ASSIGNMENT

ON
APPLICATION OF PAINT
(EMULSION PAINT)

PREPARED BY:
GROUP 7
COURSE TITLE:
ENTERPRENEURSHIP

COURSE CODE:
EED 217
DEPARTMENT
CIVIL ENGINEERING
LEVEL: ND 2 PT

SUBMITTED TO:
THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTERPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT,
SCHOOL OF GENERAL STUDIES, FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC OFFA,
KWARA STATE.

LECTURER IN CHARGE:
ENGR. MRS. MARIAM OLAWUYI

MAY, 2023
 PREPARED BY:

1. CE/ND/P21/1386
2. CE /ND/P21/1391
3. CE /ND/P21/1403
4. CE /ND/P21/1
5. CE /ND/P21/1
6. CE /ND/P21/1
7. CE /ND/P21/1
8. CE /ND/P21/1
9. CE /ND/P21/1
10. CE /ND/P21/1
 APPLICATION OF PAINTS
PAINT:
This is a solvent applied onto a substrate surface which has been previously treated by the
methods of enhancement of adhesion (surface preparation): Cleaning, Surface
roughening, Primers, Adhesion promoters, Plasma treatment.

Paint can also be define as any pigmented liquid, liquefiable, or solid mastic composition that
converts to a solid film after application to a substrate in a thin layer. It is most commonly
used to protect, color, or provide texture to objects.

The following techniques are used for application of paints:

 Brush
 Roller
 Air spray
 Airless spray
 Electrostatic spray
 Rotating disc or bell

 BRUSH:
Brush application is used for decorative coating of relatively small and complex areas.
Brush painting is a slow application method but it provides good penetration of the paint.
Brush application prevents paint losses associated with the spray application method.

 ROLLER:
Roller technique is applied for coating large flat surfaces. The method is faster than brush
application. In contrast to the brush method roller painting is not suitable for applying high
film build.

 AIR SPRAY:
In the air spray application method the paint in form of atomized droplets is delivered by a
stream of compressed air.
The paint is pumped from the tank into the gun where it is atomized (broken into small
droplets) by the flowing compressed air.
The typical air pressure in the air spray is 40-50 psi. Spray application is a simple and
inexpensive method which is capable to coat objects of various shapes and dimensions.
High quality coatings are achieved if the paint composition (the content of Solvents) provides
the required levels of viscosity and the drying rate.
The disadvantage of the air spray application is unavoidable overspray: losses of the paint and
expensive organic solvents and thinners.
Besides the costly losses the method requires additional investment in safety equipment in
order to protect the workers exposed to the hazardous solvent vapors.

 AIRLESS SPRAY:
In the airless spray (in contrast to the air spray) the paint is not mixed with air.
The liquid paint is delivered to the gun by a hydraulic pump producing a high pressure 300-
7000 psi (2-48 MPa).
The pressurized paint is atomized in the gun nozzle. The nozzle is commonly made of
tungsten carbide. It has an orifice, diameter of which (together with the paint viscosity and
the pump pressure) determines the delivery rate and controls the coating thickness.
Using high pressure pumps and preheated paints allows to apply high viscosity paints having
a decreased amount of solvents and thinners (e.g. High-solids paints). Lower solvent content
in the paints for airless application results in a reduced overspray.
A combination of the airless and the airless application methods is used in the air
assisted airless spray application technique.
The paint is supplied to the gun and atomized like in the airless method. However the paint is
additionally atomized by low pressure compressed air which also controls the fan pattern.

 ELECTROSTATIC SPRAY:
Electrostatic spray application is based on the electrostatic attraction of electrically charged
atomized particles (either dry powder or liquid paint droplets) to the grounded (having earth
potential) work piece.
The charged particles coming out from the gun hit the whole surface of the object including
the back surface therefore the electrostatic spray technique is mainly used for inside coating
of tubular objects where the back surface painting (wraparound effect) is negligible.
Due to electrostatic effects the coating is thicker on the surfaces of protruding corners and
thinner on inside corners and holes.
Electrostatic spray is characterized by very low overspray. The method utilizes at least 95%
of the paint.

 ROTATING DISC OR BELL:

In the rotating disc/bell application technique the liquid paint is pumped to the center of the
disc/bell rotating at high speed (at least 10,000 RPM).
The centrifugal force drives the liquid to the edge where it is atomized and spun off.
The rotating disc commonly has an electrical potential which provides an electrical charge to
the paint.
The paint particles propelled by the centrifugal force are attracted by the grounded
workpieces located around the rotating disc.
Rotating disc or bell method is used for automatic application of high viscosity paints
(e.g. High-solids paints) in conveyor lines.

COMPOSITION OF PAINTS
A paint is formulated as a mixture of four ingredients:
 Binder
 Solvent
 Pigment
 Additives

1. BINDERS OF PAINTS:
Binder is the main ingredient of paints. Binders are polymers (resins) forming a continuous
film on the substrate surface.
Binders are responsible for good adhesion of the coating to the substrate. The binder holds
the pigment particles distributed throughout the coating. The binder is dispersed in a carrier
(water or organic solvent either in molecular form (true solutions) or as colloidal dispersions
(emulsions or sols).

Common binders are as follows:

 Alkyd resins are prepared by the condensation polymerization in the reaction of fatty
acid and polyols (commonly glycerol) with polybasic acids.
 Acrylic resins are prepared by polymerization of acrylic or methacrylic esters.
 Latex (PVA) is a vinyl polymer prepared by free radical vinyl polymerization of the
monomer vinyl acetate.
 Phenolic resins are thermosetting polymers prepared by the reaction of simple phenol
with aldehydes (eg. formaldehyde).
 Urethane resins (polyurethanes) are prepared by the step-growth polymerization of
isocyanates reacting with monomer molecules containing hydroxyl (alcohol) groups.
 Epoxy resins is a thermosetting polymer formed as a result of cross-linking a resin
containing short molecules in the presence of a hardener.
 Chlorinated rubber is prepared through polymerization of the degraded natural rubber
(in the presence of atoms of chlorine participating in cross-linking.

2. SOLVENTS OF PAINTS:
Solvent (water or organic solvent) is a medium where the binder, pigment and additives are
dispersed in molecular form (true solutions) or as colloidal dispersions (emulsions or sols).

Solvents (thinners) are also used for modification of the paint viscosity required for the
application methods: brush, roller, dip, spray.
The solid coating is formed due to evaporation of solvent therefore the evaporation rate is one
of the important properties of solvents. Other important properties are the ability to dissolve
the paint ingredients and toxicity.

The solvents used as the carrier in paints:

 Water
 White spirits (mineral turpentine spirits). White spirit is a mixture of is a mixture of
saturated aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.
 Xylene is a pure aromatic solvent having benzene ring structure in its molecule (C 8H10).
 Toluene is also a pure aromatic solvent with benzene ring structure (C 6H5CH3).
 Alcohols (n-butanol, isopropanol) are organic compounds having a hydroxyl groups (-
OH) bound to the carbon atoms of an alkyl group.
 Ketones is an organic solvents, in which carbonyl group (C=O) is bonded to two other
carbon atoms.

3. PIGMENTS OF PAINTS:
Pigment is a solid substance dispersed throughout the coating to impart it a color, opacity
(hide the substrate surface).

Pigments may protect the substrate from UV light.

Pigments change the paint appearance (gloss level) and properties: increase hardness and
decrease ductility. Pigments may be natural, synthetic, inorganic or organic.
Fillers and extenders are also referred to pigments. Fillers and extenders are non-expensive
commonly natural inorganic materials added to the paint in order to increase its volume, to
increase the paint film thickness, to impart toughness or abrasion resistance to the coating.

Pigments commonly used in paints:

 Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) is a white synthetic inorganic pigment existing in two crystalline
forms: rutile and anatase. Titanium dioxide has high refractive index (anatase 2.52, rutile
2.76). Anatase is photochemically active but provides clear white color therefore its main
application is interior paints. Photochemically inert rutile is used for protection of paints
from degradation by light. Titanium oxide is the most widely used pigment.
 Zinc Oxide (ZnO) is a white synthetic inorganic pigment having refractive index 2.01.
 Zinc Yellow (Yellow 36) is Zinc Chromate (ZnCrO4).
 Yellow Dyes are stable yellow non-toxic organic pigments with good opacity.
 Benzidine Yellows are yellow-to-red organic pigments for interior applications. They are
resistant in chemicals and stable at elevated temperatures (up to 300°F / 150°C).
 Chrome Oxide Green is olive-green inorganic pigment with a high level of opacity.
Chrome Oxide Green is the most stable green pigment.
 Phthalocyanine Green imparts green-blue color. It is used as the pigment for decorative
applications. The pigment is resistant to heat, solvents and alkalis.
 Phthalocyanine Blues are widely spread pigments. They provides a wide spectrum of
color: from reddish-blue to yellowish-green. The pigments are non-toxic and resistant to
solvents, chemicals and elevated temperatures.
 Ultramarine Blue is natural pigment made of the semiprecious mineral lapislazuri. The
pigment is resistant to fading. It is stable at elevated temperatures.
 Vermilion is a natural orangish red pigment consisting of toxic mercuric sulfide (HgS).
 Pigment Brown 6 is red inorganic pigment based on Iron(III) oxide (Fe 2O3).
 Red 170 is a synthetic organic pigment widely used in automotive industry.
 Dioxazine Violet is organic synthetic pigment.It is non-toxic and has high tinting strength.
 Carbon Black is the pigment obtained from organic materials (wood, bones) by charring
(thermal decomposition in a limited amount of Oxygen). large quantities of Carbon Black
are used for coloring and reinforcing automobile tires.
 Iron (II) Oxide (FeO) is inorganic black pigment.
Examples of fillers and extenders:
 Quartz sand (SiO2). Finely ground quartz is a filler increasing the abrasion resistance of
the paints.
 Talc having the lamellar structure serves as a reinforcing phase in the coating. Talc also
protects the substrate from the penetrating water.
 Baryte (BaSO4) is a colorless or white inorganic mineral having high hardness and
chemical resistance. It is used as a reinforcing additive.
 Kaoline Clay is a natural colloid containing finely dispersed particles of hydrated
aluminum silicate. Kaoline Clay is used in emulsion paints as a gloss reducing additive.
 Limestone (calcium carbonate, CaCO3) is used in emulsion paints as a filler extending
expensive pigments.

4. ADDITIVES FOR PAINTS:

Additives are small amounts of substances modifying the paint properties.
Examples of additives:
 Driers accelerate the paints drying (hardening) by catalyzing the oxidation of the binder.
 Plasticisers increase the paints flexibility.
 Fungicides, Biocides and Insecticides prevent growth and attack of fungi, bacteria and
insects.
 Flow control agents improve flow properties.
 Defoamers prevent formation of air bubbles entrapped in the coatings.
 Emulsifiers are wetting agents increasing the colloidal stability of the paints in liquid
state.
 UV stabilizers provide stability of the paints under ultra-violet light.
 Anti-skinning agents prevent formation of a skin in the can.
 Adhesion promoters improve the adhesion of the coating to the substrate.
 Corrosion inhibitors reduce the corrosion rate of the substrate.
 Texturizers impart textures to the coatings.
 EMULSION PAINT
Emulsion Paint Definition
The tiny polymer particles within which pigments are trapped are called emulsion
paints. The Emulsion paint usually consists of bases like zinc oxide, etc. ground in varnish. The
particles are suspended in water, then as the paint dry the particles fuse together creating a
film of paint on the wall. It can be used for both the internal and external faces of the building.

Constituents of emulsion Percentage share of each Different types of materials

paint constituent are used as a constituents

Titanium dioxide is used for

reds, whites, and browns,
chromium oxide for greens,
Pigment 25%
iron oxide for yellows, and
carbon is used for blacks

Solvent 45% Water

Binders 25% Acrylic or epoxy polymers

Additives (include biocides A wide variety of additives

5%
to stop algae and fungi are available according to
growing on your walls) requirements.

APPLICATION OF EMULSION PAINT

 They are easy to apply and they dry faster than other paints such as water-based paints and
oil-based paints.
 By following, “DIY” instructions of the manufacturer to paint the one can paint their house or
walls with a brush or roller on their own.
 Emulsion paints are ready to use paints just need to add thinner (water) before application.
 The water is not added before application there might be a chance of occurrence of various
defects on the painted surface.
 It suits new wall faces as well as old walls, mostly used for walls and ceilings.
 Easy to apply on all surfaces like concrete, wood, plaster, brick, and metal.
 Emulsion paints are water-based with vinyl or acrylic for durability.
 Emulsion paints can be applied with different types of mechanisms like spraying, brushing,
dip, roller, and flow.
 It comes in different finishes like gloss, satin, eggshell, flat Matt, silk, glossy, and semi-glossy.
 It is available in different quantities from 1 Litre, 4 Litres, 10 Litres, 20 Litre packs as per
requirement.
  Without any pre-treatment, it can be applied to the surface.
 Different types of products are available for external or internal applications.
 Asian paints, Dulux paints, Nerolac paints, Berger Paints, and Shalimar paints are major
companies providing a wide variety of emulsion paints based on where it needs to be applied
(area of application) and the grade of Emulsion paint.

PROPERTIES OF EMULSION PAINT

 The general physical properties of paint are Light fastness, Heat stability, Toxicity, Opacity or
Hiding Power, Color Temperature, Tinting Strength, Chemical Resistance.
 Emulsion paints are humidity-resistant which makes them suitable to use for Kitchens and
Bathrooms.
 Emulsion paints are less toxic. It is safe for humans and pets. Almost every manufacturer
claims that it possesses zero volatile organic compounds.
 Emulsion paints wash ability varies from Medium to High level. Wash ability depends on the
Surface sheen. The surface of the emulsion paint is hard. It will be easy to wipe the surface
with water.
 Wiping the surface of the emulsion paint once it becomes hard with water will not affect the
color and quality of the emulsion paint.
 Emulsion paints do not crack and dry.
 Emulsion paints do not subject to sunlight or temperature changes.
 Emulsion paints have good chemical resistance. They do not get affected by rain or any
chemical substance. Emulsion paints are durable. The higher the amount of pigment higher the
quality of emulsion paints.

Advantages of Emulsion Paint

  The paint stays longer Emulsion Paint has an attractive smell.
 Emulsion paints do not dry or crack in the sunlight.
  The quality and finishing of emulsion paints are better compared to distemper.
 Emulsion Paint won’t peel off when they are subjected to water or any kind of wetness.
 It is washable and the color lasts a long time.

Disadvantage of Emulsion Paint

 Emulsion Paints are expensive

TYPES OF EMULSION PAINT

There are different types of emulsion paints available in the market. The following are the
three major emulsion paints available in the market.

 Vinyl Matt or Flat Matt emulsion

 Vinyl sheen or Soft sheen emulsion
 Vinyl silk or Silk emulsion
How to use emulsion paint?
Prepare the surface like normal paint. For, thin emulsion paint use 50/50 with water. One can
make their own primer by diluting emulsion paint 80/20 with water.
Use a brush, roller, rag, sponge, or airbrush to apply the emulsion. It usually takes an average
of two hours to dry, depending upon the viscosity of the emulsion paint. When painting walls,
always work toward the source of light. Experiment by painting emulsion over a coat of
different colored oil-based paints.

What kind of paint uses a polymer emulsion as its binder?

Acrylic Paints uses polymer emulsion as its binder. The following are which uses polymer
emulsion as a binder.
● Professional or Artistic Acrylics
● Student Acrylics
● Craft Acrylics
● Interactive Acrylics
● Exterior Acrylics

How emulsion paint is made?

Mixing the water in suitable proportion (50%) to the raw paint