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4 Geo Masses Inertia
4 Geo Masses Inertia
Exercises of
Geometry of masses
Moments of inertia
Prof. Juan Carlos Moreno Marín
Prof. José Joaquín Rodes Roca
Geometry of Masses
Moments of inertia
5.3
Determine the moment of inertia and radius of gyration about OX
axis for the parallelogram shown in figure below.
(Data: sides a and b, angle
Y
b
X
O
The parallelogram may be subdivided into three sub-areas: a
rectangular and two triangular areas. The right the triangular area is a
hole with negative area.
Y
b
X
O
Using the tabulated moment of inertia we obtain the expression of the
moment of inertia for the regular areas with respect to its base:
1 3 1 1 3 1
bh b a sen bh a cos a sen
3 3
I X ( rectáng .) I X (triáng .)
3 3 12 3
A table may facilitate the calculations. The total moment of inertia
about the X axis of the composite area is, consequently:
1
b a sen
3
I X I X ( rectáng .) I X (triáng .) I X (triáng .) I X ( rectáng .)
3
1 3
ba sen
3
IX 3 1
KX a sen
S ba sen 3
Exercise 2
Geometry of Masses
Moments of inertia
5.5
Determine the moments of inertia of the Z-section about its
centroidal OX0 and OY0 axes.
12.5 cm
2.5 cm
YO
17.5 cm XO
2.5 cm
12.5 cm
Z-section may be subdivided into three rectangles and the origin of the
coordinate at CG of the area, OX0, OY0 (centroidal).
12.5 cm
2.5 cm YO
17.5 cm XO
2.5 cm
12.5 cm
17.5 cm XO
1 3 1 3 2.5 cm
I XO 2 bh 20 2.5 1666.67; 12.5 cm
12 12
1 3 1
I XO1 I XO 3 bh d S 10 2.53 8.752 25 1927.08;
2
12 12
I XO I XO1 I XO 2 I XO 3 1927.08 1666.67 1927.08 5520.8 cm 4
We calculate the moments of inertia of each rectangle about the
OX0 axis, transferring from its own CG to the X0 axis by using the
Steiner's theorem:
12.5 cm
2.5 cm YO
17.5 cm XO
1 3 1 2.5 cm
IYO 2 b h 20 2.53 26.04; 12.5 cm
12 12
1 3 1 3
IYO1 IYO 3 b h d S 10 2.5 6.252 25 1184.9;
2
12 12
IYO IYO1 IYO 2 IYO 3 1184.9 26.04 1184.9 2395.8 cm 4
We calculate the moments of inertia of each rectangle about the
OX0 axis, transferring from its own CG to the X0 axis by using the
Steiner's theorem:
12.5 cm
2.5 cm YO
17.5 cm XO
2.5 cm
12.5 cm
PXYO 2 0;
PXYO1 PXYO 3 0 d x d y S 6.25 8.75 25 1367.2;
PXYO PXYO1 PXYO 2 PXYO 3 1367.2 0 1367.2 2734.4 cm 4
The matrix of inertia of the Z-section about the centroidal axes is:
12.5 cm
2.5 cm YO
17.5 cm XO
2.5 cm
12.5 cm
Exercise 3
Geometry of Masses
Moments of inertia
6.1
Determine the moment of inertia of the area about the centroidal axis
which is parallel to the inclined side.
1 cm
3 cm
1 cm
3 cm 4 cm 3 cm
By symmetry, the CG is equal to the geometric centre of the section.
According to the coordinate system shown, the CG is G (5, 2.5) cm.
The are may be divided into three elements, two equal horizontal
rectangles (1) and (2), and a rhomboid (3).
Y U
=45º X
O
The centroidal moments of inertia (so about its CG) of both rectangles
are: 1 1
IX1 IX 2 bh3 cm 4 ;
12 4
1 3 27 4
IY 1 IY 2 b h cm ;
12 12
PXY 1 PXY 2 0
4 4
27
IYG1 IYG1 IY 1 b S
2
3.52 3 39 cm 4 ;
12
PXYG1 PXYG 2 PXY 1 abS 0 2 3.5 3 21 cm 4 ;
Now we sum the moments of both elements and rotate them 45º
before to add the moment of inertia of rhomboid.
49 4
I XG12 2 I XG1 cm ;
2
IYG12 2 IYG1 78 cm 4 ;
PXYG12 2 PXYG 2 42 cm 4 ;
To calculate the moment of inertia about the U axis we need to rotate
= 45º about the OX axis:
IU 12 I XG12 cos 2 PXYG12 sen 2 IYG12 sen 2
2 2
49 2 2
42 sen 90º 78
2 2 2
49 78
42 9.25 cm 4
4 2
The third section is the rhomboid. We need to calculate the moment
of inertia with respect to a parallel axis passing through its CG.
Its dimensions are shown in figure below, and the moment of inertia
was calculated in problem 5.3:
3
1 3 1 2 ) 4
IU 3 bh 32
0.16 cm
12 12 2
U √2 cm
G 2
√ 32 cm
Thus, for the entire area we have:
)
IU IU 12 IU 3 9.25 0.16 9.42 cm 4
Y U
=45º X
O
Exercise 4
Geometry of Masses
Moments of inertia
a/4
X
The cross section of the beam is subdivided into two rectangles 1
and 2, for which we use the tabulated moments of inertia.
y1
yG
x1
G1
xG
G
1 y2
x2
G2 2 X
Rectangle 1:
a 5 3 2
Centre of gravity G1 , a Area S1 a
8 8 16
1 a 3
3 Y
I X1 a 0.008789 a 4
12 4 4
, y1
3
1 3 a yG
I Y1 a 0.0009766
. a 4
G1
x1
12 4 4 xG
G
PX1Y1 0
1 y2
x2
G2 2 X
Rectangle 2:
a a a2
Centre of gravity G2 , Area S2
2 8 4
1 a
3 Y
I X2 a 0.001302 a 4
12 4
y1
1 a 3 yG .
I Y2 a 0.02083 a 4 x1
12 4 G1
xG
G
PX 2 Y2 0 1 y2
x2
G2 2 X
The coordinates of the CG of the cross-sectional area, formed by
two rectangles, are:
x1 S1 x 2 S 2 19 y1 S1 y 2 S 2 19
xG a yG a
S1 S 2 56 S1 S 2 56
x2
G2 2 X
Now we use the Steiner's theorem to transfer the moments of inertia
of both rectangles to the centroidal parallel axes of the cross-
sectional area GX G YG :
yG
xG
, G
1
2 X
The moments of inertia about the XG axis are:
2 2
5 19 3a
I1XG I X1 a 2 0.008789 0.015306 a 4 0.024095 a 4
8 56 16
2 2
19 1 2 a
I 2XG I X 2 a 0.001302 0.01148 a 4 0.01278 a 4
56 8 4
yG
xG
G
1
2 X
The moments of inertia about the YG axis are:
2
19 1 2 3
I1YG I Y1 a a 2 0.0009766 0.008610 a 4 0.009586 a 4
56 8 16
2 2
1 19 a
I 2YG I Y2 a 2 0.02083 0.006457 a 4 0.02729 a 4
2 56 4
y1
yG
x1
G1
xG
G
1 y2
x2
G2 2 X
5 19 19 1 2 3 2
P1XG YG 0 a a 0.01148 a 4
8 56 56 8 16
2
1 19 19 1 2 a
P2XG YG 0 a 0.008610 a 4
2 56 56 8 4
There is symmetry
The principal moments of inertia can be calculated by using the
expressions:
2
Moments maximum IX IY IX IY
I X 0 ,Y0 PXY
2
and minimum: 2 2
Maximum moment of inertia IV I X0 0.056967 a 4
tg
I XG I X 0
0.036876 0.056967 a 4
1
PXG YG 0.02009 a 4
Therefore, the angle between the XG axis and the principal X0 axis is:
tg 1 1 45º
The principal axes of inertia are defined by the angles with
respect to the X axis:
tg
I XG I X 0
0.036876 0.056967 a 4
1
PXG YG 0.02009 a 4
Therefore, the angle between the XG axis and the principal X0 axis is:
tg 1 1 45º
tg
I XG IY0
0.036876 0.016785 a 4
1
PXG YG 0.02009 a 4
Geometry of Masses
Moments of inertia
Y a
X
O
First of all, we calculate the moments of inertia of the section with
respect to axes through O origin of the coordinate system.
The moments of inertia for a rectangle (check tables):
1 3 1 3 1 2 2
I X ab IY a b PXY a b
3 3 4
That may calculate by direct integration easily:
b a
1 3 1 3
I x y a dy ab
2
I y x b dx ba
2
y 0
3 x 0
3
a b
1 2 2
I xy xydx dy a b
x 0 y 0
4
Therefore the matrix of inertia about the OXY axes is:
1 3 1 2 2
ab a b
3 4
I OXY
1 2 2 1 3
ab ab
4 3
To determine the principal moments of inertia through the origin
point O, we diagonalize the matrix of inertia. To do this, the
determinant of the matrix should be equal to zero, where values
forare the eigenvalues of the matrix:
1 3 1
ab a 2b 2
3 4
0
1 1 3
a 2b 2 a b
4 3
Thus, the previous equation give us a second degree equation in
:
ab a 2 b2 7 4 4
2 a b 0
3 144
ab 2 ab 2 7 2 2
I X0
6
a b
2
a 2
b
2 2 7
a 2b 2
4
I Y0
6
a b
2
a 2
b
2 2
a b
4
2 2
4b 4 I X0
2 b a b a
22 2
7
tg 2 2
3a ab 3 ab ab 4
In the particular case b 2a , results are:
ab 2 7 2 2 5
a b2
6
a 2
b 2 2
a b 2 a 4
4 3
tg 1 2 1 22.5º
Exercise 6
Geometry of Masses
Moments of inertia
6.2
For the three quarter circle area shown, determine: a) Matrix of
inertia relative to the origin. b) Matrix of inertia at point (-R,0).
c) Moment of inertia about the axis of equation y + R = x - R.
X
O
a) Matrix of inertia relative to the origin.
We calculate the moment of the quarter circular area (or make
expedient use of tabulated moments of inertia):
R
1 4
R
y
I X y 2 dS y 0 y 2
R 2
y 2
dy tan 1
R 4 y R 2 y 2 2 y 2 R 2 R
8 R 2 y 2 16
S 0
Y
where dS R 2 y 2 dy
dS
dy
y
x X
The total momentsO
of inertia of the composite area are:
4
I X IY 3 R
16
a) Matrix of inertia relative to the origin.
The product of inertia of the quarter circle is:
R R2 y2 R R2 y2
1 2
PXY xydS
xydx dy x y
y 0
2 0
dy
S y 0
0
R
R 2 y y 3 R4 R4 R4 where dS dx dy
dy
y 0
2 2 4 8 8
R4 R4 R4 R4
PXY
8 8 8 8
a) Matrix of inertia relative to the origin.
3 R 4 R4 3 1
16 8 16 8 0.589 0.125
I R 4
R 4
R 4
3 R 4
1 3 0.125 0.589
8 16
8 16
b) Matrix of inertia relative to the point (-R,0). Y
IY ´ IY 2a xG S a 2 S
where a is the distance between axes Y and Y´, and xG is the
horizontal coordinate of the CG in the coordinate system OXY.
xdS x R 2 x 2 dx R
4 R2 x2
3
2
4R
xG yG S
x 0
2
dS R 3 R 2
x 0
3
S 4
b) Matrix of inertia relative to the point (-R,0).
The CG for the composite area is:
4R R2 4R R2 4R R2
3 4 3 4 3 4 4R
xG yG
R2 9
3
4
The moment of inertia about Y´ axis and parallel to the Y axis through
point (-R,0) is:
3 R 4
4 R 3 R 2
3 R 2
IY ´ IY 2a xG S a 2 S 2R R2
16 9 4 4
45 32 4
R 3.612 R 4
48
b) Matrix of inertia relative to the point (-R,0).
0.589 0.208
I R
4
0.208 3.612
c) Moment of inertia with respect to the axis y + R = x - R.
A point on the axis is (2R, 0), therefore we have to transfer IY and PXY
being a = -2R now:
3 R 4
4 R 3 R 2
3 R 2
2 2 R 2 R
2
IY ´´ IY 2a xG S a 2 S
16 9 4 4
Y
153 64 4
R 8.68 R 4
48 (2R, 0)
X
O
c) Moment of inertia with respect to the axis y + R = x - R.
R 4 8 R 3 R 2 19 4
PXY ´´ PXY a yG b xG ab S R R
8 9 4 24
0.792 R 4
0.589 0.792
Matrix of inertia at (-2R,0) is: I R 4
0.792 8.68
and rotating an angle = +45º, X axis is transferred to axis
y + R= x - R . Gyration of axes is equivalent to this change of I :
0.589 8.68
IV I X cos PXY sen 2 IY sen
2 2
0.792 R 4
2 2
3.84 R 4
Exercise 7
Geometry of Masses
Moments of inertia
X= xG1
X=XG1
Data of the beam cross section are:
1cm
386.67 cm4
41.67 cm4
1
5 cm
We calculate it centre of gravity:
Y
1cm
yG 0
xG
xi Si
0.5 12 3 4 3 4
1.5 cm
386.67 cm4 x
S i 12 4 4
41.67 cm4
G = 1.5, 0 1
5 cm
Adding the moments of inertia of the three beams, the total
moment of inertia with respect to the X axis will be:
}
STEINER
I X 720 cm 4
Adding the moments of inertia of the
Y three beams, the total moment of
inertia with respect to the Y axis
will be:
386.67 cm4
X
6STEINER
78 } R
STEINE
41.67 cm4 IY IYG1 dY21 S1 2 I XG1 d 2 S
IY 2300 cm 4
Adding the moments of inertia of the three beams, the total
moment of inertia with respect to the X axis will be:
}
STEINER
I X 1280 cm 4
Adding the moments of inertia of the
three beams, the total moment of
Y
inertia with respect to the Y axis
will be:
386.67 cm4
X
6STEINER
78 } R
STEINE
IY 2300 cm 4
Now, calculate the moments of inertia with respect to X and Y
axes of these composites beam cross section equal to the previous
exercise.
Y
Remembering data:
1cm
Y
386.67 cm4
41.67 cm4
1 X
5 cm
Exercise 8
Geometry of Masses
Moments of inertia
Y’ Y
b X’
X
b b
The given area is subdivided into the two sub-areas shown, a
square (1) and a quarter circle (2).
1 2 X
b b
The moments of inertia of the square with respect to parallel axes
to the coordinate system OXY that pass through the CG are:
b b
3
y b4
2 2
I xG y dS y b dy b
2 2
,
S y b
3 b2
12
2
b b
3
2
x 2
b4
I yG x dS x b dx b
2 2
S x b
3 b2
12
2
where dS b dy , dS b dx respectively.
Y
1 2 X
b b
Applying the Steiner's theorem, it is transferred to the coordinate
b
system OXY, being the distance d :
2
4 2 4
b b b
I x I xG d S
2
b 2
,
12 2 3
4 2 4
b b b
I y I yG d 2S b 2
12 2 3
Y
Steiner
1 2
X
The moment of inertia of the quarter circle with respect to the
coordinate system OXY can be derived from the polar moment of
inertia about the pole O:
4 b
3
b
r 4
I O r 2 dS
2 0
r dr b
S
2 4 0
8
where dS r dr.
2
Because both moments of inertia are equals,I O I x I y 2 I x 2 I y
therefore:
IO 4
Ix I y b
2 16
The product of inertia I xy of the square may be calculated
using the Steiner's theorem where distances to the Y and X axes
are d b and d b , respectively.
y x
2 2
b b 2 b4
I xy I xG yG dxd y S 0 b
2 2 4
Y
1 2
X
b b
The product of inertia of a quarter circle may be calculated by
integrating all the area the differential element dS dx dy
multiplied by distances to the axes:
b b2 y 2 b b2 y 2 b
b 2 y 2
Iy xy dx dy x dx ydy
y 0
2
ydy
y 0 x0 y 0
x 0
2 2 4 b
b y y b4 b4 b4
4 8 y 0
4 8 8
b 4 4 16 3 4
Ix I y b b
3 16 48
b4 b4 b4
I xy
4 8 8
1 2 X
b b
The moment of inertia about the X´ axis rotated an angle with
respect to the X axis, is:
Ix I y Ix I y
I x´ cos 2 I xy sen 2
2 2
b4 b4
I xy I xy
tan 84 1 45º tan 84 1 135º
I y I x0 b I y I y0 b
8 8
Exercise 9
Geometry of Masses
Moments of inertia
d XG
a G
b
El perfil en doble T compuesto de tres rectángulos iguales de
dimensiones a y b.
I X1 I X2 ab
12 12 1 422 4 3 YG
Steiner
I XG I X1 2 I X2
ba ab a b XG
2
3 3
a G
ab
12 6 2
1
b 2
El eje YG pasa por los c.d.g. de los tres rectángulos, por lo que:
ab 3 ba 3
I Y1 I Y2
12 12
YG
I YG I Y1 2 I Y2
ab3 ba 3
12 6 a G
XG
1
b 2
Los momentos de inercia de la viga maciza respecto a los
mismos ejes principales centrales son:
YG
I X VIGA
cd 3 c
12
d XG
dca
3
G .
I YVIGA
12
b
Igualando las expresiones de los momentos de ambas secciones
I YG : ab 3 ba 3 dc 3 ab 3
2ba 3
c 3
12 12 12 d
2
I XG ba
: ab3
a b
3
d 3
c
ab
12 6 2 12
c
ab 3
2ba 3 38
d
ba 3
2ab 6 a b ab
3 2
38
ba 3
2ab 6 a b ab
3 2
18
ab 3
2ba
3 18
Y su cociente es
c
ab
2ba
3 3 12
d
ba 2ab 6 a b ab
3 3 2 12
l ab 2ba
3
3 18
,
m ba 2ab 6 a b ab
3 3 2
18
l3 m3 c l4
c , d , y 4
m l d m
Un cálculo para un caso concreto es, por ejemplo, cuando las
dimensiones del patín de acero son a = 20cm y b = 3cm.
l ab 2ba
18
3 18
m ba 2ab 6 a b ab
2
3
3.85268 cm ,
1/ 2 3 3
4.6418 cm1/ 2
l3 m3
c 12.32 cm, y d 25.96 cm.
m l
Exercise 10
Geometry of Masses
Moments of inertia
1004.6 0
IA cm 4
0 3356
b) Matrix of inertia about the centre of gravity of the section.
The origin of the coordinate system is located at left bottom
vertex inferior of the rectangular area. The y coordinate of the
CG is y 5 cm because of the axis of symmetry.
G
xG
x1S1 x2 S 2 7.5 150 15 4 5/ 3 52/ 2 1125 505.72
5.59 cm
S1 S 2 150 5 / 2
2
150 39.27
b) Matrix of inertia about the centre of gravity of the section.
1004.6 0
IG cm 4
0 1202.5
c) Determine the corresponding centroidal maximum and minimum
moments of inertia and the inclination of the centroidal principal
axes of inertia.
2 2
2
1004.6 1202.5 1004.6 1202.5
0
2 2