Abdullah Shoukry and Mohamed Mostafa

Environmental Science
Grade 12
2022 – 2023
HW 13.03.2023
Homework

1. Students should read an article and write their opinion on the problems raised in this work. Come up with their
own solutions (minimum of 3 solutions) to the problems described in the article.

Problem: “Overfishing is depleting virtually all threatened sharks and rays, with habitat loss and destruction and the
climate crisis compounding the risks, affecting 1 in 3 and 1 in 10 species respectively”

Solutions:
1. We should impose a ban on fishing in international waters since 99% of international waters that do not belong to a
single country are unprotected.

2. We should protect essential predator species like sharks and tuna by either putting them in natural reserves and breeding
farms, or by imposing heavy tariffs and taxes on the, since they are not only prone to overfishing, but also play a vital role
in maintaining balance in local ecosystems.

3. We should build organizations and give them, and only them, the right to fish – and people who would like to fish
would be required to join this organization and report the amount of fish they fished. Quotas should be assigned in order
to ensure maintenance of the ecosystem. This will limit leisure fishing to almost 0 and ensure that fishing is mostly used
only for economic purposes.

Overfishing puts more than one-third of all sharks, rays, and chimeras at risk of extinction | Stories | WWF
(worldwildlife.org)

1. What is the government system of each country?

Nigeria Egypt

Nigeria's economy is diversified, with a range of Egypt's economy is diversified, with a range of
individual liberties coexisting with centralized individual freedoms coexisting with centralized
economic planning and governmental control. economic planning and governmental control.
Abdullah Shoukry and Mohamed Mostafa
Environmental Science
Grade 12
2022 – 2023
HW 13.03.2023
2. What is the yearly fish quantity in each country?

Nigeria Egypt

Nigeria produces over 3.2 million metric tons of fish Statistics for 2015 indicate that Egypt's fisheries
yearly, making it the largest fish consumer in Africa and production shows that total production from all sources
one of the largest in the world. reached 1.5 Tonnes

3. Current aquaculture and fishery production quantities of Egypt and Nigeria (present in table/graph).

Nigeria Egypt

Nigeria produces over 3.2 million metric tons of fish Statistics for 2015 indicate that Egypt's fisheries
yearly, making it the largest fish consumer in Africa and production shows that total production from all sources
one of the largest in the world. reached 1.5 Tonnes

4. Constraints in Aquaculture and fish farming in Egypt and Nigeria.

Constraints in Aquaculture and fish farming

Egypt Nigeria
Constraints Constraints
Weak control Inadequate infrastructure
Lack of reliable marine hatchery Inadequate supply of fish feed
Pressure on natural fry Irregular electricity supply
Food supply problems Poor finance
Lack of planning and control High cost of feed
Frequent pollution and eutrophication risks Land acquisition
Reduced market High price of input
Limited availability of sites Disease and poaching
Chronic pollution hazard Poor extension services
High prices Poor market/price
Poor hatchery facilities cannibalism
Abdullah Shoukry and Mohamed Mostafa
Environmental Science
Grade 12
2022 – 2023
HW 13.03.2023

1000000
900000
800000
700000
600000
500000
400000 2015
300000 2016
200000 2017
100000 2018
0

Detailed Table:
 Egyptian inland water aquaculture production by source 2015–2018 (Tonnes).

Production
Species 2015 2016 2017 2018
source
Common carp 30000 50000 45000 47000
Mullets nei 42179 38776 27919 31371
Nile tilapia 75513 100309 112493 121100
Freshwater
North African catfish 6000 6000 5556 5000
Silver, bighead carps
34606 80909 64685 66900
nei
Cyprinids nei 30000 70000 64500 67000
European seabass 14343 24498 30720 24914
Brackish-water
Nile tilapia 800000 840000 854808 930344
North African catfish 1455 1627 2749 1836
Abdullah Shoukry and Mohamed Mostafa
Environmental Science
Grade 12
2022 – 2023
HW 13.03.2023

60000

50000

40000

30000
2018
20000
2017
10000 2016
2015
0

 Egyptian capture inland water aquaculture production 2015–2018

Species 2015 2016 2017 2018

Bayad 6582 7405 7772 6470
Characins nei 4543 3329 3452 5008
Common sole 889 892 962 1548
Cyprinids nei 2276 2380 2677 2400
Diadromous clupeoids nei 68 21 34 19
Elephantsnout fishes nei 977 619 497 917
European eel 659 569 632 1295
Freshwater crustaceans nei 2752 1984 1877 1494
Freshwater fishes nei 12121 12199 14864 14176
Abdullah Shoukry and Mohamed Mostafa
Environmental Science
Grade 12
2022 – 2023
HW 13.03.2023

200000
180000
160000
140000
120000
100000
2018
80000
2017
60000
2016
40000
2015
20000
0

 Nigerian inland water aquaculture production by source 2015–2018 (Tonnes)

Species 2015 2016 2017 2018

Aba 11044 11891 15724 15634
African bonytongue 18405 23511 27896 25689
African lungfishes 6595 6516 7624 6924
Bagrid catfish 15871 20827 42106 31233
Characins nei 12465 13867 13789 12788
Citharinus nei 11425 13681 14715 12322
Cyprinids nei 15405 23497 25378 24223
Elephantsnout fishes nei 23813 26386 32127 32022
Freshwater fishes nei 53347 43947 45212 44422
Abdullah Shoukry and Mohamed Mostafa
Environmental Science
Grade 12
2022 – 2023
HW 13.03.2023

250000

200000 2015
2016
150000
2017

100000 2018

2018
50000
2017
0 2016
Gilthead Meagre Mullets nei 2015
Whiteleg
seabream shrimp

 Egyptian marine production under brackish waters 2015–2018 (Tonnes).

Fishing Area Type Species 2015 2016 2017 2018

Gilthead
16092 26663 35221 29994
seabream
Mediterranean and Black Sea Aquaculture Meagre 9317 16162 25013 25130
Mullets nei 115000 115000 182294 210700
Whiteleg
0 101 135 155
shrimp
Abdullah Shoukry and Mohamed Mostafa
Environmental Science
Grade 12
2022 – 2023
HW 13.03.2023

5. What kind of aquaculture is used in Egypt and Nigeria?

Nigeria Egypt

Nigeria inland water aquaculture production Egyptian marine aquaculture production under
quantities are from only freshwater sources brackish waters is mostly carried out in the
Mediterranean and the Black sea

6. Feeding the fish issues.

 As the quality of the feeds utilized impacts the survival and growth of the fish larvae, feed plays a significant role
in determining aquaculture's sustainability.
 A majority of fish farmers in developing countries including Egypt and Nigeria use locally made fish feeds or
commercially imported feeds.
 The imported fish feed is more expensive than the locally made ones.
 Fishmeal is becoming more expensive and harder to get in Egypt, which has prompted research into ways to
replace or cut its protein content with more affordable sources of plant or animal origin.

7. Prospects and potential of aquaculture in Egypt and Nigeria.

Aquaculture growth has increased in Africa, which may be linked to three primary factors:
1. Rising fish consumption,
2. A better business climate
3. Less production risk.

Overview of aquaculture systems in Egypt and Nigeria, prospects, potentials, and constraints - ScienceDirect