). The abstract noun patriotism appears in the early 18th century.
Nationalist feelings are the outcome of opposition to colonial rule to survive and maintain a domestic identity.
Kinds of Patriotism
7. Liberal Nationalism
1. Patriotism of Duty
Is a kind of nationalism lately defended by political philosophers who think that a non-xenophobia form of
nationalism compatible with liberal values of liberty, tolerance, equality and individual rights can exist (Tamir, This includes fidelity to one's nation through material acts. This is military service patriotism and other selfless
1993, Kymlicka, 1995, Miller, 1995) sacrifice types. This is where patriotism becomes embodied and its ideals take praiseworthy particular actions.

8. Religious Nationalism 2. Patriotism of Affection

Nationalism's connection to a specific religious faith, church, or affiliation. It can be seen that a shared
religion contributes to a sense of domestic unity and a mutual bond between the nation's people. This connection
can be divided into two dimensions; religion's politicization and religion's converse effects on politics.
9. Pan - Nationalism
Ethnic or cultural nationalism refers to a country that is itself a cluster of associated ethnic and cultural
communities
10. Diaspora Nationalism
Diaspora is an ethnic population residing outside their traditional homelands. In this type of nationalism there
is a nationalist sense, e.g. the Irish in the United States, the Jews in the United States and elsewhere, etc.
11. Stateless Nationalism
On nationalist basis (e.g., the Catalans and Basques in Spain) an ethnic or cultural minority within a nation-
state aims independence.
12. National Conservatism
A political term, mainly used in Europe, to describe a version of conservatism that focuses more on domestic
interests than conventional conservatism, while not being unduly nationalist or pursuing a far- right agenda.
13. Revolutionary nationalism
This is the patriotism of the heart. It is about one's internal desire for his country's well-being. The patriotism
of affection can be seen in the patriotism of duty, but it does not necessarily result in it; one can truly love his
country and yet be a coward, just as one can theoretically fulfil a patriotic duty and yet feel apathetic about the
country's welfare.
3. Patriotism of Manners
This is customs patriotism, written and unwritten. The patriotism of manners is to place one's hand over the
heart during the national anthem. It can be performed by anyone without actually needing affection or duty
patriotism. While the above types of patriotism show, at least in part, the real beliefs and hopes of a person, the
patriotism of manners establishes mostly a set of protocols.
Types of Patriotism
1. Personal Patriotism - Is emotional and voluntary. The patriot adheres to certain patriotic values, such
as respect for the flag or the honoring of veterans. Other expressions of personal patriotism include
enlisting in the army, public service, and participation in the political process through voting or other
forms of activism.
2. Official Patriotism - Promoted by the government which has a high symbolic and ceremonial content.
It is a logical consequence of the state itself, which derives legitimacy from being the expression of the
common good of the political community.
National monuments, and veteran’s days and commemoration ceremonies are typical examples. Often official
patriotism is highly regulated by protocol, with specific methods for handling flags, or specific pledges and
displays of allegiance.
 3. Symbolic Patriotism - In wartime is intended to raise morale, in turn contributing to the war effort. Filipinos are very courteous and respectful. You will acknowledge a Filipino individual everywhere you go
4. Peacetime Patriotism - Cannot be so easily linked to a measurable gain for the state, but the patriot because he or she has always been respectful of the elders and others, using the common but certainly classic
does not see it as inferior. Levels of patriotism vary across time, and among political communities. "ho," "oho," "po" and "opo."
Typically, patriotic intensity is higher when the state is under external threat.
8. Remember and commemorate our heroes' sacrifices for our country
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PATRIOTISM AND NATIONALISM
There were many Filipinos who died for our democracy, freedom, and independence. Some fought using
Patriotism feelings are based on the country's positive values- like liberty, justice, and working state their pens and tongues, while some used the power of their arms and weapons.
equality. the patriot thinks that both their country's state system and individuals are inherently good and working
together to achieve a better quality of life., while Nationalism emotions are based on the belief that one's nation 9. Love Our Family, Our Neighbours, and our Countrymen
is superior to all others It also holds a connotation of other countries ' distrust or disapproval, leading to the
The essence of life for most Filipinos is to create their family and nation apart of their enduring
premise that other states are competitors.
engagement.
FILIPINO NATIONAL IDENTITY BASED IN PART ON OUR INDIGENOUS VALUES
PHILIPPINE SYMBOLS THAT PROMOTES A SENSE OF NATIONALISM
a. Pagsasarili (self - reliance)
a. The Philippine Flag with red, white, and blue colors and a yellow sun representing the provinces of the
b. Pakikisama (equitable sharing and partnership)
country.
c. Pagkabayani (patriotism)
b. Coat of Arms of the Philippines also featuring the yellow sun with 8 rays depicting the original
d. Pagkakaisa (national unity, national consensus and discipline),
provinces in the Philippines.
e. Pakikitungo (consideration)
c. Lupang Hinirang (Chosen Land) - The Philippine National anthem -
f. Pakikipagkapwa - Tao (human solidarity based first of all on developing our nation),
d. Sampaguita (Jasminum Sambac) - The national flower of the Philippines; symbolizing purity and
g. Pagkakapantay - Pantay (equality and equity).
simplicity, the flower is small, white, and pleasantly fragrant.
DIFFERENT WAYS TO SHOW FILIPINO SENSE OF NATIONALISM e. Narra (Pterocarpus) - The national tree of the Philippines; also known as Rosewood, it is strong, sturdy,
and durable - a common rainforest tree.
1. Respect the Philippine Flag and Value Filipino Identity f. Philippine Eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) - The Philippines national bird. It is acknowledged to be
severely endangered. The Philippine Eagle is protected by law in the country and there is extreme
Being Filipinos, we should respect our Philippine flag and its purpose. The history and value of this of this punishment for any harm done to them.
flag are connected to the freedom we have today. g. Dr. Jose P. Rizal - The National Hero of the Philippines.
h. Carinosa or Tinikling - The Philippine national dance. Gracefulness is symbolized by this dance.
2. Be Productive
i. Carabao (water buffalo) - The Philippine national animal. It symbolizes industriousness and hard work
Do not rely on everything and then blame our government, but instead make yourself productive and helpful due to its use on many farms in the country.
to the nation. j. Bangus (milk fish) - The Philippines' national fish. It symbolizes versatility, because of the many ways in
which it can be cooked.
3. Be Aware of the Issues in Our Country k. Mango - The national fruit. Philippine mangoes are considered the sweetest fruit in the world.
l. Barong - The Philippine national costume or clothing style for men -(untucked shirt of thin fabric
We must be aware and updated on the significant issues needy fellowmen, happening especially in the
displaying Chinese, Indo-Malayan tropical and Hindu influences) for Women: Baro't Saya (skirt and
country. the victims Extend of disasters help to like the typhoons, flooding, and the like.
blouse with no collar)
4. Stand Proud For Every Achievement m. "Bayan Ko" and "Pilipinas Kong Mahal" are the Philippine national songs.
n. Arnis - The Philippine national sport (stick fighting)
Filipinos are competitive in many ways around the world. They are proud to be Philippines and to be o. Anahaw (Livistona rotundifolia)- The Philippine national plant. This plant is often used as hat, umbrella,
brought to the nation for the awards. or fan symbolizing the Filipino's resourcefulness.
p. Nipa Hut - The Philippine national house; typically a small bamboo house with a thatched roof.
5. Patronize And Support Our Own Products
The Philippines has rich resources to create quality goods and products. The manpower services we
Illustrados - Illustrados" were the educated Filipinos who, by writing essays, articles, novels or publication in
provide are also globally competitive.
news journal called "La Solidaridad," campaigned for reform in the colony in a peaceful way.
6. Preserve the Filipino culture
Philippines is rich in various colorful cultural elements. They are our identity. Be proud and
preserve the culture we have for they are our treasure. We have to keep them for the future generation. There Are Two Types of Priests:
7. Respect Everyone and Value Our Traditions
 1. Regular Priests or Friar Curates - They belong to specific religious orders like Dominicans, Jesuits,
Augustinians, Franciscans, and Recollects. Only Spanish priests could be regular priests.
2. Secular Priests or Parish Priests -These priests not religious orders and were under the archbishop's
oversigh
Council of Trent
It was stated that Secular priests should control the parishes relates to deacons and priests who are not
monastics or members of a religious institute. But few secular priests are accessible because some of them have
been sent to America.
Father Pedro Pelaez (1862) - Exposes the discrimination of Filipino clergys and the racial and national conflict
with the Friars.
19th Century - Majority of the Filipino Priest were qualified as Secular Priests.
Gov. General Carlos Maria de la Torre y Nava Cerrada - He was the one who boost and inspired the
Secularization movement and leads a Liberal Regime in Spain
Rafael De Laquierdo (1870-73)
A Governor-General of the Spanish Republic who is an autocratic and oppressive ruler; replaced Gov.
Dela Torre. He boasted that he ruled with a crucifix in one hand and a sword in the other. He decide to restor old
order and repealed the exemption of the Filipino's from Polo y Servicio (force labor of Filipino men in 1580) and
tribute (tax) that the Cavite workers had been enjoying.
January 20, 1872
Two hundred Filipino troops and employees, led by Sgt. Fernando La Madrid, who took control of the
Spanish arsenal in Cavite, mutinied against Spaniards. Gov. Izquierdo sent troops forthwith to quench the
rebellion. The ring leaders were murdered and persecuted by La Madrid, accusing the GOMBURZA as the
Rebellion's mastermind.
Francisco Zaldua - A Bicolano soldier who testified against the GOMBURZA
February 17, 1872 - The day of execution of the 3 priests at Luneta (Bagumbayan)
GOMBURZA - Refers to the three martyrs:
Father Mariano Gomez, a Chinese-Filipino, born in Cavite who held the most senior position of the three as
Archbishop's Vicar in Cavite. He was truly nationalistic and accepted the death penalty calmly as though it were
his penance for being pro-Filipinos.
Father Jose Burgos, was of Spanish descent, born in the Philippines. He was a parish priest of the Manila
Cathedral and had been known to be close to the liberal Governor General de la Torre. He was 35 years old at
the time and was active and outspoken in advocating the Filipinization of the clergy. He wrote to defend the
seculars and was known to weep like a child.
Father Jacinto Zamora, was also Spanish, born in the Philippines. He was the parish priest of Marikina and was
known to be unfriendly to and would not countenance any arrogance or authoritative behavior from Spaniards
coming from Spain. He once snubbed a Spanish governor who came to visit Marikina.
Issues On The Three Priests
1. Fr. Gomez. - participated in secularization but no longer active in 1872 and he was already more than
80 years old.
2. Fr. Burgos- Involved in the issue of secularization.
3. Fr. Zamora-Victim of mistaken identity since the warrant of arrest was addressed to a certain Jose
Zamora, a known critic of Spanish Government at the time.
GomBurZa Execution
The parishes were assigned to regular priests because of the death of secular priests in the 19th century.
The Spaniards wanted the secular priests to be silenced. Thus, Father Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, Jacinto
Zamora- were executed in February 17, 1872 by Garrote after being implicated as master minds in Cavite
Mutiny. At the death of the three priests the crowd paid respect when they removed their hats and knelt down.
The bells rang all over the City upon the order of Archbishop Melito Martinez.
Garrote - Is an execution technique previously practiced in Spain where a tightened iron collar is used to
strangle or break a convicted person's neck. It is said to be the form of execution performed to the three priests.
The Importance of 1872, Gomburza Execution
It is considered as the beginning of Filipino Nationalism in the Philippine history because the three priests
were innocent yet accepted the brutal punishment for the nation.
Propaganda Movement or Reform Movement
Also known as Junta De Propaganda, Cuerpo de Compromisarios and La Solidaridad, was founded in 19th
century by the illustrados, to improve the lives of low Indios thru reforms or changes implemented in the colony.
The founders were Dr. Pedro Paterno and Gregorio Sanciangco, Doctors of law who laid the foundation of the
movement in Madrid.
Propaganda refers to the systematic efforts to spread opinion and beliefs by means of pen and tongue; literally
means the propagation of a given opinion.
Propagandists or Reformists
These were the Filipino reformers who fled the country to escape persecution in 1872. They didn't have
the intention of achieving social changes through armed struggle and revolution rather they campaign for reform
or change by way of writing. They advocated reform by writing books, pamphlet and newspapers. They were
popularly known as Illustrados (Intellectuals) in Spain, England and France.
The Goals of Propaganda Movement
1. To make the Philippines the province of Spain
2. Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes (legislative branch in Spanish government)
3. Equality between Spaniards and Filipino
4. Secularization or granting Filipino priest the right to hold parishes
5. Gaining freedom of speech, expression and assembly.
Major Causes for the Establishment of the Propaganda Movement
The following causes the creation of the Propaganda Movement:
 1. Emergence of Middle Class ANDRES BONIFACIO
2. The Liberal Administration of Gov. General Carlos Maria de la Torre y Nava Cerrada
3. Execution of GOMBURZA Known to be "Supremo of Katipunan" was one of the founders of Katipunan. He wrote poem, letters, essays and
4. Resulted to the deportation of patriotic Filipinos dialogue while his writing are:

THREE LEADING REFORMISTS IN 19TH CENTURY  Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa - wherein he discussed the importance of loving motherland.
 Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas sa Inang Espanya.
1. Dr. Jose P. Rizal  Ang Dapat Mabatid ng Tagalog - explained how Philippines entered an era of darkness under the
2. Graciano Lopez Jaena Spaniards
3. Marcelo H. Del Pilar  He explained in essay the meaning of word Tagalog - it did not only refer to particular ethnic group but
to all inhabitants who lived near bodies of water (tags-ilog). Everybody should be rightfully called
Tagalog.

His pseudonym was Agapito Bagumbayan. He prepared a Decalogue to serve as guide for Katipuneros "
Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga "Anak ng Bayan" but later adopted the “ Kartila ng Katipunan” of Emilio Jacinto.

EMILIO JACINTO

DR. JOSE P. RIZAL
Regarded as the conscience of the movement and the most prolific writer among the Propagandists. His
pen names are Dimasalang and Laong laan commonly known and acclaimed as the "Father of Philippine
Nationalism" due to his intellectual and idealistic support for system Philippine itself should Independence. be
blamed for him the unfortunate Spanish colonial state of the Filipinos and the colony.
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR
Marcelo H. Del Pilar was regarded as the greatest journalist of Reform Movement. Born on August 30,
1850 in San Nicolas, Bulacan, Bulacan. He used his grandmother's surname based on Gov. General Narciso
Claverias decree in 1849- "Filipinos should adopt a Spanish Surname."
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA
Regarded as the "Brain of the Katipunan." Born on Dec. 15, 1875 in Trozo, Manila. He took up Bachelor
of Arts from the Colegio de San Juan de Letran. He took up law from University of Sto. Tomas but he was not
able to finish it because of revolution. He joined Katipunan in 1894 under the name of Pingkian. He wrote Kartilla
ng Katipunan that served as moral and ethical guide for Katipuneros. His other works are Liwanag at Dilim and
La Patria.
He became an editor in chief of Kalayaan, an official newspaper of Katipunan. He assigned to rescue Rizal
while waiting the ship going to Cuba but Rizal refused to be rescued. He fought with cazaderos or Spanish
riflemen in Maimpis, Magdalena Laguna, where he was wounded on the knee. He died due to malaria on April 6,
1899 in Sta Cruz Laguna.
THE FOUNDING AND RELEVANCE OF KATIPUNAN
The reform movement's failure paves the way for a movement that advocates armed struggle to achieve
liberty.

He was born in Jaro, Iloilo on Dec 18, 1856. His parents encourages, him to become a priest. However,
Graciano wanted to become a doctor. He left the seminary and enrolled in the School of Medicine in University of
Sto. Tomas but due to financial difficulties he wasn't able to finish his medical degree and forced to go back in
Ilollo. The poor people of Ilollo consulted him for medical problems. He started the campaign for freedom in 1874
by writing "Fray Botod" (La hija de fraile) means "Big - Bellied Friar." In his work he revealed the gluttony,
indolence and greediness of friars as represented by Fray Botod.
KKK (Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangan na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or Katipunan).
This was founded on July 7, 1892, same day that news about Rizal's exile to Dapitan. Deodato Arellano
was the first President of Katipunero followed by Roman-Basa then by Andres Bonifacio. The KKK members
were divided when it increased more than one hundred Katipon, Kawal, Bayani. Each category has its own
password and members undergo blood compact.

OTHER FILIPINO REFORMISTS Katipuneros refers to the sons of the people, used triangle method to recruit members, where every
member should recruit two new members who would only know each other after passing the initiation rites.
DR. PEDRO PATERNO
Core values are a person's or organization's fundamental beliefs. These guiding principles dictate conduct and
A doctor of law who wrote the novel entitled "Ninay," the 1st Filipino Novel that shows the Filipino's can assist individuals to know the distinction between right and wrong. It also assists organizations by
developed culture. establishing an unwavering guide to determine if they are on the correct track and fulfil their objectives.

ANTONIOLUNA MODELS OF THE FILIPINO VALUES

Some of his works are Noche Buena, a biographical sketch that depicts the actual life in the Philippines. 1. Exogenous Model or the Foreign Model
La Maestra de mi pueblo Describe defects of the educational system for women. His pen name was Taga-ilog.
 A "legal and formal" model is defined as the international model. Filipinos from Western cultures, particularly
from the Spaniards and the Americans, inherited the foreign model. An example of foreign or exogenous impact
is the bureaucracy displayed in the Philippine government.
2. Indigenous Model or the Traditional Model
Described as a "traditional and non-formal" model or guide, the indigenous model is deeply integrated in
the Filipinos ' subconscious.
THE FIVE CORE FILIPINO VALUES
1. Mapagpasalamat
This is based on the aspiration of Filipinos to "Pamumuhay" (Life) and "Pananalig sa Diyos at Kapwa"
(God and People Faith). Filipinos understand how life can be enjoyed.
2. Matatag
Filipinos, being in a nation susceptible to natural disasters, have adjusted and learned to be powerful in
moments of need and in difficult circumstances that life throws at us. This power is derived from our love for our
family and our belief in the greater being. This is based on Filipino's "Kaayusan" (Order) aspiration.
3. Masigasig
The Police service in the Philippines is expressed in the acronym SERVICE. The acronym SERVICE. The
acronym SERVICE stands for:
SERVANT HOOD
As police affirm its unconditional service and love for the nation and individuals, Police value a supportive
and professional role serves and protects its clientele and community with honesty, utmost devotion and
commitment above private concern.
EXCELLENCE
Police are committed in doing and making things occur effectively and efficiently in all of their efforts as
they strive to accomplish more consistently and outstandingly with tangible outcomes and far beyond their best.
RESPONSIBILITY WITH ACCOUNTABILITY
Police carry out and execute their responsibilities and tasks as their moral duty is to serve the public with
due diligence and always bearing in mind that they are accountable and duty bound to promote the public
interest.

We do everything we can to get it when Filipinos dream of something. We're doing it for our loved ones and
relatives. This is based on the "Kasaganaan' (Abundance) and "Ginhawa" (Relief) aspiration of Filipinos. Not for
himself, but for his family, a Filipino aspires to abundance.
4. Mapagmalasakit
It is because of our family love extended to friends, neighbors and others that naturally sympathetic
Filipinos. This compassion allows us to assist others without in exchange asking for anything.
5. Magalang
The use of po, opo, and pagmamano (hand kissing) are separate methods of regard for Filipino people.
We say these phrases and use this gesture to demonstrate our respect and love to elderly.
THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE CORE VALUES
The members of the Philippine National Police must therefore conform to and internalize the key principles of:
 Love of God.
VALUING PEOPLE AND RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS
Police always maintain their fellow human beings' dignity whenever they cater their needs and are delicate
and cautious in serving and protecting them with compassion and utmost regard for their human rights.
INTEGRITY
Police take an uncompromising and coherent position in the fulfillment of their obligation to live an honest,
upright and dignified life according to the highest ethical and moral norms where their advocacy, values and
convictions are compatible with their words and actions.
COURAGE
From their moral strength police draw their collective and individual power of approach to always accept
difficult duties, and they are courageous enough to speak out against temptation, anomalies, corruption and
exploitation and stand firm.
EMPOWERMENT
Police reach out and create bridges of collaboration, nurture volunteerism and operate in harmony with their
clientele by training individuals for a better and safer society in the process.

 Respect for authority. RELATED PHILIPPINE LAWS THAT PROMOTES

NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM

 Respect for women
1. Republic Act No. 10086 - An act strengthening peoples' nationalism through
 Respect for sanctity of marriage.
Philippine history by changing the nomenclature of the National Historical
 Stewardship over material things Institute into the National Historical Commission of the Philippines, strengthening

 Responsible dominion its powers and functions, and for other purposes; also known as the Philippine

 Truthfulness Cultural Heritage Act of 2010.


2. Republic Act 8044 - also known as the Youth in Nation-Building Act; an act
creating the National Youth Commission, establishing a National Comprehensive
and Coordinated Program on Youth Development, Appropriating funds therefore,
and for other purposes.
3. Republic Act No. 1425 - an act to include in the curricula of all public and private
schools, colleges and universities courses on the life, works and writings of Jose
Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, authorizing
the printing and distribution thereof, and for other purposes.
4. The 1987 Constitution
5. Republic Act No. 10390 - an act amending republic act no. 7306, entitled "an
act providing for the establishment of the people's television network,
incorporated, defining its powers and functions, providing for its sources of
funding and for other purposes; also known as "An Act Revitalizing the People &
Television Network, Incorporated".
6. Republic Act No. 9512 - approved last December 12, 2008; also known as an
act to promote environmental awareness through environmental education and
for other purposes or the National Environmental Awareness and Education Act
of 2008.
It is an act to promote environmental awareness through Environmental
Education (EE) and covers the integration of EE in the school curricula at all levels, be it
public or private, including day care, preschool, nonformal, technical, vocational,
indigenous learning, and out-of-school youth courses or programs.
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT
Gender and Development (GAD) approach focuses on the socially constructed basis of differences
between men and women and emphasizes the need to challenge existing gender roles and relations.
GAD focuses in society, on the principle female or that male, development has the right is for all. Everyone
to equal opportunities to achieve a full and satisfying life.
It does not define the following:
1. Not a war of the sexes
2. Not anti-Male
3. Both women and men are victims although women more than men.
4. Both have a stake in the struggle for gender equality
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT RELATED LAWS AND ISSUANCES IN THE PHILIPPINES
Republic Act No. 9710 (Magna Carta of Women)
Approved on August 14, 2009, which mandates for non-discriminatory and pro-gender equality and equity
measures to enable women's participation in the formulation, implementation and evaluation of policies and plan
for national, regional and local development.
Memorandum Circular No. 2011 - 01 dated October 21, 2011
Addressing to all Government Departments including their attached agencies, offices, bureaus, State
Universities and Colleges (SUCs), Government Owned and Controlled Corporations (GOCCs) and all other
government instrumentalities as their guidelines and procedures for the establishment, strengthening and
institutionalization of the Gender and Development (GAD) Focal Point System (GFPS).
Republic Act 7877 - Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995.
It is an "Act Declaring Sexual Harassment Unlawful in the Employment, Education or Training
Environment, and for other purposes" was approved on February 14, 1995 and became effective on March 5,
1995.
Republic Act 9262 - Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004.
It protects the family and its members particularly women and children from violence and threats to their
personal safety and security."
Republic Act 7192 - Women in Development and Nation Building Act.
The Act provides guidance and measures that will mobilize and enhance participation of women in the
development process in ways equal to that of men.
Memorandum Circular No. 48 Series of 2013
Directing all concerned government agencies to adopt the Gender Equality Guidelines in the development
of their respective Media Policies and Implementing Programs in order to promote gender mainstreaming.
Republic Act 10354 5. Gender inequality - refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender.

The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 or the RH Law. It is a law in the
Philippines, which guarantees universal access to methods on contraception, fertility control, sexual education,
and maternal care. AREAS OR CHANNEL OF SOCIALIZATION

1987 Philippine Constitution (Article II Sec. 14) 1. Family

2. Church
The State recognizes the role of women in nation building and shall promote the FUNDAMENTAL EQUALITY 3. Mass Media
before the law of women and men. 4. School
5. Peers
SEX AND GENDER: HOW DO THEY DIFFER?

"An extremely important part of an individual's identity and one that begins at least at birth, is gender."

Dr. Kenneth Cushner, 2012.

Family (from Latin: familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth), affinity
Gender refers to the specific set of characteristics that identifies the social behaviour of women and men (by marriage or other relationship), or co-residence (relatives and servants). It is also known as the basic
and the relationship between them. unit for raising children. In most societies, the family is the principal institution for the socialization of
children. (Family. lovetoknow.com)
SEX GENDER
Categorized as male or female Masculinity and femininity
Biological Socially, culturally and historically determined
Fixed at Birth Learned through socialization TWO TYPES OF FAMILY
Does not change across time and space Varies over time and space
Equally valued Unequally valued (masculinity as the norm) 1. Immediate family - may include spouses, parents, brothers, sisters, sons, and daughters.
2. Extended family - may include grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, nephews, nieces, and siblings -
in-law. Sometimes these are also considered members of the immediate family, depending on an
individual's specific relationship with them.

Gender identity / gender role includes knowledge of a large set of rules and expectations for what boys and girls
should wear, how they should speak and act, and their 'place' in the overall structure of the society.
GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF FAMILY STRUCTURES
It can be affected by:
1. Matrifocal Family - this kind of family occurs commonly where women have the resources to rear their
1. Race - each of the major divisions of humankind, having distinct physical characteristics. children by themselves or where men are more mobile than women; opposite of patrifocal family.
2. Ethnicity - the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural 2. Patriarchal Family - is a family in which the father is considered head of household; this is true
tradition. regardless of which parent is the primary breadwinner (in a household with a working mom and stay-at-
3. Social Class - a division of a society based on social and economic status; upper class, new money, home dad; also known as father centered family or father dominated family; opposite of matriarchal
middle class, working class, working poor, and poverty level. family.
4. Religion - a particular system of faith and worship. 3. Conjugal Family / Nuclear Family / Single Family - a traditional form of family that includes only the
5. Geographical Region - a demarcated area of the Earth. husband, the wife, and unmarried children who are not of age.
4. Avuncular Family - a family composed of a grandparent, a brother, his sister, and her children
5. Childless Family - is sometimes the "forgotten family," as it does not meet the traditional MOI
TERMS RELATED TO GENDER
standards set by society. Childless families consist of a husband and wife living and working together.
1. Socialization - is the process by which social norms, roles and expectations are learned and Many childless families take on the responsibility of pet ownership or have extensive contact with their
internalized. nieces and nephews as a substitute for having their own children.
2. Gender Socialization - is the process by which norms and expectations in relation to gender are 6. Extended Family - family that extends beyond the nuclear family, including grandparents, aunts,
learned by women and men. uncles, and other relatives, who all live nearby or in one household.
3. Gender stereotype - a form of prejudgment, bias or limitation given to roles and expectations of males 7. Family Of Choice / Chosen Family - is common within the LGBT community, both in academic
and females. These may affect the gender equality and inequality in the society. literature and in colloquial vocabulary. It refers to the group of people in an individual's life that satisfies
4. Gender equality - gives men and women the entitlement to all aspects of human development, the typical role of family as a support system.
 8. Blended Family or Stepfamily – describes families with mixed parents: one or both parents remarried, It is an institution for educating children, any institution at which instruction is given in a particular discipline,
bringing children of the former family into the new family. a group of people. It is an artificial institution set up for the purpose of socialization and cultural transmission. The
9. Monogamous Family - In this case, an individual has only one (official) partner during their lifetime or school can be regarded as a formally constituted community as opposed to mutual communities.
at any one time.
10. Polygamous Family - a family composed of a marriage that includes more than two partners
(polygamous).
a. Polygamy - a man is married to more than one wife at a time which is common in some parts of Middle
East and Africa and is often associated with Islam; SCHOOL
b. Polyandry - when a woman is married to more than one husband at a time; traditionally practiced in
areas of the Himalayan mountains, among Tibetans in Nepal, in parts of China and in parts of northern It is an institution for educating children, any institution at which instruction is given in a particular discipline,
India. a group of people. It is an artificial institution set up for the purpose of socialization and cultural transmission. The
c. Fraternal Polyandry - where two or more brothers are married to the same wife school can be regarded as a formally constituted community as opposed to mutual communities.
d. Polyamory - If a marriage includes multiple husbands and wives; group or conjoint marriage.

Citizenship is a term denoting membership of a citizen in a political society, which membership implies,
CHURCH / RELIGION reciprocally, a duty of allegiance on the part of the member and duty of protection on the part of the State.

It is a collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that relate humanity to spirituality Citizen is a person having the title of citizenship. He is the member of a democratic community who
and moral values. The practice of a religion may also include rituals, sermons, commemoration or enjoy full civil and political rights, and is accorded protection inside and outside the territory of the State.
veneration of a deity, gods or goddesses, sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trance, initiations, funerary services,
matrimonial services, meditation, prayer, music, art, dance, public service or other aspects of human culture. CITIZENSHIP AND CITIZEN DISTINGUISHED FROM NATIONALITY AND NATIONAL

MASS MEDIA From the point of view of international law, "citizenship" and "citizen" do not exactly mean the same as
"nationality "and "national." The national of a State include not only its citizens who enjoy full civil and political
These are diversified media technologies that are intended to reach a large audience by mass privileges but also all others who are not its citizens, but because they owe allegiance to it, are not regarded as
communication. It has an immense impact on young minds. aliens. While all citizens are nationals of a State, not all nationals are citizens of a state.
EFFECTS OF MASS MEDIA IN SOCIALIZATION A citizen is a member of a democratic community who enjoys full civil and political rights. In Monarchial
State, He is often called Subject.
1. Media's sexualization of young female celebrities
2. Video games that promote violence and negative stereotypes. An alien is a citizen of a country who is residing in or passing through another country. He is a popularly
3. Music lyrics and music videos that promote negative stereotypes and violence called "foreigner." He is not given the full rights to citizenship but is entitled to receive protection as to his person
4. Sex stereotypes in kid's TV program or property.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MASS MEDIA GENERAL WAYS OF ACQUIRING CITIZENSHIP
1. Broadcast Media - such as radio, recorded music, film and television transmit their information 1. Involuntary method - by birth, because of blood relationship or place of birth.
electronically. 2. Voluntary Method - by naturalization, except in case of collective naturalization of the inhabitants of a
2. Print Media - use a physical object such as a newspaper, book, pamphlet or comics, to distribute their territory which takes place when it is ceded by one state to another as a result of a conquest or treaty.
information.
3. Outdoor Media - is a form of mass media that comprises billboards, signs or placards placed inside and
outside of commercial buildings, sports stadiums, shops and buses. Other outdoor media include flying
billboards (signs in tow of airplanes), blimps, and skywriting WHAT ARE THE MODES IN ACQUIRING PHILIPPINE CITIZENSHIP?
4. Public Speaking and Event Organising - can also be considered as forms of mass media.
1. Filipino By Birth / Natural Born Filipino
5. Digital Media - comprises both Internet and mobile mass communication. Internet media provides many
a. Jus Soli (right of soil) which is the legal principle that a person's nationality at birth is determined by the
mass media services, such as email, websites, blogs, and internet based radio and television.
place of birth (e.g., the territory of a given state)
b. Jus sanguinis (right of blood) which is the legal principle that, at birth, an individual acquires the
nationality of his/her natural parent/s. The Philippine adheres to this principle.
SCHOOL
 2. Filipino by Naturalization Naturalized Citizen - which is the judicial act of adopting a foreigner and 3. Persons convicted of crimes involving moral turpitude;
clothing him with the privileges of a native-born citizen. It implies the renunciation of a former nationality 4. Persons suffering from mental alienation or incurable contagious diseases;
and the fact of entrance into a similar relation towards a new body. 5. Persons who during the period of their stay in the Philippines, have not mingled socially with the
Filipinos, or who have not evinced a sincere desire to learn and embrace the customs, traditions, and
ideals of the Filipinos;
6. Citizens or subjects of nations with whom the Philippines is at war.
CLASSIFICATION OF FILIPINO CITIZENS
7. Citizens or subjects of a foreign country other than the United States, whose laws do not grant Filipinos
(Article IV, Section 1, Philippine Constitution) the right to become naturalized citizens or subject thereof;

1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution; LOSS OF CITIZENSHIP
2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;
A Filipino citizen may lose his citizenship in any of the following ways:
3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching
the age of majority; and 1. Voluntary
4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law. a. By Naturalization in a foreign country
b. By express renunciation of citizenship (expatriation)
THREE WAYS OF ACQUIRING
c. By subscribing to an oath of allegiance to support the constitution and law of foreign country
BY NATURALIZATION d. By rendering service to or accepting commission bris in the armed forces of a foreign country

1. By judgment of the court

The foreigner who wants to become a Filipino citizen must apply for naturalization with the proper Regional The voluntary loss or renunciation of one's nationality is called EXPATRIATION.
Trial Court / Court of First Instance. The Revise Naturalization Act is the present naturalization law. Such law
2. Involuntary
shall also continue in force pursuant to the transitory provision of the Constitution (Art. XVIII, Sec.3.);
a. By cancellation of his certificate of naturalization by the court
b. By having been declared by competent authority a deserter of the Philippine armed forces in times of
war.
2. By direct act of Congress

In this case our law - making body simply enacts an act directly conferring citizenship to a foreigner.
WHAT ARE THE GROUNDS FOR REACQUIRING LOST PHILIPPINE CITIZENSHIP?

1. By naturalization
3. By administrative proceeding 2. By repatriation - affected by merely taking the necessary oath of allegiance to the Republic of the
Philippines and registering the same in the proper civil registry.
Under R.A. No.9139, known as the Administrative Naturalization Law of 2000,"aliens born and residing in 3. By direct act of congress
the Philippines may be granted Philippine citizenship by administrative proceedings before a special committee
on naturalization. The petition for citizenship shall be filled with the committee which has the power to approve, WHAT IS AN ALLEGIANCE?
deny or reject application as provided in the law.
Allegiance is loyalty owed by a person to his state. Section 5 prohibits more particularly naturalized
Filipinos from practicing what is called "dual allegiance" declaring it inimical to national interests. Note that
what Section 5 prohibits is not dual citizenship but dual allegiance of citizens.
WHO ARE NOT QUALIFIED TO APPLY FOR NATURALIZATION OF THE REVISED NATURALIZATION
LAW?

Under Section of 4 of the Revised Naturalization Law, the following persons cannot qualify for Philippine
citizenship:
WHAT ARE THE DUTIES AND OBLIGATION OF THE CITIZENS?
1. Persons opposed to organized government or affiliated with any association or group of persons who
uphold and teach doctrines opposing all organized governments; 1. To be loyal to the republic.
2. Persons defending or teaching the necessity or propriety of violence, personal assault, or assassination
for the success and predominance of their ideas; Polygamists or believers in the practice of polygamy;
Loyalty implies faith and confidence in the republic and love and devotion to the country. The citizen Suffrage is both a privilege and a duty which every qualified citizen must perform. It is through suffrage
must be proud of his country, its customs, traditions, language, and institutions. He must share in its that the will of the people is expressed. The quality of public official of the government, depend, direct or
glories and feel sad in its misfortunes. It is the "home of our people, the and seat well-being. “Of our indirectly, upon the voters.
affections and the source of our happiness and well-being.

2. To defend the State.

Men may differ and do differ on religious beliefs and creeds, government policies, the wisdom and
validity of laws, even the correctness or judicial decisions and decrees, but in field of love of country,
national unity, and patriotism, they can hardly afford to differ for these are matters for in which them
they mean are mutually national existence and vitally or interested, as a nation to or national extinction.
survival

3. To contribute to the development and welfare of the state.

The development and welfare of the state should be the concern of every citizen for he will be the first
to enjoy the benefits thereof. Anything that affects him, individually and personally. He is affected by its
ills and disorder, growth and stability.

4. To uphold the constitution and obey the laws.

It is the shrine for all the hopes and visions for our nation. Laws are enacted in accordance with it for the
good of all. It is therefore the duty of every citizen to defend and respect the constitution and obey the
laws. If the people would disregard them, the government would collapse, and this would mean
lawlessness and the disintegration of the social order. The constitution contains provisions designed to
insure that is the accord.

5. To cooperate with the duly constituted authorities.

The larger interest of the group and the nation that he must serve necessarily involve his own. And he
would be recreant to the claims of that interest if he did not actively concern himself with the affairs of
his government. It is not enough for example that a citizen should take care that in his daily life he does
not violate any of the multitudinous rules.

6. To exercise rights responsively with due regards to the rights of others.

Society is composed of men, each with interest of his own. In the course of life, the interest of man
conflict with those of many others. Amidst the continuous clash on interest, the ruling social philosophy
should be that, in the ultimate social order, the welfare of every man depends upon the welfare of all.

7. To engage in gainful work.

Employment is not the obligation solely of the state. Every citizen should consider it his own
responsibility and should strive to become a useful a productive member of society to assure not only
himself but, perhaps, more important, his family a life worthy of human dignity.

8. To register and vote.