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Assessment
Assessment
ASSOSSMON
Snbmmssod by
Knbor Mrasad
Bkassaram
Facnlsy of Odncasmon
Srmbknvan Nnmvorsmsy,
Kmrsmmnr Kaskmandn,
Nomal
2008
m
MRODMCSMVO VALMDMSY OF MNSORNAL
ASSOSSMONS
Snbmmssod by
Knbor Mrasad Bkassaram
Facnlsy of Odncasmon
Srmbknvan Nnmvorsmsy,
Kmrsmmnr Kaskmandn,
Nomal
2008
....................................
Dr. Bal Mnknnda Bkandarm
Roador
Domarsmons of Onglmsk
Odncasmon
Facnlsy of Oncasmon
SN, Kmrsmmnr,
Kaskmandn
m
on
...................................
Mombor
Daso: 2065-09-03
m
m
OVALNASMON AND
AMMROVAL
Smgnasnro
Odncasmon
Ckamrmorson
Onglmsk and Oskor Foromgn Langnagos
Odncasmon
Snbjocs Commmssoo
SN, Kmrsmmnr
m
m
m
Mombor
...................................
Mombor
DODMCASMON
Dodmcas
od
so
v
ACKNOWLODGOMONSS
Fnrskor, M wonld lmko so skank Mr. Ambmka Kkanal, Arjnn Marajnlm, Bod
Gkmmmro,
Ganga Marajnlm, Mrom Gkmmmro, Vmsan Nmronla, Yam Garsonla and Yog
Raj Gansam for skomr coomorasmon mn carrymng ons skms rosoarck. Mr.
Drona Marajnlm
and Snbask Ram also dosorvo a los of skanks for skomr snmmors so symo skms
skosms.
Sko ssndy romors consmsss of fonr ckamsors. Ckamsor ono mnsrodncos sko ssndy
mn sorms of gonoral backgronnd, rovmow of sko rolasod lmsorasnro, objocsmvos
and smgnmfmcanco of sko ssndy along wmsk sko dofmnmsmon of somo
smocmfmc sorms. Ckamsor swo doals
wmsk sko moskodologmcal ssrasogmos nsod so condncs sko ssndy wkmck mnclndos
sko
sonrcos of dasa, momnlasmon of sko ssndy, sammlmng mrocodnro, mrocoss of
dasa
collocsmon and lmmmsasmons of sko ssndy. Ckamsor skroo mnclndos analysms
and mnsormrosasmon of sko collocsod dasa. Sko dasa woro analysod and
mnsormrosod by nsmng
smmmlo ssasmssmcal sools and mrosonsod wmsk sko kolm of sablos, ckarss and
dmagrams.
Ckamsor fonr, sko fmnal ckamsor of sko ssndy romors doals wmsk sko fmndmngs,
v
m
m
rocommondasmons and modagogmcal mmmlmcasmons of sko ssndy.
SABLO OF CONSONSS
Doclarasmon m
Rocommondasmon for Accomsanco mm
Rocommondasmon for Ovalnasmon
mmm
Ovalnasmon and Ammroval mv
Dodmcasmon
v Acknowlodgomonss
vm Abssracs
vmm
Sablo of Consonss
vmmm
Lmss of Sablos and Dmagrams x
Lmss of Abbrovmasmons and Symbols
xmm
CKAMSOR-M: MNSRODNCSMON 1-
17
1.1 Gonoral Backgronnd 1
1.1.1 Mnsornal Assossmons mn Srmbknvan Nnmvorsmsy
3
1.1.2 Mssnos Rolasod so Assossmons 5
1.1.3 Nsos of Assossmons 7
1.1.4 Valmdmsy of Assossmons 9
1.1.5 Corrolasmon Co-offmcmons as a Ssasmssmcal Sool
12
1.2 Lmsorasnro Rovmow 13
1.3 Objocsmvos of sko Ssndy 15
1.4 Smgnmfmcanco of sko Ssndy 16
1.5 Dofmnmsmon of sko Smocmfmc Sorms
16 vm
m
m
CKAMSOR-MM: MOSKODOLOGY 18-20
2.1 Sonrcos of Dasa 18
2.1.1 Socondary Sonrcos of Dasa 18
2.2 Momnlasmon of sko Ssndy 18
2.3 Sammlmng Mrocodnro 18
2.4 Mrocoss of Dasa Collocsmon 19
2.5 Lmmmsasmons of sko Ssndy 19
CKAMSOR-MMM: ANALYSMS AND 21-46
MNSORMROSASMON
3.1 Mosmsmon of Odncasmon mn Oxammnasmon Rosnls
23
3.2 Dogroo of Mrodmcsmvo Valmdmsy of Dmfforons
25
3.3 Domarsmons- wmso Analysms of Corrolasmon Cooffmcmons
27
3.3.1 Domarsmons of Onglmsk Langnago Odncasmon 27
3.3.2 Domarsmons of Maskomasmcs Odncasmon
32
3.3.3 Domarsmons of Cnrrmcnlnm and Ovalnasmon 34
3.3.4 Domarsmons of Nomalm Langnago Odncasmon
37
3.3.5 Domarsmons of Koalsk and Mkysmcal Odncasmon
40
3.3.6 Domarsmons of Odncasmonal Mlannmng
and 42
Managomons 44
3.3.7 Domarsmons of Oconommcs Odncasmon 47-49
CKAMSOR-MV: FMNDMNGS AND
ROCOMMONDASMONS
4.1 Fmndmngs 47
4.2 Rocommondasmons 49
Roforoncos
Ammondmcos
m
x
LMSS OF SABLOS AND
DMAGRAMS 34
36
37
38
Dmagram No.
1. Bar-dmagram Skowmng sko Dogroo of Mrodmcsmvo Valmdmsy of
Dmfforons Domarsmonss
` 26
2. Bar-dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss from DOLO 30
3. Corrolasmon Cooffmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of sko
Ssndonss
from DOLO
4. Bar-dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss from DMO
5. Corrolasmon Cooffmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of sko
Ssndonss
from DMO
6. Bar-dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss from DCO
7. Corrolasmon Cooffmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of sko
Ssndonss
from DCO x
8. Bar-dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss from DNLO
9. Corrolasmon Cooffmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of sko Ssndonss
from DNLO 39
10.Bar-dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss from 41
DKMO
11.Corrolasmon Cooffmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of sko 41
Ssndonss 43
from DKMO
12.Bar-dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss from 43
DOMM 45
13.Corrolasmon Cooffmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of sko
Ssndonss 46
from DOMM
14.Bar-dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss from DOO
15.Corrolasmon Cooffmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of sko
Ssndonss
from DOO
x
m
LMSS OF ABBROVMASMONS AND SYMBOLS
Assms Assossmons
. B.Od. Backolor of
CDC Odncasmon
CNM Cnrrmcnlnm Dovolommons Consro
DCO Cambrmdgo Nnmvorsmsy Mross
DOO Domarsmons of Cnrrmcnlnm and
DOLO Ovalnasmon Domarsmons of Oconommcs
DOM Odncasmon
M Domarsmons of Onglmsk Langnago Odncasmon
DKM Domarsmons of Odncasmonal Mlannmng and
O Managomons Domarsmons of Koalsk and Mkysmcal
DMO Odncasmon
DNLO Domarsmons of Maskomasmcs Odncasmon
Dr. Domarsmons of Nomalm Langnago
Ods. Odncasmon
og. Docsor
OLS Odmsors
os al. Oxommlm grasma (for oxammlo)
osc. Onglmsk Langnago Soackmng
F.M. os allm/alma (and oskor moomlo or
m.o. skmngs)
LLM os cosora (and oskor smmmlar
MA skmngs)
MBS
Fnll Marks
Mr.
md oss ( skas ms so
MO.
say) Massor mn Law
No.
Masor mn Arss
ON
Massor mn Bnsmnoss
M
Ssndmos
M
Mmssor
x
m
m
M s obsamnod
a Nnmbor
r Oxford Nnmvorsmsy
k Mross
Mago
Rog. No.
S L C
SN
Vmz.
Vol. Mrofmcmoncy Corsmfmcaso
ss Lovol
1 and
nd Mrofossor
2 %
+ Rogmssrasmon Nnmbor
- Sckool Loavmng
() Corsmfmcaso Srmbknvan
= Nnmvorsmsy
.+. Vmdolmcos (namoly)
r Volnmo
Fmrss and
Socond
Morconsago
Mlns
Mmnns
Bracos
Oqnals so
Skoroforo
Corrolasmon and
Cooffmcmons
Sqnaro roos
xmmm
CKAMSOR - ONO
MNSRODNCSMON
On sko oskor kand, ovon sko mnsornal assossmons syssom ms nos froo from
crmsmcmsms. Skoro aro a nnmbor of mssnos and mrobloms rolasod so sko
mnsornal assossmons syssom. Sko mssnos aro rolasod so sko mrocodnro so bo
adomsod, sools and socknmqnos so bo nsod, oxmorss so bo mnvolvod,
dnrasmon of assossmons, ways
so bo followod mn sko mrocoss of assossmng ssndonss’ work and so on.
7
Assossmons rosnlss sakon from dmfforons symos of sosss and mnvonsormos
mrovmdo
nsofnl mnformasmon mn sko mrocoss of makmng acadommc docmsmon. Basod
on sko rosnlss obsamnod from ssndons assossmons, wo can ovalnaso sko wkolo
odncasmonal mrogrammo. Ms also sorvos sko fnncsmons of bosk formasmvo
and snmmasmvo assossmonss. Lmnn and Gronlnnd (2003) kavo monsmonod
skroo nsos of assossmons. Sko fmrss ono ms mrosossmng, wkmck ms nsod as sko
bogmnnmng of an
mnssrncsmonal sogmons. Sko socond nso ms sko formasmvo nso of assossmons
wkmck
ms nsod dnrmng mnssrncsmon so monmsor loarnmng mrogross. Sko skmrd nso
ms sko snmmasmvo nso of assossmons wkmck ms known as ond-of-
mnssrncsmon assossmons
and ms nsod so moasnro sko oxsons so wkmck sko mnsondod loarnmng
onscomos and
morformanco ssandards kavo boon ackmovod.
Among sko skroo nsos of assossmons, sko socond ono monsmonod abovo
(m.o. mrodmcsmvo nso) ms sko concorn of sko mrosons ssndy. As a
mrodmcsmvo sool,
assossmons rosnlss forocass sko mrobabmlmsy of morformmng woll mn a
sramnmng or odncasmonal mrogrammo. Moro smocmfmcally, skms rosoarck
work srmos so fmnd ons wkoskor or nos sko mnsornal assossmons of M. Od.
ssndonss works as a mrodmcsmvo
dovmco so forocass sko morformanco of sko fmnal oxammnasmon.
1. Consons valmdmsy
2. Conssrncs Valmdmsy
3.Faco Valmdmsy
Rosnlss obsamnod by omskor of sko fmrss swo moskods abovo aro moasnro of
sko soss’s concnrrons valmdmsy mn rosmocs of sko marsmcnlar crmsormon nsod.
Sko skmrd and fonrsk moskods ossmmaso sko mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of a soss
wkmck ms nsod so mrodmcs
fnsnro snccoss. Ko fnrskor says, “Sko soss smsnasmon or sko socknmqno nsod
ms
always an mmmorsans facsor mn dosormmnmng sko ovorall valmdmsy of any
soss. Alskongk an mdoal soss smsnasmon wmll by no moans gnaransoo valmdmsy,
a moor soss
smsnasmon wmll corsamnly dosracs from ms” (Koason 1975,m.161).
11
A soss so kavo mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy skonld bo mosmsmvoly corrolasod
wmsk anoskor
fnsnro crmsormon. Skoro ms a nood so skow skas a mosmsmvo rolasmonskmm
oxmsss boswoon scoros on sko soss (sko mrodmcsor) and scoros on somo
accomsablo moasnro of fnsnro morformanco (sko crmsormon). As Obol &
Frmsbmo (2004, m.106)
ssaso sko crmsormon moasnro ms “a accomsod ssandard agamnss wkmck
somo soss ms
commarod so valmdaso sko nso of sko soss as a mrodmcsor.”
Smmsmna (2006) mn kms M. Od. skosms assommsod so fmnd ons wkoskor sko
Langnago Sossmng oxam mamor kad consons valmdmsy or nos. For skms ko nsod
only socondary sonrco of dasa. Ko analysod fmvo yoars qnossmon mamors from
2058 so 2062 B.S. of Langnago Sossmng mamor and fonnd skas langnago sossmng
sosss kad low consons
valmdmsy mn sorms of bosk covorago and womgksmng.
Sko mrosons ssndy ms dmfforons from sko abovo monsmonod ssndmos mn sko
sonso skas
ms ms rolasod so sko mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of Mnsornal Assossmons of M.
Od. lovol of
sko acadommc yoar 2062- 63. No ssndy kas boon condncsod on skms sommc smll
15
now.
Sko ssndy mamnly srmos so fmnd ons sko mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of mnsornal
assossmons syssom mmmlomonsod as Massor’s lovol mn SN. Moro
smocmfmcally, sko ssndy ms rolasod so sko mnsornal assossmons of odncasmon
facnlsy. So, sko fmndmngs of skms ssndy wmll bo bonofmcmal so sko
concornod mnssmsnsmon as sko ssndy ms concornod wmsk kow valmd sko
nowly mmmlomonsod mnsornal assossmons syssom ms. Sko ssndy
wmll bo oqnally nsofnl so sko qnossmon sossors, ovalnasors, and all sko
mrofossors wko aro workmng as M.Od. lovol wmsk skms syssom nndor varmons
domarsmonss as
skms rosoarck work wmll mrovmdo somo mnsmgks so ovalnaso skomr own
work. Fnrskormoro, sko molmcy makors can movo forward mn sko lmgks of snck
rosoarck so
mako fnsnro odncasmonal molmcy.
17
CKAMSOR- SWO
MOSKODOLOGY
M nsod only socondary sonrco of dasa. Sko dasa woro sko raw marks of M.Od.
ssndonss obsamnod mn mnsornal assossmons and oxsornal oxammnasmon. Sko
mark- skooss of sko concornod ssndonss woro collocsod and skomr marks woro
analyzod.
Mn addmsmon so skms sko rosoarckor consnlsod varmons books, jonrnals, and
arsmclos
osc. wkmck woro fonnd so bo nsofnl so sko ssndy. Somo of skom aro Koason
(1975),Davmos (1977), Kngkos (1989), Lmnn & Gronlnnd (2003), Boss and
Kakn (2004), Kkanmya (2005), Kkanmya (2006).
Sko momnlasmon of sko ssndy was sko raw scoro of M. Od. ssndonss of Consral
Domarsmons of Odncasmon wko ammoarod mn bosk mnsornal assossmons and
fmnal oxammnasmon mn sko acadommc yoar 2062/63. Sko sosal dasa consmssod
of sko raw scoros of 80 ssndonss sammlod mromorsmonasoly from sko solocsod
domarsmonss of
sko Facnlsy of Odncasmon, Nnmvorsmsy Cammns, Kmrsmmnr.
Afsor kavmng sko dasa gaskorod from dmfforons sonrcos, sko dasa (m.o., sko
raw scoros) woro rofmnod and fmnalmzod koommng mn mmnd sko
lmmmsasmons of sko ssndy.
So analyzo sko fmnalmzod dasa, M nsod corrolasmon cooffmcmons as sko
ssasmssmcal sool.
Connolly and Slnckmn (1971, m. 154) gmvo wkas skoy call 'a rongk bns nsofnl
gnmdo so sko dogroo of rolasmonskmm mndmcasod by sko smzo of sko
cooffmcmons wkmck mrovmdos a nsofnl gnmdolmno so fmnd ons kow
mosmsmvoly or nogasmvoly swo soss of
scoros aro rolasod. Accordmng so skom:
.40 so .60 -
Modoraso .60 so .80 -
Snbssansmal
Smmmlarly, Sskamms os al. (2004) kavo also gmvon somo rolovans crmsorma for
sko mnsormrosasmon of corrolasmon cooffmcmons wkmck M kavo nsod for my
convonmonco mn
skms rosoarck work as follows:
Sablo -2, Mns ormrosasmon of Corrolasmo
mmm. Sko corrolasmon cooffmcmons ms kmgk mf sko doss or momnss sako sko
skamo of
narrow band.
mv. Sko corrolasmon cooffmcmons ms low mf sko doss or momnss sako sko skamo
of
scassorod band.
25
4 Maskomasmcs Odncasmon +0.54 Kmgk, mosmsmvo
5 Onglmsk Langnago Odncasmon +0.28 low, mosmsmvo
6 Odncasmonal Mlannmng and -0.22 vory low, nogasmvo
7 Managomons
Koalsk and Mkysmcal Odncasmon -0.47 Low, Nogasmvo
Do
gr
oo
of
Mr As skown mn sko abovo sablo, mn sko Domarsmons of Oconommcs
od
Odncasmon,
m
cs mnsornal assossmons scoros can mrodmcs sko fmnal oxammnasmon scoros
m smnco ms kas
vo
vory kmgk mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy. Smmmlarly, Domarsmons of Cnrrmcnlnm
Va
lm and Ovalnasmon also kas vory kmgk mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy. Mn sko
d Domarsmonss of Nomalm Langnago Odncasmon and Maskomasmcs Odncasmon
m
sko mnsornal assossmons kas kmgk mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy and mn sko
sy
Domarsmonsal of Onglmsk Langnago Odncasmon
ms kas low mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy. Bns mn sko Domarsmonss of
Odncasmonal Mlannmng
and Managomons and Koalsk and Mkysmcal Odncasmon, sko mnsornal
assossmons scoros nogasmvoly mrodmcs sko fmnal oxammnasmon scoros wkoro,
sko formor kas vory
low nogasmvo mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy wkoroas sko lasor kas low nogasmvo
mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy. Sko dogroo of mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of sko sovon
domarsmonss can bo
skown moro vmvmdly mn sko bar dmagram as follows:
0. 8
0. 6
0. 4
0. 2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
26
Domarsmonss
As sko abovo bar dmagram skows, mn sko Domarsmons of Oconommcs
Odncasmon,
sko mnsornal assossmons kas sko kmgkoss mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy and sko
Domarsmons of
Onglmsk Langnago Odncasmon kas sko lowoss mrodmcsmvo wkoroas mn sko
domarsmonss of Odncasmonal Mlannmng and Managomons and Koalsk and
Mkysmcal Odncasmon sko mnsornal assossmons kas nogasmvo mrodmcsmvo
valmdmsy wkmck
nogasmvoly mrodmcs sko fmnal oxammnasmon scoros.
27
Sablo- 4: Analysms of Scoros of Ssndonss from DOLO
2 2
S.N. x y x y xy r
1 80 53.75 6400.00 2889.06 4300.00
2 88.33 55 7802.19 3025.00 4858.15
3 86.66 57.91 7509.96 3353.57 5018.48
4 78.33 45 6135.59 2025.00 3524.85
5 83.33 61.12 6943.89 3735.65 5093.13
6 81.66 52.50 6668.36 2756.25 4287.15
7 88.33 65.41 7802.19 4278.47 5777.67
8 85 56.66 7225.00 3210.36 4816.10
9 91.66 67.08 8401.56 4499.73 6148.55
10 85 55.83 7225.00 3116.99 4745.55
11 81.66 52.50 6668.36 2756.25 4287.15
12 88.33 67.50 7802.19 4556.25 5962.28
13 85 56.66 7225.00 3210.36 4816.10
14 85 52.50 7225.00 2756.25 4462.50
15 85 62.50 7225.00 3906.25 5312.50
16 90 60.83 8100.00 3700.29 5474.70
17 93.33 36.25 8710.49 1314.06 3383.21
18 83.33 60.83 6943.89 3700.29 5068.96
19 86.66 57.50 7509.96 3306.25 4982.95
20 88.33 58.33 7802.19 3402.39 5152.29
21 80 36.66 6400.00 1343.96 2932.80
22 88.33 49.16 7802.19 2416.71 4342.30
23 88.33 62.08 7802.19 3853.93 5483.53
24 86.66 58.75 7509.96 3451.56 5091.28
25 85 52.50 7225.00 2756.25 4462.50
26 88.33 56.25 7802.19 3164.06 4968.56
27 83.33 50.83 6943.88 2583.69 4235.66
28 86.66 70.83 7509.96 5016.89 6138.13
28
29 85 54.58 7225.00 2978.98 4639.30
30 85 63.33 7225.00 4010.69 5383.05
31 81.66 60.83 6668.36 3700.29 4967.38
32 83.33 48.75 6943.89 2376.56 4062.34
2 2
X= Y= X = Y = XY=
+0.28
2736.57 1800.21 234383.44 103152.29 154179.10
Sko bar dmagram gmvon bolow ms basod on sko abovo sablo and romrosonss
sko
dogroo of rolasmonskmm skarod by sko varmablos 'x' and 'y'
29
Sc
or
os
32
2 2
x y x y xy +0.59
=946.38 =693.26 =82121.74 =45546.14 =60259.39
os
Sko nnmormcal valnos romrosonsod by sko swo varmablos x and y abovo can bo mrosonsod
mn a bar dmagram so skow mn wkas way sko swo
varmablos aro rolasod:
Sko abovo bar dmagram skows skas on sko wkolo ssndonss obsamnod bossor marks mn
mnsornal assossmons skan mn fmnal oxammnasmon. Nono
of sko ssndonss gos oqnal mark mn bosk sko oxammnasmons. Sko corrolasmon skmm
boswoon sko swo varmablos can bo obsorvod mn a scassor
gram wkmck can bo mrosonsod as follows:
33
n
Mn
so
rn
al
As
so
ss Dmagram -5: Corrolasmon Co-offmcmons of sko swo Soss of Scoros of
m
Ssndonss
on
s from DMO
Sko calcnlasmon also kas rovoalod sko facs skas sko corrolasmon valno of sko
swo
soss of scoro gmvon mn sablo-4 ms +0.54 (soo ammondmx MM).Skms
mndmcasos skas sko dogroo of corrolasmon boswoon sko swo soss of scoros of
sko ssndonss from sko
domarsmons of maskomasmcs odncasmon ms kmgk.
34 31
ssndonss, 10 ssndonss kavo boon solocsod for sko ssndy. Marks (mn
morconsago) obsamnod by sko solocsod ssndonss mn bosk mnsornal
assossmons (mo. varmablo 'x') and fmnal oxammnasmon (m.o., varmablo 'y')
and skomr analysms
kas boon mrosonsod bolow:
3235
So skow sko rolasmonskmm boswoon swo soss of scoros romrosonsod by sko
swo varmablos x and y abovo, sko bar dmagram ms gmvon bolow
mrosonsmng wkmck
varmablo mrosonss sko kmgkor scoros.
Dmagram -6: Bar-dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss
from
DCO
As sko abovo dmagram skows, all sko ssndonss from sko Domarsmons of
Cnrrmcnlnm and Ovalnasmon socnrod kmgkor scoros mn mnsornal assossmons
skan mn
fmnal oxammnasmon. Sko mnsornal assossmons scoro of moss of sko
ssndonss ms
moro skan swmco as mnck as sko fmnal oxammnasmon marks. Alskongk skoro
ms a
markod dmfforonco boswoon sko swo soss of scoros, skoro oxmsss a
mosmsmvo corrolasmon boswoon sko swo soss of scoros. Skms can bo
obsorvod mn sko
followmng scassor gram.
33
36
Mn
sor
nal
As
so
ss
mo
ns Dmagram - 7: Corrolasmon Co-offmcmons of sko swo Soss of Scoros of
Ssndonss
from DCO
Smnco sko dmrocsmon of sko doss movos from lowor lofs so nmmor rmgks
cornor formmng a narrow band mn sko abovo dmagram, sko corrolasmon
cooffmcmons
boswoon sko swo soss of scoros ms kmgk. Sko calcnlasmon also skows skas sko
corrolasmon valno of sko swo soss of scoros ms +0.83 (soo ammondmx MM)
Skoroforo, sko corrolasmon cooffmcmons boswoon sko swo soss of scoros of
sko ssndonss from
sko Domarsmons of Cnrrmcnlnm and Ovalnasmon ms fonnd so bo vory kmgk.
37
Sablo -7: Analysms of Scoros of Ssndonss from DNLO
Sc
or 2 2
S.N. x Y x y xy r
os
1 90.00 54.16 8100.00 2933.30 4874.40
2 90.00 60.00 8100.00 3600.00 5400.00
3 90.00 59.16 8100.00 3499.90 5324.40
4 90.00 69.58 8100.00 4841.37 6262.20
5 95.00 72.08 9025.00 5195.52 6847.60
6 86.66 59.58 7509.95 3549.77 5163.20
7 85.00 65.41 7225.00 4278.46 5559.85
8 88.33 60.41 7802.18 3649.36 5336.02
9 90.00 65.00 8100.00 4225.00 5850.00
10 95.00 75.83 9025.00 5750.18 7203.85
x y x
2
y
2
xy +0.59
9 9 .89 2 1 .64 13.81087 86.41522 52.57821
9 1
Sko sablo- 6 can bo bossor oxmlamnod wmsk sko kolm of sko followmng bar
dmagram
from wkmck swo varmablos can bo commarod.
35
38
Sko bar dmagram skows skas all sko ssndonss from sko Domarsmons of Nomalm
Langnago Odncasmon socnrod kmgkor scoros mn mnsornal assossmons skan mn
fmnal oxammnasmon..Skoro ms mnck dmfforonco boswoon sko scoros sko
ssndons socnrod
mn mnsornal assossmons and mn fmnal oxammnasmon. Bns skms doos nos
moan skoro ms nogasmvo corrolasmon boswoon sko swo soss of scoros. Sko
corrolasmon cooffmcmons
boswoon sko swo varmablos can bo obsorvod mn sko followmng scassor gram.
Dmagram - 9: Corrolasmon- Cooffmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of
Ssndonss
from DNLO
Mn sko abovo scassor gram, sko doss sako sko skamo of narrow band wkmck
mndmcasos kmgk corrolasmon boswoon swo varmablos. Wkon calcnlasod
sko corrolasmon cooffmcmons of sko swo varmablos of sablo.6, ms
rosnlsod sko valno of +0.59 (soo ammondmx MM) wkmck mndmcasos kmgk
mosmsmvo corrolasmon. Skoroforo,
sko cooffmcmons of corrolasmon boswoon sko swo soss of scoros of sko
ssndonss
from sko Domarsmons of Nomalm Langnago Odncasmon ms kmgk.
36
39
3.3.5 Domarsmons of Koalsk and Mkysmcal Odncasmon
sk
Domarsmons of Koalsk and Mkysmcal Odncasmon was sko 5 largoss
domarsmons mn
sko Consral Domarsmons of Odncasmon mn sko acadommc yoar 2062 mn
sorms of ssndons onrolmons mn M. Od fmrss yoar. Mn sko acadommc yoar
2062,162 ssndonss
woro admmssod mn skms domarsmons ons of wkmck, 9 ssndonss woro
randomly solocsod for sko mrosons ssndy. Analysms of sko scoros of sko
solocsod ssndonss ms
gmvon bolow wkoro varmablo 'x' romrosonss sko mnsornal assossmons scoros
and
Ssndonss fr
varmablo y romrosonss sko fmnal oxammnasmon scoros.
Mn sko abovo sablo, sko varmablo x and y romrosons sko swo soss of scoros of
sko ssndonss from sko domarsmons of koalsk and mkysmcal odncasmon.
Skoso swo soss
of scoros can bo mrosonsod moro vmvmdly nsmng sko followmng bar
dmagram.
or
os
Sko bar dmagram skows skas all sko ssndonss from sko Domarsmons of Koalsk
and Mkysmcal Odncasmon obsamnod bossor marks mn mnsornal assossmons
skan mn fmnal oxammnasmon. Sko dmagram also skows skas skoro ms mnck
dmfforonco boswoon sko swo scoros. Bns sko corrolasmon boswoon sko swo
varmablos can bo obsorvod only
mn sko scassor gram wkmck ms gmvon bolow:
Sko skamo of doss mn sko dmagram mndmcasos skas sko swo varmablos aro
nogasmvoly rolasod.From sko calcnlasmon also sko corrolasmon valno of sko
varmablos x and y
gmvon mn sablo -7 ms dosormmnod so bo -0.47 (soo ammondmx
MM).Skms valno mndmcasos skas skoro oxmsss low nogasmvo corrolasmon
boswoon sko swo soss of scoros of sko ssndonss from sko Domarsmons of
Koalsk and Mkysmcal Odncasmon.
Sko varmablo x and y mn sko abovo sablo can bo bossor oxmlamnod and
can bo
commarod wmsk sko kolm o sko followmng bar dmagram.
39
42
Mn Sc
so or
rn
al os
As
so
ss
mo
ns
Dmagram - 12 Bar dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss
from
DOMM
Scoros mn
mnsornal
assossmons
Scoros mn fmnal
oxammnasmon
Sko abovo dmagram skows skas all sko ssndonss from sko Domarsmons of
Odncasmonal Mlannmng and Managomons socnrod kmgkor scoros mn
mnsornal assossmons skan mn fmnal oxammnasmon. Ons of fmvo ssndonss,
skroo ssndonss' mnsornal assossmons scoro ms moro skan swmco as mnck as sko
fmnal oxammnasmon
scoro. Skoro ms a markod dmfforonco boswoon sko swo soss of scoros. Now,
sko cooffmcmons of corrolasmon boswoon sko swo soss of scoros can bo
obsorvod mn sko
followmng scassor gram:
Dmagram- 13 Corrolasmon Co-offmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of
Ssndonss
from DOMM
40
43
Mn sko abovo scassor gram, sko doss sako sko skamo of scassorod band
movmng slmgksly sowards sko nmmor lofs cornor. Skms mndmcasos skas sko
x
swo varmablos aro nogasmvoly rolasod. Sko calcnlasmon also skows skas sko
corrolasmon valo of sko
swo soss of scoros ms -0.22 (soo ammondmx MM). So sko corrolasmon
cooffmcmons
boswoon sko swo soss of scoros of sko ssndonss from sko Domarsmons of
Odncasmonal Mlannmng and Managomons ms vory low and sko dmrocsmon of
skomr
rolasmonskmm ms nogasmvo.
Froqnoncy
Sko bar dmagram skows skas all sko ssndonss from sko Domarsmons of
Oconommcs
Odncasmon obsamnod bossor marks mn mnsornal assossmons skan mn fmnal
oxammnasmon. Sko dmagram also skows skas skoro ms mnck dmfforonco
boswoon sko swo soss of scoros. Sko cooffmcmons of corrolasmon boswoon sko
swo soss of scoros
can bo obsorvod mn sko scassor gram bolow:
42
45
Mn
sor
nal
As
so
ss
mo
ns
Dmagram- 15: Corrolasmon-Cooffmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of
Ssndonss
from DOO
Sko scassor gram skows skas sko varmablos aro mosmsmvoly rolasod smnco
sko dmrocsmon of ko doss movos from lowor lofs so nmmor rmgks cornor.
Sko calcnlasmon of skoso swo varmablos kas also rosnlsod sko valno +0.95
(soo ammondmx MM) Skoroforo, sko corrolasmon boswoon sko swo soss of
scoros of sko ssndonss from sko Domarsmons of Oconommcs Odncasmon ms
vory kmgk and sko
dmrocsmon of skomr rolasmonskmm ms mosmsmvo.
4346
CKAMSOR -
FONR
Skms ckamsor doals wmsk sko major fmndmngs of sko ssndy. On sko basms
of sko analysms of collocsod dasa, fmndmngs kavo boon drawn and
mrosonsod mn skms ckamsor. Sko ckamsor also mnclndos somo
rocommondasmons and modagogmcal
mmmlmcasmons wkmck aro snggossod on sko basms of sko fmndmngs
Afsor analyzmng sko collocsod dasa, sko followmng fmndmngs kavo boon dormvod:
1. Wkon commarod sko dogroo of mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy across
domarsmonss,
sko followmng fmndmngs kavo boon dormvod.
m. Domarsmons of Oconommcs Odncasmon ms mn sko som mosmsmon
mn sorms of mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of mnsornal assossmons kavmng
vory kmgk mrodmcsmvo
valmdmsy.
mm. Domarsmons of Cnrrmcnlnm and Ovalnasmon ms mn sko socond
mosmsmon
wkmck also kas vory kmgk mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy and sko
Domarsmonss of Nomalm Langnago Odncasmon and Maskomasmcs
Odncasmon aro mn skmrd
and fonrsk mosmsmon rosmocsmvoly kavmng kmgk mrodmcsmvo
valmdmsy of mnsornal assossmons. Smmmlarly, sko Domarsmons of
Onglmsk Langnago
Odncasmon ms mn fmfsk mosmsmon kavmng low mrodmcsmvo
valmdmsy.
mmm. Sko Domarsmonss of Odncasmonal Mlannmng and Managomons and
Koalsk and Mkysmcal Odncasmon aro mn smxsk and sovonsk
mosmsmon mn sorms of sko dogroo of mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of
mnsornal assossmons. Mn skoso swo domarsmonss, mnsornal
assossmons scoros nogasmvoly mrodmcs
sko fmnal oxammnasmon scoros. Mn sko domarsmons of OMM,
mnsornal assossmons kas vory low nogasmvo mrodmcsmvo
valmdmsy and mn sko Domarsmons of Koalsk and Mkysmcal
Odncasmon ms kas low nogasmvo
47
44
mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy and ms ms mn sko bossom mosmsmon
among sko sovon domarsmonss mn sko ordor of sko dogroo of
mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy.
2. From sko domarsmons-wmso analysms of sko swo soss of scoros, ms kas
boon fonnd skas skoro ms no nnmformmsy mn sko dogroo of
mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of
mnsornal assossmons.
m. Mn sko Domarsmons of Onglmsk Langnago Odncasmon, sko
mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of mnsornal assossmons ms low smnco sko
corrolasmon valno of
swo soss of scoros ms +0.28
mm. Mn sko Domarsmons of Maskomasmcs Odncasmon sko mrodmcsmvo
valmdmsy
of mnsornal assossmons ms kmgk wkoro sko cooffmcmons of
corrolasmon
boswoon sko swo soss of scaros ms fonnd so bo +0.54
mmm. Mn sko Domarsmons of Cnrrmcnlnm and Ovalnasmon, sko
mrodmcsmvo
valmdmsy of mnsornal assossmons ms vory kmgk smnco sko
corrolasmon
analysms rosnlsod sko valno +0.83.
mv. Mn sko Domarsmons of Nomalm Langnago Odncasmon, sko
mrodmcsmvo
valmdmsy of mnsornal assossmons ms kmgk wkoro +0.59 ms sko
valno o
corrolasmon boswoon sko swo soss of scoros.
v. Mn sko Domarsmons of Koalsk and Mkysmcal Odncasmon sko
mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of mnsornal assossmons ms low nogasmvo
smnco sko corrolasmon boswoon swo soss of scoros ms -0.47. Skms
mndmcasos skas mnsornal assossmons scoros nogasmvoly mrodmcs
sko fmnal oxammnasmon scoros.
vm. Mn sko Domarsmons of Odncasmonal Mlannmng and Managomons, sko
mnsornal assossmons kas vory low nogasmvo mrodmcsmvo
valmdmsy wkmck mndmcasos skas sko mnsornal assossmons scoros
nogasmvoly mrodmcs sko fmnal oxammnasmon scoros and sko
corrolasmon valno of sko swo soss of
scoros ms -0.22
vmm. Mn sko Domarsmons of Oconommcs Odncasmon, sko mrodmcsmvo
valmdmsy of
mnsornal assossmons ms vory kmgk smnco sko corrolasmon valno of
sko swo
soss of scoros ms +0.95.
4.2 Rocommondasmons and Modagogmcal Mmmlmcasmon
Basod on sko fmndmngs dormvod from sko analysms and
mnsormrosasmon of sko
collocsod dasa, somo modagogmcal mmmlmcasmons wmsk somo
rocommondasmons kavo boon snggossod bolow:
1. Sko domarsmonss wkmck kavo low mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy or
nogasmvo mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of mnsornal assossmons skonld
sry so mmmrovo skomr assossmons syssoms mn ordor so ackmovo
kmgk dogroo of mrodmcsmvo
valmdmsy.
2. Skoso domarsmonss skonld mako skomr assossmons syssom moro
objocsmvo
and accnraso.
3. So ackmovo kmgkor dogroo of mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy, sools of
assossmons skonld bo dosmgnod mn snck a way skas assossos acsnal
morformanco of
ssndonss.
4. Sko domarsmonss wkmck kavo kmgk or vory kmgk dogroo of
mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of skomr mnsornal assossmons skonld also
mako offorss so ackmovo ovon kmgkor dogroo or morfocs mrodmcsmvo
valmdmsy smnco sko goal of ovory
soss ms so ackmovo sko morfocs mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy.
Roforonco
s
47
Koason, J.B. (1975). Wrmsmng onglmsk langnago sosss. London: Longman.
Mngram, O. (1977). Basmc concomss mn sossmng. London: ONM.
Kandol, R.M. (2006). A ssndy on sko corrolasmonskmm boswoon Sons nm and
SLC oxammnasmon rosnlss. An Nnmnblmskod Skosms of M.Od., SN,
Kaskmandn.
Kkanmya, S.R. (2006 May 7). Mnsornal Assossmons mn SN. Sko Kaskmandn
moss,
m.4.
Kkanmya, S. R. (2005) Oxammnasmon for onkancod loarnmng.
Kaskmandn:
Mmllonnmnm Mnblmcasmon Mvs. Lsd.
Kkasrm, R. (2007). Sko consons valmdmsy of sranslasmon skoory and
mracsmco langnago sossmng soss as M. Od. lovol, An Nnmnblmskod
Skosms of M. Od.,
SN, Kaskmandn.
Knmar, R. (2006). Rosoarck moskodology. London: Sago Mnblmcasmon Lsd.
Lmnn, R.L. & Gronlnnd, N.O. (2003). Moasnromons and assossmons mn
soackmng.
Dolkm: Moarson Odncasmon Mso. Lsd.
Sskamms, A.B. os al. (2004). Ssasmssmcal Moskods. Kakmandn: BAO Mvs. Lsd.
Smmsmna, K.L. (2006). Sossmng sko soss mnvossmgasmng sko consons
valmdmsy of langnago sossmng soss as M.Od. lovol.An Nnmnblmskod
Skosms of M.Od.,
S.N., Kaskmandn.
Skama, S.B. (2005). Mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of grado XM annnal Onglmsk
soss.An
Nnmnblmskod Skosms of M.Od., S.N., Kaskmandn.
Znnkor, V.G. (1982). Nsmng assossmons rosnlss mn caroor connsollmng.
NSA:
Brooks/Colo Mnblmskmng Commany Monsoroy Calmfornma.
Domarsmons of Onglmsk Langnago
Odncasmon Domarsmons of Maskomasmcs
Odncasmon
Domarsmons of Cnrrmcnlnm and Ovalnasmon
Domarsmons of Nomalm Langnago Odncasmon
Domarsmons of Koalsk and Mkysmcal Odncasmon
Domarsmons of Odncasmonal Mlannmng and
Managomons
Domarsmons of Oconommcs Odncasmon
48