• Electron configuration is the pattern in which the
electrons in an atom of a given element are distributed
• Electrons move in circular orbits
• Orbits have specific energies (shells or energy levels
assigned as n=1, n=2, n=3, etc.)
• Electrons in each orbit have definite energy. This
energy increases as the distance of the orbit from the
nucleus increases.
• If the electron received extra energy, it can jump into a
higher energy level, this is also called excited state. The
electron in the excited state can return to its original
lower energy level or ground state by releasing discreet
amount of energy in the form of light.
• Based on the quantum mechanical model, it would be
impossible to plot a definite path or orbit for the
moving electrons. At least, we can only guess the most
probable location of the electron in a given instant to
be within a certain volume or region of space
surrounding the nucleus.
• An atomic orbital is the region around the nucleus
where the electron is most likely to be found.
• Main energy level- various energy positions in the atom
in which electrons can be located.
• Energy sublevel – energy level made up of alone or
more sublevels. It is sometimes called “energy
subshells”.
• Electron orbitals- each energy sublevel is made up of
one or more electron orbitals
in the occupied levels
• There are 3 rules applied in deriving the electronic
configuration:
• Aufbau’s Principle
• Pauli’s exclusion principle
• Hund’s rule of Multiplicity
• Aufbau’s Principle is also known as the “building-up”
principle, states that electron's occupy orbitals in order
of increasing energy.
Example:
Write the electron configuration of
1. Li-3: 1s22s1
2. Na-11: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
• Pauli’s Exclusion Principle- Electrons occupying the
same orbital must have opposite spin.
• Hund’s Rule of Multiplicity-When electrons enter a
sublevel with more than one orbital, they will spread
out to the available orbitals with the same spin before
pairing.
• Chemical bonding- lasting attraction between ions,
atoms, molecules that enables the formation of
chemical compounds.
• Metals contain loosely held electrons that can be easily
dislodged, which means these electrons are easily
removed from metals, like sodium atom. Chlorine atom
on the other hand is capable of accepting electrons and
accommodate it on its shell.
• Covalency number refers to how many bonds of an
atom can have when it forms a compound.
• Oxidation number refers to the charge of an atom when
it loses or gains electron/s and become an ion.
 • A single bond is formed when only one pair of the
• Electronegativity-the tendency to attract electrons. electron is shared between the two participating
atoms. It is represented by one dash (-).

• A double bond is formed when two pairs of electrons

are shared between the two participating atoms. It is
represented by two dashes (=).

• Lewis Electron Dot Structure (LEDS)-element’s symbols

surrounded by dots representing the valence electrons
• A triple bond is formed when three
or the outermost electrons. The dots also tell us to what
pairs of electrons are shared
family each element belongs to. So, it is expected that
between the two participating
the family number is equal to the valence electrons of
atoms. Triple covalent bonds are
the element.
represented by three dashes (≡).
• Ionic bond- transfer of electron between metal and no-
metal.
• Ions- atoms that carry positive or negative charge. The
charges results from gaining and losing electrons.
• Cation- positively charge (loss of electrons)
• Anion- negatively charge (gain of electrons)
• Octet rule- having 8 electrons in the valence
shell/outermost shell of an atom.
• Ionic Bonding Example:
• The electronic configuration of sodium is 1s2 2s2
2p63s1, while that of chlorine atom is 1s2 2s2 2p6
3s23p5. Na is a metal, a very reactive metal in
family one, and it is capable of losing an electron.

• Covalent bond is formed by the sharing of electrons

between two atoms with identical or relatively close
electronegativity values. Bond between two non-
metals.

• Polar Covalent bond- unequal sharing of electrons

• Non-polar Covalent bond- equal sharing of electrons.
 • Physical properties means that measured and
observed without changing the substance’s
chemical composition or identity.
• Chemical properties become evident during a
chemical reaction when a substance’s chemical
identity is changed.
• Dmitri Mendeleev revealed a pattern when he
• In metals the outermost electrons are free to
arranged the elements based on their properties. He
move between atoms forming the so-called “sea
noticed that the pattern was periodic. Each column
of electrons” or sea of delocalized electrons. The
represents a group based on the number of electrons
metal ions are arranged in a lattice structure
in the outer energy level or valence configuration.
surrounded by these electrons. The structure is
held by strong forces of attraction between
positively charged metal ions and negatively
charged valence electrons known as metallic
bonding.

• Almost all metals except the noble metals like

gold and silver react with oxygen to form basic or
metal oxides. Metals vary in terms of reactivity.
They combine with oxygen at different
temperature and intensities.
• Alloy-mixture of 2 or more metals.

• Noble metals are pure metals, very nonreactive,

and don’t corrode easily. These make them ideal
for jewelry and coins. Noble metals include
copper, palladium, silver, platinum, and gold.
• Poor metals are fairly soft, and most are not used
very much on their own. They become so useful
when added to other substances. Poor metals
include aluminum, gallium, tin, thallium,
antimony, and bismuth.
• Actinides are synthetic while, lanthanides mostly • Carbon is the same element present in all living
occur in nature. things and some nonliving things, such as paper,
• Extensive properties like mass and volume coal, and diamond. Carbon forms organic
depend on the amount of substance that is being compounds with other many atoms like
measured. hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and halogens,
• Intensive properties like density, colour, melting which can form complex structures.
and boiling point do not depend on the amount
of matter.
• The compounds which contain carbon forms
with H, N, O and few other elements are usually
called organic compounds.
• Organic compounds have low thermal stability
and usually decompose, easily char and burn
when heated. Thus, organic compounds have
lower melting points and boiling points due to its
weaker bonds -which is the covalent bond.
• A stable molecule results when a valence octet
of electrons (Octet Rule) has been achieved for
all atoms in a molecule.
• Carbon has 4 valence electrons that can form a
maximum of four covalent bonds. Bonds are
usually represented by a short, straight line
connecting the atoms, with each bond
representing a shared pair of electrons.

• Alkanes, whose general formula is CnH2n+2, also

called paraffins (meaning, ‘low affinity’), are
hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds.
• Alkenes, also called olefins, are unsaturated
hydrocarbons containing one or more double
bonds (C=C). Have the general formula of CnH2n.
• Alkynes, containing one or more triple bonds,
(C≡C) have the general formula of CnH2n-2.
SS