PRACTICAL

RESEARCH 1
SECOND SEMESTER

MS. BRENDA LOU E. DE GUIA

OPENING PRAYER
ATTENDANCE
CHECKING
 OBJECTIVES
01 03
Unlock difficult words that Choose appropriate
are vital in understanding qualitative research
the lesson design.

02 04
Discuss the features of Construct the research
the five major research design of own study
designs
 YOUR VOCABULARY BUILDER
Directions: Fill out the blank spaces by referring to the clues and guessing the word/s being
defined. Write your answers on your notebook.

1. A_ _Y_NCE - a state of temporary inactivity or suspension

2. _O_I_T_C - relating to or concerned with wholes or with complete systems
3. I_H_B_T_ON - a mental process imposing restraint upon behavior or
another mental process
4. _R_H_V_S - a place in which public records or historical materials
(such as documents) are preserved
5. P_E_O_E_A - something (such as an interesting fact or event)
that can be observed and studied and that
typically
is unusual or difficult to understand or explain fully
1. ABEYANCE 2. HOLISTIC 3. INHIBITION 4. ARCHIVES 5. PHENOMENA
 Readiness Check
Directions: Read the sentences. After each number, mark check
(√) if you think that the sentence is true about research
approaches. Mark cross (X) if you think that it is not. Write your
answers on your notebook.
1. Historical study analyzes a group of people to understand better their culture.
2. Ethnographic study is not only limited to obtaining data from the past but also
involves relating their implications to the present and future time.
3. Case study involves a comprehensive and extensive examination of a particular
individual, group, or situation over a period of time.
4. Phenomenological study examines human experiences (lived experiences) through
the descriptions provided by subjects or respondents.
5. Grounded theory involves comparing collected units of data against one another
until categories, and hypothesis that state relations between these categories and
properties emerge.
1. X 2. X 3. √ 4. √ 5. X
DESIGNING
YOUR
PAPER
YOUR INITIAL TASK

DOES it suit
me?
Directions: Read the scenarios and
react whether the researcher uses an
appropriate research design for his/her
research study.
Bella would like to know
how students in the
remote area feel about
online classes so she
would be writing a case
study about it.
Kyle finds muslim culture
interesting. He would like to
know the wedding rites and
traditions that Muslims
follow. He thought of writing
an ethnographic research
of it.
Jam would like to know the
role of social media to
people in this pandemic. He
would like to write a
phenomenological study
about this.
Krissy would like to study
the earlier patterns of
movements in the
Philippines, specifically
1939-1970 period to
analyze the changes in
population distribution over
time. She will be writing a
historical research.
Ghale interviewed ten
counselors to help
determine how their
professional identity is
formed. She’ll be using
grounded theory for this
study.
5 MAJOR
RESEARCH
DESIGNS
 1. ETHNOGRAPHY
The ethnographic approach to qualitative research comes largely
from the field of anthropology. The emphasis in an ethnography is
on studying an entire culture. Originally, the idea of a culture was
tied to the notion of ethnicity and geographic location (e.g.,culture
of Panay Islands), but it has been broadened to include virtually
any group or organization. That is, we can study the “culture” of a
business or defined group (e.g.,a Rotary club). (Trochim, 2006)

Purpose- to describe a culture’s characteristics

 1. ETHNOGRAPHY
Method
● Identify culture, variables for study, and review
literature
● Data collection-gain entrance to culture;
immerse self in culture; acquire informants;
gather data through direct observation and
interaction with subjects
 1. ETHNOGRAPHY
Key Stages of Ethnographic Research
• Stage One: Research Question
• Stage Two: Participant Observation
• Stage Three: Making Field Notes
• Stage Four: Reflection and the Writing Up of Field
Notes
• Stage Five: Interviewing
• Stage Six: Interpretation of Interviews
• Stage Seven: Writing Up the Ethnographic Research
 1. ETHNOGRAPHY
Advantages of Ethnographic Research
• Direct Observation
• Links with Theory
• Detailed Data
• Holistic
• Validity
• Contrast and Comparison
• Actor’s Perceptions
• Self Awareness
• Ecological
 1. ETHNOGRAPHY
Disadvantages of Ethnographic Research
• Time Recruitment • Scale
• Presentation of Results • Ethics
• Reliability • Safety
• Interviewer Effect• Access • Invasion of Privacy
• Inhibitions • Other Concerns

Analysis- describe characteristics of culture

Outcome- description of culture
 2. PHENOMENOLOGY

Research Question Development

• What does the existence of feeling or experience
indicate concerning the phenomenon to be explored?
• What are necessary and sufficient constituents of
feeling or experience?
• What is the nature of the human being?
 2. PHENOMENOLOGY
Method
• No clearly defined steps to avoid limiting
creativity of researcher
• Sampling and data collection
➢ Seek persons who understand study and are willing to
express inner feelings and experiences
➢ Describe experiences of phenomenon
➢ Direct observation
➢ Audio or videotape
 2. PHENOMENOLOGY
Phenomenology comes from academic disciplines of
philosophy and psychology, and it is based upon the work of
the 20th-century philosopher Edmund Husserl, which was
then later developed by Heidegger. (Van Manen, 1990)

Purpose- to describe the experiences as they are lived

● examines the uniqueness of individual’s lived
situations
● each person has own reality, reality is subjective
 2. PHENOMENOLOGY
Methodology of Phenomenology
a. Bracketing-process of identifying and holding in abeyance any
preconceived beliefs and opinions that one may have about
phenomenon that is being researched
b. Intuition-occurs when the researcher remains open to the
meaning attributed to the phenomenology those who have
experienced it.
c. Analysis-involves process such as coding (open, axial, and
selective), categorizing and making sense of the essential
meanings of the phenomenon
 2. PHENOMENOLOGY

Advantages of Phenomenology
Phenomenology provides for:
• in depth understanding of individual phenomena
• rich data from the experiences of individuals. (Van
Manen, 1990)
 2. PHENOMENOLOGY
Disadvantages of Phenomenology
● The subjectivity of the data leads to difficulties in establishing reliability and validity of
approaches and information.
● It is difficult to detect or to prevent researcher induced bias.
● There can be difficulty in ensuring pure bracketing –this can lead to interference in the
interpretation of the data.
● The presentation of results-the highly qualitative nature of results can make them difficult
to present in a manner that is usable by practitioners.
● Phenomenology does not produce generalizable data.
● Because the samples are generally very small, can we ever say that the experiences are
typical?
● On a particular note, it is important to consider the possible difficulties of participants
expressing themselves.
● Participants need to be interested and articulate-problems that can cause difficulties in
being able to express themselves include foreign language, age, brain damage, and
embarrassment. (Van Manen, 1990)
 2. PHENOMENOLOGY
Data Analysis
● Classify and rank data
● Sense of wholeness
● Examine experiences beyond human awareness or
cannot be communicated

Outcomes
● Findings described from subject’s point-of-view
● Researcher identifies themes
● Structural explanation of findings is developed
 3. GROUNDED THEORY

Grounded theory is a qualitative research approach that was

originally developed by Glaser and Strauss in the 1960s. The
self-defined purpose of grounded theory is to develop a
theory about phenomena of interest. But it is not just
abstract theorizing they’re talking about. Instead , the theory
needs to be grounded or rooted in observation-hence the
term. (Trochim, 2006)
 3. GROUNDED THEORY
Purpose - theory development

● Used in discovering what problems exist in a

social science and how persons handle them
● Involves formulation, testing and redevelopment
of propositions until a theory is developed
 3. GROUNDED THEORY
Stages of Grounded Theory
● Data collection
● Note taking
● Coding (open, axial, selective) into categories and
properties
● Memoing
● Sorting/Integration
● Writing (Glasser & Strauss, 1967)
 3. GROUNDED THEORY

Advantages of Grounded Theory

● systematic and rigorous procedure

● •rich data from the experiences of individuals
(Glaser & Strauss, 1967)
 3. GROUNDED THEORY
Disadvantages of Grounded Theory
● The subjectivity of data leads to difficulties in establishing
reliability and validity of approaches and information.
● It is difficult to detect or to prevent researcher-induced
bias.
● The presentation of results-the highly qualitative nature of
the results can make
● them difficult to present in a manner that is usable by
practitioners. (Glaser & Strauss, 1967)
 3. GROUNDED THEORY
Method - steps occur simultaneously; a constant
comparative process
● Data Collection - interview, observation, record review,
or combination
Analysis
● Concept formation
● Concept development-reduction; selective sampling of
literature; selective sampling of subjects; emergence of
core concepts
● Concept modification and integration
 3. GROUNDED THEORY

Outcome - theory supported by examples

from data
 4. HISTORICAL APPROACH
The historical approach “is employed by researchers who
are interested in reporting events and/or conditions that
occurred in the past. An attempt is made to establish facts
in order to arrive at conclusions concerning past events or
predict future events.” (Key, 1997)

Purpose - describe and examine events of the past

to understand the present and anticipate
potential effects
 4. HISTORICAL APPROACH
Method
● Formulate idea-select topic after reading related
literature
● Develop research questions
● Develop an inventory of sources-archives, private
libraries, papers
● Clarify validity and reliability of data-primary sources,
authenticity, biases
● Develop research outline to organize investigative
process
● Collect data
 4. HISTORICAL APPROACH

Analysis - synthesis of all data; accept and

reject data; reconcile conflicting evidence

Outcome - select means of presentation-

biography, chronology, issue paper
 4. HISTORICAL APPROACH
Examples of Historical Research
● A study of the factors leading to the historical
development and growth of cooperative learning
● A study of the effects of the historical decisions of
the Philippine Supreme Court on Philippine
prisons
● A study of the evolution of print journalism in the
Philippines through a study of collections of
newspapers (BCPS, 2010)
 5.CASE STUDY
A case study is an intensive study of a specific individual or
specific context. For instance, Freud developed case studies
of several individuals as the basis for the theory of
psychoanalysis and Piaget did case studies of children to
study developmental phases. (Trochim, 2006)

Purpose - describe in-depth the experience of one

person, family, group, community, or institution
 5.CASE STUDY

Method - Direct observation and interaction

with subject

Analysis - synthesis of experience

Outcome - in-depth description of the

experience
Questions?
Final Task
Directions: Complete the following
phrases by referring to your research
study. Write your answer on a one
whole sheet of paper.

1. The title of my research is

____________________________________________

2. The research design that I will be

using is_____________________________

3. I chose this research design because

__________________________________
THANKS!