Fundamentals of Mobile Heavy Equipment

CHAPTER (9)
PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

9.1. Introduction
odyfrMumao;wJhtcsdefuyJ puf,EÅ&m;MuD;awGrSm vQyfppfqm;upfaygif;ESpfq,fxufawmif enf;cJhyg
onf/ Lighting, strating ESifh charging pwJph epfawGyg0ifNyD; [Gef;ESifh0dkufygvdpk epfawGavmufyJ vQyfppfudk toH;k NyK
cJhMuygonf/ 'DaehacwfrSmawmh vQyfppfqm;upfaygif;&mcsDyg0ifNyD; Electronic Control ECU rygwJhpuf,EÅ&m;MuD;
awG tenf;i,fyJ &Sdygawmhonf/ yHk(9-1)wGifMunhyf g/

yHk(9-1) 'DaehacwfrSmawmh puf,EÅ&m;MuD;awGudk Electronic Control Unit ECU uae xdef;csKyfygonf/

vQyfppfypön;f awG? &dk;&dk;vQyfppfpepfawGNzpfwhJ lighting and accessories awGukx d ed f;csKyf&ef transistor awG
oef;csDyg0ifwhJ rdkufc&dky&dq
k ufqmawG? [du k f'a&mvpfpepf? transmission, tif*sifESifh onboard interactive
display system awGukd xdef;csKyfwhJ aqmh0Jve f Sifhtvkyfvyk fEdkifwhJ rdkufc&dky&dq
k ufqmawG yg0ifvmygonf/ wd;k wuf
vmwJph epfawGxJrSm
➢ electronic machine and implement controls,
➢ hybrid electric powertrain,
➢ telematics, which is monitoring and control of equipment using satellite, cell phone, and Internet-
based equipment communication ponfpepfawGtxd wdk;wufvmygonf/
trsdK;rsdK;aomvQyfppfypön;f awGudk xdef;csKyf&ef Electronic Control Modules (ECMs) awGu xdef;csKyfyg
onf/ armfusL;tm;vH;k udk onboard network Nzifh qufoG,af y;xm;ygonf/ yHk(9-2)wGifMunfyh g/

yHk(9-2) armfusL;tm;vHk;udk onboard network Nzifh qufoG,af y;xm;ygonf/

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 Fundamentals of Mobile Heavy Equipment
9.2. Electrical Fundamentals
vQyfppftaNccHoabmw&m;awGudk em;vnfzdkhu pufrSktaNccHawGNzpfwhJ four-stroke cycle engine
operation ESifh b&dwfpepfvy k faqmifyHkawGem;vnfzdkhxuf ydkNyD;cufcJygonf/ vQyfppftvkyfvyk fyhkawGudk rNrifEdkif
aomaMumifh Nzpfygonf/ 'Dtcef;rSm vQyfppftaNccHoabmw&m;awGudk tao;pdwf&Si;f NyoGm;ygrnf/ vQyfppf
ypönf;awGonf a&Ghvsm;aeaom particle awGuae oufa&muftm;udk &&Sdapygonf/ yHk(9-3)wGifMunhyf g/ vQyfppf
pGrf;tifonf trsdK;rsdK;aompGrf;tifawGNzpfwhJ tvif;? tyl? toH? vQyfppfqif*e,f (odkh)vQyfppfov H udk fawGudk
aNymif;apum vQyfppfarmfwmudk vnfapNcif;? qdv k Edk dGkuf(odkh)&ufav;awGudk tvkyfvkyfapygonf/

yHk(9-3) Electronic Control Modules (ECMs) awGuo

J hdk vQyfppfypön;f awGonf a&Ghvsm;aeaom particle awGuae
oufa&muftm;udk &&Sdapygonf/

vQyfppf&JhtaNccHoabmw&m;NzpfwJh electrostatic theory t& vQyfppfu rwlnDwh0J ef&dk;awGrSm qGiJ ifMu

NyD; wlnDwh0J ef&dk;awGrSm wGef;uefMuygonf/ yHk(9-4)wGifMunfyh g/

yHk(9-4) summary of electrostatic law

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 Fundamentals of Mobile Heavy Equipment
9.2.1. Electrostatic Law Summary

• A proton’s (+) charge repels another proton’s (+) charge.

• An electron’s (–) charge repels another electron’s (–) charge.
• A proton’s (+) charge attracts an electron’s (–) charge.

9.2.2. Basic Electricity

tufwrfwpfvk;H wGif y&dkwGef? tDvufx&GefESifh Elx&GefawG yg0ifygonf/ yHk(9-5)wGif Munfyh g/
vQyfppftzdk wGif y&dkwGef (+) charge awGawG&h NyD; tDvufx&GefrSm (–) charge &Sdum neutrons Elx&GefrSmawmh
bmvQyfppfrS r&Sdygbl;/ y&dkwGefESifhElx&Gefwkhad ygif;NyD; tufwrf&Jhtv,fA[dkrSm pkpnf;rdygonf/ Elx&Gefonf
y&dkwGefrsm;tMum;vQyfpD;rSkudk umuG,fay;aom vQyfppfaumfuho J kdhvyk faqmifay;ygonf/ Nucleus e,l;uvd&
(tufwrf&Jhtv,fA[d)k tNyifzufwiG f tDvufx&Gefwpfvk;H (odh)k wpfvk;H xufydkaom (–) charge awG &Sdygonf/ tD
vufx&GefawGu e,l;uvd&udk tvTmawGNzifh vSnfhywfaeygonf/ tDvufx&Gefta&twGuu f wdwdususyg
wwfygonf/
tufwrfwpfvk;H wGif y&dkwGefESifhtDvufx&Gefta&twGufwlaeygu tJh'Dtufwrfonf balance Nzpfaeyg
onf/ tufwrfwpfv;Hk wGif tDvufx&GefawGyJ twdk;tavsmh&SdNyD; y&dkwGefu twdk;tavsmhr&Sdygbl;/ tufwrfwpf
vH;k uae tDvufx&Gefwpfv;Hk wdk;vmwm (odkh)avsmhoGm;wmudk “ion” vdkh ac:ygonf/ “ion” qdkaom pum;vHk;onf
tDvufx&GefawGtwdk;tavsmhaMumifh vQyfppf"mwfrwnfjidrfNzpfw,fvkhd qdv k ydk gonf/ tufwrfwpfv;Hk wGif y&dkwGef
xuf tDvufx&GefawG ydkrsm;ygu negative ion vdkhac:ygonf/ tJhvdk ion u unbalance Nzpfygu balance Nzpfzdkh
NyefMudK;pm;ygonf/ Negatively charged ion onf olt h ufwrfxuJ tDvufx&Gefukd ta0;a&mufatmif wGef;xkwf
ygonf/ yHk(9-6)wGifMunfyh g/

yHk(9-5) tufwrfwpfvk;H wGif y&dw

k Gef? tDvuf
x&GefESifh Elx&GefawG yg0ifygonf/

yHk(9-6) vQyfppf"mwftm;Nzpfay:&Ncif;rSm tufwrfwpfvk;H wGif y&dkwGefESifhtDvufx&Gefta&twGuf rwlnDwm

aMumifh unbalance Nzpf&muae Nzpfay:vmygonf/
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 Fundamentals of Mobile Heavy Equipment
9.3. Conductivity vQyfppfpD;ul;EdkifrSk
tufwrf;wdkif;u tDvufx&GefawGudk vG,fv, G fululay;wm vufcHwmrsdK; rvkyfEdkifygbll;/ owÅKom;awG
u tDvufx&GefawGudk xdef;odrf;rxm;EdkifyJ tNyifzuf&SJuae tDvufx&GefawG qH;k &SkH;apygonf/ tJhvdkowÅKom;udk
conductors vQyfu;l ypön;f vdkh ac:ygonf/ tDvufx&GefawG ra&Ghatmifxe d f;odrf;xm;aomowÅKom;udk insulators
vQyfumypön;f vdkh ac:ygonf/ Oyrm/ /aMu;eDtufwrfwpfvk;H wGif tufwrf&JhtNyifzufqk;H &SJwGif tDvufx&Gefwpf
vH;k yJ&SdNyD; tJh'DtDvufx&Gefu vG,fuv
l sifNrefpGm wNcm;tufwrfqDudk ul;oGm;EdkifwmaMumifh aMu;eDonf vQyfu;l
tm; t&rf;aumif;ygonf/ yHk(9-7A) wGifMunhyf g/ Argon (Ar) tm*Gef"mwfaiGhonf armfvDusLyHkpHr&SdyJ vQyfum
ypön;f tNzpf vkyfaqmifay;ygonf/ yHk(9-7B) wGifMunhyf g/ qDrD;uGef'wfwm qDvDueG f Silicon (Si) udk aemuf
tcef;awGrSm tao;pdw&f Sif;Nyygrnf/ yHk(9-7C) wGifMunhyf g/ Table (9-1) wGif rwlnw D o
Jh wÅKom;awG&Jh vQyfu;l
wefzdk;awGudk ESkdif;,SOfNyxm;ygonf/

yHk(9-7) A- Conductor vQyfu;l ypön;f

B- insulators vQyfumypön;f
C- Semiconductor

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 Fundamentals of Mobile Heavy Equipment
9.4. Understanding Current
vQyfu;l ypön;f taMumif; em;vnf;ygu vQyfppfpD;ESkef; Current udk em;vnfapzdkh taNccHyif Nzpfygonf/

9.4.1. Movement of Electric Current

tm;awGu tufwrfwpfckrS tDvufx&GefawGa&Ghvsm;atmif vkyfaqmifay;&mwGif atmufygtcsufawG
yg0ifygonf/
➢ Light, Heat, Pressure, Friction, Magnetic fields, Chemical energy
tifem*sDwckcku oufa&mufaomtm;u yrmPtay:rlwnfNyD; tDvufx&GefawG wae&muae tNcm;
wae&mudk b,favmufNrefNref a&Ghvsm;ovJqkw d m qH;k Nzwfygonf/ yHk(9-8)wGifNyxm;ouJhodkh baeball &dkufovdk
ESifh wlygonf/ abmvH;k udk tm;Nyif;Nyif;ESih&f dkufvsif abmvH;k u NrefNrefqefqefaNy;oGm;ygrnf/ vQyfppfoabmw
&m;uvnf; tDvufx&GefawG&JhomG ;wJEh Skef;u Adkhtm; Volatge Nzpfygonf/ Adkhonf vQyfppftm;udk wdik f;wmaom,l
epfNzpfNyD; vQyfppfzdtm;ESpfcktwGif;u Ncm;em;csufNzpfygonf/ yHk(9-9)wGifMunfhyg/ Adkhtm;rsm;ygu tDvufx&Gef
awGudk wGef;wm(odkh)qGJwm tm;ydkaumif;ygonf/ Adkhtm;taMumif; ydkem;vnfap&ef a&zdtm;Nzifh &Sif;Nyay;ygrnf/
yHk(9-10)wGif Volatge, amperage ESifh resistance awG&JhtaNccHawGudk a&tm;Nzifh Oyrmay;NyD; &Sif;Nyxm;ygonf/

yHk(9-8) qm;upfwpfckwiG f tDvufx&Gefa&GhoGm;atmifwGef;ay;aomtm;udk Adkhtm;vdkhac:ygonf/ Adkhtm;rsm;avav

tDvufx&GefawGudk rsm;rsm;a&Ghav Nzpfygonf/

yHk(9-9) vQyfppfqkw
d m tufwrfwckuaewck tDvufx&GefawG a&Ghvsm;rSkNzpfygonf/ qm;upfwpfckwiG f tDvufx
&Gefa&GhoGm;atmifweG f;ay;aomtm;udk Adkhtm;vdkhac:ygonf/

yHk(9-10) vQyfppf
um;&ifhpD;qif;rSk&Jh
taNccHoabmw&m;
volatge,
amperage,
resistance

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 Fundamentals of Mobile Heavy Equipment
ydkufwpfcktwGif;rSm a&zdtm;ydkrsm;ygu a&awG NrefNrefa&Ghvsm;Edkifovdk Adkhtm;rsm;av tDvufx&GefawG rsm;
rsm;a&Ghvsm;av Nzpfygonf/
Amperage trfyD&dwq f w
dk m tDvufx&GefawGa&Ghvsm;ESkef; electrical current udk wdik fwmNcif; Nzpfygonf/
Amperage &Jh,lepfu ampere Nzpfygonf/ Adkhtm;u tDvufx&GefawG a&Ghvsm;wm wpfck(od)kh aNrmufrsm;pGma&Ghvsm;
NyD; Amperage u tcsdefwpfckrSm tDvufx&GefawG&Jha&Ghvsm;ESkef;udk wdik f;wmygonf/ a&NzifhESdkif;,SOfygu trfyD,m
qdw k m wpfpuúefhtwGif;a&Ghvsm;oGm;aoma&*gvHudk wdik f;wmNcif; Nzpfygonf/ Amperage trfyD&dwq f w
dk m tDvuf
x&GefpD;qif;oGm;wJhyrmPudk azmfNyygonf/ Adkhtm;r&Sdqkw d m tDvufx&GefawGudk a&Ghvsm;zdkh wGef;tm;r&Sdbl;vdkh qdkvdk
ygonf/ trfyD&dwrf &Sdbl;qdkwm qm;upftwGif; tDvufx&GefawG ra&Ghbl;vdhk qdkvdkygonf/
tvkyfwpfckNyD;aNrmufatmifvkyfzkhd vQyfppfweG f;tm;(Adkhtm;)ESifh tDvufx&GefawGa&Ghvsm;rSk (trfyD&dw)f awG
twlwuG vdt k yfygonf/ Wattage = Voltage x Amperage Nzpfygonf/ Oyrmtm;Nzifh Nrif;aumifa&
10aumiftm;&SdwJh pwwfwmarmfwmwGif vdktyfaomtrfyD,mudk wGufMunhrf nf qdyk gpdkh/ 1HP = 746 watts. 10HP=
10 x 746 = 7,460 watts. &EdkifwhA J dkhtm;u 12 volts Nzpfygonf/
Wattage = Voltage x Amperage
7,460 watts = 12 volts x Amperage
Amperage = 7,460 / 12 = 621.6 amps
txufygwGucf sufrSkwGif yGww f udk frSkaMumifh tifem*sDqk;H &SHk;rSkudk xnfhrwGuaf o;ygbl;/ pwwfwmarmfwm&Jh
pGrf;aqmif&nfukvd nf; xnfhrwGuaf o;ygbl;/ Adkhtm;u 12 volts xufydkNyD; 24 volts &ygu 311 amps &Sdygrnf/
tNcm;vQyfppfqkid f&mtcsufwpfcku ckcHrSk resistance Nzpfygonf/ Electrical resistance qdw k m vQyfppfpD;
qif;aepOftwGif; Adkhtm;ESifhum;&ifhudk ckcHay;aom owÅKom;&JhckcHrSk Nzpfygonf/ Resistance u friction ESifh wlyg
onf/ tDvufx&GefawGudka&Ghvsm;rSkudk ckcHay;aomypön;f udk resistor vdhak c:ygonf/ qm;upfwpfcktwGif; ckcHrSkawG
udk b,fvkx d nfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rvJqkw d mudk yHk(9-11)wGifMunhyf g/

yHk(9-11) qm;upfwpfcktwGif; ckcHrSkawG udk b,fvkx

d nfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rJhtcsufawGudk Nyxm;ygonf/

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 Fundamentals of Mobile Heavy Equipment
1) Type of material: uGef'wfwm&JhowÅKom;tay:rlwnfNyD; vQyfppfckcHrSkaNymif;vJEdkifygonf/
2) Length of the conductor: uGef'wfwm&Jht&Snfu &Snaf vav tifem*sDqk;H &SHk;avav Nzpfygonf/
3) Diameter of the conductor: uGef'wfwm&Jhtcsif;u MuD;avav um;&ifhudk ydkNyDo,fEdkifavav Nzpfygonf/
yHk(9-12)wGifMunhyf g/
4) Temperature of the conductor: uGef'wfwmu ylaeygu tDvufx&GefawGa&Ghapzdkh tifem*sDydkNyD;
vdt
k yfygonf/

yHk(9-12) um;&ifhu tNyifzufqHk;uae 10-30% pD;

qif;ygonf/ 0g,mtcsif;MuD;ygu rsufESmMuD;NyD;
vQyfppfckcHrSkenf;ygonf/

Resistor awGu
vQyfppfum;&ifhpD;qif;rSkuae tNcm;tifem*sDyHkpHudk aNymif;ay;ygonf/ vQyfppfckcHrSku
ae tylukd xkwfay;ygonf/ vQyfppfypön;f awGudktoHk;NyKNyD; tvif;? toH? a&Ghvsm;rSk? oHvdkuf"mwfeSifh vQyfppfqif
*e,fawGudk aNymif;ay;ygonf/ vQyfppfpGrf;tiftoHk;NyKaomypön;f udk loads vdkhac:NyD; vQyfppfckcHrSktNrJ &Sdygonf/
yHk(9-13)wGifMunfyh g/

yHk(9-13) [dkuf'a&mvpfpepfukd vQyfppfypön;f awGNzifh ESdkif;,SOfNyxm;ygonf/

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 Fundamentals of Mobile Heavy Equipment
'DpDqm;upfwpfckwiG f vQyfppfckcHrSkwefzdk;udk Ω ohm tkrf;Nzifh owfrSwyf gonf/ yHk(9-14)wGif Nyxm;onfh
twdkif; vQyfppfum;&ifh 1 amp pD;qif;Edkif&ef vdt
k yfaomvQyfppfweG f;tm; 1 volt vdtk yfaom vQyfppfckcHrSkudk 1 ohm
vdhk owfrSwfygonf/

yHk(9-14) vQyfppfum;&ifh 1 amp pD;qif;Edkif&ef

vdt k yfaomvQyfppfweG f;tm; 1 volt vdktyfaom
vQyfppfckcHrSkudk 1 ohm vdhk owfrSwfygonf/

Ohm’s law t&

Voltage = Resistance x Aperage
If voltage is held constant in a circuit:
Amperage increases if resistance decreases.
Amperage decreases if resistance increases.
If resistance is held constant in a circuit:
Amperage will increase if voltage increases.
Amperage will decrease if voltage decreases.
If amperage is to remain the same in a circuit:
Voltage must increase if resistance increases.
Voltage decreases if resistance decreases.

9.5. Direction of Current Flow

vQyfppftzdk (odkh)tr"mwfNzpfay:vm&ef tufwrfuae tDvufx&GefawGuyJ t0iftxGufa&Ghvsm;oGm;vm
edkifygonf/ oHvdkuf"mwfuho J khd NyifypGrf;tifwckckoufa&mufygu tufwrftNyifzuf&SJuae tDvufx&GefawG a&Gh
vsm;ygonf/ vQyful;wavsmuf tDvufx&GefawGa&Ghvsm;&mwGif electrostatic force Nzifh wGef;wm(odkh)qG, J lwmrsdK;
awG vkyfaqmifygonf/ Oyrtm;Nzifh tDvufx&GefawGrSm negative charged atom awG&Sdygu tDvufx&GeftydkawG
udk wGef;ay;NyD; tDvufx&GefawGrSm positive charged atom awG&Sdygu tufwrf&Jhy&dw k Gefta&twGuEf Sifh udu
k fnD
aom tDvufx&GefawGudk qGJ,lygonf/
Positive or negative charged {&d,mudw k nfaqmufaomtcg pole or polarity Nzpfvmygonf/ Polarity
qdw k m Positive NzpfNzpf? negative NzpfNzpf electric charge awG Nzpfay:wJhtqifh Nzpfygonf/ Polarity uae vQyf
ppfpD;qif;rSkudk Nzpfapygonf/ yHk(9-15)wGifMunhyf g/ tDvufx&GefawGu tjrJwrf; Positive pole uae xGuw f mr
[kwfygbl;/ rwnfjidrfwhJ electric charge awGu electric charge awGudk Positive pole uNzpfNzpf? negative pole
uNzpfNzpf create vkyfygonf/ yHk(9-16)wGifMunhyf g/ Polarity rwlnDwmuae Potential differences Nzpfay:NyD;
vQyfppfpD;rSkudk Nzpfapyonf/
Negative charged tDvufx&GefawG Positive charged zufukd pD;qif;rSkudk electron theory of current
movement vdkhac:ygonf/ wu,fawmh oDtdk&Dwpfckr[kwfyJ xifNrif,lqcsufyJ Nzpfygonf/ vQyfppfum;&ifhu
Positive charged zufuae Negative charged zufudk tDvufx&GefawGpD;qif;rSkudk conventional current theory
vdhak c:ygonf/
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 Fundamentals of Mobile Heavy Equipment

yHk(9-15) Polarity ESifh electrostatic force awGuae vQyfppfpD;rSkNzpfvmygonf/

yHk(9-16) Pole awG&JhvQyfppfzdtm;rwln&D muae vQyfppfpD;rSkNzpfvmygonf/ tJh'DvQyfppfzdtm;rwlnw

D mudk AdkhNzifh
wdik f;wmygonf/

wcsdKhwdkif;wmonfh amp volt resistance (AVR) pufawGu conventional current flow udk wdik f;wm&ef
xkwfvyk fxm;ygonf/ yHk(9-17)wGifMunfyh g/

yHk(9-17)
An amp volt resistance (AVR) test
equipment

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 Fundamentals of Mobile Heavy Equipment
yHk(9-18)wGifNyxm;onfhtwdkif; digital multimeter awGu electron theory udk vdu k femNyD; Polarity
indicators awGyg&Sdygonf/ teufa&mifMudK;(odh)k commom u positive rSmxm;NyD;wdik f;vsif tESkefwefzdk; Nyygrnf/
rmwDrDwmNzifh wdkif;wmppfaq;wJhtcg tJh'Dtcsufukd owdxm;zdkh vdktyfygonf/

yHk(9-18) 'pf*spfw,frmwDrDwmu wdkif;wmvdh&k aom

wefzdk;awGudk udef;*Pmef;Nzifh Nyygonf/

9.6. Direct Current and Alternating Current (AC & DC)

tDvufx&GefawGu vm;&mwzufwnf;udkyJpD;aeaom vQyfppfukd Direct Current (DC) vdhak c:ygonf/ 'DpD
um;&ifhonf Negative uae Positive zufukd tqufrjywfpD;aeygonf/ yHk(9-19)wGifMunfyh g/

yHk(9-19) tDvufx&GefawGu vm;&mwzufwnf;udkyJpD;aeaom vQyfppfukd Direct Current (DC) vdkhac:ygonf/

vQyfppfpD;wmu OD;wnfcsufaNymif;vJumpD;aeaom vQyfppfukd Alternating Current (AC) vdkhac:ygonf/

tDvufx&GefawGu wGef;vdkufqGJvdkuftvSnfhuspD;qif;aeNyD; yHkrSefvQyfppfpD;qif;rSkaNymif;vJaeaomaMumifh

Alternating Current (AC) vdhak c:ygonf/ yHk(9-20)wGifMunfy h g/ atpDvQyfppfwiG f Adkhtm;ESifhtrfyD,mtNyif
frequency qdkwJhpum;yg wdk;vmygonf/ Fequency qdkwm vQyfppfOD;wnfcsufawG b,fESMudrfaNymif;vJovJwki d f;
wmygonf/ Fequency udk wdik f;wmaom,lepf (direction changes per second) udk hertz (Hz) vdkhac:NyD; wpf
puúefhwGif aNymif;vJomG ;aom cycles ta&twGuNf zpfygonf/ 'DpDvQyfppfukd plotting vkyfNyvsif taNzmifhtwdkif;
awG&h ygrnf/ yHk(9-21A)wGifMunfyh g/ atpDvQyfppfukd plotting vkyfNyvsif sine wave twdkif; awG&h ygrnf/ yHk(9-
21B)wGifMunfyh g/
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 Fundamentals of Mobile Heavy Equipment

yHk(9-20) atpDvQyfppfwiG f OD;wnfcsufaNymif;vJrSk &Sdygonf/ wpfpuúefhwGif aNymif;vJomG ;aom cycles ta&twGuf

udk hertz (Hz) Nzifh wdkif;wmygonf/

yHk(9-21) A waveforms. A- Direct current (DC). B. Alternating current (AC)

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 11

 Fundamentals of Mobile Heavy Equipment

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Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 12
 Fundamentals of Mobile Heavy Equipment
9.7. Heating Effect of Current
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9.8. Electrical Versus Electronic Circuits

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9.8.1. Semiconductors
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Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 13