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L4
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4
Cell structure
ORGANELLES
• Nucleus
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi apparatus
• Mitochondria
• Chloroplasts
• Membrane function
Cell structure
Contains DNA
Chloroplast Photosynthesis
Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
Membrane proper3es
Membrane function
Membrane proteins
Membrane permeability
• Membrane structure makes it selectively permeable
• Hydrophilic molecules are able to pass with the help of transport proteins
Membrane permeability
Diffusion Osmosis
Movement of molecules Movement of water
from a higher to a lower across a selectively
concentration, until permeable membrane
equilibrium is reached
Membrane proper3es
Water can pass through cell membranes. This is crucial for a cell’s water balance
Hypotonic solution: more solutes concentrated IN the cell. The cell will swell.
Hypertonic solution: more solutes concentrated OUTSIDE of the cell. The cell will
shrivel. The cell is said to be “plasmolysed”
Membrane permeability
1. Prophase
2. Prometaphase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
Mitosis
Mitosis
Stage Characteristic
G2 of interphase • Centrosomes form
• Chromosomes not yet condensed
Prophase • Chromatin fibres condense
• Nucleoli appear
• Mitotic spindle begins to form
• Centrosomes move apart
Prometaphase • Nuclear envelope fragments
• Microtubules enter the nucleus
• Some microtubules attach to kinetochores
Metaphase • Lasts 20 minutes (longest phase)
• Centrosomes are at opposite poles
• Chromosomes arrange on the metaphase plate
Anaphase • Sister chromatids part
• Microtubules shorten, pulling sister chromatids apart
Telophase • Two daughter nuclei form in the cell
• Nuclear envelopes start to form
• Chromosomes become less condensed
Cytokinesis • Cytoplasm would have divided
• Cell cleaves in two
Mitosis
• Two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell