Volume II, Number I, 2022 E-ISSN: 2808-5361 Proceeding The Second

October 2022 http://e-journal.fkmumj.ac.id/ Muhammadiyah Internasional-

Public Health and Medicine
Conference

ERGONOMIC RISK ANALYSIS AND MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS

(MSDs) ON OPERATOR UNIFORMITY FINAL INSPECTION
Mariyatul Qibtiyah
Magister of Public Health, Public Health Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta
Jl. K.H. Ahmad Dahlan, Cirendeu, Ciputat, Tangerang Selatan, 15419
Email: q.mariya@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
One of the occupational diseases in the workplace is related to ergonomics, ergonomics factors are
very important to prevent work-related diseases and incidents. Disorders arising from inappropriate
ergonomics affect the musculoskeletal system, Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), namely disorders of
body structures such as muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments, nerves, cartilage, bones, and the local blood
circulation system. This study aims to analyze the ergonomic risks and MSDs in workers. The
population is all uniformity operators totaling 203 employees. The sample that met the inclusion criteria
is 93 operators. The ergonomic risk was assessed based on the REBA sheet, and MSDs using the Nordic
Body Map. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test. The results showed the level of risk in the
booking process is 'high' (score 8); input uniformity is 'medium' (score 6), uniformity output is 'medium'
(score 7) and the balancing process is 'medium' (score 6). Uniformity final inspection operators have
MSDs are 88 peoples (94.62%) and did not has MSDs are 5 peoples (5.38%). Statistical test results
show that there is no relationship between age, years of service, and education on MSDs operator
Uniformity Final Inspection. Suggestions for research are providing lifting aids, job training or training
on ergonomic risks and safe working procedures according to ergonomic principles, and work in
accordance by power zone. providing personal protective equipment such as back support and setting
appropriate working time and rest hours.
Keywords: Ergonomic, Musculoskeletal disorders, REBA, Nordic Body Map.

INTRODUCTION
One of the occupational diseases in the work environment is related to ergonomics, ergonomics
factors are very important to consider in its management in the work environment so that work-related
diseases and work accidents do not occur that can cause losses for employers and workers (Peraturan
Presiden RI Nomor 7, 2019). According to the Minister of Manpower Regulation No. 5 of 2018
concerning the work environment, ergonomics factors are factors that can affect labor activities, caused
by mismatches between work facilities which include working methods, working positions, working
tools, and lifting loads on the workforce (Permenaker, 2018).
According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), the estimated global burden of
disease caused by occupational risk factors (2021) in the 2000–2016 report on the burden of work-
related illnesses and injuries in the DALY's (Disability-Adjusted Life Years) category was 89.72
million, 12,27 million of it (13.7%) were caused by ergonomic risk factors (International Labour
Organization, 2021). Meanwhile, the Health Safety Environment (HSE) in the Work-Related
Musculoskeletal Disorders statistics in Great Britain in 2021 stated that there were 470,000 suffering
from work-related MSDs. The HSE categorizes based on the effect on the affected body area, data for
2020/2021 76,000 (16%) workers in the UK experienced MSDs in the lower limbs, 182,000 workers
(39%) experienced MSDs on the back and 212,000 workers (45 %) had MSDs in the upper limbs or

32
Volume II, Number I, 2022 E-ISSN: 2808-5361 Proceeding The Second
October 2022 http://e-journal.fkmumj.ac.id/ Muhammadiyah Internasional-
Public Health and Medicine
Conference

neck (HSE, 2021). Based on research conducted by Norus Sholeha and Merry Sunaryo (2021) all
workers experience MSD symptoms with the body parts experiencing the most pain/pain in the upper
neck, back, waist, buttocks, and right calf (Norus&Merry, 2021).
Inconvenience caused by inappropriate ergonomics affects the musculoskeletal system.
Musculoskeletal disorders or skeletal muscle disorders are commonly called musculoskeletal disorders
(MSDs). Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are disorders of body structures such as muscles, joints,
tendons, ligaments, nerves, cartilage, bones, and the local blood circulation system. If MSDs are caused
or exacerbated mainly by the work and by the effects of the immediate environment in which the work
is carried out, then it is known as work-related MSDs (EU-OSHA, 2019).
Identification of potential hazards and risks that have been carried out, it is known that operator
uniformity final inspection one of the potential risks is the occurrence of MSDs (HIRADC, 2021), this
means that efforts to control need to be carried out so that these potential hazards can be minimized so
that a safe work process can be created. and there is no occupational disease caused by the ergonomic
hazard. One of the efforts made is to know the value of the ergonomic risk that can be measured and
the value and potential of activities that have ergonomic hazards can be identified so that they can
provide appropriate advice. According to Karwoski (2006), several practical assessment tools are
available to measure ergonomics including the NIOSH Lifting Equation, LMM Risk Assessment
Model, REBA, RULA, LUBA, The ACGIH TLV, and others where each of these tools, if used properly,
each can play a key role as part of a comprehensive ergonomic process (Karwowski, 2006).
The results of the preliminary survey that has been carried out, there are operator complaints
about ergonomic factors that are reported to the safety team. The three main symptoms reported by the
operator were pain in the shoulder, calf, and arm. The work process in the uniformity final inspection
section has an ergonomic hazard, one of the causes is manual handling activities with heavy tires lifted
weighing between 12 - 30.9 kg, repetitive work of moving loads from the conveyor or floor to the
trolley/racks. To assess MSDS symptoms, you can use the Nordic Body Map (NBM), through NBM
workers can identify the part of the muscles and indicate the position of the symptoms (Tarwaka et al.,
2004).
To avoid MSDs symptoms caused by inappropriate ergonomic factors, according to Manuba in
Tarwaka it is stated there needs to be harmony between workers and their work, so that workers can
work following human abilities, capability, and limitations, which are influenced by various factors,
such as age, gender, race, anthropometry, health status, nutrition, physical fitness, education, cultural
skills, behavior, habits, and adaptability (Tarwaka et al., 2004). According to the International
Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH), the elements of workers in the workplace to improve
ergonomics are influenced by several characteristics including age, health, residual disability, physical
and mental capacity, experience and skills, education, and training (ICOH, 2010).

33
Volume II, Number I, 2022 E-ISSN: 2808-5361 Proceeding The Second
October 2022 http://e-journal.fkmumj.ac.id/ Muhammadiyah Internasional-
Public Health and Medicine
Conference

The purpose of this study was to analyze the risks of ergonomics at work, and MSDs symptoms
and determine the relationship of individual factors (age, years of service, and education) to MSDs
symptoms.

METHOD
This study is a survey research using a cross-sectional design to collect information from
employees who were working in uniformity final inspection. The Population is all operators in the
Uniformity Final Inspection process, totaling 203 employees. The sample of this research is workers
who meet the inclusion criteria, namely operators who are in charge of the uniformity process and who
have ergonomic risks following Hazard Identification and Determining Control (HIRADC), as many as
93 operators are willing to participate, the results of Medical Check Up 2020 are fit to work or fit with
notes (not related to ergonomics cases). Meanwhile, the exclusion criteria were not an operator level,
suffering from congenital deformities or trauma caused not by working conditions.
Data were collected by observation and using a questionnaire. The level of ergonomic risk is
assessed based on the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) sheet (Middlesworth, 2014) which
analyzes work posture, workload, repetition, and static position. To collect data on operator
characteristics and MSDs symptoms using a Nordic Body Map (NBM) questionnaire, which collects
information about the location of discomfort by referring to certain body areas or by using partial or
full body diagrams that designate certain areas to be assessed, namely the upper and lower extremities.
on the SNQ (the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire) on the neck, shoulders, elbows, wrists, upper and
lower back, hips/thighs, knees, ankles/feet (Sauter et al., 2005).

Figure 1. Nordic Body Map (NBM)

The data analysis method used univariate analysis to get an overview of the frequency
distribution of each variable and bivariate analysis to see the relationship and magnitude of the
relationship between the independent variables (age, years of service, and education) and the dependent
variable (MSDs symptoms).

34
Volume II, Number I, 2022 E-ISSN: 2808-5361 Proceeding The Second
October 2022 http://e-journal.fkmumj.ac.id/ Muhammadiyah Internasional-
Public Health and Medicine
Conference

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The operator’s demographic characteristics are presented in table 1. The majority of workers
were 30-45 years old (46.24%), most of the respondent has more than 10 years of service (49.46%) and
the majority of the respondent was in senior high school (92.47%).

Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of The Respondents

Amount
Respondents Characteristics
n %
Age
< 30 years old 42 45.16
30-45 years old 43 46.24
> 45 years old 8 8.60
Years of service
≤ 5 years 3 3.23
6-10 years 44 47.31
> 10 years 46 49.46
Education
Senior High Schools 86 92.47
Academy (DI,D II,DIII) 2 2.15
Bachelor Degree 5 5.38

Employees who worked in the uniformity process had different postures which could have a
diverse risk of injury from ergonomic problems while working in four different activities or processes,
there booking process, uniformity input process, uniformity output process, and balancing process. The
REBA score of each activity or process is shown in table 2.

Table 2. Ergonomic Risk Levels

Activity Reba Score Risk level Corrective action

Booking process 8 High Investigate and implement change
Uniformity input process 6 Medium Further investigation, change soon
Uniformity output process 7 Medium Further investigation, change soon
Balancing process 6 Medium Further investigation, change soon

Activity in the booking process was found in having an ergonomic risk level high (8), which
was required for investigating and implementing change. In uniformity, the output process has a risk of
7 (medium risk) which needed further investigation and change soon. Two activities processes have
risk at level 6 (medium risk), there are in uniformity input and balancing process, which was required
further investigation and change soon.
Table 3. MSDs Symptoms

MSDs Symtoms Result Persentase (%)

Yes 88 94.62
No 5 5.38

35
Volume II, Number I, 2022 E-ISSN: 2808-5361 Proceeding The Second
October 2022 http://e-journal.fkmumj.ac.id/ Muhammadiyah Internasional-
Public Health and Medicine
Conference

Operators' MSD symptoms are represented in table 3. 88 respondents have MSD symptoms
(94.62%) and 5 respondents do not have MSD symptoms (5.38%).
Prevalence of MSD symptoms by anatomic site showed differing prevalence for different
anatomic sites. The ankles/feet were the area with the highest prevalence of MSDs symptoms (62.37%),
followed by the lower back (56.99%), shoulders (55.91%), neck (49.46%), elbows and wrist/hands
(44.09%), hips/thighs and knees (41.94%) and the lowest prevalence of MSDs symptoms were upper
back (30.11%) (Figure 2).

neck 46 49,46%
Prevalence of MSDs symptoms

shoulders 52 55,91%
upper back 28 30,11%
elbows 41 44,09%
wrists/hands 41 44,09%
lower back 53 56,99%
hips/thighs 39 41,94%
knees 39 41,94%
ankles/feet 58 62,37%
0 20 40 60 80 100

Respondent Percentage

Figure 2. Prevalence of MSD Symptoms

There was no significant correlation between age, years of service, and education with the
prevalence of MSDs symptoms (p-value <0.05) (Table 4).

Table 4. Correlation between Age, Years of service, Education, and MSDs symptoms

MSDS Symptoms
Variable Yes No Numbers pValue
n % n %
Age
< 30 years old 40 43.01 2 2.15 42 0.725
30-45 years old 41 44.09 2 2.15 43
> 45 years old 7 7.53 1 1.08 8
Amount 88 94.62 5 5.38 93
Years of service
≤ 5 years 3 3.23 0 0.00 3 0.840
6-10 years 42 45.16 2 2.15 44
> 10 years 43 46.24 3 3.23 46
Amount 88 94.62 5 5.38 93
Education
Senior High Schools 81 87.10 5 5.38 86 0.807
Academy (DI,D II,DIII) 2 2.15 0 0.00 2
Bachelor Degree 5 5.38 0 0.00 5
Amount 88 94.62 5 5.38 93

36
Volume II, Number I, 2022 E-ISSN: 2808-5361 Proceeding The Second
October 2022 http://e-journal.fkmumj.ac.id/ Muhammadiyah Internasional-
Public Health and Medicine
Conference

Uniformity final inspection activities had different processes as follows: booking, uniformity
input, uniformity output, and balancing process. Each process could have diverse risks of injury from
ergonomic problems while working. The following ergonomic risk of each process:
1. The booking process involves activities such as lifting, pushing, sliding, pulling, bending, twisting,
and reaching awkward positions. Consists of lifting the tires from the conveyor to the trolley, shifting
the tires, arranging the tires on the trolley, pushing the trolley to be carried to the next process, pulling
the trolley, and positioning the trolley. In this process, all activities have diverse risks of ergonomic
problems for employees. Activities performed repeatedly will disrupt the musculoskeletal system in
the employees. The Reba score is 8, which means the level of ergonomic risk is high and was required
to investigate and implement change.
2. The uniformity input process involves activities such as lifting, pushing, sliding, pulling, and
reaching in awkward positions. These activities are lifting the tires from the trolley to the conveyor,
rolling the tires to the uniformity input machine, pushing the tires on the conveyor to position it
properly, and positioning the tires on the machine. In this process, all activities are suspected to cause
operator uniformity to be exposed to ergonomic risks in the work environment, except for the activity
of positioning tires on the conveyor. Activities performed repeatedly will disrupt the musculoskeletal
system of the operator. The Reba score is 6 means that the level of ergonomic risk is moderate, this
condition needs further investigation and change soon.
3. The uniformity output process, involves activities such as lifting, pushing, and pulling. These
activities are lifting tires from conveyor to trolley, pushing tires into the trolley, and pulling tires
from conveyor to trolley. In this process, all activities are suspected to cause operators to be exposed
to ergonomic risks in the work environment. Activities carried out repeatedly will cause disturbances
to the musculoskeletal system of the operator. The Reba score is 7 means that the level of ergonomic
risk is moderate, this condition needs further investigation and change soon.
4. Balancing process, while working there are activities of lifting, pushing, sliding, pulling, and
reaching awkward positions. These activities are lifting tires from racks to conveyors and vice versa,
shifting tires, and arranging tires on the trolley. In this process, all activities are suspected to cause
operators to be exposed to ergonomic risks in the work environment. Activities performed repeatedly
will disrupt the musculoskeletal system of the operator. The Reba score is 6 means that the level of
ergonomic risk is moderate, this condition needs further investigation and change soon.
The highest ergonomic risk is in the booking process with a 'high' level of REBA, activities that
have the potential for ergonomic risk are lifting tires manually with a load of 12-30.9 kg from the
conveyor to the trolley, there are activities placing tires on the trolley that are arranged high enough that
they are above the workers' upper arms, reach more than the upper shoulders, manual handling methods
when lifting tires from the conveyor are lifted in a lower position (near the feet) instead of approaching

37
Volume II, Number I, 2022 E-ISSN: 2808-5361 Proceeding The Second
October 2022 http://e-journal.fkmumj.ac.id/ Muhammadiyah Internasional-
Public Health and Medicine
Conference

the body, bending position when moving tires from the conveyor and the activities are done repeatedly.
The REBA score is in line with the research conducted by Bahardin et al. (Kamal Bahardin et al., 2018),
in this study studied the prevalence of MSDs in tire manufacturing workers and assessed the level of
ergonomic risk using REBA. The majority of workers (86.3%) in their study were exposed to 'very high
(11+) and 13.7% were exposed to a 'high' level of ergonomic risk. However, they studied the sequence
of the most critical and ergonomic risk-intensive tasks that were formed as part of the manual lifting of
the tread layer. The study of Supooto et al. (Supooto et al., 2020), showed the same results on tire
manufacturing workers and assessing the level of ergonomic risk using REBA, the focus of this research
is assessing ergonomic risks on the task (characteristics of the task). The majority of work tasks with a
'high' ergonomic risk value of 42.86%, a 'very high' work task risk value (11+) of 28.57%, and a
'medium' and 'low' risk value of 14.29 %.
The prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in car/tire manufacturing workers involving joints was
reported in the range of 14.14% to 50.98% in the neck, 15.15% to 76.47% in the shoulder, 19.19% to
58.82% in the upper back, 5.05% to 52.94% at the elbows, 6.06% to 62.75% at the wrists, 24.24% to
72.55% at the lower back, 19% to 60.78 % on hips/thighs, 16.16% to 43.14% on knees, and 20.20% to
54.90% on legs and feet (Mukkamala et al., 2021 and Kamal Bahardin et al., 2018). The results of the
Body Nordic Map questionnaire were obtained from 93 uniformity operators who experienced MSDs
complaints as many as 88 people (94.62%), the highest symptom was experienced by uniformity
operators on the heel/foot as many as 58 people (62.37%) and the least symptom were on the upper
back as many as 28 people (30.11%). In the work activities of uniformity operators who experience the
most symptoms in the heel/ foot joints from the observations it is known that due to the heavy load
being lifted between 12-30.9 kg by carrying out manual handling activities, lifting / lowering tires
repeatedly with the position of stacking tires on the truck exceeding the operator's shoulders, there is an
activity of pushing and/or pulling trolley from the booking area to the uniformity/balancing machine
with a distance of 6-30 meters repeatedly.
The above conditions according to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH) are the main risk factors that can cause injury in manual material handling which include
activities: 1) awkward postures, e.g. bending over, 2) repetitive movements, e.g. lifting, carrying,
frequently reaching, 3) Strong exertions, e.g. carrying or lifting heavy loads, 4) Pressure points, e.g.
grasping or contact of the load, leaning on hard parts or surfaces or having sharp edges, 5 ) Static
posture, for example, maintaining a fixed position for a long time (NIOSH, 2007). NIOSH recommends
the maximum load under ideal lifting conditions i.e. RWL (Recommended Weight Limit) is considered
as a load of 23 kg, lifted in a sagittal plane (right in the middle of the body both vertically and
horizontally in body position) from a height of 75 cm above the floor and held 25 cm in front of the
body. The load should be lifted no more than 25 cm vertically and the load should only be lifted

38
Volume II, Number I, 2022 E-ISSN: 2808-5361 Proceeding The Second
October 2022 http://e-journal.fkmumj.ac.id/ Muhammadiyah Internasional-
Public Health and Medicine
Conference

occasionally (Bridger, 2003). In the Uniformity operator activity, it is still found that the lifting position
is not ideal, namely, the load exceeds the RWL with the manual lifting method, done repeatedly and
stacking the tires in a position above the shoulder (not sagittally).
Of 93 uniformity operators, and 88 operators who experienced MSDS symptoms, the highest
age group experiencing MSDS was from the age of 30-45 years, namely 41 people (44.09%). From the
results of the test using a chi-square p-value (0.725)> 0.05, it can be concluded that there is no
significant relationship between age and MSDs symptoms. The results of this study are different from
other studies conducted by Sulistiyo et al. (Sulistiyo et al., 2018), the study showed there is a
relationship between age and MSDs symptoms, so the older you get, the higher the complaints against
MSDs.
Of 88 operators, who had a prevalence of MSDs symptoms 43 people (46.24%) operators with
a working period of > 10 years experienced MSDs symptoms and the least experienced MSDs
symptoms were operators with a service period of < 5 years as many as 3 people (3.23%). The test
results using chi-square p-value (0.840)> 0.05, it can be concluded that there is no significant
relationship between tenure and MSDs symptoms. The same results were obtained from the research
conducted by Bahardin et al. (Kamal Bahardin et al., 2018) that there is no relationship between age,
BMI, and years of service on MSDs symptoms based on the results of chi-square tests (p-value > 0.05).
Of 88 operators, who had a prevalence of MSD symptoms, the most MSD symptoms were felt
by operators with high school education as many as 81 people (87.10%). From the results of the test
using a chi-square p-value (0.840)> 0.05, it can be concluded that there is no significant relationship
between education and MSDs symptoms. Andorsen et al. (2014) in their cohort study of the Norwegian
population in general found a negative relationship between education level and musculoskeletal
symptoms, the results suggest paying attention to low levels of education may have positive results in
preventing musculoskeletal symptoms (EU-OSHA, 2019). Similar findings were reported by the
EMUSC study (2019) on musculoskeletal health in Europe. In particular, according to this study,
workers with low levels of education often tend to report more work-related problems and they are more
likely to report MSDs as the most serious work-related problems. In addition, the EMUSC study
underscores the importance of patient education as a factor enabling them to understand and manage
musculoskeletal conditions (Eumusc, 2019).

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

Ergonomics risks in the work activities of uniformity final inspection operators are mostly
moderate to high, the highest risk is in the activity or booking work process, this is because there are
activities of lifting tires from the conveyor to the trolley, shifting tires, arranging tires on the trolley to
placing them on the workers' shoulders, pushing the trolley to be taken to the next process and this
activity is carried out repeatedly.

39
Volume II, Number I, 2022 E-ISSN: 2808-5361 Proceeding The Second
October 2022 http://e-journal.fkmumj.ac.id/ Muhammadiyah Internasional-
Public Health and Medicine
Conference

The highest proportion of MSD symptoms was in the heel/toe joint, while the lowest proportion
was in the upper back. These MSDs symptoms are not related to age, years of service, and education.
We recommend reducing the ergonomic risk in uniformity final inspection to provide lifting aids for
manual handling work with loads above the standard that is > 23 kg. It is necessary to provide job
training or training on ergonomic risks in the workplace and work procedures following the required
ergonomic principles. In addition, it is necessary to provide Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), such
as back support to prevent muscle injury, perform appropriate work and rest times and try to work
following the power zone.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Thank you to the company that has been willing to become a place of activity and also to thank
the University of Muhammadiyah Jakarta which has provided support for this research activity.

REFERENCES
Bridger, R.. (2003). Introduction to Ergonomic Design. In Introduction to Ergonomics. Routledge
Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.1201/b17976-9
EU-OSHA. (2019). Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: prevalence, costs, and demographics in
the EU | Safety, and health at work EU-OSHA. In Eu-Osha. https://doi.org/10.2802/66947
Eumusc. (2019). Summary Report: Musculoskeletal Health in Europe.
HIRADC. (2021). Identifikasi Bahaya Penilaian Dan Pengendalian Risiko/HIRADC ( Hazard
Identification Risk Assessment Dertermining Control ). April 2018, 4–5.
HSE, H. S. E. (2021). Work-related musculoskeletal disorders statistics in Great Britain, 2021.
Hse.Gove.Uk, December, 1–22. https://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/causdis/msd.pdf
ICOH, I. C. on O. H. (2010). Ergonomics Guidelines For Occupational Health Practice In Industrially
Developing Countries.
ILO. (2021). Global Monitoring Report World Health Organisation /International Labour
Organisation, Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury, 2000–2016.
https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---
lab_admin/documents/publication/wcms_819788.pdf
Kamal Bahardin, M., Syed, S. A., Rahman, A., & Akademia Baru, P. (2018). Assessment of Ergonomic
Risk Level at Tire Manufacturing Plant in Petaling Jaya, Selangor. Journal of Advanced Research
in Occupational Safety and Health Journal Homepage: Open Access Journal of Advanced
Research in Occupational Safety and Health, 2(1), 20–27. www.akademiabaru.com/arosh.html
Karwowski, W. (2006). Fundamentals and Assessment Tools for Occupational Ergonomics. In
Fundamentals and Assessment Tools for Occupational Ergonomics.
https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420003635
Middlesworth, M. (2014). A Step-by-Step Guide Rapid Entire Body Assessment ( REBA ). Ergonomics

40
Volume II, Number I, 2022 E-ISSN: 2808-5361 Proceeding The Second
October 2022 http://e-journal.fkmumj.ac.id/ Muhammadiyah Internasional-
Public Health and Medicine
Conference

Plus Inc, 31, 1–11.

Mukkamala, N., Parmar, L., & Kumar, P. (2021). Musculoskeletal disorders in tire manufacturing
workers. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 25(3), 133.
https://doi.org/10.4103/IJOEM.IJOEM_177_20
NIOSH. (2007). Ergonomic guidelines for manual material handling. 8th Annual Applied Ergonomics
Conference Proceedings, 1021–1060.
Norus&Merry, S. (2021). JURNAL KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT ( e-Journal ) GAMBARAN
KELUHAN MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS ( MSDS ). Jurnal Kesehatan Mesyarakat (e-
Journal), 10(ISSN:2715-5617, e-ISSN: 2356-3346), 70–74.
Peraturan Presiden RI Nomor 7. (2019). Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 Tahun 2019
Tentang Penyakit Akibat Kerja. Www.Hukumonline.Com/Pusatdata, 1–102.
https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/101622/perpres-no-7-tahun-2019
Permenaker. (2018). Peraturan Menteri Tenaga Kerja No 5 tahun 2018 tentang Keselamatan
Kesehatan Kerja (K3) Lingkungan Kerja. 5, 11. https://jdih.kemnaker.go.id/keselamatan-
kerja.html
Sauter, S. L., Swanson, N. G., Waters, T. R., Hales, T. R., & Dunkin-Chadwick, R. (2005).
Musculoskeletal Discomfort Surveys Used at NIOSH. In N. Stanton, A. Hedge, K. Brookhuis, E.
Sales, & H. Hendrick (Eds.), Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics
Society (Vol. 54, Issue 2). CRC Press LLC. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720811435234
Sulistiyo, T. H., Sitorus, R. J., & Ngudiantoro, N. (2018). Analisis faktor risiko ergonomi dan
musculoskeletal disorders pada radiografer instalasi radiologi rumah sakit di kota Palembang.
Jurnal Kedokteran Dan Kesehatan Publikasi Ilmiah Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sriwijaya,
5(1), 26–37. https://doi.org/10.32539/jkk.v5i1.6123
Supooto, A., Seeprasert, P., & Katramee, A. (2020). Ergonomic Risk Level Assessment in Building
Process at Automobile Tire Manufacturing.
Tarwaka et al. (2004). Ergonomi untuk Keselamatan, Kesehatan Kerja dan Produktivitas.
http://shadibakri.uniba.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Buku-Ergonomi.pdf

41