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Geography (भूगोल- शा )
This pdf is Bilingual
There are total 26 Topics in this chapter.
 Universe  Indian cities on river bank
 Longitude & Latitude  Straits
 Location of India  Passes of India
 India & Neighbours  Projects of India
 Facts about Earth  Rivers & Disputing states

 Islands
 Falls of India
 Himalayan Ranges
 Lakes of India
 Hills & Valleys of India

 Great Plains
 Plateau in India
 Islands of India
 Coastal Plains
 Ocean  Transport
 Soil & Agriculture  Nicknames of Indian

Places
 Forest
 Rivers of India
 Famous Hill Stations
 Continents  Crops in India

 Important Information  Climatic Regions in India
 Ancient Name of Cities

 Forests in India
 Producers of State Wise

 Revolutions in India
 National Parks
 Waterfalls in India
Universe
SUN
 The Sun is the Star of Solar
System.
 It comprises 99.86% of all the
mass in the Solar System.
 It produces temperatures
and densities in its core high
enough to sustain nuclear
fusion of Hydrogen into
Helium, making it a main
sequence star.
 It releases an enormous
amount of energy, mostly
radiated into space as
electromagnetics radiation peaking in visible light.
 It has a higher abundance of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium.
 It is known as the father of Solar System.
 The Sun is 13 lakh times bigger than the earth.
 The temperature of Sun at Corona is 6000°c and at centre is 2000000°C.
 Like the earth, Sun also rotates on its axis.
GALAXY
 The Universe contains 1011 galaxies and an
equal number of stars in each.
 Lyman Alpha Blobs: Heavy cluster bodies.
 Andromeda Galaxy: It is also known as
Messier 31 or M31. It is the nearest galaxy to
the milky way.
 The Milky way Galaxy: The Galaxy in which
Solar System exists.It contains around 400 Billion Stars.
 Sirius: It is also known as Dog star. Sirius is the brightest star in the Earth's night sky. It is
observed that the Sirius is gradually moving closer to the Solar System, which would
result it's increased brightness in the next 60000 years.
 Proxima Centauri: It is the closest star to the Sun.
 Super Nova: It was a Primitive Star, which was exploded and Universe created.
 Neutron Star: It is of very small radius typically 30km and very high density. Neutron
stars are thought to form by the gravitational collapse of the remnant of a massive
star after a supernova explosion, provided that the Star is insufficiently massive to
produce a black hole.
 Asteroids: Small Fragments
of the rock and dust that
keep revolving around the
Sun between the orbits of
mars and Jupiter.
 Pulsar: Pulsars May look like
stars that blink on and off,
but these objects are not
actually stars. Pulsar is highly
magnetized rotating neutron star.
MERCURY
 Mercury is the nearest planet to the Sun.
 Revolution period - 88 days.
 Fastest planet in terms of motion.
 It has no satellite.
 There is no chances of life in Mercury because
it is nearest to the Sun, so temperature is very high.
VENUS
 It is the brightest Planet of entire
Solar System.
 Earth’s Twin Planet.
 Revolution period of Venus is 225
days.
 It's atmosphere contains 97% of
CO2.
 Hottest planet. Temperature=
475°C.
 This planet contains clouds made of Sulphuric Acid.
 Venus is also known as Evening and Morning Star.
EARTH
 Distance from Sun is 14.96 Cr. Km.
 The Earth's surface is covered with water 71.96%.
 Revolution period of Earth is 365 Days and 3/4th of a day.
 Speed of Revolution: 29.8 km/sec
 Polar Radius: 6357 km
 Equatorial Radius: 6378 km
 Polar Diameter: 12714 km
 Equatorial Radius: 12756 km
 Rotation Period: 23 hrs: 56
Minutes: 4 Seconds
 Highest point: Mount Everest
(8848.86 meter)
 Deepest Point: Mariana trench
(Pacific ocean-10994 meter)
 Light reaches from Sun to Earth in 8 minutes: 18 Seconds.
MARS
 Red Planet- Iron oxide found in
Soil imparts Red soil.
 Big deserts founded in its surface.
 Mars atmosphere contains CO2,
NO2 and their inert gases.
 It is second smallest planet in the
Solar System.
 Distance from earth to Mars is
50,679,452km.
 Weather: Cold
 Distance of Mars from Sun: 142 Million miles
 Distance of Earth from Sun: 93 Million miles
 Demos & Phobos are the two Satellites.
JUPITER
 It is the biggest planet of the Solar System.
 Jupiter's atmosphere contains Methane,
Ammonia andHydrogen.
 Jupiter is eleven times heavier than the
earth.
 It contains 79 natural Moons (Earlier 63).
 Temperature: -123°c
 It has a giant red spot.
 It's biggest satellite is Ganymede. And
Ganymede is also the biggest satellite in
Solar System.
SATURN
 Saturn contains 7 rings

 82 natural moons (Highest).
 Saturn is the second largest Planet
after Jupiter.
 It's largest Satellite is "Titan".
 It is also known as "Galaxy like
Planet".
 Saturn has the least density in entire
Solar System.
 Temperature: (-178°c)
 Revolution period: 29.5 Years
 It is the last planet which you can see by naked eyes.
URANUS (GREEN PLANET)

 It contains 5 rings around it like Saturn. These
5 Rings -Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Theta and
Epsilon.
 It is discovered by William Herschel' in 13th
March, 1781.
 Uranus is mainly made up of gases, with a
solid core of rock and metal.
 Distance from Sun: 2.8 Billions km
 Temp: -214°C
 It is the third largest Planet in Solar System.
 It's primary composition of Hydrogen and Helium is like Jupiter but it contains more
ices such as water, ammonia and Methane.
 It is Green due to high amount of Sulphur.
NEPTUNE
 Revolution time: 165 Years

 Distance from Sun: 4.95 Billions km
 It is the eighth and farthest known planet from the
Sun.
 One day on Neptune takes about 16 hours.
 Temperature: -216°C
 It mostly consists Hydrogen, Helium with trace
amount of Methane, water and Ammonia.
 It is the Coldest Planet in Solar System.
PLUTO
 It was discovered in 1930 by Claude Tombaugh. It was considered as 9th planet of
Solar System.
 But since 2006, IAU (International Astronomical Union) Announced that Pluto is a
dwarf planet. According to IAU, a planet must has these three attributes.:
1. Is in orbit around the Sun.
2. Has sufficient mass to assume hydrostatic equilibrium (a nearly round shape).
3. Has cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit.
But Pluto don't has 3" one attribute, So it was declared as Dwarf planet.
 Temperature: -233°C
 Atmosphere: Nitrogen (Mainly) with minor amounts of Methane and Carbon
Monoxide.
 There are total 7 Dwarf planets in our Solar System as given below:
o Pluto
o Haumea
o Makemake
o Eris
o Hygiea
o Ceres
o Sadna
Points to be Remembered
1) JUPITER & SATURN : These two largest Planet are Gas giants, being composed mainly of
Hydrogen and Helium.
2) URANUS & NEPTUNE : These two Outermost planets are Ice Giants, being composed with
water, ammonia and Methane.
Number of moons
Planet Moon
Mercury 0
Venus 0
Earth 1
Mars 2
Jupiter 92
Saturn 82
Uranus 27
Neptune 14
Revolution Period of Planets
Planet Period
Mercury 88 Days
Venus 225 Days
Earth 365 Days
Mars 687 Days
Jupiter 12 Years
Saturn 29 Years
Uranus 84 Years
Neptune 165 Years
Solar System Some Facts
Biggest Planet Jupiter
Smallest Planet Mercury
Nearest Planet to Sun Mercury
Farthest Planet from Sun Neptune
Nearest Planet to Earth Venus
Brightest Planet Venus
Brightest star after Sun Sirius
Planet with maximum satellites Jupiter
Coldest Planet Neptune
Hottest Planet Venus
Heaviest Planet Jupiter
Red Planet Mars
Biggest Satellite Ganymede
Smallest Satellite Deimos
Blue Planet Earth
Morning/Evening Star Venus
Earth's Twin Venus
Green Planet Uranus
Planet with a big red spot Jupiter
Lord of the Heavens Jupiter
Greatest Diurnal Temperature Mercury
Two satellites of Mars Demos & Phobos
Father of Solar System Sun
Gas Giant Planet Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus & Neptune
Planet has least Density Saturn
The Diameter of Moon ¼ Of the earth
Sister Planet of Earth Venus
Planet is under proper observation of Mars

Scientists
Planets having ring around it Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus &Neptune
Weight at Moon 1/6 Weight of Earth
Note: Astronomers have discovered 12 new moons of Jupiter, taking the total number of
natural satellites revolving around the Gas Giant to 92. Now Jupiter, which is the biggest
planet in the Solar System, has the most number of moons, according to Sky & Telescope.
Earth Latitude & Longitude
Earth Latitude :
 Imaginary lines drawn parallel to the equator. Measured as an angle whose apex is
at the centre of the earth.
 The equator represents 0° latitude, while the North Pole is 90° N & the South Pole 90°
S
 23½° N represents Tropic of Cancer while 23%½° S represents Tropic of Capricorn.
 66½° N represents Arctic Circle while 66½° S represents Antarctic Circle.
 There are total 181 latitudes including the equator. Each parallel of latitude is a
circle, but they are not equal.
 The circle becomes smaller toward's the poles. Equator is the 'Greatest Circle' that
can be drawn on the earth's surface.
 The distance between any two parallels of latitude is always equal.
 1 degree lat. = 111km.
Earth Longitude :
 It is the angular distance measured from die centre of the earth. On the globe the
lines of longitude are drawn as a series of semicircles that extend from the North
Pole to the South Pole through the equator. They are also called meridians.
 The distance between any two meridians is not equal.
 At the equator, 1 degree = 111 km. At 30°N or S, it is 96.5 km. It goes on decreasing
this way until it is zero at the poles.
 There are 360 meridians of longitude. The prime meridian is a longitude of 00,
passing through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich near London.
 This meridian is taken by geographers to divide the earth into the eastern & the
western hemispheres.
 Each meridian of longitude is a semi-circle. 180° meridian (International Date Line)
lies exactly opposite to 0° meridian. Such points are called Antipodal Points.
 The earth is divided into 24 longitudinal zones, each being 15° or 1 hour apart in
time (4 minutes / degree).
Longitude & Time:

 Places that are on the same meridian have the same local (sun) time. Since the
earth makes one complete revolution of 360° in 24 hours, it passes through 15° in
one hour or 1° in 4 minutes.
 The earth rotates from west to east, hence places east of Greenwich see the sun
earlier & gain time whereas places west of Greenwich see the sun later & lose time.
 India, whose longitudinal extent is approx. 30°, has adopted only one time zone,
selecting the 82.5°E for the standard time which is 5 hours & 30 minutes ahead of
GMT (Greenwich Mean Time).
International Date Line:

 It is the 180° meridian running over the Pacific Ocean, deviating at Aleutian Islands,
Fiji, Samoa & Gilbert Islands. It is a zig-zag line
 Travelers crossing the Date Line from West to East (i.e., from Japan to USA) repeat a
day & travellers crossing it from East to West (i.e., from USA to Japan) lose a day.
Because Japan is approx. 14 to 16 hour ahead of USA. For e.g. If one travels from
East towards West (from Japan to USA), the person looses a day, Tuesday 6.00 a.m.
on the other side of the line to Monday 6.00 a.m. on crossing the line into USA.
Important Parallels of Latitude:

 The Tropic of Cancer: It is in the northern hemisphere at an angular distance of 23
1/2⁰ (23°30'N) from the equator.
 The Tropic of Capricorn: It is in the southern hemisphere at an angular distance of 23
1/2° (23°30'S) from the equator.
 The Arctic Circle: It lies at a distance of 66 1/2° (66°30'N) north of the equator.
 The Antarctic Circle: It lies at a distance of 66 1/2° (66°30'S) south of the equator.
There are two solstices each year, called the Summer Solstice & the Winter Solstice.
 Summer Solstice: The day of 21st June when the sun is vertically overhead at the
Tropic of Cancer (23°30'N). Longest day in Northern Hemisphere.
 Winter Solstice: The day of 22nd December when the sun is vertically overhead at
the Tropic of Capricorn (23°30'S). Shortest Day in Northern Hemisphere.
Meridians of Longitude:
 The semi-circles running from pole to pole or from north to south are known as
meridians of longitude & distance between them is measured in degrees of
longitude. Greenwich Meridian or Prime Meridian with a value of 0° longitude serves
as a common base of numbering meridians of longitude lying on either side O of it
east as well as west. There are 360 meridians - including Prime Meridian. Each
degree of a longitude is divided into sixty equal parts, each part is called a minute.
Each minute is again divided into sixty equal parts, each part being called a
second.
 Local Time: Local time of any place is 12 noon when the sun is exactly overhead. It
will vary from the Greenwich time at the rate of four minutes for each degree of
longitude.
 Greenwich Mean Time: The time at 0° longitude is called Greenwich Mean Time. It is
based on local time of the meridian passing through Greenwich near London.
 Indian Standard Time: It is fixed on the mean of 821/2°E Meridian, a place near
Allahabad. It is 5 1/2hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time.
Important Points
 Countries lies on tropic of cancer :
 N. America : Mexico, Bahamas (2)
 Africa : Western Sahara, Mauritania, Mali, Algeria, Niger, Libya, Egypt (7)
 Asia : Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman, India, Bangladesh, China,
Myanmar,Taiwan(8)
 Oceans lies on tropic of cancer : Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean
 Water Bodies lies on tropic of cancer : Gulf of California, Gulf of Mexico, Red Sea
Arabian Sea, Taiwan Strait, Philippine Strait.
 States of India lies on tropic of cancer : Gujarat, M.P, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand,
(8) West Bengal, Tripura, Mizoram, Rajasthan.
 Mahi River in India Crosses tropic of cancer Twice.
 Countries lies on tropic of Capricorn :

 S. America: Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil (4)
 Africa : Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar (5)
 Australia
 Limpopo River Crosses through Tropic of Capricorn Twice.
 Countries lies on Prime Meridian :

 Europe: UK, France, Spain(3)
 Africa: Algeria, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo(5)
 Antarctica: Queen Maud Land.
 Countries lies on Prime Meridian :

 S. America: Ecuador, Columbia, Brazil(3)
 Africa: Sao Tome & Principe, Gabon, Republic of Congo, Democratic
Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia (7)
 Asia: Maldives, Indonesia, Kiribati (3)
 11 Countries Crosses through Equator of their Land Masses.

 13 Countries Crosses through Equator.
 Intersection of Prime Meridian:
 With Tropic of cancer: Algeria (Africa)
 With Equator: Gulf of Guinea(Atlantic Ocean)
 With Tropic of Capricorn: Atlantic Ocean (opposite Namibia)
 Horse Latitude : 30-35 degrees North & South , having High atmospheric Pressure,
Calm Winds & Little Precipitation.
 Tropic of Cancer, Equator, Tropic of Capricorn all Three Passes through Africa.
India
 India is located entirely in the northern hemisphere; specifically in the south central
part of the continent of Asia.
 The mainland of India extends between latitudes 8º4'N and 37º6'N Longitudes and
68º7'E & 97 º 25' E. The southern boundary extends up to 6º45'N latitude in the Bay
of Bengal.
 With an area of 3.28 million square km, India is the 7th largest country of the world.
 The six largest countries of the world in decreasing order are Russia, Canada, USA,
China, Brazil, and Australia.
 India accounts for about 2.4 percent of the total geographical area of the world.
 India has a total land boundary of about 15,200 km.
 The coastline of India stretches along the Bay of Bengal in the east and the Arabian
Sea in the west.
 From Gujarat (westernmost) to Arunachal Pradesh (easternmost), there is about 13º
difference; hence, because of this difference, there is a time difference of two
hours between Gujarat and Arunachal Pradesh.
 The sun rises in Arunachal Pradesh about two hours earlier as compared to
Jaisalmer in Rajasthan.
 The maximum length of the mainland from north to south is about 3214 km.
 The maximum length of the mainland from east to west is about 2933 km.
 India's total length of coastline is 6,100km of its mainland and after including
Andaman and Nicobar, and Lakshadweep islands, it is about 7,516 km.
 India's territorial limit further extends towards the sea up to 12 nautical miles (i.e.
about 21.9 km) from the coast.
Indian Standard Meridian

82°30'E Meridian crossing through the Mirzapur city of Uttar Pradesh is taken as
India's Standard Meridian.
Indian Standard Time is ahead of Greenwich (0° or Prime Meridian) Mean Time by 5
hours and 30 minutes.
Tropic of cancer (23°30'N) passes through Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram.
The difference in latitudinal extent influences the duration of day and night.
Q) Why there is a time lag of two hours from Gujarat to Arunachal Pradesh?
Ans) There is a time lag of two hours from Gujarat to Arunachal Pradesh because of the
longitudinal extent of India. Gujarat is situated in the extreme west of India Arunachal
Pradesh is situated in the extreme east of India. The Sun rises two hours earlier in Arunachal
Pradesh than Gujarat.
India and Neighbours

 India has total 28 States, 7 Union Territories and 1 National Capital Territory.
 India is bounded by young fold mountains (the Great Himalaya) in the North and
North-East.
 Throughout the history, India's connections with other parts of the world has been
heavily influenced by waterways and also the mountain passes.
 India shares its (international boundaries with Afghanistan and Pakistan in the North-
West, China, Tibet (China), Nepal, and Bhutan in the North and North-East and
Myanmar and Bangladesh in the East.
 Island countries Sri Lanka and Maldives are India's neighbours across the sea.
 Sri Lanka is an island nation located off the southern coast of India in South Asia
and it is bordered by the Indian Ocean. India and Sri Lanka are separated by a thin
water body called the Palk Strait.
 Maldives is a chain of islands located south-west of Sri Lanka and India in the Indian
Ocean.
India's Extreme Points:

 Northernmost- Indira Col
 Southernmost- Indira point (It is located in Great Nicobar Island. The point was
earlier known as Pygmalion Point and Parsons Point. This was renamed after Indira
Gandhi visited the point in 1984.)
 Easternmost- Kibithu in Arunachal Pradesh
 Westernmost- Ghuar Moti in Kutch district, Gujarat
Neighbouring Countries Sharing Boundaries With States of India

 Pakistan: Punjab, Gujarat, Rajasthan & J&K
 China: Ladakh, Uttarakhand, H.P, Sikkim & Arunachal Pradesh.
 Bangladesh: Assam, Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya & West Bengal.
 Nepal: Uttarakhand, U.P, Bihar, West Bengal & Sikkim.
 Bhutan: Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Assam, West Bengal.
 Afghanistan: Ladakh (POK region)
 Myanmar: Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur & Mizoram.
Facts about Earth

 The Earth also called Blue Planet. It is the densest of all planets.
 Earth Circumference: 40,232 Kilometers.
 Earth Area: 510 million Square Kilometers
 Average distance from sun: 149 million Kilometers.
 Earth Perihelion: Nearest position of earth to sun. The earth reaches its perihelion on
January 3 every year at a distance of about 147 million-Kilometers.
 Aphelion: Farthest position of earth from sun. The earth reaches its aphelion on July
4, when the earth is at a distance of 152 million Kilometers.
 The shape of the earth is oblate spheroid or oblate ellipsoid (i.e. almost spherical,
flattened a little at the poles with a slight bulge at the centre).
Types of Earth Movements:
1. Rotation or daily movement. 2. Revolution or annual movement.
Earth Rotation:
 Spins on its imaginary axis from west to east in 23 hrs, 56 min & 40.91 sec.
 Rotational velocity at equator is 1667 Kilometers/h & it decreases towards the
poles, where it is zero.
Earth's rotation results in
i. Causation of days & nights.
ii. A difference of one hour between two meridians which are 15° apart.
iii. Change in the direction of wind & ocean currents; Rise & fall of tides everyday.
iv. The longest day in North Hemisphere is June 21, while shortest day is on 22 Dec (Vice-
versa in S.Hemisphere).
v. Days & nights are almost equal at the equator.
Earth Revolution
 It is earth's motion in elliptical orbit around the sun. Earth's average orbital velocity is
29.79 Kilometers/s.
 Takes 365 days, 5 hrs, 48 min & 45.51 sec. It results in one extra day every fourth year
Revolution of the earth results in:
i. Change of seasons
ii. Variation in the lengths of days & nights at different times of the year
iii. Shifting of wind belts.
iv. Determination of latitudes.
Islands
 LAKSHADWEEP ISLAND(Arabian sea)
 Extend from 8°N—12° N.
 Consists of 30 small islands, only 10 of which are populated.
 Population consists of moppilis from Kerala.
 Some islands are called Attol because of horseshoe shaped.
 Minicoy islands lie to the extreme south, it is the largest island of
Lakshadweep.
 Southern Most island - MINICOY
 ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLAND

 Extend from 6°39 'N to 13°34 'N.
 Consist of two groups-Andaman Group and Nicobar Group
 They are submerged part of Arakanyoma (Myanmar). It is a mountain range.
 10 channel separates Andaman from Nicobar.
 Little Andaman is separate from Great Andaman by Duncan passage.
 Great Nicobar is the largest island in the group.
 Saddle peak is the highest peak of Andaman and Nicobar island located in
North Andaman.
 Area is prone to earthquakes and tsunamis.
 Port Blair, the capital of Andaman and Nicobar Islands is situated in South
Andaman,
 The barren Island which is India's only active volcano is situated in the east of
Middle Andaman.
 Tribes: Onges, Senthelese, Jarawas, Shompens.
Biggest State Biggest UT
Area- 1st: Rajasthan, 2nd:Madhya Pradesh Area- Ladakh
3rd: Maharashtra, 4th : Uttar Pradesh
Population- Uttar Pradesh Population- New Delhi
Smallest State Smallest UT
Area- Goa Area-Lakshadweep
Population- Sikkim Population- Lakshadweep
THE HIMALAYS
 Himalayas means ‘ Abode of snow’
 Young fold mountains of tertiary period.
 Folded over tethys sea due to inter continental collision.
 Comprises mainly sedimentary rocks.
PAMIRS(Roof of the world)- The connecting link between the Himalayas and the
high ranges of central Asia.(width-240-320km.)
HIMALAYAN RANGES
1. Trans Himalaya : a) No Life
b) No Agriculture
2. Greater Himalaya : a) Every year Ice present
b) No Life
c) No Agriculture
3. Middle Himalaya : a) Half year Ice present
b) Life (Little Bit)
c) Agriculture Possible
4. Shivalik Himalaya/ Purvanchal Ranges : a)No year Ice present
b) Life (Present)
c) Agriculture Possible
Trans Himalaya
 Karakoram Mountains (Kashmir)
 Zanskar Mountains (Tibet)
 Ladakh Mountains (Ladakh)
 Kailash Mountains (Tibet)
Greater Himalaya (Himadri)

 Nanga Parbat (Kashmir)
 Bander punch Mountains (Uttarakhand)
 Nanda Devi Mountains (Uttarakhand)
 Annapurna Mountains (Nepal)
 Dhaula Giri Mountains (Nepal)
 Makalu Mountains (Tibet, China)
 Mount Everest Mountains (Nepal & Tibet)
 Kanchenjunga Mountains (Border of Sikkim & Tibet)
Important passes: Region
Karakoram Pass Jammu and Kashmir

Burzil pass Jammu and Kashmir
Zozilan pass Jammu and Kashmir
Shipkila pass Himachal Pradesh
Yang yap pass Arunachal Pradesh
Jalep laa pass Sikkim
Middle Himalaya (Lesser Himalaya)

 Peer Panjal Mountains (J&K)
 Dhauladhar Mountains (Himachal Pradesh)
 Mussoorie Mountains (Uttarakhand)
 Mahabharata Mountains (Nepal)
 Nag Tibba Mountains (Uttarakhand)
Important ranges of Lesser Himalayas Region

The Pir Panjal Range Jammu and Kashmir (They are to the
south of Kashmir Vailey)
The Dhaula Dhar Range Himachal Pradesh

The Mussoorie Range and The Nag Tibba Uttarakhand
Range
Mahabharat Lekh Nepal
 Nag Tibba : is the highest Peak in the lesser Himalaya Region of Uttarakhand State.
 Pir Panjal is known to be the Largest Range of the Lower Himalayas.
 Major Crop of the Lower Himalayas is ‘Potatoes’.
Important hill Resorts; Shimla, Chhail, Mussorie Nainital, Almora, Darjeeling.
JWAHAR TUNNEL
 Also called Banihal tunnel.
 2.85km.
 NH44
 Connects Jammu and Srinagar
Rohtang Tunnel
 Also called Atal tunnel
 Connects Manali (Solang valley) to Lahaul Spiti (sissu)
 Length -- 9.02km
 Longest highway tunnel in the world, -- 3000m./10,000feet.[ 1m=3.2foot]
Shivalik Range (Outer Himalaya)

 Average height- 900-1200m.
 Youngest part of the mountains.
 Forms the foothills of Himalayas.
 Lies between Himalayas the plains.
Region Name of Shiwaliks

Jammu Region Jamimu Hills
Dafla, Miri Abor and Mishmi Hills Arunachal Pradesh

The Dhang Range, Dundwa Range Uttarakhand
Mikir Assam
Churia Ghat Hills Nepal
Braille Manipur
Mizo Mizoram
Mount Everest
Regional name of Mount Everest Region
Sagarmatha (The Goddess of the Sky) Nepal
Chomlungma (Mother of the World) China (Tibet)
State Passes of Greater Himalayas
Jammu and 1 Burzil Pass

Kashmir
2. Pir Panjal Pass
Himachal Pradesh 1. Bara Lacha La
2. Shipki La [The Hindustan- Tibet Road

connecting Shimla with Gartok in Wastern
Tibet]
Uttarakhand 1. Thaga La
2. Niti Pass
3. Lipu Lekh
Sikkim 1. Nathu La
2 Jlep La [important trade route

connecting Kalimpong (near Darjeeling)
with Lhasa in Tibet, passes through Jelep
La [4.386 m)
China- Myanmar (lies on McMohan Line) Diphu Pass
Important Points to be Remembered

1) Patkoi Bum is the Eastern Range of Himalaya India.
2) Namcha Baruha is the Eastern Range of Himalaya Ranges. (world)
3) K2/ Godwin Austin is the Highest Mountain of India.
4) Kangchenjunga is the Highest Mountain in India.
Important Hills in India
Hills State
Baba Budan Hills Karnataka
Nilgiri Hills Tamil Nadu
Anamalai Hills Tamil Nadu
Anaimudi Hills Kerala

Agastyamalai Hills Tamil Nadu
Cardamom Hills Kerala
Varushnad Hills Tamil Nadu
Nagari Hills Andhra Pradesh
Nallamala Hills Andhra Pradesh
Mahendra Giri Hills Odisha

Palni Hills Tamil Nadu
Valley
 Valley- Land between 2 Mountains is called Valley.
Some Important Valleys

 Between Peer Panjal & Greater Himalaya- Kashmir Valley
 Between Dhauladhar & Greater Himalaya- Kullu Valley
 Between Nagtibba & Greater Himalaya- Kangra Valley
 Between Mahabharat & Greater Himalaya- Kathmandu Valley
Highest peaks of India State wise

 The highest Peak of India-> K2 (Godwin Austin) - 8611m. Kanchenjunga [if Pok is not-
I].
 The highest Peak in Aravallis-> Guru Shikhar
 The highest Peak in Satpura -> Dhupgarhi
 The highest Peak in Eastern Ghats -> Mahendragiri
 The highest peak in Western Ghats-> Anaimudi
 The highest peak in Uttrakhand -> Nanda Devi
 The highest peak in West Bengal->Tiger Hill
 The highest peak in Jharkhand-> Parasnath
 The highest peak in Gujrat -> Sarkala (Gir Hills)
 The highest peak in Maharashtra -> Kalsubai
 The highest peak in Nilgiri. (Tamilnadu -> Doda Betta
 The highest peak in Arunachal pardesh -> Kangto
 The highest peak in Andaman & Nicobar-SaddlePeak
 The highest peak in Nagaland - > Saramati peak
 The highest beak in Mizoram -> Blue Mountains
 The highest peak in SK-> Kanchenjunga
Plateau
 Raised land that is flat on top.
FEATURES;
 Roughly triangular in shape.

 Area-16 lakh sq. km.
 Average height -- 600-900km(above the sea level)
 Most of the peninsular rivers flow west to east indicating it`s the general slope.
 Exception – NMSTe( Narmada, Mahi, Sabarmati, Tapti)
 Aggregation of several smaller plateaus.
Plateau in India
 The Central Highland
 Malwa Plateau
 Bundelkhand
 Chotanagpur Plateau
 Marwar Plateau
 Baster Plateau
 Meghalaya Plateau
 The Deccan Plateau
 Deccan Trap
 Western Ghats
 Eastern Ghats
 North-East Extension
Central Highland
Malwa Plateau
 Lies in Madhya Pradesh b/w Aravali & Vindhyas

 Extension of it is Bundelkhand, Bhaghelkhand & Chota Nagpur Plateau
Bundelkhand Plateau
 Lies along the borders of UP & MP

 Has been transformed into ravines by extensive erosion activities of river Chambal
& its tributaries
Chhotanagpur Plateau
 Includes Jharkhand, parts of Chhattisgarh & WB.

 Highest Peak Parasnath
 Famous as Patland plateau & known as Ruhr of India (because it is rich in many
minerals like Iron Ore & also called Mineral Heart Land.
 Ruhr is in Germany & has World’s Largest Coalfield (Bituminous Coal)
Marwar Plateau
 Plateau of eastern- Rajasthan
 Average Elevation 250-500m
 Slop -- Eastwards
 Made up of sandstone, shales and limestone Vindhyan period.
Baster Plateau
 Distt. In Chhattisgarh
 Forested mineral rich region
 Indravati river divides it into two parts.
 Tribal dominated region.
 Under the strong grip of Naxalish.
Meghalaya Plateau
 North East part
 Garo Raajmahal Gap- Separates
 This plateau from the main block
 Made up of quartzite, sale and schist
 Shillong -- Highest part of the plateau
 West to East
 Garo hills, Kaasi- Hills, Mikis hills.
Deccan Plateau
 Largest plateau in India: Lies to the south of the Narmada River, Shaped as inverted
triangle.
 Surrounded by Satpura hills, Mahadeo hills, Maikala range, Amarkantak hills and
Rajmahal hills in the north; Western Ghats in the west and the Eastern Ghats in the
east
 Volcanic in origin, made up of horizontal layers of solidified lava forming trap
structure with step like appearance
 Sedimentary layers are also found in between the layers of solidified lava, making it
inter trapping in structure
 Average elevation of Western Ghats is 900-1600 metres; compared to 600 metres of
Eastern Ghats.
 Slopes towards east and south and descends abruptly towards west making
sahayadri ranges.
 The plateau is suitable for the cultivation of cotton; home to rich mineral resources
& a source to generate hydroelectric power.
 Western Ghats
 Folded parts of Deccan Plateau.
 Also known as Shayadries.
 More Continuous & higher than Eastern Ghats.
 Separated from coast by narrow coastal plains.
 Rich watersheds give birth to large peninsular rivers like Godavari and Krishna.
 Extends from Tapi in North to Kanyakumari in south.
 EASTERN GHATS
 Eastern Ghats form a discontinuous line of hills Parallel to east coast.

 General altitude is 600 m.
 Width is 190km in north and 75 km is south.
 Its width decreases from north to south because Peninsular Plateau is triangle in
shape.
 Mahendragiri is the highest peak is in Odisha.
 It is not a source of any big river.
 It receives less rainfall.
 Hills from north to south -- Nallamala- Erralmala- Velikonda- Palkonda -Javadi-
Shevaroy.
 It is known by different names at different places-
1. Northern circars north of Godavari.
2. Palkonda and Nallamala between Godavari and Palar river.
3. Shevaroy and Javadi as Tamil Nadu hills.
COASTAL PLAINS
 WEST COAST PLAINS
 Extend from Gujarat to Kerala.
 Known by different names at different states-1. Konkan in Gujarat and Goa
2. Kanara in Karnataka.
3. Malabar in Kerala.
 Plains are wider in south and narrower in the north.
 Garsopa falls (Jog falls) on Karnataka coast are highest in India.
 In Kerala, Coast has salt water lakes called lagoons.
 Ashtamudi and Vembanad are important lakes located here.
 EAST COAST PLAINS

 Coastal strip along with Bay of Bengal is broader as compared to the Western
coast.
 Known as Utkal plains in Odisha.
 Chilka lagoon is located in Odisha.
 Kolleru lake lies in Andhra Pradesh.
 Pulicat lake is located here.
 Coromundal Coast is in Tamil Nadu in south.
 It is formed by alluvium brought by rivers.
 Rivers of this coastal plains are longer and less erosine.
 Rivers form deltas.
 This coast is prone to cyclone and floods.
 Ports are lesser than that of Fastern Coast Plains.
OCEAN
 Ocean Currents : Ocean currents are patterns of water movement and patterns
that influence climate zones and weather patterns around the world. They're
primarily driven by winds and by seawater density, although many other factors
including the shape and configuration of the ocean basin they flow through -
influence them.
 Types of Currents
1. Surface Water Current
2. Deep Water Current
 Surface Water Current : Surface currents refer to movement of the top layer of
ocean water - the upper 330 feet or so- primarily driven by wind. The large-scale
circulation of these surface currents roughly mirrors the large-scale circulation of air,
which most simply derives from unequal heating of the planet's surface by the sun.
Currents form rotating systems in the middle of major ocean systems called gyres.
Like the winds controlling them, these surface currents help redistribute heat at a
planetary scale: Generally speaking warm water flows toward the poles and cold
water flows toward the equator.
 Deep Water Current : Deep-water currents describe water movement patterns far
below the ocean's surface and the influence of the wind. Instead of airflow, these
currents primarily arise from variations in the density of seawater, controlled by its
temperature and salt content (salinity). Their movement forms thermohaline
circulation ("thermo" meaning temperature, "haline" meaning salinity) which crosses
ocean basins and links to surface currents in what's called the "global conveyor
belt."
Current & Tide

Currents can be distinguished from tides, regular increases and decreases in the level of
the sea surface. As the Earth rotates around the sun and the moon, the gravitational pull
of each celestial body causes ocean levels to be slightly deeper at certain times. This
creates high and low tides twice a day, which occur at different times in different parts of
the world. When the moon, sun, and Earth line up, particularly strong tides ("spring tides")
result that can dramatically affect water levels. The action created by tides can impact
both types of currents by modifying depth levels and water displacement.
SOILS
Ancient Classification :
 Urvara [fertile]
 Usara [sterile]
Rivers bring minerals with them. And these minerals make alluvial soil fertile.
N- Nitrogen helps plant foliage to grow strong.
P- Phosphorous helps roots and flowers grow and develop.
K- Potassium (Potash) is important for overall plant health.
N- High nitrogen fertilizers will make for quick growth but weaker plants that are more
susceptible to attacks by diseases and pests. Fast, showy growth is not necessarily the best
thing for your plants.
P- Excessive soil phosphorus reduces the plant’s ability to take up required micronutrients,
particularly iron and zinc, even when soil tests show there are adequate amounts of those
nutrients in the soil.
K- Too much potassium can be unhealthy for plants because it affects the way the soil
absorbs other critical nutrients. Lowering soil potassium can also prevent excess
phosphorus from running into the waterways where it can increase growth of algae that
can eventually kill aquatic organisms.
CLASSIFICATION
1. Alluvial soil [43%]
2. Red soil [18.5%]
3. Black / regur soil [15%]
4. Arid / desert soil
5. Laterite soil
6. Saline soil
7. Peaty /marshy soil
8. Forest soil
9. Sub-mountain soil
10. Snowfields
ALLUVIAL SOIL
 Mostly available soil in India (about 43%)
 Widespread in northern plains and river valleys.
 In peninsular-India, they are mostly found in deltas.
 Area of Alluvial: Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, U.P, Bihar, Chandigarh, Rajasthan, M.P,
West Bengal, Meghalaya, Assam, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Goa,
Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha.
 Highly fertile.
 Indus-Ganga-Brahmaputra plain, Narmada- Tapi plain etc are examples.
 They are depositional soil transported and deposited by rivers, streams etc.
 Crops: Wheat, rice, maize, sugarcane, pulses, oilseed etc are cultivated .
 New alluvium is termed as Khadar and old alluvium is termed as bhangar.
 Colour: Light Grey to Ash Grey.
 Texture: Sandy to silty loam or clay.
 Rich in: potash
 Poor in: phosphorous.
 Bhabar, bhangar, khadar and terai are geological divisions of alluvial soils.
 Bhabar region lies along the foot of the Siwaliks from the Indus to the Tista. But Terai
belt lies to the south of Bhabhar and run parallel to it. Bhabhar comprises of pebble-
studded rocks in the shape of porous beds. But Terai is composed of comparatively
finer alluvium and is covered by forest.
 Bhabar: It is found in the foothills of Shivaliks. It is 8 to 16 kms wide.
RED SOIL
 Seen mainly in low rainfall area.
 Also known as Omnibus group.
 Porous, friable structure.
 Area: Chhattisgarh, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Karnataka,
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerela.
 Absence of kankar (impure calcium carbonate).
 Deficient in: lime, phosphate, manganese, nitrogen, humus and potash.
 Colour: Red because of Ferric oxide. The lower layer is reddish yellow or yellow.
 Texture: Sandy to clay and loamy.
 Crops: Wheat, cotton, pulses, tobacco, oilseeds, potato etc are cultivated.
BLACK SOIL/REGUR SOIL

 Most of the Deccan is occupied by Black soil.
 Area of Black Cotton Soil: M.P, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Telangana, U.P,
Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh.
 Mature soil.
 High water retaining capacity.
 Swells and will become sticky when wet and shrink when dried.
 Self-ploughing is a characteristic of the black soil as it develops wide cracks when
dried.
 Rich in: Iron, lime, calcium, potassium, aluminium and magnesium.
 Deficient in: Nitrogen, Phosphorous and organic matter. Colour: Deep black to light
black.
 Texture: Clayey.
 Crops: Cotton, Wheat, Jowar, Linseed, Castor, Sunflower, Virginia, Tobacco &
Millets.
LATERITE SOIL
 Name from Latin word 'Later' which means Brick.
 Become so soft when wet and so hard when dried.
 In the areas of high temperature and high rainfall.
 Area : Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Goa, Odisha, Telangana, West Bengal.
 Lime and silica will be leached away from the soil.
 Organic matters of the soil will be removed fast by the bacteria as it is high
temperature and humus will be taken quickly by the trees and other plants. Thus,
humus content is low.
 Rich in: Iron and Aluminium
 Deficient in: Nitrogen, Potash, Potassium, Lime, Humus
 Colour: Red colour due to iron & Aluminium.
 Crops: Rice, Ragi, Sugarcane and Cashew nuts are cultivated mainly.
SALINE SOIL
 Salinity becomes a problem when enough salts accumulate in the root zone to
negatively affect plant growth.
DESERT / ARID SOIL

 Seen under Arid and Semi-Arid conditions.
 Area of Arid Soil : Rajasthan, Gujarat
 Deposited mainly by wind activities.
 High salt content.
 Lack of moisture and Humus.
 Kankar or Impure Calcium carbonate content is high which restricts the infiltration
of water.
 Nitrogen is insufficient and Phosphate is normal.
 Texture: Sandy
 Colour: Red to Brown.
 Crops: Barley, Cotton, Wheat, Millets, Maize & Pulses.
PEATY / MARSHY SOIL

 Areas of heavy rainfall and high humidity.
 A large quantity of dead organic matter/humus which makes the soil alkaline.
 Area: Kerala, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Bihar, Uttaranchal.
 Heavy soil with black colour.
 Crops: This soil is best for crops like Rice, Oilseeds, Citrus, Tobacco, Sugarcane etc.
FOREST SOIL
 Regions of high rainfall.
 Humus content is less and thus the soil is acidic.
MOUNTAIN SOIL
 In the mountain regions of the country.
 Immature soil with low humus and acidic.
COLOUR MEANS (IMP)

 Black - Iron, Aluminium, Humus
 Grey/ Blue Grey- Waterlogged Dry and. Wet
 Greenish- Sulphur
 Red- Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorous
FOREST
Classification of Vegetation
 Tropical Evergreen and 'Semi Evergreen forests.
 Tropical Deciduous forests.
 Tropical Thorn forests.
 Montane forests.
 Littoral and Swamp forests.
Tropical Evergreen Forests

 Tropical evergreen forests are found in the regions that receive annual precipitation
of over 200 cm and mean annual temperature above 22°C.
 Tropical evergreen forests are found in the western slope of the Western Ghats, hills
of the north eastern region, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
 In tropical evergreen forests, trees reach great heights, i.e.. up to 60 m or even
above. And, largely these trees do not have fixed time to shed their leaves.
 Major examples of evergreen forests are rosewood, Mahogany, Aini, ebony, etc.
Semi-evergreen Forests
 Semi-evergreen forests are a mixture of evergreen and moist deciduous trees,
found in the regions that receive less precipitation than the evergreen forests.
 Main species of semi evergreen white forests are cedar, hillock, and kail.
Tropical Deciduous Forests

 Tropical Deciduous Forests are the most widespread forests of India and are
popularly as Monsoon Forests.
 Tropical deciduous forests are found in the regions, which receive rainfall between
70 and 200cm.
 Tropical deciduous forests are further categorized as the Moist deciduous forests
and Dry deciduous forest.
 The moist deciduous forests are found in the regions, which record rainfall between
100 and 200 cm.
 The moist deciduous forests are found along the foothills of the Himalayas, eastern
slopes of the Western Ghats, and Odisha.
 Teak, sal, shisham, hurra, mahua, amla, semul, kusum, and sandalwood etc. are the
main species of the moist deciduous forests.
 Dry deciduous forests are found in the regions that receive precipitation between
70 and 100cm.
 As the dry season begins, the trees of deciduous forests shed their leaves
completely.
 Tendu, palas, amaltas, bel, khair, axlewood, etc. are the major trees of dry
deciduous forests.
Tropical Thorn Forests

 Tropical thorn forests are found in the areas, which receive rainfall less than 50 cm.
 Tropical thorn forests are found in the areas of south west Punjab Haryana,
Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh.
 Babool, ber, and wild date: palm, khair, neem, khejri, palas, etc. are the important
species of tropical thorn forests.
Mountain Forests
 Mountain forests in India are normally classified into two types, i.e. the northern
mountain forests and the southern mountain forests.
 Deciduous forests are found in the foothills of the Himalayas.
 Temperate forests found between an altitude of 1,000 and 2,000m.
 In the higher hill ranges of northeastern India, for example, hilly areas of West
Bengal and Uttaranchal, evergreen broad leaf trees such as oak and chestnut are
predominant.
 Chir deodar pine, etc. are the important species of temperate forests.
 Between 3,000 and 4,000m. Silver firs, junipers, pines, birch, and rhododendrons, etc.
are found.
 However, at higher altitude, the tundra vegetation is found and major species are
mosses and lichens.
 At a higher altitude, the southern mountain forests largely belong to the temperate
type, which are locally known as 'Sholas in the Nilgiris, Anaimalai, and Palani hills.
 Some of the trees of economic significance include magnolia, laurel, cinchona,
and wattle.
Littoral and Swamp Forests

 India is rich in Littoral and Swamp Forests.
 Chilika Lake (in Odisha) and Keoladeo National Park (in Bharatpur, Rajasthan) are
protected as water-fowl habitats under the Convention of Wetlands of International
Importance (i.e. Ramsar Convention).
 Mangrove grows along the coasts in the salt marshes, tidal creeks, mud flats, and
estuaries; and, it has a number of salt-tolerant species of plants.
 In India, the mangrove forests spread over 6,740 sq. km, which is 7% of the world's
mangrove forests.
 Mangroves are largely found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the
Sunderbans of West Bengal.
Rivers
India is known as the land of rivers. There are seven major rivers (Indus, Brahmaputra,
Narmada, Tapi, Godavari, Krishna and Mahanadi along with their numerous tributaries
that make up the river system of India.
 Rivers in India can be categorized in many ways out of which some prominent ways
are:
1. Perennial and Non-Perennial River
2. East flowing Vs West flowing Rivers
3. On the basis of their origin
Perennial River - Rivers that flow throughout the year are called perennial river. They
usually originate from mountains. They are also known as Permanent River. Almost all the
rivers originating in the Himalayan region are perennial rivers. They are found in regions
with humid climate where evaporation rates are much lesser than the rainfall. Perennial
rivers include The Ganges and The Yamuna.
Non-Perennial River - Rivers which do not have a constant flow throughout the year are
known as non-perennial rivers. It mainly consists of those rivers which flow only during the
rainy season and usually originate in plateau region. They are also called Periodic Rivers.
These rivers are found in areas with arid climates where evaporation tends to be greater
than precipitation. Examples of Non-perennial river are Godavari,, Krishna, Kaveri, etc
East flowing Vs West flowing river: If the river falls into Bay of Bengal then it is east flowing
river whereas if it drains into Arabian Sea then it is west flowing river.
On the basis of their origin : There are three main sources form which rivers originate and
they are:
1. The Himalaya and the Karakoram ranges.
2. Vindhya and Satpura ranges and Chotanagpur plateau in central India.
3. Sahyadri or Western Ghats in western India.
INDUS River System
 INDUS River : West Flowing River
 Origin: Chemayungdung Glacier
 Length: 3180 Km
 India 709 kilometre
 Place: Bokhar Chu Glacier Range: Kailash Range (Home of Lord Shiva)
 Location: Tibet
 Route: Tibet>> India >> Pakistan
 India Entry: Damchauk (J&K)
 India Exit: Chillas (POK)
 In Tibet, called- singi khamban/ lions mouth
 Flows Between Ladakh & Zansker Range
 It makes Gorge (V Shape Valley) in POK Region
 Ends – Arabian Sea from Karachi
 Tributaries: Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, Satluz &Beas
LEFT BANK TRIBUTARIES RIGHT BAMK TRIBUTARIES

 Zaskar  shyok
 Suru  gilgit
 Soam  hunza
 Jhelum  swat
 Chenab  kunnar
 Ravi  Kurram
 Beas  Gomal
 Satluj  Kabul
 Panjnad  Shigar
INDUS WATER TREATY

 Water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan.
 Arranged by World Bank.
 Signed in Karachi 1960.
 Indian pm Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru Ji.
 Pakistan president Ayub Khan.
 To use the water available in the Indus River its tributaries.
 Indian commissioner for Indus water- shri A.k.pal.
TRIBUTARIES OF INDUS
SATLUJ
 Origination- Rakesh tal, Mansarovar lake, Kailash range, Tibet.
 Sometimes called Red River.
 Enter HP at shipti(Kinnaur).
 Leaves the HP at Bhakra (world’s highest gravity dam).
India's second highest dam- 226 metre
Highest- Thiri(UK)-261m
 It’s water is mainly used for power generation and irrigation.

 Other dams- Koldam(HP), Nathpa Jhakhri (HP).
 Flows in HP- 320 kilometre.
 Cities- Ludhiana, Firozpur Bilaspur.
 Tributaries- Spiti, Baspa, Noglikhad.
 Merges with bias at harika patan, firozpur Punjab.
 End : Indus
JHELUM
 Origination- Sheshnag, lake, verinag, Kashmir.
 Tributaries of Chenab River.
 Largest tributary of Jhelum- Kishanganga River.
 The water of Jhelum are collected to Pakistan under Indus water treaty.
 Merges with Chenab in Trimmu.
 Cities- Srinagar Baramulla, Anantnag.
 By ancient Greek it was called Vitasta.
 Length: 725 Km
 End : Jhang District (Indus)
 Dams-Uri Dam, Mangla Dam, Kishanganga hydro-electric project.
 The Greeks regarded this river as God.
 Jhelum town named after this river.
CHENAB
 Origination- near Barlacha, pause Zanskar range, Lahaul, Spiti.
 Formed by the confluence over Chandra and Bhaga.
 Also called Chandrabhaga.
 Flows in Himachal Pradesh, Chamba, Jammu and Kashmir.
 Dams- Baglihar dam, Dulahasti dam, Sulal.
 Cities- Kishtwar, Udhampur, Jammu.
 Largest Tributary of INDUS
 Length: 960km
 End : Indus
RAVI/ Parushani
 Origination- Barangal, Tuladhar, range, Kangada, Rohtang pass, Chamba (H.P)
 The water of Ravi River allocated to India.
 Flowers in Himachal Pradesh Jammu Kashmir and Pakistan.
 Meets Chenab in jihang district.
 Cities- Chamba and Lahore.
 Tributaries- Saho, Siul, Budhil, Chirchind Nala.
 Dams Ranjit Sagar Dam and Chamera Dam.
 Length: 720 Km
 End: Indus
BEAS/ Vipasha
 Origination- Beas kund, Rohtang pass, Kullu, Himachal Pradesh.
 Total length- 460 kilometre.
 Himachal Pradesh- 256 kilometre.
 Merges with Satluj near ‘Hari ka patan’ Firozpur.
 Tributaries- luni, Banganga.
 Cities-Manali.
 Dams- Pandor Dam, Pong dam, Largi hydro-electric project.
 End: Indus
Ganga River System

 GANGA River :
 Origin: Gangotri Glacier (Nanda Devi Mountains) in Uttarakhand
 Route: Haridwar > Varanasi > Pryagraj > Kanpur > Ghazipur > Patna > Kolkata.
 End: Bay of Bengal
 Length: 2525 km
 Biggest river system of India
 Made up of Alaknanda and Bhagirathi.
 Longest river of India.
 4 States: UK-110km.
UP-1450km.
BH-445km.
WB-520km.
 KOSI- SORROW OF BIHAR
 DAMODAR-SORROW OF BENGAL
 Cities- Haridwar, Kanpur, Allahabad, Patna, Varanasi, Kolkata.
 Exit point- Merges with Brahmputra(near Gwalando)
 Dams- Tihri dam(UK)- Bhagirathi, Frakha Dam(WB)
LEFT BANK TRIBUTARIES RIGHT BANK TRUBUTARIES

 Ramganga  Yamuna
 Gomti  Son
 Kosi  Rihand
 Rapti  Ajay
 Kali  Punpun
 Gandak  Falgu
 Ghagra  Damdar
 Mahamadi  Haldi
 Considered holy by Hindus and worshipped as the goddess Ganga in Hinduism.
TRIBUTARIES OF Ganga
 Yamuna : Longest Tributary of Ganga
 Origin: Yamnotri Glacier (champasar Range)
 End: Sangam ( Triveni, Prayagraj)
 Length: 1376 Km
 Alaknanda :
 Origin: Sathopant Glacier (Uttarakhand)
 Length: 195 Km
 Gandak / Narayani :
 Origin: Nhubine Glacier (Nepal)
 Length: 814 Km
 Sone :
 Origin: Amarkantak Hills ( M.P)
 Length: 784 Km
 Gomti :
 Origin: Gomat Tal (U.P)
 Length: 475 km
 Kosi :
 Origin: Sunkosi Glacier (Tibet)
 Length: 729 km
 Route: Tibet > Nepal > India
 Meets Ganga at: Kursela (Bihar)
 Ghaghra : Largest Tributary
 Origin: Mansarovar Lake
 Length: 1080 km
 Meets Ganga at: Chapra (Bihar)
Yamuna River System

 The Yamuna River is the largest tributary of the Ganga River.
 Origin- From the Yamunotri glacier, at the Bandarpoonch peak in
Uttarakhand.
 Tributaries - Sindh, Hindon, Betwa Ken, Banas and Chambal.
 The Tons is the largest tributary of the Yamuna.
 Route: The catchment of the river extends to the states of Delhi, Himachal
Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh.
 End- It meets Ganga at Prayagraj & Ganga finally ends at Bay of Bengal.
RIGHT BANK TRIBUTARIES

YAMUNA:
 Western most and longest tributary of Ganga
 Origination -- western slope of Bandar punch Yamunotri glacier, Uttarakhand
 Meets Ganga at Allahabad
 Cities- Delhi Mathura Agra and Allahabad
 SON
 Origination Sonbhadra Amarkantak heels MP (Meets Ganga Near Patna)
DAMODAR:
 Origination -- Chandwa, latehar, distt. Jharkhand.
 Most polluted river of India series -- Dhanbad, Durgapur, Raniganj, vardhaman
Assansal
RAPTI:
 Origination -- Between western Dhaulagiri, Himalaya and Mahabhartal range, Nepal
 Gorakhpur Sorrow -- Floods.
LEFT BANK TRIBUTARIES
Ramganga:
 Origination -- Southern slope of Dushtoli, Hills in the Chamoli distt. UK.
 Also flow through the dun Valley of Corbett National Park.
 Meets Ganga near Kannauj
 Damn -- Kalagarh dam
 Cities -- Bareilly, Ramnagar
GOMTI:
 Origination -- Gomattal (Fulhar lake) Near Madho Tanda, Pilibhit, UP
 At Gazipur meets Ganga
 City- Lucknow, Lakhimpur, Sultanpur, Jaunpur.
SHARDA:
 Origination -- Kalapani, Milam glacier, near Kama Yum, Nepal, Himalayas
 Indian Nepal called gori Ganga
 Also called river Mahakali in Nepal Kali temple situated in Kalapani
 Cities -- Tanakpur
 Dam -- sharda dam\ Pancheshwar dam
 Meets river Ganga at Behram Ghat
 Tributaries -- Sarju, Suheli.
GANDAK
 Also called Kaligandaki, KrishnAgandagi and naarayani.
 Origination -- Dhauligiri Range, Tibet- Nepal border.
 Merger with Ganga at Sonpur, Patna.
 Cities -- Narayangarh, Devghat, valmikinagar.
KOSI
 Origination -- Gosainath, Mt. Everest also called Saptakoshi for its 7.
 Himalayan River (tributaries)
 Meets Ganga at Kathiar Distt.
 Tributaries -- Bhangmati, Arun.
 “Sorrow of Bihar”
 Cities- Brihatnagar, Purnia, Kathiar.
GHAGHARA
 Origination -- Mapchachungo Glaciers, Rakastal, Mansarvor Lake, Tibat and China.
 Also called Karnali/ Kauriala
 Meets Ganga at Chhapra, Bihar.
 Tributaries -- Chhatti Gandak, Sharda
 Cities -- Ayodhya, Seti.
NAMAMI GANGE YOJNA

 Aim- efforts to clean and protect the river
Ganga in comprehensive manner
 Government announced 2037 crore
toward this mission
 Ganga Raju nation plan
 Also called integrated Ganga conservation
mission project
 The programme is being implemented by
the national mission for clean Ganga
NMCG (implementation wing of national Ganga council)
 Being operated under the depth of water resources a ministry of Jal shakti.
 Will cover 8 state and 12 rivers under the project
 Prime focus- involving people on the reverse bank in the project
OTHER INITATIVES TAKEN

 GANGA ACTION PLAN: First river action plan taken up by Ministry of
Environment, forest and climates change in 1985.-9+
The National River Conservation Plan – An extension of Ganga Action Plan.
 NATIONAL RIVER GANGA BASIN AUTHORITY- formed by GOI 15 2009

Declared Ganga as the ‘national river’ of India
 CLEAN GANGA FUND- 2014

 Bhuvan Ganga web app- Ensured the involvement of the public in the monitoring
of pollution and entering into the Ganga river.
 BAN ON WASTE DISPOSAL- 2017
BRAHMAPUTRA River System
 Brahmaputra River : Also called as RED River.
 Origin : Chomayungdung Glacier (Tibet)
 In Tibet called Tsangpo
 Route: Tibet > India > Bangladesh
 It is called Jamuna in Bangladesh.
 Majuli (Assam) is the biggest River Island in the
world located in Brahmaputra River.
 Enters India in Arunachal Pradesh, called Dihang
 Brahmaputra and Ganga meets at Bangladesh (Gwalando) and thereafter is
called padma.
 Last tributary of Brahmaputra before going to Bay of Bengal -- Meghna
 Originates on the South of “konggyu Tsho” lake
 Flows in 4 countries; Tibet, Bhutan, India, Bangladesh
 World’s biggest delta- Sundarbans (Brahmputra + Ganga)major part
Bangladesh
 Volume wise largest river of India.
 Length: 2900km
 Length in INDIA : 900 km
 Before flowing into Bay of Bengal it Join Meghna & adopt its name.
 End : Bay of Bengal
TRIBUTARIES OF Brahmaputra
 Nyang :
 Origin: China
 Length: 307 km
 Parlung / Yarlung :
 Origin: Tibet
 Length: 284 km
 Largest Tributary
 Kolong :
 Origin: Assam
 Length: 212km
 Lhasa :
 Origin: China (Nyenchen Mountain)
 Length: 440 km
 Rich in Minerals : Gold, Copper, Borax
 Dhansiri :
 Origin: Laisang Peak (Nagaland)
 Length: 352km
 Lohit :
 Origin: Tibet
 Length: 440 km
 Manas :
 Origin: Himalaya
 Length: 400km
 Beki :
 Origin: Bhutan
 Length: 85 km
 Teesta : (India-Nepal issue on Teesta)
 Origin: Tso Lhamo Lake (Sikkim)
 Length: 315 km
 Raidok :
 Origin: Himalaya (Bhutan)
 Via India meets Bangladesh
 Length:370 km
 Kameng :
 Origin: Glacial Lake (Indo-Tibet Border)
 Length: 264 km
 Jaldhaka :
 Origin: Bitang Lake (Sikkim)
 Via Bhutan meets Brahmaputra at Assam.
 Length: 186 km
 Subansiri : Longest Tributary of Brahmaputra
 Origin: Tibet
 Length: 442 km
 Route: Arunachala Pradesh > Assam (Jamurighat- meets with Brahmaputra)
Godavari River System

 Godavari River :
 Origin : Trembakeshwar (Maharashtra)
 Route: Maharashtra > Telangana > Chhattisgarh > Andhra Pradesh > odisha
 Length: 1465 km
 End : Bay of Bengal
TRIBUTARIES OF Godavari
 Peinganga :
 Origin: Aurangabad (Maharashtra)
 Length: 675 km
 Meets to another River at : Chandrapur
 Weinganga :
 Origin: Mahadev Hills (M.P)
 Length: 570 km
 Wardha :
 Origin: satpura Range (M.P)
 Length: 528 km
 Pranhita : Largest Tributary of Godavari

 Origin: Kautla (Maharashtra)
 Length: 113 km
 Meets to Godavari River at : Chunnar (Telangana)
 Purna :
 Origin: satpura Range (M.P-Betul District)
 Length: 334 km
 Meets to Godavari River at: Kamteshwar (Maharashtra + Telangana Border)
 Purvara :
 Origin: Ahmad Nagar (Maharashtra)
 Length: 208 km
 Meets to Godavari River at: Sholapur (Maharashtra)
 Manzira : Longest Tributary of Godavari
 Origin: Beed District (Maharashtra)
 Length: 725 km
 Route: Maharashtra > Karnataka > Telangana
 Meets to Godavari River at: Telangana (Rural Area)
 Sabri :
 Origin: Sinkaram Hills (Eastern Ghats-Odisha)
 Length: 420 km
 Meets to Godavari River at: Kunavaram (Telangana)
 Indravati :
 Origin: Dandkaranya (Eastern Ghats-Odisha)
 Length:535 km
 Meets to Godavari River at: Bijapur (Chhattisgarh)
Krishna River System

 Krishna River :
 Origin : Mahabaleshwar (Maharashtra)
 Length: 1400 km
TRIBUTARIES OF Krishna
 Tunga Bhadra : Largest Tributary of Krishna

 Length: 531 km
 Tunga River :
 Origin: Varah Parvat (Karnataka)
 Meets to Krishna River at : Sagameshwar Village ( Andhra Pradesh)
 Bhadra River :
 Origin: Anant Giri Hills (Karnataka
 Meets to Krishna River at : Koodli District (Karnataka)
 Bhima : Longest Tributary of Krishna
 Origin: Bhimshankar Jyotirling (Maharashtra)
 Length: 860 km
 Meets to Krishna River at : Nivruthi Sangam ( Karnataka Border)
 Ghata Prabha :
 Origin: Sidhudurg (Maharashtra)
 Length: 283 km
 Meets to Krishna River at : Chik Sangam (Begalkut District, Karnataka)
 Malprabha :
 Origin: Belagum District (Karnataka)
 Length: 300 km
 Meets to Krishna River at : Kundal Sangam ( Begalkut District )
 Musi :
 Origin: Anant Giri Hills (Telangana)
 Length: 240 km
 Meets to Krishna River at : Wadabally (Telangana)
 HYDERABAD is situated on Musi River.
 Koyna :
 Origin: Mahabaleshwar (Maharashtra)
 Length: 130 km
 Meets to Krishna River at : Priti Sangam (Maharashtra)
Cauvery / Kaveri River System

 Kaveri River :
 Origin : Talkaveri, Brahmagiri Hills (Karnataka)
 Route: Karnataka > Tamil Nadu
 Length: 800 km
TRIBUTARIES Of Kaveri
 Bhavani : Largest Tributary of Kaveri
 Origin: Nilgiri Mt. Ranges (Tamil Nādu)
 Length: 215 km
 Meets to Kaveri at : Kooduthurai (Tamil Nādu)
 Amravati : Longest Tributary of Kaveri
 Origin: Mujampatti Valley
 Length: 282 km
 Meets to Kaveri at : Karur District (Tamil Nadu)
 Hemavati :
 Origin: Balur (Chikamanglore - Karnataka)
 Length: 245 km
 Meets to Kaveri at : Krishna Raj Sagar (Karnataka)
 Harangi : Smallest Tributary of Kaveri
 Origin: Pushpa Giri Hills (Karnataka)
 Length: 50 km
 Meets to Kaveri at : Kudigue (Karnataka)
 Kabini :
 Origin: Waynod District (Kerala)
 Length: 240 km
 Meets to Kaveri at : Trimakudalu (Mysore, Karnataka)
 Suvarnawati :
 Origin: Nasur Ghat Hills (Mysore)
 Length: 90 km
 Meets to Kaveri at : Badibagda (Karnataka)
Important Points :
1. Narmada—Longest Westward Flowing River.
2. Brahmaputra – known as Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet.
3. Ganga known as Padma in Bangladesh.
Narmada RIVER SYSTEM

 It is located mainly in Madhya Pradesh.
 The Narmada River is also known as the Rewa River.
 Origin- From Maikala range near Amarkantak.
 It is a West flowing river(peninsular river)
 Route: It flows through Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra.
 Tributaries of Narmada River- Kolar River, Shakkar River, Dudhi River, Tawa River, and
Hiran River.
 Major Hydro Power Projects in this river Maheshwar Dam, Sardar Sarovar Dam, and
Indira Gandhi Sagar Dam.
 End: At Arabian Sea.
TAPTI RIVER SYSTEM
 It is located mainly in Madhya Pradesh.

 Origin-From Multai reserve forest.
 It is a West flowing river.
 Route: It flows through Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat.
 Tributaries of Tapti River- The Suki, the Gomai, the Arunavati, the Vaghur, the
Amravati, the Purna, the Mona, and the Sipna.
 Major Hydro Power Projects on this river- Kakrapar Dam, Ukai Dam, Girna Dam
 End: At Arabian Sea
Continents of World
Asia Africa N. S. Europe Australia Antarctica
America America
Area 29.9 % 20.2 % 16.3 % 11.9 % 6.7 % 5.2% 8.9%
Highest Mt. Kilimanjaro Mt. Ojesdel Mt. Mt. Mt.

Peak Everest (5895m) Makenly Salado Albrush Kyusku Winson
(8852m) (6190m) (7084m) (5640m) (2228m) (5140m)
Lowest Dead Aasal Death Velds Caspian Ayre Bental
Point Sea Lake Valley Peninsula Sea Lake Trench
Largest Yangtze Nile Missori Amazon Volga Murry ---

River Darling
Smallest Maldives Meoti St. Piere Folkland Vetican Nauru ---

Country Island City
Largest China Alegria Canada Brazil Russia Australia -----

Country
 Continents : Asia> Africa> Europe> N. America> S. America> Antarctica >Australia

Area Wise
 Continents : Asia> Africa> Europe> N. America> S. America > Australia> Antarctica

Population Wise
 Order of Oceans Area, Volume, Depth Wise:
Pacific Ocean > Atlantic Ocean > Indian Ocean > Southern Ocean > Artic Ocean.
 Order of Oceans Coastal Line Wise :
Pacific Ocean > Atlantic Ocean > Indian Ocean > Artic Ocean > Southern Ocean.
World’s Important Tribes

Tribe Place
Bindubu Australia
Negro Africa
Red Indian North America
Barbbar Africa
Bantu Africa
Chukchi Siberia (Russia)
Fin Europe
Beja Africa
Amerind America
Fellah Africa
Ainu Japan
Batwa Africa
Alklauf S. America
Kurd Iran, Iraq, Syria, Qatar & Philippines
Yuma N. America
Nagonda Africa
Laai Myanmar
Maori NewZealand
World’s Highest Peak

Peak Height Location
Mt. Everest 8852m Nepal-Tibet
K2 (Godwin Austin) 8611m India
Kanchenjunga 8586m Nepal-India
Lhotse 8516m Nepal-Tibet
Makalu 8466m Nepal-Tibet
Cho -yu 8201m Nepal-Tibet
Dhaulagiri 8167m Nepal
Mansalu 8163m Nepal
Nanga Parbat 8126m India (J&K)
Annapurna 8091m Nepal
Highest Peak of Ranges
Ranges Continent Highest Peak
Himalaya Asia Mt. Everest
Alpus Middle Europe Mt. Blank
Los Andes S. America Aconcagua
Rocky N. America Mt. Elbert
Ural Asia, Europe Gova Narodnaya
Atlas Africa Jewel Toubkal
Alpesian N. America Mt. Michale
Tienshan Russia (Asia Region) Poveda
Trans. Antarctica Antarctica Winson Massif
Alaska U.S Mt. Makenly
Apinnei Italy Mt. Corno Grand
Seera Medre Mexico Mt. Toipic
Zagros Iran Mt. Zadkoh
Drakensberg Africa Dwanaya Teleneya
Kamchatka Russia Mt. Sopka
Great Dividing Range Australia Mt. Kyousku
Important Lakes
Lake Location Length
Caspian Sea Russia/ Azerbaijan / Iran / 1200 km

Turkmenistan / Kazakhstan
Superior Canada 616 km
Victoria Uganda / Tanjania 310 km
Huron Canada 400 km
Michigan N. America 494 km
Aral Uzbekistan / Kazakhstan 425 km
Tanjayika Tanzania 670 km
Baikal Russia 635 km
Great Bear Canada 375 km
Nyasa Malawi - Tanzania 380 km
Great Slave Canada 480 km
Chad Mexico 650 km
Erie Canada 390 km
Winnipeg Canada 425 km
Ontario Canada 300 km
International Boundaries
Boundary Countries
Red Cliff India – Pakistan
McMohan India – China
Maginot Germany – France
Blue Line Lebanon – Israel
Green Line / Cyprus – Turkey

Attila line
Mannehirem Russia – Finland
Durand Pakistan – Afghanistan
Hindenburg Poland – Germany
17th Parallel N. Vietnam – S. Vietnam
20th Parallel Sudan – Libya
22nd Parallel Sudan - Egypt
25th Parallel Mauritania - Mali
31st Parallel Iran - Iraq
38th Parallel S. Korea – N. Korea
49th Parallel U.S. - Canada
24th Parallel India – Pakistan (Gujarat)
Seizefired Line France - Germany
Important Thermal Power Plants

Power Plants Location
Mundra Gujarat (Run of kutch)
Sipat Chhattisgarh (Bilaspur)
Talcher Odisha (Angul)
Vindhyachal M.P (Singrauli)
Rihand U.P (Sonbhadra)
Sikka Gujarat (Jamnagar)
Tiroda Maharashtra (Gondia)
Satpura M.P (satpura)
Durgapur West Bengal (Durgapur)
Wanakbori Gujarat (Mahisagar)
Anpara U.P (Sonbhadra)
Korba Chhattisgarh (Korbha)
 Maximum Thermal Power Plants are in – Gujarat.

 Biggest Thermal Power Plant in India- Vindhyachal (4760 MW)
Major National Highways
National Highway Route Length
NH 1 Delhi to Amritsar 456 km
NH 2 Delhi to Kolkata 1465 km
NH 3 Agra to Mumbai 1161 km
NH 4 Mumbai to Chennai 1235 km
NH 5 Jharpokhria (Odisha) to Chennai 1533 km
NH 6 Kolkata to Hazira(Gujrat) 1949 km
NH 7 Varanasi to Kanyakumari 2369 km
NH 8 Delhi to Mumbai 2807 km
NH 9 Delhi- Meerut Expressway 82 km
Ancient Name of Cities
Current Name Ancient Name
Prayagraj Allahabad/ Prayagraj
Chennai Madras
Guwahati Gauhati
Kojhikod Kaalikat
Lucknow Lakhnauti
Patna Patliputra
Panji Panjim
Saket Faizabad
Vadodara Baroda
Vishakhapatnam Vijayapatnam
Kanpur Cawnpore
Delhi Indraprastha
Kolkata Culcatta
Ahmadabad Karnavati
Mumbai Bombay
Pune Poona
Ranchi Kishunpur
Varanasi Banaras
Bengaluru Banglore
Top Spices Producer States
Crop Producer State
Saffron Jammu & Kashmir
Black Pepper Kerela
Cardamom Kerela
Ginger Kerela
Cumin Rajasthan
Clove Tamil Nadu
Chili Andhra Pradesh
Turmeric Andhra Pradesh
Coriander Rajasthan
Fenugreek Rajasthan
Garlic Gujrat
Top Fruits Producer States
Fruit Producer State
Mango Uttar Pradesh
Banana Maharashtra
Grapes Maharashtra
Guava Jharkhand
Gooseberry Uttar Pradesh
Papaya Andhra Pradesh
Coconut Kerela
Orange Maharashtra
Apple J&K
lychee Bihar
Pomegranate Maharashtra
Pear Himanchal Pradesh
Cashew Kerela
National Parks
S.No. National Park State Established
1 Papikonda National Park Andhra Pradesh 2008
2 Rajiv Gandhi National Park Andhra Pradesh 2005
3 Sri Venkateswara National Park Andhra Pradesh 1989
4 Kasu Brahmananda Reddy Telangana 1994

National Park
5 Mahavir Harina Vanasthali Telangana 1994
National Park
6 Mrugavani National Park Telangana 1994
7 Namdapha National Park Arunachal Pradesh 1983
8 Mouling National Park Arunachal Pradesh 1986
9 Dibru-Saikhowa National Park Assam 1999
10 Kaziranga National Park Assam 1974
11 Manas National Park Assam 1990
12 Nameri National Park Assam 1998
13 Rajiv Gandhi Orang National Park Assam 1999
14 Valmiki National Park Bihar 1989
15 Indravati National Park Chhattisgarh 1982
16 Kanger Valley National Park Chhattisgarh 1982
17 Guru Ghasi Das (Sanjay) National Chhattisgarh 1981

Park
18 Bhagwan Mahavir (Mollem) Goa 1992
National Park
19 Blackbuck National Park, Gujarat 1976
Velavadar
20 Gir Forest National Park Gujarat 1975
21 Marine National Park, Gulf of Kutch Gujarat 1982
22 Vansda National Park Gujarat 1979
23 Kalesar National Park Haryana 2003
24 Sultanpur National Park Haryana 1989
25 Pin Valley National Park Himachal Pradesh 1987
26 Great Himalayan National Park Himachal Pradesh 1984
27 Inderkilla National Park Himachal Pradesh 2010
28 Khirganga National Park Himachal Pradesh 2010
29 Simbalbara National Park Himachal Pradesh 2010
30 Dachigam National Park Jammu and Kashmir 1981
31 Hemis National Park Jammu and Kashmir 1981
32 Kishtwar National Park Jammu and Kashmir 1981
33 Salim Ali National Park Jammu and Kashmir 1992
34 Betla National Park Jharkhand 1986
35 Bandipur National Park Karnataka 1974
36 Bannerghatta National Park Karnataka 1974
37 Kudremukh National Park Karnataka 1987
38 Nagarhole (Rajiv Gandhi) National Karnataka 1988

Park
39 Anshi national park Karnataka 1987
40 Eravikulam National Park Kerala 1978
41 Mathikettan Shola National Park Kerala 2003
42 Periyar National Park Kerala 1982
43 Silent Valley National Park Kerala 1984
44 Anamudi Shola National Park Kerala 2003
45 Pambadum Shola National Park Kerala 2003
46 Bandhavgarh National Park Madhya Pradesh 1968
47 Kanha National Park Madhya Pradesh 1955
48 Madhav National Park Madhya Pradesh 1959
49 Mandla Plant Fossils National Park Madhya Pradesh 1983
50 Panna National Park Madhya Pradesh 1981
51 Pench (Priyadarshini) National Park Madhya Pradesh 1975
52 Sanjay National Park Madhya Pradesh 1981
53 Satpura National Park Madhya Pradesh 1981
54 Van Vihar National Park Madhya Pradesh 1979
55 Dinosaur National Park Madhya Pradesh 2010
56 Chandoli National Park Maharashtra 2004
57 Gugamal National Park Maharashtra 1975
58 Navegaon National Park Maharashtra 1975
59 Sanjay Gandhi (Borivilli) National Park Maharashtra 1983
60 Todoba National Park Maharashtra 1955
61 Pench National Park Maharashtra 1975
62 Keibul Lamjaa National Park Manipur 1977
63 Balphakram National Park Meghalaya 1985
64 Nokrek National Park Meghalaya 1986
65 Murlen National Park Mizoram 1991
66 Phawngpui Blue Mountain National Mizoram 1992

Park
67 Intanki National Park Nagaland 1993
68 Bhitarkanika National Park Odisha 1988
69 Simlipal National Park Odisha 1980
70 Sariska National Park Rajasthan 1982
71 Ranthambore National Park Rajasthan 1980
72 Mukundra Hills (Darrah) National Park Rajasthan 2006
73 Desert National Park Rajasthan 1992
74 Keolodeo Ghona National Park Rajasthan 1981
75 Khangchendzonga National Park Sikkim 1977
76 Mudumalai National Park Tamil Nadu 1990
77 Mukurthi National Park Tamil Nadu 1990
78 Indira Gandhi (Annamalai) National Tamil Nadu 1989

Park
79 Guindy National Park Tamil Nadu 1976
80 Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park Tamil Nadu 1980
Indian Cities on River Bank
City River State
Gangakhed Godavari Maharashtra
Agra Yamuna Uttar Pradesh
Ahmedabad Sabarmati Gujarat
Allahabad Ganga, Yamuna, Saraswati Uttar Pradesh
Ayodhya Badrinath Saryu Uttar Pradesh
Badrinath Alaknanda Uttarakhand
Kolkata Hooghly West Bengal
Cuttack Mahanadi Odisha
New Delhi Yamuna Delhi
Dibrugarh Brahmaputra Assam
Firozpur Sutlej Punjab
Guwahati Brahmaputra Assam
Haridwar Ganges Uttarakhand
Hyderabad Musi Telangana
Jabalpur Narmada Madhya Pradesh
Kota Chambal Rajasthan
Jammu Tawi J&K
Jaunpur Gomti Uttar Pradesh
Rajahmundry Godavari Andhra Pradesh
Srinagar Jhelum Jammu & Kashmir
City River State
Surat Tapi Gujarat
Varanasi Ganges Uttar Pradesh
Vijayawada Krishna Andhra Pradesh
Mathura Yamuna Uttar Pradesh
Modasa Mazum Gujarat
Mirzapur Ganga Uttar Pradesh
Morbi Mochchu Gujarat
Auraiya Yamuna Uttar Pradesh
Etawah Yamuna Uttar Pradesh
Bangalore Vrishabhavathi Karanataka
Farrukhabad Ganges Uttar Pradesh
Rangpo Teesta Sikkim
Shimoga Tungo River Karnataka
Bhadravathi Bhadra Karnataka
Hospet Tungabhadra Karnataka
Gwalior Chamboi Madhya Pradesh
Gorakhpur Ropti Uttar Pradesh
Lucknow Gomti Uttar Pradesh
Malegaon Girna River Maharashtra
Sombalpur Mahanadi Odisha
City River State
Paton Saraswati Gujarat
Thiruchiropa Kaveri Tamil Nadu
Bharuch Narmada Gujarat
Nashik Godavari Maharashtra
Kolhapur Panchaganon Maharashtra
Kurnool Tungabhadra Andhra Pradesh
Nizamabad Godavari Telangana
Sonali Krishng Maharashtra
Ujjain Shipra Madhya Pradesh
Straits
 Longest Straits : Strait of Malacca (800 km) connects the Andaman Sea with the
South China Sea (Pacific Ocean).
 Narrowest Strait: Strait of Bosphorus connecting the Black Sea with the Marmara
Sea.
 Bering Strait: separates Asia from America.
 Bass Strait: separates Australia from Tasmania.
 Gibraltar Strait: Separates Africa from Europe.
Name Separates Connects
Bering Strait Asia and North America East Siberian Sea with Bering
Sea
La Parouse Strait Sakhalin Island & Hokkaido Sea of OKhotsk with Sea of
Island Japan
Tata Strait Eastern Russia and Sakhalin Sea of OKhotsk with Sea of
Japan
Korea Strait South Korea and Kyushu (Japan) Yellow Sea with Sea of Japan
Formosa Strait (Taiwan Taiwan & China East China Sea with South
Strait) China Sea
Luzon Strait Taiwan & Luzon (phillippines) South China Sea with Pacific
Ocean
Makassar Strait Borneo (Kalimantan) & Celebes Celebes Sea with Java Sea
Island
Sundra Strait Java and Sumatra Java Sea with India Ocean
Malacca Strait Malaya Peninsula and Sumatra Java Sea with Bay of Bengal
Strait of Jahore Singapore & Malaysia South China Sea with strait of
Malacca
Strait of Hormuz UAE and Iran Persian Gulf with Gulf of
Oman
Strait of Bosporus Asia and Europe Black Sea with Sea of
Marmara
Strait of Dardanelles Asia and Europe Sea of Marmara with

Mediterranean Sea
Important Passes of India
 Passes in JAMMU & KASHMIR
 Banihal Pass:
Across the Pir Panjal Range After Jawahar Tunnel (1956) no longer used for road
transport
 Pir Panjal Pass: Also called Pir ki Gali.
 Burzil Pass:
Best-known route connecting Gilgit & Srinagar
Now a conflict territory and partitioned
 Passes in LADAKH
 Zoji La:
Zanskar Range.
Connects Srinagar with Kargil and Leh town
Part of NH1
 Pensi La -Known as the Gateway to Zanskar.
 Khardung La :
Ladakh Range - gateway to Shyok and Nubra valleys.
Used to carry supplies to Siachen Glacier.
 Umling La - World's highest motorable pass in Ladakh

Passing through Uminlga top)
Height of over 19,300 feet (Khardung La-2nd highest)
Constructed by Border Roads Organisation (under its Project Himank)
 Passes in LADAKH
 Mintaka Pass - Means 'thousand goats'.
Near trijunction of India-China and Afghanistan border.
 Aghil Pass - Karakoram Range - near K2 peak
 Qara Tag La - Karakoram Range
 Lanak La - Located in the disputed Aksai-Chin area
 Passes in HIMACHAL PRADESH
 Shipki La:
Located on Indo-China border
Passes through Jhelum Gorge
Link between Himachal Pradesh and Tibet region
 Debsa Pass - link between Kullu & Spiti
 Rohtang Pass- link between Kullu, Lahul & Spiti valleys of Himachal Pradesh
 Bara Lacha La - Zanskar Range

Connects Himachal Pradesh with Ladakh
situated along the Leh-Mandi Highway.
 Passes in UTTARAKHAND
 Lipu Lekh :
Near trijunction of India, Tibet and Nepal borders.
Pilgrims use this pass to reach Kailash-Mansarowar.
 Mana Pass - connects Uttarakhand with Tibet.
 Niti Pass - connects Uttarakhand with Tibet region.
 Muling La - situated North of Gangotri.
 Passes in SIKKIM
 Jelep La :
Lies at Sikkim-gives way to Bhutan
Route that connects Lhasa to India
Tista River has created this pass
 Nathu La -situated on India China border.

Important auxiliary route making up the ancient Silk Route
Nathu La connects Sikkim with Tibet region.
This pass was closed after Indo-China war in 1962 but was reopened in 2006.
 Passes in ARUNACHAL PRADESH
 Diphu pass - Lies on the trijunction of India, China and Myanmar.

Lies on Macmohan Line.
 Bom Di La - connects Arunachal Pradesh with Lhasa (Tibet)
 Yonggyap pass- on Indo-China border and joins Arunachal Pradesh with Tibet
region.
 Passes in RAJASTHAN
 Goram Ghat–
Located in the Aravali Range
Connects Mewar and Marwar
Connects Udaipur with Sirohi and Jalore
 Haldighati Pass :
Located in the Aravali Range - Connects Rajsamand and Pali.
Historically very significant-famous Battle of Haldighati took place (1576) between
Kingdom.
of Mewar (army led by Maharana Pratap) and Mughal emperor Akbar's general
Man Singh of Amer.
Turmeric-coloured yellow soil of the area.
 Passes in MADHYA PRADESH
 Asirgarh Pass : Satpura Range

Popularly Known as Dakkani Darwaza or Doorway to the Deccan/ Key to the
Deccan.
Connects North India with Deccan Plateau.
Connects the Narmada and Tapti Valleys.
 Passes in Western Ghats (MAHARASHTRA)
 Thal Ghat : Northern Sahyadri , Links Nasik to Mumbai.
 Bhor Ghat - In Northern Sahyadri & Links Mumbai to Pune
 Passes in Western Ghats (Kerala)
 Pal Ghat : Also called Palakkad Gap

Between Nilgiri and Annamalai hills.
Connects (Kochi) Kerala to (Chennai) Tamil Nadu
 Senkota Pass -
Between the Nagercoil and the Cardamom hills.
Links Thiruvanathpuram (Kerala) and Madurai (Tamil Nadu)
Projects of India
S. Name of the Project Location State Purpose
No.
21.
1. Jayakwadi Project
Omkareshwar Godavari
Narmada River Maharashtra
M.P Irrigation
Hydropower &
Irrigation
2.
22. Tapovan-Vishnugarh
Beas Project Beas
Alaknanda
River River U.P
Punjab & Hydroelectricity
Harayana
3.
23. Pamba Project
Nagarjun Project Pamba River
Krishna River Kerala Pradesh
Andhra Irrigation
River
Conservation &
24. Pochampad Project River Godavari Andhra Pradesh Irrigation
Irrigation
4. Gima Project Gima River Maharahtra Irrigation & River
Link
25. Lower Sileru Project Sileru River Andhra Pradesh Hydroelectricity
5. Daman Project River Daman Ganga Gujarat Irrigation & River
Link
26. Kakrapur Project Tapi River Gujarat Irrigation
6. Farakka Project Ganga West Bengal Irrigation
27. Kothagudem Project Singreni Coal Fields Andhra Pradesh Thermal Power
7. Tehri Project Bhagirathi River Uttarakhand Hydroelectricity
28. Kosi Project Kosi River Bihar Flood Control,

8. Loktak Project Loktak Lake Manipur Hydroelectricity
Irrigation,
Hydroelectricity
9.
29. Papanasam
Gandak Project
Project Thamirabarani
Gandak River River Tamil
U.P & Nadu
Bihar Hydroelectricity
Irrigation,
Hydroelectricity
30.
10. Dhuvaran Power
Rana Pratap Sagar Kheda District
Chambal River Gujarat
Rajasthan Thermal Power
Hydroelectricity
Station
Project
11.
31. Pallivasal Project
Sabarigiri Munnar AbujaRiver
Pamba-kakki River Kerala Hydroelectricity
12.
32. MetturProject
Idukki Project Kaveri
Periyar,River
Cheruthoni, Tamil
KeralaNadu Hydroelectricity
Idukki River
33.
13. Chambal
MayurakshiProject
Project Chambal River
Mayurakshi River Rajasthan,
West BengalM.P Irrigation
Irrigation,
Hydroelectricity
14.
34. Sharda
Tawa Project
Sahayak Narmada(Tawa)
Beas River Punjab
M.P & Hydroelectricity
Irrigation
River Harayana
15.
35. Sardar Project
Korba Sarovar Project Near KorbaRiver
Narmada Gujarat & M.P
Chhattisgarh Thermal Power
Irrigation,
Coalfields Hydroelectricity
36.
16. Satpura
BansagarPower Station
Project Patharkada
Son River M.P & Thermal
IrrigationPower
Coalfields Chhattisgarh
17.
37. Dul Hasti
Koyna Project
Project Chenab
Koyna River
River J&K
Maharashtra Hydroelectricity
18.
38. Salal Project
Nagpur Power Station Koradi,
ChenabNear
RiverNagpur Maharashtra
J&K Hydroelectricity
Thermal Power
39.
19. TungaBhadra
Theri Dam Project TungaBhadra
Ravi River River Karanataka,
Punjab Irrigation,
Andhra Pradesh Hydroelectricity
40.
20. Upper KrishnaProject
MalaPrabha Project Krishna River River
MalaPrabha Karnataka
Karanataka Irrigation
S. Name of the Project Location State Purpose
No.
41. Sharavathi Project Sharavathi River Karnataka Hydroelectricity
42. Hirakund Project Mahanadi River Odisha Irrigation
43. Bhakra Nangal Project Sutlez River H.P , Punjab & Irrigation,
Harayana Hydroelectricity
44. Rajasthan Canal River Sutlez Rajasthan Irrigation
Project
45. Kundah Project Kundah River Tamil Nadu Hydroelectricity
46. Ramganga Project Chuisot Stream near Uttarakhand Irrigation,

Kalagarh Hydroelectricity
47. Matatila Project Betwa River U.P, M.P Irrigation,
Hydroelectricity
48. Rihand Project Rihand River U.P Irrigation,
Hydroelectricity
49. Damodar Project Damodar River Jharkhand Irrigation,
Hydroelectricity
50. Ukai Project Tapi River Gujarat Irrigation
51. Mahi Project Mahi River Gujarat Irrigation
52. GhataPrabha Project GhataPrabha River Andhra Pradesh, Irrigation

Karnataka
53. Bhima Project Bhima River Maharashtra Irrigation
Hirakud Dam is built across the Mahanadi River, about 15 kilometres from Sambalpur in
the state of Odisha in India. It is the longest earthen dam in the world. Behind the dam
extends a lake, Hirakud Reservoir, 55 km long.
Rivers and Disputing States
River Disputing States
Krishna Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka
Godavari Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha,

Karnataka
Cauvery Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu. Puducherry
Narmada Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra
Mahanadi / mandovi Odisha & Chhattisgarh
Vansadhara Andhra Pradesh and Odisha
Ravi and Beas Punjab and Haryana
Mullaperiyar Kerala and Tamil Nadu
Important Falls in India
Water Fall Height in Meters River Location
Kunchikal falls 455 Varahi Karnataka
Langshiang falls 337 Kynshi Meghalaya
Nohkalikai falls 335 - Meghalaya
Nohshgithiang 315 - Meghalaya
Dudhzagar falls 310 Mandovi Goa
Kynoem fulls 305 - Meghalaya
Meenmutty falls 300 Karimpuzha Kerala
Thalaiyar falls 297 Majjalar Tamil Nadu
Barkana falls 259 Sita Karnataka

Barchipani falls 399 Budhabalanga Orissa
Lakes of India
Wular Lake Jammu & Kashmir Sambhar Rajasthan
Lonar Maharashtra Sukhna Chandigarh
Kolleru Andhra Pradesh Parashuram Kund Arunachal Pradesh
Loktak Manipur Pongong Tso Jammu & Kashmir
Dal Lake Jammu & Kashmir Nakki Lake Rajasthan
Naini Tal Uttarakhand Pushkar Lake Rajasthan
Salt Lake Kolkata Udaipur Lake Rajasthan
Chilka Odisha Upper & Lower Lake Bhopal, MP
Pulicut Andhra Pradesh Nizam Sagar Hydera
Vembanad Kayal Kerala Bhim Tal Uttarakhand
Ashtamudi Kerala Tso Morari J&K
THE GREAT PLAINS OF INDIA
 To the south of Himalayas & to the North of Peninsula.
 Total length-2400km , width -- 150-300km
 Formed by deposition works of 3 major rivers- Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra
 Very fertile
 Alluvial soil
 Its western portion is occupied by desert
ALLUVIAL TYPES
BHANGAR(Old Alluvium) KHADAR(New Alluvium)
1. Found away from the river 1. Found near the rivers
2. Less fertile 2. Very fertile
3. Contains calcareous deposits 3. Fine grained
called kankar 4. The deposit of fresh alluvium
4. These are low plains every year brought by the
Himalayas makes this belt.
BHABAR PLAINS
 Long narrow plain along the foothills.
 Pebble studded zone.
 9-16 km. wide.
 Unsuitable for agriculture.
 streams disappear here.
TARAI PLAINS
 Broad long zone south of bhabar plain.
 Damp area covered with dense forests.
 20-30km wide.
 suitable for agriculture:
 streams appear here
SUB-DIVISIONS OF THE GREAT PLAINS
THE RAJASTHAN PLAINS: Thar/ The Great Indian Desert

 Western most region of the Great Indian plain
 Luni- only South West flowing river of the region.
 Undulating plain [ wave like]
 Marusthali
 Saline Lakes-Didwana, Kuchaman, Sambhar, etc.
THE PUNJAB-HARAYANA PLAINS:

PUNJAB PLAINS:
 Formed by 5 Important rivers of Indus system.
 This plain is primarily made up of DOABS -the land between the 2 rivers
DOAB REGION
 BIST DOAB Between Beas and Sutlej
 BARI DOAB Between Beas and Ravi
 RACHNA DOAB Between Ravi and Chenab
 CHAJ DOAB Between Chenab and Jhelum
 SIND SAGAR DOAB Between Jhelum and Indus
PUNJAB- The land of five waters- Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, Beas
The eastern boundary of this plain is marked by; Delhi, Aravalli, Ridge
 Total area-1.75 lakh sq. km.

 Average elevation -- about 250 meter.
 The only River between Yamuna and Sutlej considered - Ghaggar (successor of
Saraswati river)
THE GANGA PLAIN:

 Extends from Delhi to Kolkata States -- UP, Bihar, WB, UK.
 The Ganga and its tributaries deposit large amount of alluvium and make this
extensive plain more fertile.
 Largest unit of great plain of India.
 Rivers -- Chambal, Betwa, Kein, Son
 General Slope -- East to South East
 Rivers-> Keep on shifting their courses making this area prone frequent floods.
 KOSI -- sorrow of Bihar.
THE BRAHMAPUTRA PLAIN:
 Low level plain formed by Brahmaputra river system
 Also called AS valley / AS plain.
THE COASTAL PLAINS

 Indian coastline -- 7516.6km. (including Island)
 Indian coastline -- 6100km.(without Island)
 Indian coastline touches --13 states + UT`S.
 India is a country surrounded by the sea on three of its sides.
On the basis of location:1. Eastern coastal plains
2. Western coastal plains
EASTERN COASTAL PLAINS

 Rivers like Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri from deltas (very fertile and
agriculture) in eastern coastal plains.
 The delta of river Krishna-> Granary of the south India.
Deltas: Wetlands that from as rivers as empty their waterand sediment into another body
of water such as ocean lake etc.
 Lies between eastern Gates and Bay of Bengal.

 Extends from Ganga delta to Kanyakumari.
 Important geographical features; CHILKA LAKE
PULICAT LAKE
REGIONAL NAMES OF EASTERN COAST:

 Orissa -- Utkal Coast.
 From the southern limit of Utkal coast -- Andhra Coast.
 Tamil Nadu – Tamil Nadu Coast
 TN Coast + Parts of Andhra Pradesh Coast – Coromandal Coast/ Payan Ghat
COASTLINE OF EMERGENCE
 Formed either due to a upliftment of the land or due to the lowering of sea level.
 Because of its emergent nature, It has less no. of ports.
WESTERN COASTAL PLAINS

 Stretches from Gujrat(Gulf of Khambat) North to Kerala in the south, passing through
Karnataka, Goa and Maharashtra.
 Stretches for 1500km from North to South.
 Width -- 10-25 km
 The continental shelf is at its widest off the Bombay coast.
 Form estuaries. (of the Narmada &Tapi).
 It is narrower than the Eastern Coast
 4CATEGORIES: 1. Kachchh & Kathiawar Coast.
2.Konkan Coast.
3.Kannada Coast.
4.Malabar Coast.
ESTUARIES: An estuary is an area where a freshwater river meets the ocean- brackish
water (salty but not as much as ocean water).
1. Kachchh and Kathiawar Coast: Gujrat,

Great Rann- North
Little Rann- South
2. konkan coast: Daman in the North to goa in the South,
Important crops of the region -- Rice and Cashew.
3.Kanada coast: Marmagaon –North
Mangalore – South
Rich in the iron deposits.
4. Malabar coast: Mangalore -- North,

Kanyakumari -- south.
Regional Names
 KONKAN COAST = MH Coast, Goa coast
 MALBAR COAST = Kerala coast, Karnataka Coast
 COROMANDAL COAST = Coastline of Emergence
 MALABAR COAST (KERALA) = Coastline of Emergency
 KONKAN COAST(MH+GOA COAST) = Coastline of Submergence
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE COSTAL PLAIN REGION:

 Agriculturally very productive.
 (W) coastal Plains -- Tropical Crops.
 (E) coastal -- Rice
 Tourist centres.
 Salt making, Fishing.
 Centres of Commerce.
ISLANDS OF INDIA
Islands-> Body of land surrounded by the water.
ANDAMAN AND NICOBARS ISLANDS

 Group of 572 Islands.
 Formed by volcanic activity
 Northern part – Andaman Island
 Southern Part -- Nicobar
 10°Channel separates them
 Ritchies' Archipelago & labyrinth Island are the two groups.
 India’s only active volcano -- Barren Island(Nicobar islands)
 Formed due to collision between Indian Plate & Burma Minor Plate [part of Eurasian
plate).
 These are divided into 3 main islands - North, Middle & South.
 Duncan passage separates Little Andaman from south Andaman
 Port Blair(lies in the south Andaman) -capital
 Among the Nicobar Islands , Largest -- the great Nicobar
 The Great Nicobar -- Southern Most island very close to Sumatra island ( Indonesia)
 These islands are made up at tertiary sandstone, limestone and shale.
 Most of the island - thick forests & Some of the island- coral reefs
 Highest peak- saddle peak (North Andaman)
 Andaman's State Animal -- Dugong (sea Mammal).
 Also called Emerald Islands.
 The sentinels -- the only known Palaeolithic people Live here
 Located in the EQ zone.
 Coconut
 Worlds largest crab -- Giant Robber Crab.
LAKSHADWEEP ISLAND:
 Located in the Arabian Sea.
 U.T of India:
 Previously called Lacadive, Minicoy & Aminidive (1956-1973)
 Minicoy + Aminidive group – Primary Islands
 Group of many islands.
 Inhabitable - only 10.
 In Malayalam, &Sanskrit, Lakshadweep means» "Hundred Thousand Lands" Called
"Coral Islands”
 Northern most- Aminidive islands
 Southern most - Minicoy islands
 The Largest & most advanced - Minicoy Island.
 Capital -- kawaratti( Largest city in the U.T)
 Primary source of Income- fishing
 Biggest island- Minicoy Island
 Island of Pitti -- Bird sanctuary
SOME OTHER IMPORTANT ISLANDS:
ABDUL KALAM ISLAND

 APJ Abdul Kalam.
 Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam.
 Indian Scientist.
 Politician.
 Missile man.
 President of India (2002-2007).
 Played an important role in the development of nuclear programs.
 "'People’s president of India".
 Wheeler Island(Name change) -- Abdul Kalam Island.
 Near the Orissa coast -- Bay of Bengal.
 Missile launching station.
 India's most advanced missile testing facility.
PAMBAN ISLAND
 Lies b/w Sri Lanka .
 Located in the Gulf of Mannar
 Comes under Ramananthpuram, Tamil Nadu (district)
 Must of the land- white sand.
 Not suitable for agriculture.
SRIHARIKOTA ISLAND
 Lies between Pulicat Lake and Bay of Bengal.
 Located in the Nellore district Andhra Pradesh /Tirupati.
 One of the ISRO satellite launch facilities.
ISRO
 Indian Space Research Organisation National Space Agency of India .
 HQ -Bangalore.
 Department of space.
 Established Year --15th Aug, 1969
 India has two satellite Launch center:
 TERLS (Thirivanathapuram, Kerala)- Thumba Equatorial: Rocket Launch Station.
 SDSC(Sriharikota Island )Satish : Dhawan Space: Centre, Andhra Pradesh
MAJAULI ISLAND
 Assam
 World's largest freshwater Island.
 Bhramputra river.
 India's 4th dist. – 2016.
 Also called cultural capital of Assam.
ALABET ISLAND
 Gulf of Khambat(Gujrat).
 In the delta of river Narmada.
 India's 1st. off -shore oil well site.
SALSETTE ISLAND
 India most popular Island.
 Mumbai city is located on it.
SAGAR ISLAND; Ganga delta, Bay of Bengal, significant Hindu Pilgrimage site.
HOLIDAY ISLAND; Part of the Sunderbans region, WB, Malta river.
PHUMBIS/FLOATING ISLAND; MN, Located with in Keibuj, Lamjao N.P.
MUNROE ISLAND; Kerala, At the confluence of lake and Kallada river.
NEW MORE IASLAND

 Ganga delta.
 Born of contention between India and Bangladesh.
 Sometimes -- appear or disappear.
 Firstly appeared in 1970.
 No permanent inhabitants.
 Rumours- oil and natural gas.
 2010- completely submerged by the rising sea water due to global warming.
SIGNIFINANCE
 Naval and military bases.
 Surveillance and comments.
 War add battle- launch platform.
 Tourist Destination.
TRANSPORT
RAILWAYS
 Largest railway network in the world- USA, China, Russia, India(4th)
 In term of number of rail passenger travel through the year -- first.
 Indian Railways, operate in 3 different gauge:

 Board gauge (1.676 metre)
 Metre gauge (1 metre)
 Narrow gauge (0.761 and 0.610 metre)
 First railway line in India - 1853,Bombay to Thane distance 34 kilometre

 Second railway line in India -1854 Howrah to Hooghly
 First electric train in India - Deccan queen (1929)- Bombay and Pune
 HQ Indian railway- New Delhi (1853)- lord Dell house
 Indian Railways-
 1901- on the recommendations officer Thomas Robertson committee.
 1 chairman (Vijay Kumar Tripathi) + 7 member +1 finance commissioner,
formed 1905
RAILWAY ZONES
Total 17 + 1 non-operational is equal to 18
South Coast railways HQ- Visakhapatnam AP youngest railway zone
ZONE HQ
 Control Railway Mumbai
 Eastern railway Kolkata
 East control railway Hajipur, Bihar
 East coast railway Bhubaneshwar
 Western railway Mumbai(church gate)
 West-control railway Jabalpur, MP
 Northern railway(largest) New Delhi
 North-Eastern railway(smallest) Gorakhpur
 North eastern frontier railway Malegaon, Guwahati, AS
 North central railway Allahabad, UP
 North western railway Jaipur, RJ
 Southern railway Chennai
 South central Securndarabad, Telangana
 South eastern Kolkata
 South east central railway Bilaspur, Chhatisgarh
 South west railway Hubli
 The Fastest train in India- Vande Bharat express,

Train 18
Max speed 180 kilometre per hour
First run- New Delhi to Varanasi
 Second fastest train in India- Gatiman express, 160 kilometre per hour
Hazrat Nizamuddin to Agra cantonment (188Km)
Facilities- Veg food and non-veg food, free Wi.Fi,
Train Hostess
 3rd of fastest train in India- Shatabdi express

New Delhi- Bhopal
speed 150 kilometre per hour
Longest train route of India- Vivek express
 China of express trains
 Railway budget 2011 to 2012- announce
 Standard to commemorate the 150th birth anniversary of swami Vivekananda
2013.
 Dibrugarh to Kanyakumari
 Weekly train
 4227 kilometres
The second longest train route in India- HIMSAGAR EXPRESS

 From Jammu Tawi to Kanyakumari
 3726 km.
 Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, MP, RJ, UP, Delhi, Punjab, Haryana
and Jammu Kashmir- 12 states
 Weekly train
 First service 1984.
First metro in India

 24 October 1984 -- Metro Railway, Kolkata
 Distance -- 3.4 km.
 Dehradun -- Belgacchla
DELHI METRO: Started-2002
 Bengaluru 2011
 Gurgaon 2013
 Jaipur 2015
 Chennai 2015
 Hyderabad 2015
 Navi Mumbai 2016
 Kochi 2016
 lucknow 2016
MONO RAIL-: A railway in which the track consist of a single rail or a beam monorail (style
of the track)
First operational monorail in India --Mumbai MONO RAIL 2014
Planning -- Kerala, Delhi, Bengaluru(KR)
KONKAN RAILWAYS:
 Operated by Konkan railway cooperation
 HQ- Navi, Mumbai, MH
 Establishment-1998
 4 states- MH, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala.
COMMITTEES CONSTITUED FOR RAIL SECURITY
COMMITTEES YEAR
 Shahnawaz Committees 1954
 Kunzrou Committees 1962
 Wahchoo Committees 1968
 Sikri Committees 1978
 Khana Committees 1998
 The oldest stream engine -- fairy queen

 Up has largest railway network in India
 Mumbai CST Busiest railway junction in India
 First solar powered railway station in India-- Guwahati, Assam
 Railway Electrification was introduced in 1925 in I Railway in India.
DIAMOND QUADRILATERAL
 Indian Railways- Project
 To establish high speed rail network in India
 Will connect 4 Mega cities – Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai & Mumbai.
RAILWAY MANUFACTURING UNITS
UNIT LOCATION
 Chittaranjan Locomotive works  WB
(CLW)  Varanasi, UP
 Diesel Locomotive Work (DLW)  Patiala
 Diesel Component Works (DCW)
 Kapurthala, PB
 Rail Coach Factory (RCF)  Chennai
 Integral Coach factory (ICF)
 Durgapur (WB)Yelahanka
 Wheel Axle Plant (Karnattka)
 Bengaluru
 Bharat Earth Movers Ltd.  Allahabad,, UP.
 Central Org. for Railway
electrification.
TRANSPORT -- ROADWAYS
 The first road development plan was formulated in 1943 (Nagpur plan)
 According to first 5 year plan (1951-1956) -- NH, SH, District roads ,Village roads
 Largest roads network in the work -- USA, India 2nd
 National highways – constructed by CPWD
NHAI National Highway Authority of India

 1995(act1988)
 Responsible for management of highway
 Ministry of road, transport and highways
 HQ- New Delhi
 Longest NH- NH44, from Srinagar to Kanyakumari, old name -NH7, 3745 KM
 Shortest NH-NH966B, old name -NH47A, Kundanoor and Willingdon island in Kochi,
Kerala
 NH5 – Easten coast
 NH17 -- westen coast
NATIONAL HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

 To upgrade, widen major highways in India
 Project started – 1998(PM-Atal Bihari Vajpayee)
 NH - 2% of total road, 40% of total traffic
 The golden quadrilateral connects:
 Delhi to Kolkata
 Kolkata to Chennai
 Chennai to Mumbai
 Mumbai to Delhi
 North to south and east to west corridors:

 NS corridors: Srinagar to Kanyakumari
 EW corridors: Porbandar(Gujrat) to Silchar(Assam)
 Maximum length of corridors is in – Tamilnadu, UP(2nd)
TRANSPORT-AIRWAYS
 JRD Tata -- 1st Person - Flight (Mumbai to Karachi (1931)
 1935 -- ‘Tata Airline’ started operation between Mumbai and Thiruvananthapuram
 1937- Mumbai and Delhi
 Vayudoot Limited- 1981
AIRPORTS AUTHORITY OF INDIA

 Established Year – 1995
 HQ- Delhi, Ministry of Civil Aviation
 HISTORY: IAAI + NAAI

(Int. AAI) (National AAI) Merged-> 1995
(1972) (1986) By an act of parliament,
Int Airports Domestic Airports Act, 1994. Statutory Body
 Responsible For upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation
infrastructure.
 Responsible for providing safe and efficient services.
 Fastest mode of transport- Saves time, High speed
 AAI manages – Civil Aviation Training College -- Allahabad National institute of
Aviation Manage and research – N- Delhi.
INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS IN INDIA

 Rajiv Gandhi int. Airport  Hyderabad
 Calicut int. Airport  Calicut
 Chhatrapati Shivaji Int. Airport  Mumbai
 Goa ( Dabalim) Airport  Goa
 Netaji Subhash Chandra base Int. Airport  Kolkata
 Thiruvananthapuram int. Airport  Kerala
 Lokpriya Gopinath Bordolai int. Airport  Guwahati
 Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel int. Airport  Ahemdabad
 Indira Gandhi Int. Airport  Delhi
 Shri Guru Ram Das jee Int. Airport  Amritsar
 Cochin Int. Airport  Kerala
 Combatore Int. Airport  Tamilnadu
 Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport  Varanasi (UP)
 Chaudhary Cahran Singh Airport  Lucknow (UP)
 Ambedkar Airport  Nagpur (MH)
 Veer Savarkar int. Airport  Port blair
TRANSPORT-WATERWAYS
 Cheapest and oldest mode of transport.
 Does not require huge capital investment in the construction and maintenance of
track.
 Suitable for carrying bulky goods over long distances.
MAJOR WATERWAYS OF INDIA
LONGEST- NW1 -- Allahabad- Haldia(1620km.), Ganga River
SHORTEST- NW69 -- Tamiklnadu (5km.), Manimutharu River
IWAI: Inland Waterways Authority of India

 Under IWAI - 1985 Act
 Statutory Body ( i.e. made by act of Parliament)
 Formed- 1986
 HQ- Noida
 Ministry of ports, Shipping and Waterways
PORTS IN INDIA
 The waterways Authority in India has divided Ports in 3 categories:
1. MAJOR PORTS (13)
2. MINOR PORTS (190 appx.)
3. INTERMEDIATE PORTS
POINTS TO REMEMBER:
 Jawahar Lal Nehru Port Trust (JLNPT) -- Best Global port in India.
Third time in arrow in the Atal Shastra Markenomy Award 2020.
 6 New Mega Ports -- to be developed under SAGAR MALA PROJECT
PORTS ON THE EASTERN COASTS

 Located along the Bay of Bengal
 Wider coast
 Extends from Ganga to Kanyakumari region
 Cuts 3 Indian states: Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu.
 The Deltas of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri are present here.
 Deltas --- very fertile, Suitable for agricultural purposes.
 Delta of Krishna River - Granary of South India
1. CHENNAI PORT:
 Also called Madras port
 2nd largest port of India
 Oeration-1881
 3rd oldest port of india
 Lies on the Coromandal Coast
 TN’s main port
2. TUTICORIN PORT:
 Tamil Nadu
 Connected by railways and roads
 Mainly trades with Sri Lanka
 Pearl city -> Pearl fishery
 Direct weekly container service to USA
3. VISHAKHAPATNAM PORT:
 Andhra Pradesh
 1933 – lord Willingdon inaugurated it.
 Serves the Bhilai and Rourkeila steel plant
4. PARADIP PORT:
 Orissa
 Major deep water seaport
 Allows it to handle heavy and bulk containers
 Mainly deals with the trade of coal and iron ores
 Has its own railway for the transportation of goods
5. KOLKATA PORT
 On the bank of river Hooghly
 Oldest port of India (constructed by EIC)
 Mainly trades with Australia and SE Asian countries.
 ‘Gateway of eastern India’
 Main centre for the trade of Jute
 Only port having two dock system: Kolkata Dock, Haldia Dock
6. ENNORE PORT
 First corporatized major port in India
 Major exporter of coal
 Railway + Roads links – Transportation
 coromandel coast
 Tamil Nadu
PORTS ON THE WESTERN COASTS:
KANDLA PORT:
 Also called kandla Greek(place)Gujrat
 Busiest and richest port of India
 First export processing port of India
 Currently – Highest profitable port of India
MUMBAI PORT:
 Largest port of India
 Handles 1/5th of India’s foreign trade also called front bay or gateway of India
JLN PORT:
 Mumbai, also called Nava- Sheva port
 Largest container part of India
 Construction in 1989 & completely owned by GOI.
COCHIN PORT:
 Kerala, highly growing ports on Arabian sea,
 lies between 2 islands: Willingdon and vallarpadam.
MANGALORE PORT:
 Indira Gandhi – Inauguration – 1974
 Also called Panambur port(Karnattka)
MURMUGAO PORT :
 Goa – Major port – 1963
 13th major port – Port Blair port, Andaman and Nicobar islands, Bay of Bengal.
NICKNAMES OF IMPORTANT INDIAN PLACES
 Abode of the god Prayagraj
 Blue mountains Nilgiri
 Boston of india Ahmedabad
 City of buildings Kolkata
 City of castels Kolkata
 City of festivals Madurai
 City of lakes Srinagar

 City of nawabs Lucknow
 City of rallies New Delhi
 City of 7 Islands Mumbai
 City of temples Varanasi

 City of weavers Panipat
 Dakshin ganga Godavari
 Deccan Queen Pune
 Egg bowl of India Andhra Pradesh
 Electronic city of India Bengaluru
 Garden city of India Bengaluru
 Garden of spices of India Kerala
 Gateway of India Mumbai
 Golden city Amritsar
 Space city Bengaluru
 Pink city Jaipur
 Old Ganga Godavari
 Soya Region MP
 Heaven of India J and K
 Hollywood of India Mumbai
 Manchester of India Ahmedabad
 Manchester of the N. I Kanpur
 Manchester of the S. I Coimbatore
 Pittsburg of India Jamshedpur
 Queen of Arabian Sea Cochin
 Queen of the Mountains Mussorie
 Sacred river Ganga
 Silicon Valley of India Bengaluriu
 State of five rivers PB
 Steel city of India Jamshedpur
 Switzerland of India Kashmir
 Venice of the East Kochi
 City of Chillies Guntur
 Spiritual Capital of Andra p. Tirupati
 The place of victory Vijaywada
 The city of destiny Vishakhapatnam
 Tea city of India Dibrugarh
 The city of Blood Tezpur
 Silk city of India Bhagalpur
 The land of knowledge Nalanda
 Power Hub of India Kobra, Chhattisgarh
 City of Rallies New Delhi
 Millennium city of India Gurgaon
 Mini Cuba Bhiwani
 Coal capital of India Dhanbad, JH
 Scotland of India Coorg , Kamattka
 Ice cream city of India Manglore
 Rome of the east Manglore
 Heritage city of Karnataka Manglore
 Cashew capital of the Kolam, kerala
world Indore
 Mini Mumbai Mumbai
 Financial capital of India Mumbai
 City of Dreams Nagpur
 City of oranges Nasik
 Wine capital of India Pune
 Oxford of the East Shillong
 Scotland of the East Deogarh
 City of waterfalls Puducherry
 Paris of the East Patiala
 Royal city Udaipur, RJ
 White city Chennai
 Detroit of India Ooty
 Queen of hill stations Hyderabad
 City of Pearls Hyderabad
 City of the Nizams Up
 City of Taj
FAMOUS HILL STATIONS
Hill Station State
 Coonor Tamil Nadu
 Delhouse Himachal Pradesh
 Darjeeling West Bengal
 Gangtok Assam
 Gulmarg J&K
 Kalimpong West Bengal
 Kasauli Himachal Pradesh
 Khandala Maharashtra
 Kullu valley Himachal Pradesh
 Landoune Uttarakhand
 Lonawala Maharashtra
 Mahabaleshwar Maharashtra
 Mannar Kerala
 Manali Himachal Pradesh
 Mandi Himachal Pradesh
 MT. Abu Rajasthan
 Mukteshwar Uttarakhand
 Musoorie Uttarakhand
 Nainital Uttarakhand
 Ooty Tamil Nadu
 Pahalgam J&K
 Panchgani Maharashtra
 Periyar Kerala
 Ranikhet Uttarakhand
 Shimla Himachal Pradesh
 panchmarhi Madhya Pradesh
CROPS IN INDIA
 All crops do not grow in the same season
 Different crops -- Different suitable climatic conditions
KHARIF CROPS:
 At the beginning of 1st Monsoon rains
 Sown – June to July
 Harvesting – Sep to Oct
 Require good rainfall
 Turmeric, pulses, Soyabean, Sugar cane, Jawar, Bajara, Makka, Rice.
RABI CROPS:
 Also called Winter crops
 Sown – Oct to Nov.
 Harvesting – March to April (spring season)
 Require frequent irrigating; because they are grown in dry areas
 Wheat, potato, peas, mustered, Chickpeas.
ZAID CROPS:
 Grown, between kharif and Rabi seasons i.e, between march to June
 Require warm and dry weather
 Groundnut, Cucumber, Pumpkin, Watermelon, Muskmelon, Sugarcane.
CASH CROPS:
 Cultivated to be sold in the market.
 To earn Profits.
 Trading -- National and International market
 Coffee, Tea, Cotton, Sugarcane, Groundnut, Rice, Wheat
CLIMATIC REGIONS OF INDIA
 TREWARTH`S CLASSIFICATION
 This is scheme has been most satisfactory of all the classifications of the Indian
climate regions.
 Presented a modified form of Koppen`s classifications
Climatic regions of India:

1. A type: Two types: AM & AW
Temp. does not fall Below 18 degree C.
 AM: Tropical Rain Forest:

 High temperature throughout the year
 Heavy rainfall
 Annual rainfall -- 200 centimetre
 Western gates, Western Coastal planes, parts of Assam & Tripura.
 AW: Tropical Savanna Climate:

 Dry winter
 Annual rainfall --100 centimetre
 Most of the peninsular region
2. B type: Three types BS, BSH, BWH

 BS: Tropical semi- Arid or Steppe Climate:
 Rainfall -- Low- 60- 80 centimetre
 Temperature -- 20˚- 30˚C
 Rain shadow zone of western Ghats.
 BSH- Tropical and subtropical steppe climate

 Temperature less than 30˚
 Punjab, Haryana, Kachchh region
 Bwh -- Tropical Desert Climate

 Scanty rainfall
 High temperature
 Thrown Bushest – Rajasthan & Gujrat
3. C type - CAW: subtropical climate with dry winters
 Mild winters
 Extremely hot summer and
 South of Himalayas i.e, Northern planes
4. H type- Mountain Climate and Highlands

 Low temperature
 Higher snowfall in winters
 Himalayan region from J&K to Arunachal Pradesh
RAINFALL IN INDIA
 The average rainfall in India – 118cm[ According to annual data report from
Meteorological Department]
Area of High Rainfall:
 Rainfall=Above 200cm
 NE part (Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram,
Naga Land, Myanmar), Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim)
 Western Coast
Area of Medium Rainfall:
 Rainfall – 100 to 200cm

 Eastern Slopes of WG
 Northern plains
 Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh &Tamil Nadu
Area of law Rainfall:
 Rainfall - 50 – 100 cm
 Gujrat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Eastern Rajasthan
Areas of Inadequate Rainfall
 Rainfall – below 50cm

 All the arid & semi – arid areas of India
 Western Rajasthan, Kachchh region Ladakh
Indian Meteorological Department:
 IMD: 1875
 New Delhi
 Ministry of earth Sciences
 Agency responsible for meteorological observations & weather forecasting
FOREST IN INDIA
 Sir HG Champion categorised India’s forested types of for the first time in 1936
preliminary survey of forester Type of India and Burma
TROPICAL EVERGREEN FOREST

 Annual rainfall = 200 centimetre
 Annual temperature = >20 degree Celsius
 Trees height = 60 metre or above
 Western slope of western ghats
 Andaman and Nicobar islands
 Northern eastern region- Hills
TROPICAL DECIDUOUS FOREST

 Most widespread forest in India,
 Monsoon forest,
 Annual rainfall – 70 to 200 centimetre
 On the basis of availability of water
 MOIST DECIDUOUS FOREST
 Rainfall – 100 - 200 centimetre
 NE states
 Eastern slope of western Ghats
 TEAK, SHISHAM, MAHUA, KUSUM, SANDALWOOD
TROPICAL DECIDOUS FOREST

 Rainfall – 70 to 100cm
 winter region- moist
 Drier- Thorny Fore
 Plains of UP, Bihar
 Peninsula Reiner area
TROPICAL THORN FOREST
 Rainfall – Less than 50cm
 Semi Arid areas- Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan,
Gujrat, Madhya Pradesh, UP
 Plants – Leafless
 Variety of grasses & shrubs.
 BABOOL, BER, KHAIR, NEEM
MONTANE FOREST
 Mountains areas – Temperature decrease and altitude increase
 Causing change in natural vegetation
 Tropical area – Tundra area
 Vegetation – variation
 Deciduous forest – Foothills of Himalayas
 PINE FOREST, CHIR, DEODAR
 Evergreen Broad leaf Trees
 Wet temperate type of forest - 1000m – 2000m
LITTORAL & SWAMP FOREST

 also called wetland 4 Astra- 70% area
medical deviation
 Mainly found in deccan plateau
 Sealine cost of a Gujrat& Rajasthan
 Eastern coast deltas
 Lakes & Rivers of Kashmir
MANGROVES
 Grows along the coasts
 Consist of several salt - Tolerant spices
 Sundarbans of West Bengal
 Andaman and Nicobar island
 Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna deltas
 Shrub/tree that grows in coastal saline/brackish water
FOREST COVER IN INDIA
 Report - based on the aerial photograph and satellite imageries
 Total forest tree - 24.56%
 According to the ‘Indian state of the forest report 2019’
 Area wise - MP has the largest forest cover in the country
 2nd Arunachal Pradesh
 %age-wise – Mizoram(85.41%), Arunachal Pradesh (79.63%)
 Top 2 states showing increase in forest cover - Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh
Forest conservation
 Forest policy, 1988
 Bringing 33% of the geographical area under forest cover
Types of farming
SHIFTING AGRICULTURE
 A piece of land is cleared by tribal people mainly
 By burning trees
 Crops grown under the type of agriculture
 Paddy, maze, beat, Tobacco, Sugarcane
 Practised in – Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram, Nagaland, Myanmar&
Jharkhand
Various names of Shifting agriculture

State Agriculture
Assam Jhum
Kerala Ponam
Andhra Pradesh & Orissa Podu
Madhya Pradesh Beewar & Mashan
INTENSIVE FARMING
 Cultivator uses – Large amount of labour on a relatively small Area
 This type of farming is done where population is Large & Land is Small.
EXTENSIVE FARMING
 Cultivator uses – Limited amount of labour on a relatively Large Area
 Regions: population is Small & land is Enough
 Agriculture is done by machines.
SUBSISTENCE FARMING
 Majority of farmers in India practice it.

 Entire Production – Consumed
 No Surplus to sell in the market
 Cultivation Techniques – simple
 Total absence of modern equipment.
COMMERCIAL FARMING
 Opposite of above -- Irrigation, Chemical Fertilisers, Pesticides, HYV of seeds
 Some of the major commercial crops of Indian -- Cotton, Jute & Sugarcane
PLANTATION FARMING
 Growing & Processing of a Single cash Crops – purely meant for sale.
 Example – Tea, coffee, Rubber & Banana.
MIXED FARMING
 When both rising crops & rearing Animals are carried on Simultaneously.
AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONS IN INDIA
GREEN REVOLUTION IN INDIA

 The term ‘Green Revolution’ was first used by - William guard
 Father of green revolution- Norman Borlaug
 It led to him winning the Nobel Peace Prize in
1970 for his work in developing HYV of wheat
 Also called the ‘Third Agricultural Revolution’
after the nealitflic revolution
 British agricultural revolution
 ‘Mexico- birthplace’ and ‘Burial Ground’ of
the Green revolution
what is green revolution

 Rapidly increase in wheat and rice yields
 In developing countries
 With the help of a high yielding variety of seeds good fertilizers and other inputs
 India 1965 with the help of MSN Swaminathan (Father of the green revolution in
India)
 Great success
 Change the countries status from a Food deficient economy to world’s largest
leading agricultural nations
 Listed till 1978
 Led to increase in agricultural production – Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh
WHITE REVOLUTION IN INDIA

 Also called operation flood
 GOI initiated it with the motive of increasing milk production
 To make the country one of the largest producer
of milk in the world
 Today - India is a world’s largest producer of milk
 Doctor Verghese Kurien father of white
revolution in India
 Started in 1970
 Aimed - to create a nationwide milk grid
 Linking milk producers in India directly to consumer reducing sectional regional
price variations and ensuring that produces get a fair market prices
 1964- 65- ICCD-Intensive Cattle Development Programme
 NDDB- National Dairy Development Board
 Introduced operation flood to increase the speed of milk production
REVOLUTIONS PRODUCT
Round Revolution Potato
Green Revolution Food grains
Grey Revolution Fertilisers
Pink Revolution Onion Production
White Revolution Milk Production
Blue Revolution Fish related
Red Revolution Meat /tomato Production
Yellow Revolution Oilseed Production
Brown Revolution Leather Production
Golden Revolution Fruits/ honey
Golden Fiber Revolution Jute Production
Silver Revolution Egg Production
Silver Fiber Revolution Cotton
Protein Revolution Agricultural
Black Revolution Petroleum Production
Evergreen Revolution Overall dew of agriculture
WATERFALLS IN INDIA
 Ranchi - city of waterfalls in India
 Nohsngithiang falls -Meghalya (also called
7 sister waterfalls)
 Nohkalikai Falls - Tallest plunge waterfall in India
 Without touching the underlying different place
 Athirapally waterfall – ‘The Niagara of India’
 Highest waterfall in the word -- ANGEL FALLS (Venezuela, South Africa)
CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES
CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES
POMICULTURE Fruit Cultivation
OLERICULTURE Vegetable Cultivation
FLORICULTURE Flower farming
VITICULTURE Grapes Cultivation
ARBORICULTURE Tree farming
PISCICULTURE Fish farming
VERMICULTURE Earthworm’s Breeding
SILVICULTURE Forest planting
TISSUE CULTURE Cultivating single cell from a plant
SERICULTURE Rearing of silk worms
MORICULTURE Mulberry Cultivation
MARICULTURE Marine fish farming
HORTICULTURE Flower, fruit, ornamental, plant Cultivation
CUNICULTURE Rearing of rabbits
APICULTURE Beekeeping
AQUACULTURE Fish farming
AEROPONIC CULTURE To grow plant in air (soil less agriculture)

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 Universe  Indian cities on river bank

 Longitude & Latitude  Straits

 Location of India  Passes of India

 India & Neighbours  Projects of India

 Facts about Earth  Rivers & Disputing states

 Hills & Valleys of India

 Soil & Agriculture  Nicknames of Indian

 Continents  Crops in India

 Ancient Name of Cities

 Producers of State Wise

 Light reaches from Sun to Earth in 8 minutes: 18 Seconds.

 Saturn contains 7 rings

URANUS (GREEN PLANET)

 Revolution time: 165 Years

Revolution Period of Planets

Smallest Planet Mercury

Nearest Planet to Sun Mercury

Farthest Planet from Sun Neptune

Nearest Planet to Earth Venus

Brightest Planet Venus

Brightest star after Sun Sirius

Planet with maximum satellites Jupiter

Coldest Planet Neptune

Hottest Planet Venus

Heaviest Planet Jupiter

Red Planet Mars

Biggest Satellite Ganymede

Smallest Satellite Deimos

Blue Planet Earth

Morning/Evening Star Venus

Earth's Twin Venus

Planet with a big red spot Jupiter

Lord of the Heavens Jupiter

Greatest Diurnal Temperature Mercury

Two satellites of Mars Demos & Phobos

Father of Solar System Sun

Gas Giant Planet Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus & Neptune

Planet has least Density Saturn

The Diameter of Moon ¼ Of the earth

Sister Planet of Earth Venus

Planet is under proper observation of Mars

Planets having ring around it Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus &Neptune

Weight at Moon 1/6 Weight of Earth

Longitude & Time:

International Date Line:

Important Parallels of Latitude:

 Mahi River in India Crosses tropic of cancer Twice.

 Countries lies on tropic of Capricorn :

 Limpopo River Crosses through Tropic of Capricorn Twice.

 Countries lies on Prime Meridian :

 Countries lies on Prime Meridian :

 11 Countries Crosses through Equator of their Land Masses.

Indian Standard Meridian

India and Neighbours

India's Extreme Points:

Neighbouring Countries Sharing Boundaries With States of India

Facts about Earth