Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association

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Application of Dry Flue Gas Scrubbing to

Hazardous Waste Incineration

Peter J. Kroll & Peter Williamson

To cite this article: Peter J. Kroll & Peter Williamson (1986) Application of Dry Flue Gas
Scrubbing to Hazardous Waste Incineration, Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 36:11,
1258-1263, DOI: 10.1080/00022470.1986.10466176

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466176

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 Application of Dry Flue Gas Scrubbing to
Hazardous Waste Incineration

Peter J. Kroll Peter Williamson

International Waste Energy Systems Chemical Waste Management
St. Louis, Missouri Houston, Texas

d. The use of a baghouse for particu-

Dry scrubbing of the flue gas from chemical waste incineration is becoming late matter removal provides a
an increasingly viable alternative to wet scrubbing. This paper discusses the means of accommodating sustained
relative advantages and disadvantages of wet and dry scrubbing systems particulate overloading (with
and compares the relative capital and operating costs. The design shorter cleaning cycles) and a means
of dampening particulate excur-
parameters of the dry scrubbing process are discussed, including reagent sions that might occur due to a mo-
atomization, gas dispersion, gas temperatures, and particulate removal. The mentary high ash loading. Also, the
history of dry scrubbing process applications is discussed, including the cake that forms on the bags contains
successful European hazardous waste systems. Finally, a comparison is residual lime which will continue to
made among three very different hazardous waste incinerators in the U.S. react with any residual acid gas that
passes through the spray dryer ab-
that will utilize dry scrubbing systems. sorber and provide a means of
dampening acid gas excursions that
occasionally might occur.

Historically, the most common method
of removing acid gases and particulate
from hazardous waste incineration flue
gas has been a wet scrubbing process.
This typically involves an adiabatic
quench for saturating the gases with
water, followed by an inertial scrubber
for particulate removal and a packed
bed scrubber for acid gas removal.
An important operation in this pro-
cess is the treatment of the resultant
scrubber effluent. Whereas this may
not be a significant concern for a large
chemical plant complex with an ade-
quate facility wastewater treatment
system, it can be a very substantial cost
and source of problems for a commer-
cial hazardous waste incinerator. Since
a dry scrubbing process has only a solid
residue discharge, it has become a via-
ble alternative to wet scrubbing for
many incineration applications.
Other advantages of dry scrubbing
systems include:
a. Lime can be used as the neutralizing
reagent. On a molar equivalent ba-
Copyright 1986-Air Pollution Control Association
sis, the caustic used in wet systems
is approximately 8.5 times more ex-
pensive than pebble lime, and thus
reagent costs will be lower.
b. Exit temperature of gas leaving the
dry system baghouse will be above
the saturation temperature, and
therefore, there will not be a visible
stack plume except during extreme
weather conditions.
c. A significant reduction of heavy
metals contained in the flue gases is
achieved by this system. The high
degree of atomization of the lime
slurry produces particles of essen-
tially all sizes up to 100 /um. This
enormous amount of surface acts to
adsorb the bulk of the vapor-phase
heavy metals such as mercury, cad-
mium, arsenic and lead which are
carried over in the gas stream. In
addition, recent performance test-
ing on solid waste incinerator flue
gas has shown that significant
amounts of products of incomplete
combustion are also adsorbed by the
lime slurry.1
History
In the mid-1970s, developmental
work was initiated by several firms to
apply the dry scrubbing process to in-
dustrial and utility boilers for flue gas
desulfurization (FGD). Several con-
tracts were awarded in the late 1970's
and the first FGD dry scrubbing sys-
tems came on line in 1981. Many FGD
systems have since been successfully
operating with the dry scrubbing pro-
cess in this country and abroad.
The Niro Atomizer Company first
applied the dry scrubbing process to
hazardous waste incineration in Eu-
rope in 1982 at the Kommunekemi fa-
cility in Denmark. The process was
then applied at the SAKAB facility in
Sweden (see cover photo) and at the
Riihimaki, Finland facility (photo,
next page). Another hazardous waste
incinerator at Biebesheim, Germany
utilizes a conventional wet scrubber,
but the effluent is injected into a spray
dryer upstream of the wet scrubber in
order to obtain a dry residue discharge.
All of the above facilities are regional,
noncommercial incinerators with ca-

1258 Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association


Ekokem hazardous waste incinerator in Riihimake, Finland. Photo, courtesy of Niro
Atomizer Inc., Columbia, MD.
pacities in the range of 100-130 MM
Btu/h.
The first application of dry scrub-
bing to hazardous waste incineration in
North America was at the Tricil facility
in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada. This large
commercial liquid injection incinerator
utilizes an alkaline waste stream as the
reagent in the spray dryer absorber to
remove at least 75 percent of the HC1
and 50 percent of the SO2 in the flue
gas. The Tricil-designed spray dryer
utilizes three dual-fluid nozzles to in-
ject the reagent and cool the gases from
800° to 400° F with an average outlet
volume of 65,000 acfm at 400°F. The
gases then flow to a pulse-jet baghouse,
ID fan and stack.
The first contract for dry scrubbing
on a hazardous waste incinerator in
this country was awarded to Research-
Cottrell for the U.S. Army base at
Tooele, Utah. It is a very small system
(5000 acfm at 400° F exit temperature)
with dual-fluid nozzle atomization and
will not be on-stream until late in 1986.
LIME SLURRY
Figure 1. Dry scrubbing process.
November 1986 Volume 36, No. 11
The first commercial hazardous waste
incinerator to utilize dry scrubbing is
Trade Waste Incineration (TWI) in
Sauget, Illinois. This is a somewhat
larger system (14,000 acfm at 450° F
exit temperature) with a rotary atomiz-
er, provided by Joy/Niro, and is sched-
uled to come on-stream in November
1986.
Performance Requirements
As with wet systems, dry scrubbing
systems on hazardous waste incinera-
tors in this country must fulfill the pro-
cess requirements of the Code of Fed-
eral Regulations in 40 CFR 264
(RCRA). More specifically, 40 CFR
264.343 requires a maximum stack
emission of 4 lb/h of HC1 or 1 percent of
the HC1 in the flue gas prior to entering
the dry scrubbing system, whichever is
greater. In addition, particulate matter
emissions must be restricted to 0.08 gr/
dscf, corrected to an oxygen level of 7
percent on a dry volume basis.
^_ SOLIDS
TO DISPOSAL
PEBBLE LIME
WATER
State particulate emission standards
may be more stringent than the RCRA
standard. Furthermore, state air quali-
ty standards for SO2 and NOX may be a
factor in permitting. Since hazardous
waste incinerators are typically 130
MM Btu/h or smaller, and their waste
is generally low in sulfur, the SO2 stan-
dards are not normally a major con-
straint.
Process Considerations
The basic elements of the dry scrub-
bing process for hazardous waste incin-
eration are shown in Figure 1. We will
assume for this discussion that the pri-
mary acid gas to be removed is HC1,
and that HF, HBr, H3PO4, SO2 and
NO* are minor constituents.
Combustion Gas Flow
Prior to entering the spray dryer ab-
sorber (SDA), the flue gas from the
combustion chamber can be cooled by
enthalpy extraction in a waste heat
boiler or by an evaporative cooling
chamber utilizing finely atomized wa-
ter sprays, or it can be introduced to
the SDA directly at elevated tempera-
tures. In all utility, solids waste, Euro-
pean hazardous waste, and most indus-
trial applications a waste, heat boiler is
used to cool the gases to 400-500° F pri-
or to entering the SDA. The hazardous
waste incinerator for the U.S. Army at
Tooele, Utah will use an evaporative
cooler with air-atomized water sprays
to cool the gases from 2000 to 600° F
prior to the SDA. At the TWI incinera-
tor, gases will be brought directly into
the SDA at 1700-2000°F.
The use of an evaporative cooler up-
stream of the SDA results in essentially
two "dryers" in series and is thus a
somewhat complicated approach. Also,
the addition of water into the gas
stream in the cooler increases the SDA
inlet humidity and thus decreases the
evaporation driving force in the SDA.
Therefore, it may seem more desirable
to bring the gases directly into the SDA
at elevated temperatures. In fact, this
creates other problems due to the ne-
cessity of dispersing the gas into the
SDA through a refractory-lined duct.
Since the gases from a waste heat
boiler or evaporative cooler enter the
SDA at 800°F or less, they can be intro-
duced around the atomizer through a
highly efficient, carbon steel gas dis-
persion mechanism. However, the gas-
es entering the SDA at elevated tem-
peratures must be introduced through
a refractory-lined duct with little pro-
vision for gas dispersion. This results in
a larger SDA chamber, greater lime us-
age and the need for higher SDA outlet
1259
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
ROTARY ATOMIZER DRYER
VANE RING
GAS DISPERSER
10-12
SECONDS
SOLIDS
Figure 2. Spray dryer arrangements.
temperatures to insure complete dry-
ing.
Another advantage of cooling the
gases below 800° F prior to the SDA is
the simultaneous cooling of any molten
particulates below their fusion point so
they can be easily removed. Molten
particulate has historically been a
source of operating problems for com-
mercial and industrial incinerators.
It would appear that the use of a
waste heat boiler upstream of the SDA
would be the best approach if the resul-
tant steam can be utilized at the facili-
ty. The boiler will result in the smallest
dry scrubbing system of the three alter-
natives due to the lower volume of
evaporated water and more efficient
gas dispersion. However, the boiler
should be designed with a flue gas re-
circulation system to allow for greater
control of the SDA inlet temperature,
to compensate for load changes; as well
as a large radiant section to cool molten
particulate below its fusion point prior
to the convective section.
Spray Dryer Absorber
The combustion gas from the incin-
erator enters the spray dryer absorber
through a roof-mounted gas disperser
and is distributed symmetrically
around one or more atomizers. The
finely atomized absorbent (lime slurry)
reacts essentially quantitatively with
1260
TWO-FLUID NOZZLE DRYERS
GAS
the acid gas, although the actual re-
agent feed will be at least 50 percent
excess lime to assure high removal effi-
ciencies. The principal reaction that
occurs is:
Ca(OH)2 + 2HC1 -* CaCl2 + 2H2O
To a lesser extent, when SO2 is
present the following reaction will oc-
cur:
Ca(OH)2 + SO2 -* CaSO3 + H2O
Some carbonation of lime also occurs
due to the high carbon dioxide content
of the flue gas:
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 — CaCO3 + H2O
Line usage is generally defined in
terms of SDA inlet molar equivalence
ratios (MER) where:
mole-equivalents
of active Ca(OH)2
MER =
mole-equivalents
ofHClandSO 2
The SDA chamber geometry is de-
termined by the type of slurry atomiza-
tion and gas flow distribution em-
ployed (see Figure 2). In all cases a
nominal 10-12 seconds of gas residence
time in the active SDA volume is al-
lowed to ensure complete drying of the
absorbent without wetting the cham-
ber walls. Although the chamber geom-
etries may differ, the gas flow is nor-
Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association
INDIVIDUAL MIXING
10-12
SECONDS
mally downflow and cocurrent with the
reagent flow.
The SDA inlet temperature is nor-
mally maintained at 450-800°F, de-
pending on the acid gas concentration.
The maximum practical temperature
of 800°F is determined by the working
limits of carbon steel construction for
the SDA. This, in turn, limits the
amount of lime slurry which can be
dried in the chamber and, therefore,
the maximum acid gas concentration
which can be accommodated by the dry
scrubbing process is limited to approxi-
mately 15,000 ppm of HC1 by volume in
the SDA inlet. This is difficult to trans-
late into a maximum weight percent of
chlorine in the waste feed because of
the influence of combustion gas excess
air and humidity.
The SDA outlet temperature is nor-
mally maintained as low as possible in
order to keep the droplets moist as long
as possible and thereby increase the re-
action rate. Moist particles will remove
HC1 through absorption, whereas dry
particles will only use a slower adsorp-
tion mechanism.2
CaCl2 exists as an anhydride above
392°F. Below this temperature, hydra-
tion at the rate of 2 moles of water per
mole of anhydride will occur. At 86°F,
an additional 4 moles of water per mole
of anhydride are added. The high water
vapor partial pressure in the SDA out-
let gas will enhance the formation of
hydrates. Since only a fraction of the
dried product is CaCl2, the outlet tem-
perature can be as low as 270-300°F
without problems. Below this tempera-
ture, however, the hygroscopic CaCl2
can be extremely corrosive to carbon
steel equipment.
Atomization Systems
Slurry atomization and gas disper-
sion are the two most critical factors in
the performance of the SDA. Two basic
atomization methods are utilized in the
dry scrubbing process: rotary atomiza-
tion and two-fluid nozzles.
Rotary atomizers typically consist of
a 3600 ppm motor coupled to a step-up
gearbox which provides the required
rotational speed (10,000-20,000 rpm)
for the atomizer wheel. Slurry is intro-
duced into the center of the wheel and
extends over the rotating surface as a
thin film. Centrifugal forces accelerate
the slurry at the perimeter of the wheel
where.shear forces disintegrate the film
into droplets ranging from 30-iOO jum
in diameter. The droplet trajectory
produces a wide spray pattern that par-
tially determines the chamber diame-
ter.
Dual-fluid nozzles use 70-90 psig
compressed air to provide the energy to
disintegrate the slurry into fine drop-
lets (70-200 fim). The spray created by
the nozzle is a narrower droplet cloud
than that created by a rotary atomizer,
and, as such, results in a smaller cham-
ber diameter.
Both types of atomizers require the
LIME SLURRY
FROM SURGE
TANK
DILUTION
WATER
FT=FLOW TRANSMITTER
FIOFLOW INDICATING
CONTROLLER
S.P.=SETPOINT
Figure 3. Slurry flow control system.
November 1986 Volume 36, No. 11
use of abrasion-resistant, replaceable
inserts due to the action of the high
velocity slurry stream. The following
comparisons can be made between the
two atomizer types:
1. Rotary atomizers provide smaller
droplets and a narrower droplet
size distribution than two-fluid
nozzles and therefore may provide
higher removal efficiencies.
2. A rotary atomizer is a highly so-
phisticated, high-speed machine
requiring well-trained mainte-
nance staff with special tools and
equipment. A dual-fluid nozzle can
be maintained with common tools
and is more simple in design.
3. A rotary atomizer has higher main-
tenance and capital costs, but af-
fords somewhat lower reagent costs
due to the higher efficiency provid-
ed by smaller droplet size.
4. Experience has shown that for
larger systems (above 100,000
acfm), dual-fluid nozzle mainte-
nance and capital costs and power
requirements approach those of ro-
tary atomizers.
5. Gas flow turndown is much lower
on a rotary atomizer (2.5:1) versus
a dual-fluid nozzle (20:1), but re-
agent flow turndown is much high-
er on a rotary atomizer (20:1) ver-
sus a dual-fluid nozzle (3:1).3
Lime Slurry System
High-calcium pebble lime from a
storage silo and water are fed into a
FEEDBACK FROM
HCL ANALYZER
FEEDBACK FROM
SDA OUTLET
TEMPERATURE
CONTROLLER
DILUTED SLURRY
TO ATOMIZER
paste slaker, which produces a 25 per-
cent solids lime slurry. A smaller facili-
ty would probably use the more costly
hydrated lime instead, to avoid the
capital and maintenance costs associ-
ated with slakers. This slurry can be
diluted to as low as 5 percent solids in
the surge tank in order to accommo-
date major acid gas load concentration
changes in the flue gas, which may re-
sult from switching waste blend tanks
or some other step change. Since there
is a substantial amount of dead time in
the process due to the slurry tank vol-
ume, an additional control mechanism
must be employed for. faster control re-
sponse. As indicated in Figure 3, a
small (30-gallon) dilution tank can be
employed directly upstream of the at-
omizer for this purpose.
The control system shown in Figure
3 utilizes a feedback signal from an HG1
analyzer mounted in the stack and a
bias signal from a combustion gas flow-
meter to adjust the setpoint of the lime
slurry flow controller. The spray dryer
outlet temperature is used to adjust the
setpont of the total dilution slurry flow
controller, which modulates a dilution
water control valve.
Fabric Filter
The combustion gases leaving the
SDA enter a multicompartment, pulse-
jet fabric filter for particulate removal.
The dried solids in the gas stream form
a cake on the bag surface and provide
additional air/solids, 15-20 percent of
the acid gas is removed at this point.4
1261
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
580 L0/t1R Ca(OH),
7,430 LB/HR H,0
INCINERATOR
FLUE GAS
H,O: 1,990
HCL: 150 LB/HR
ASH: 52 LB/HR
1900°F
22,500 ACFM
— LIME SYSTEM: BULK HYDRATED LIME AND SLURRY TANK
— SPRAY DRYER RETENTION TIME: 35 SECONDS
— BAGHOUSE NET AIR/CLOTH RATIO: 1.13
— MOLAR EQUIVALENCE RATIO: 3.81
Figure 4. TWI gas cleaning flow diagram.
This cake also acts as reserve system
alkalinity to smooth out any sudden
acid gas load changes.
An electrostatic precipitator would
not have this dried solids cake layer,
and would thus require all acid gas to
be removed in the SDA. For this rea-
son, a fabric filter is preferred for dry
scrubbing systems for hazardous waste
incineration. Since most of these incin-
erators are 130 MM Btu/h or smaller, a
pulse-jet filter is normally used.
The baghouse normally consists of
separate modules to facilitate insula-
tion for corrosion prevention. The net
air-to-cloth ratio with one module off-
line should be in the range of 3:1, or
lower, in order to provide low gas veloc-
ity and high solids residence time.
Dried Solids System
The process depicted in Figure 1 is
notably different from most dry FGD
systems in that there is no recycle of
dried solids to the slurry system. Most
FGD systems use recycle to increase
reagent utilization and improve slurry
drying characteristics. However, haz-
ardous waste systems would not nor-
mally utilize recycle of solids for the
following reasons:
As stated previously, hazardous
waste incinerators are generally much
smaller than dry FGD applications
and, as such, the additional capital cost
for a recycle system cannot normally be
justified. In addition, dry FGD applica-
tions normally involve dried solids that
are primarily CaSO3, whereas hazard-
ous waste applications will usually in-
1262
LIME SLURRY
SPRAY
PULS E-JET
DRYER BAG^10USE
ABSORBER
ID FAN
DRIED SOLIDS
930 LB/HR
volve dried solids that are high in CaCl2
content. The hygroscopic nature of
CaCl2 implies that this material is diffi-
cult to dry. As a result there is little
reason to create a higher concentration
of CaCl2 in the slurry feed and compli-
cate the drying process.
The dried solids are collected from
heated hoppers under the SDA and
baghouse and conveyed to a single dis-
charge point. Since all by-products of
hazardous waste incineration are con-
sidered under RCRA to be hazardous
wastes unless they are delisted
(through a complicated regulatory pro-
cess), the dried solids are normally tak-
en to a secure landfill for disposal. Al-
ternatively, the solids may be used in a
waste solidification process because of
their high alkalinity and fly ash con-
tent.
Commercial Incinerator Application
Chemical Waste Management Experience
Chemical Waste Management
(CWM) has two existing hazardous
waste incinerators with wet scrubbing
systems: the SCA Chemical Services
unit in Chicago and the TWI incinera-
tor in Sauget, Illinois. In order for the
SCA commercial PCB incinerator to
discharge its wet scrubber effluent into
the municipal sanitary district sewer, it
must maintain limits on the pH, tem-
perature, suspended and dissolved sol-
ids, and heavy metals concentration.
Similarly, the TWI facility must con-
trol heavy metals concentration in its
Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association
DISCHARGE
TO STACK
H,O: 9,420 LB/HR
HCL: 2 LB/HR
ASH: 1 LB/HR
440°F
13,680 ACFM
effluent discharge to the municipal
sewer,
TWI obtained a permit from the Illi-
nois EPA to construct two new 15 MM
Btu/h incinerators in February 1985.
An economic and process evaluation by
International Waste Energy Systems
(IWES) showed that the capital and
operating costs of wet scrubbing sys-
tems, including effluent treatment, for
these incinerators was much greater
than that for dry scrubbing systems.
CWM has filed a RCRA Part B per-
mit for a 50 MM Btu/h rotary kiln in-
cineration system for its Emelle, Ala-
bama facility. There is currently a
chemical waste landfill at this facility
but no effluent treatment systems. The
facility has a water supply shortage and
a desire to eliminate effluent discharge.
For these reasons, the incineration sys-
tem is being designed by IWES using a
dry scrubbing process.
IWES is also in the process of devel-
oping a mobile rotary kiln incineration
system. Because most remedial hazard-
ous waste sites are remote and have
inadequate water supply and accom-
modations for an effluent discharge,
the dry scrubbing process will be ap-
plied to this system as well. The dried
solids and kiln ash should be able to be
stored and delisted at the site.
System Comparisons
Figures 4 and 5 are block flow dia-
grams for the TWI and Emelle facili-
ties. As discussed earlier, the TWI
starved-air incinerator gas will enter
the SDA directly at high temperatures

WATER
22,900 LB/HR
EVAPORATIVE
INCINERATOR COOLER
FLUE GAS
HaO: 6,610 LB/HR
HCL: 950 LB/HR
SO>: 600 LB/HR
ASH: 1,125 LB/HR
2200°F
84,670 ACFM
— LIME SYSTEM: BULK PEBBLE LIME AND SLAKER
— SPRAY DRYER RETENTION TIME: 15 SECONDS
— BAGHOUSE NET AIR/CLOTH RATIO: 1.04
— MOLAR EQUIVALENCE RATIO: 2.0
Figure 5. Emelle gas cleaning flow diagram.
through a refractory-lined duct. The
gases at 400-450° F will then flow to a
four-module, pulse-jet filter and then
to the fan and stack.
In comparison, the Emelle rotary
kiln incinerator gas will first be condi-
tioned by water sprays in an evapora-
tive cooler to reduce the gases from
2200 to 550-800°F. The gases will enter
the SDA through a pitched-vane, roof-
mounted, gas disperser and exit at 300-
400°F. The gases will then flow
through a dual cyclone system, induced
draft fan, baghouse and stack. The
baghouse is an existing, eight-compart-
ment, reverse-air filter which will oper-
ate under positive pressure. The in-
duced draft fan will be placed up-
stream of the baghouse and the
cyclones will be placed between the fan
and SDA.
Conclusions
The dry scrubbing process has been
proven to be highly efficient and reli-
November 1986 Volume 36, No. 11
LIME SLURRY
Ca(OH),: 3,310 LB/HR
HJO: 13,480 LB/HR
SPRAY
DRYER CYCLONES
ABSORBER
REVERSE-AIR
BAGHOUSE
DISCHARGE
TO STACK
H,0: 42,550 LB/HR
HCL: 9 LB/HR
SO>: 60 LB/HR
ASH: 10 LB/HR
290" F
40,450 ACFM
able for removal of acid gas and partic-
ulate from hazardous waste incinerator
combustion gases. Although there are
some limitations to dry scrubbing, it is
becoming an increasingly viable alter-
native to wet scrubbing. This is partic-
ularly true for applications where wa-
ter and effluent treatment systems are
unavailable, inadequate or costly.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Wi-
leen E. Sweet for her assistance in coor-
dinating this paper; and Joy Manufac-
turing Western Precipitation Division
and Wheelabrator Air Pollution Con-
trol for their technical support.
References
1. J. T. Moller, O. B. Christiansen, "Dry,
Scrubbing of MSW Incinerator Flue Gas
by Spray Dryer Absorption: New Devel-
opments in Europe," APCA Annual
Meeting, Detroit, 1985.
2. J. T. Moller, O. B. Christiansen, "Dry
ID FAN
DRIED
SOLIDS
5,730 LB/HR
Scrubbing of Hazardous Waste Incinera-
tor Flue Gas by Spray Dryer Absorp-
tion," APCA Annual Meeting, San Fran-
cisco, 1984.
3. P. G. Maurin, H. J. Peters, V. J. Petti, F.
A. Aiken, "Two fluid nozzle vs. rotary
atomization for dry scrubbing systems,"
Chemical Engineering Progress, (April
1983).
4. J. R. Donnelly, M. T. Quoch, J. T. Moller,
"Joy/Niro Spray Dryer Absorption Flue
Gas Cleaning System," Acid Gas &
Dioxin Control Conference, Washington,
DC, 1985.
Mr. Kroll is with International
Waste Energy Systems, 2150 Kienlen
Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63121. Mr.
Williamson is with Chemical Waste
Management in Houston, TX. Origi-
nally presented as paper 86-10.4 at
the 79th APCA Annual Meeting,
Minneapolis, MN, June 1986, this
paper was recommended for publica-
tion in JAPCA as part of the Annual
Meeting Technical Program peer re-
view process.
1263