FIELD TRIPS

History of
CONSTRUCTIONASIDILLO, CINDY
SASAKI, DANICa mae
SIGUA, KIMBERLY
LIBOR, JUBILYN
PARCUTELA, EMMANUEL
CABANGCLA, PORUTOTAGE RYAN SHANEN
 1 NEOLITHIC CONSTRUCTION
2 COPPER AGE & BRONZE AGE
OUTLINE 3 IRON AGE
a ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA
b ANCIENT EGYPT

C GREECE

D ROMAN

E CHINESE

4 MEDIEVAL CONSTRUCTION
 5 RENAISSANCE
OUTLINE
6 17TH CENTURY

7 18TH CENTURY

8 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

9 20TH CENTURY

10 MODERN (PRESENT)
 History of
CONSTRUCTION
Covers many other subjects like:

s t ructura l engi neeri ng c i vi l en gi n eeri ng

ci ti es devel o pi ng p o p ul at i on ex p a ns ion

they are related to branches of technology science, history, and architecture

to research the conservation of the structures and document their
successes.

History of building: it has evolved throughout time, with the main tendencies
durability of the materials used, the increasing of height and span, the
degree of control exercised over the interior environment and the energy
CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

NEOLITHIC CONSTRUCTION
Neolithic, also known as the old Stone Age, was a time period roughly from 9000 BC to 5000 BC
named because it was the last period of the age before wood working began.

The tools available were made from natural materials including:

• bone • wood
• antler • grasses
• hide • animal fibers
• stone • and the use of water
NEOLITHIC CONSTRUCTION

• hand axe - • chopper - it is a • adze - it is depicted • celt - it is a long,

prehistoric stone pebble tool with an in ancient Egyptian thin, prehistoric,
tool with two irregular cutting edge art from the Old stone or bronze
face that is the formed through the Kingdom onward tool similar to an
longest-used removal of flakes and originally the adze, hoe or axe.
tool in human from one side of a adze blades were
history. stone. made of stone.
Humans' earliest bridges were presumably composed of wooden logs laid over a
creek. The earliest structures were primitive huts, tents, and shelters constructed by
their residents to meet their fundamental requirements of protection from the
elements.

Figure 1. Neolithic buildings in Skara Brae Figure 2. Neolithic excavations at Skara Brae on Orkney
in Scotland.

Skara Brae is a stone-built Neolithic settlement, located on the Bay of the Skaill on
the west coast of the Mainland, the largest island in the Orkney archipelago.
NEOLITHIC CONSTRUCTION
Neolithic long house was a long, narrow timber dwelling built by this first farmers in Europe
beginning at least as early as the period 5000 to 6000 BC.

The long house was a rectangular structure, 5.5 to 7.0 m wide, of variable length, around 20
m up to 45 m. Outer walls were wattle-and-daub, sometimes alternating with split logs,
with pitched, thatched roofs, supported by rows of poles, three across.
 NEOLITHIC CONSTRUCTION

Wattle and daub is a building

material composed of a woven lattice
of wooden strips called wattle that
are daubed with a sticky material
usually made of some combination of
wet soil, clay, sand, animal dung, and
straw.
COPPER AGE
• The Chalcolithic or Copper Age is the transitional period between the Neolithic and the
Bronze Age. It is taken to begin around the mid-5th millennium BC and ends with the
beginning of the Bronze Age proper, in the late 4th to 3rd millennium BC, depending on
the region.
• Chalcolithic is derived from the Greek words “Chalco” (copper) and “lithos” (stone).
• Copper dominated Chalcolithic metallurgy. This was before it was known that adding tin
to copper might generate bronze, a tougher, stronger metal alloy.
Copper and bronze were
used for the same types
of tools as stone such as:

a x es c h i s el s

fr o m t h e ar ch ae ological
A new tool developed in the copper age: s i t e o f A k r o t i ri - M us e um
o f p r eh ist oric T h e r a -
S a n t o rin i, G r e ec e.

BRO NZ E S A W
 COPPER AGE HOUSES
Reconstruction of buildings, Los Millares prehistoric Chalcolithic settlement archaeological
site, Almeria, Spain
Bronze Age
Third phase in the development of material culture among the ancient peoples of Europe, Asia,
and the Middle East.

The term also denotes the first period in which metal was used. The date at which the age
began varied with regions; in Greece and China, for instance, the Bronze Age began before
3000 BCE, whereas in Britain it did not start until about 1900 BCE.

Tools used in Bronze Age:

• Spears
• Swords
• Shields & Armor
• Axes
• Daggers and Dirks
• Bows and Arrows
 BRONZE AGE HOUSES

Bronze Age roundhouses were circular structures with a wattle (woven wood) and daub
(mud and straw) wall or a dry stone wall.

Some residences on wetlands were built on stilts. Roundhouses featured tin roofs or grass
over a cone of timbers.
 IRON AGE
CONSTRUCTION
The Iron Age is a cultural period
from roughly 1200 BC to 50 BC with
the widespread use of iron for tools
and weapons.
 1 Ancient Mesopotamia
IRON AGE
Ancient Egypt
CONSTRUCTION 2

3 Greece

4 Roman

5 Chinese
ANCIENT
MESOPOTAMIA
The first large-scale buildings were
found in ancient Mesopotamia.
Primary technical achievement is
evidenced by the great cities such
as Uruk and Ur. The Ziggurat of Ur is
an outstanding example of the
period, irrespective of
reconstruction works. the great ziggurat of ur
Nasiriyah, Iraq
PERGAMON MUSEUM LOUVRE MUSEUM

in berlin, germany in paris, france

ANCIENT
EGYPT
Due to the Arid climatic conditions,
the pharaohs of Egypt built large
structures in stone. Adobe(sun-
baked mud brick) construction was
used for ancillary buildings and
houses in ancient times. karnak, hypostyle great pyramid of
hall giza
GREECE
CONSTRUCTION
The Greeks discovered much
advancement in technology
including, plumbing, central
heating, the spiral staircase,
urban planning, the water wheel,
crane, and more.

temple of apollo lighthouse of alexandria

ROMAN
CONSTRUCTION

A very large amount of Roman Construction survives,

including complete intact buildings like the Pantheon,
Rome. The Roman development in building materials
baths of caracalla was the use of hydraulic lime mortar called Roman
Cement.
 CHINESE
CONSTRUCTION
China played a crucial role in
construction in Eastern Asia. Many Far East
building

building methods and styles were evolved

from it, and the famous example is the Great
Wall of China, built between the 7th and 2nd
centuries BC. The wall is built with stones,
rammed earth, wood, later bricks and tiles with
lime mortar.

great wall of china

 MEDIEVAL
CONSTRUCTION
The Middle Ages of Europe span from
the 5th to 15th centuries AD from the fall
of the Western Roman Empire to the
Renaissance and is divided into Pre-
Romanesque and Romanesque periods.

Fortifications, castles, and cathedrals

were the greatest construction projects.
 MATERIALS
Most buildings in Northern
Europe were constructed of
timber until 1000 AD. In Southern
Europe, adobe remained
predominant.
TI MBER BRI CK

Brick remained the

Build ing s w e r e t yp ica lly in t imb er or most popular prestige
w he r e it could b e a ffor d ed , stone . material throughout
the period.
M e d iev a l s t one w a lls w er e
cons t r uct ed us ing cut b locks on t he
out s id e of t he w a lls a nd r ub b le infill,
w it h w ea k lime mor t a r s .
S TO NE
 DESIGN
There were no standard textbooks on
building in the Middle Ages. Master
artisans transferred their knowledge through
apprenticeships and from father to son.

Models were used for designing

structures and could be built on large
scales. Details were primarily designed at
full size on tracing floors, some of which
survive.

Villard de Honnecourt's drawing of a flying

buttress at Reims, ca. AD 1320–1335
(Bibliothèque nationale)
 LABOUR
In general, medieval buildings were built by
paid workers. Unskilled work was done by
laborers paid by the day.
Women were members of a guild holding a
monopoly on a particular trade in a defined
area (usually within the town walls).
TECHNIQUES
Romanesque buildings of the period 600–
1100 AD were entirely roofed in timber or had
stone barrel vaults covered by timber roofs.
Thin stone vaults and towering buildings were
constructed using rules derived by trial and error.
 OUTSTANDING TECHNICAL ACHIEVEMENTS
Gothic cathedrals with thin masonry vaults and walls of glass.

B e au v ais Cat h e dr al Ch ar t r es Cat h e dral K in g ' s Col l e ge Ch ap e l N ot r e Dam e , Par is

 RENAISSANCE
The Renaissance in Italy, the invention of
moveable type, and the Reformation changed
the character of the building.

During the Middle Ages, buildings were designed

by the people that built them. The master mason
and master carpenters learned their trades by word
of mouth and relied on experience, models, and
rules of thumb to determine the sizes of building
elements.

FLORENCE CATHEDRAL
MATERIALS
The major breakthroughs in
this period were to do with the
technology of conversion.
Watermills were used to saw
timber and convert trees into
planks. wa termi ll i ro n/ f orelock bo lts
An increasing amount
of ironwork was used
Roofing was t yp ica l of in roof carpentry for
t er r a cott a r oof t iles . In northern straps and tension
Europe plain tiles were used. Stone, members. The iron
where available, remained the material was fixed using
of choice for prestige buildings. forelock bolts.

S TO NE
 DESIGN LABOUR
The Renaissance reintroduced the classical Skilled craftsmen served apprenticeships or
style of architecture. Renaissance architects learned their trade from their parents.
had little knowledge of building technology
and had to provide detailed drawings for the Towns were very small by modern standards
craftsmen setting out the disposition of the and dominated by the dwellings of a small
various parts. This was what is called the number of rich nobles or merchants and
process of design. They start with an idea of cathedrals and churches.
what the end product needed to look like
and then search around for a way of making
it work which led to extraordinary leaps
forward in engineering.
 TECHNICAL ADVANCES & ACHIEVEMENTS
The first major breakthrough was
Brunelleschi’s project for the dome of Santa
Maria del Fiore. He managed to devise a way of
building a huge dome without formwork, relying
instead on the weight of the bricks and the way
they were laid to keep them in position and the
shape of the dome to keep it standing. The dome
is a double skin, linked by ribs, with a series of
wooden and stone chains around it at intervals to
attempt to deal with hoop stresses. It was
completed in 1446.
17TH
CENTURY
• It is birth of modern that would have profound
effects for centuries to come.

• The seventeenth-century structures relied

strongly on experience, rules of thumb and the
use of scale met
MATERIALS
AND TOOLS
• Manufacturing of glass took place in
this period, with the first case plate
glass being developed in France.
• Most buildings had stone ashlar surfaces
covering rubber cores bind together with
lime mortar.
LIME MORTAR
• Many tools were made like line gauge,
plum-line, the carpenter's square, the
spirit level, and the drafting compass are ASHLAR MASONRY
still in regular use.
METHODS
• The methods of construction in this
period remained largely medieval.
• The same types of crane and
scaffolding that had been used in
centuries were still being employed.
• Complex systems of pulleys allowed
scaffolding in
comparatively large loads to be 17th century
lifted, and long ramps were used to
haul loads up to the upper parts of
cranes in 17th century
the buildings.
 18TH
CENTURY
• The Eighteenth Century is all about the ideas that
has born in the late Seventeenth Century.
• The architects and engineers became highly
professionalized and started experiments in
science and mathematical methods related to
construction.
 THE IRON
BRIDGE
• The Iron Bridge at Coalbrookdale is the
perfect notable example of iron in
construction.

• The Iron Bridge is a cast iron arch bridge

that crosses the River Severn in
Shropshire, England. Opened in 1781, it
was the first major bridge in the world to
iron bridge
be made of cast iron.
MATERIALS
AND TOOLS
• Both cast iron and wrought iron is the
breakthrough, where iron columns
had been used.
• Steel was used only in the
manufacture of tools, as it could not
be made in sufficient quantities to be
cast iron
used in buildings.
• Many buildings in most of Europe
were built of brick, often coated in wrought iron
lime render and sometimes
patterned to look like stone.
19th Century
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
In the late 18th century, Britain and
North America saw the first Industrial
Revolution. It involved a lot of
improvements in different industries-
specifically construction. Brick was
mass produced during the 18th
century.
PRESSED BRICKS BRICK KILNS

referred to as "red bricks" - made by Industrialization decreases the cost of

compressing clay into specific moulds manufacturing bricks like iron
and baking it in high temperature kilns.
19TH CENTURY
STRUCTURES

SIR JOHN SOANE

MUSEUM: 1812-1813

VICTORIA LONDON
BALLOON FRAME
it is a wooden building’s framework
that is made up of smaller members
that are nailed together.
 INNOVATIVE PRODUCTS

s t ea m en g i n e s te am p o w e r c irc ul ar s aw ex p l o si ve
 INNOVATIVE PRODUCTS

macadam road thame tunnel

 INNOVATIVE PRODUCTS

the brooklyn bridge-1883 city of philadelpia

1807
Theory: Modulus of Elasticity which
elastic characteristics of solid under
tension in one direction.

As a result of this new theory,

mathematics and science were
applied to the building structures.

Architects and engineers collaborate

together in constructing structures THOMAS EDISON
during early 1900s
20TH
CENTURY
Elevators and cranes are created
for high-rise buildings and
skyscrapers in the early 20th WOOLWORTH
BUILDING
century, and that heavy equipment
1912- New York
and tools reduced the number of
workers required. Advance
technologies were invented during this
era and most of them were
prefabrication and computer-aided
design (CAD).
THE DEVELOPMENT OF BUILDING SCIENCES

CAD
was introduced in the early 1950s by Ross a
SKETCHPAD
researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Developed by Ivan
Technology (MIT). He created Automatically Sutherland in the early
Programmed Tools (APT), which lead him to 1960s.
create Automated Engineering Design (AED).

mo re
PPE

EA R MUF F S

HA RD HEL MET
The Great
DEPRESSION
During the great depression in this period, they used government projects as a
component of the macroeconomic stimulation rules. In consideration of the economic
scale of towns, suburbs, and cities, along with infrastructure.
MODERN
CONSTRUCTION
Evolution of Construction
introduction
‘modern’ refers to things from the present or the
immediate past. This may include the adoption
of recent techniques, methods or ideas.

It centers around using off-site

construction techniques that can benefit from
factory conditions and mass production
techniques.
Modern Methods of Construction
STRUCTURAL
CONCR ET E
structural material consisting of a hard, chemically
inert particulate substance, known as aggregate (usually
sand and gravel), that is bonded together by cement and
water.

STEEL
Its versatility, sustainability and
flexibility are some of the main reasons
for its use, as well as being a very cost-
effective material.
BUILDING INFORMATION
MODELING
Use of a shared digital representation
of a built asset to facilitate design,
construction and operation processes
to form a reliable basis for decisions.
 BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING

Viewing a 5D BIM model within a common data environment to run a structure

sequencing breakdown
 precast lower emissions
panel By reducing total deliveries as well
as total time spent on-site,

system modular construction decreases

carbon emissions.

components are mass produced

off-site, making them practical for
recurring requirements that also
demand speed of manufacturing
and consistency of product.
optimized by
machine learning
In the factory, building processes
are optimized over time through
software enhancements, further
reducing waste and increasing
efficiency.
 PRECAST CONCRETE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

Precast Column
and Beam
Precast Slab Precast Footing

PR ECAST BU ILDING
constructed by assembling and connecting various prefabricated element
required in the building structure
PRECAST
CLADDING PANELS
The cladding system is the
installation of material over another
CLADDING PANELS
This system of the layers is not only
that finally act as a skin or a layer.
intended for aesthetics, but it can
help in controlling the infiltration
of the weather elements.
 advantages
MODERN
CONSTRUCTION
• More Energy Efficient
• Reduced Health and Safety Risks
• Rigorous quality control
• Economical to maintain
• Reduced defects and snagging
• Increasing site utilization
• Built from sustainable and recyclable
material
• Reduced building construction times.
• Reduced wastage.
 disadvantages
MODERN
CONSTRUCTION
• Security risks for handling components at the construction site.
• The initial cost of MMC is very high.
• Multiple Transportation materials are required.
• For handling MMC components, specialized types of equipment are required
 HISTORY OF
CONSTRUCTION
Philippines
The history and culture of the
Philippines are reflected in its
evolution of construction and
architecture
PRE-HISPANIC PERIOD

wo o d b amb o o nipa
 BAHAY KUBO
remains the house most identified with the
Filipino culture. This traditional Filipino house
has a simple design that is easy to execute,
and because of its use of native materials
like nipa and bamboo, they are widely
available and more affordable.
 Pre-colonial vs. colonial
PRE-COLONIAL BAHAY KUBO COLONIAL BAHAY KUBO

Pre-colonial Bahay Kubo features Colonial Bahay Kubo features

simple interiors made of native
materials like nipa, bamboo, and
coconut leaves.
a simple design with infusion
of materials like stones,
bricks, tiles, and mortar
19TH
CENTURY SPANISH
COLONIAL PERIOD
stone and masonry construction was
Bahay
also introduced to the Philippines na
during the Spanish colonial era. While bato
these and other technologies were Vigan City

mostly employed to build ports,

roads, bridges, lighthouses, and other
structures, they also gave way to the
traditional Filipino house Bahay na
Bato.
 EXAMPLES OF BAHAY NA BATO

northern heritage Batanes wonder

Fantastic Fact
The massive church buildings made
during the Spanish Colonial Period
used egg whites to reinforce the
strength of the building.

Daraga Church | 1770

The egg whites were needed to form a sort of

mortar, known as argamasa, which bound and
protected the building materials used to
eg g wh it e construct the churches.
What about the Egg yolks?

FILIPINO DESSERTS
• The extensive use of egg white and
eggshells brought about the ingenuity of
the Filipino women who saw all these
egg yolks being thrown in the river

• recipes were created to make use of the

egg yolks, like pan de San Nicolas, yema,
tocino del cielo, leche flan, pastries, and Leche Flan
tortas.
 Video Trivia
NEOLITHIC HOUSE
• During the Neolithic period (4000BC and
2500BC), Stone Age houses were rectangular
and constructed from timber.
• None of these houses remain but we can see the
foundations. Some houses used wattle (woven
wood) and daub (mud and straw) for the walls
and had thatched roofs.

Building of neolithic
house
 REFERENCES:
• https://engineering.rowan.edu/_docs/civilenvironmental/cee-materials-reading-
assignment.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2hD3gNP5telHeOp3cytxKQnshLIj3Cm7dQd8XMGTIFlpCus3t-09Q9O8A

• https://www.theparkstrust.com/our-work/heritage-in-our-parks/great-linford-brick-kilns/

• https://interestingengineering.com/27-industrial-revolution-inventions-that-changed-the-world

• https://www.jsw.in/steel/how-iron-and-steel-fuelled-industrial-revolution

• https://www.qssupplies.co.uk/history-of-plumbing-timeline.html

• https://www.lamudi.com.ph/journal/evolution-of-houses-in-the-philippines-in-the-last-100-years/
 REFERENCES:
• https://brookburn.manchester.sch.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/topic-Stone-Age-to-Iron-Age-
houses.pdf

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gk446HzDgm8

• https://brookburn.manchester.sch.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/topic-Stone-Age-to-Iron-Age-houses.pdf

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_construction

• https://www.worldheritagesite.org/connection/Built+in+the+17th+century

• https://www.history1700s.com/index.php/articles/14-guest-authors/2219-construction-in-the-18th-century.html
PHOTO OPPORTUNITY
end of presentation
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