CHAPTER IV

Selection
of
Glazing Materials

August 2012
 ASSOCIATION OF ARCHITECTURAL ALUMINIUM MANUFACTURERS OF SOUTH AFRICA
Trading as the AAAMSA Group
Registration #: 1974/00006/08
Association Incorporated under Section 21

P O Box 7861 1ST Floor, Block 4

HALFWAY HOUSE Conference Centre
1685 2nd Road
Midrand
1685
 (011) 805-5002
Fax: (011) 805-5033
e-mail: aaamsa@iafrica.com
additional e-mail: sagga@aaamsa.co.za
web-site: www.aaamsa.co.za

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Aluminium Verlag – Düsseldorf
Fensterbau mit Aluminium – Walter Schmidt
American Architectural Manufacturers Association
Metal Curtain Walls/Windows and Sliding Glass Doors/Aluminium Store Front and Entrances/Skylights and Space
Enclosures
ASTM International E1300
Koninklijk Technicum PBNA
Staalcontructies 43A.VR
South African Bureau of Standards
SANS 10160, SANS 10137, SANS 10400, SANS 204, SANS 613 and SANS 549
Southern African Institute of Steel Construction
Southern African Steel Construction Handbook
Verlag Stahleisen M.B.H. Düsseldorf
Stahl im Hochbau
Building Code Australia
BCA 2007 Volume 1 & 2
W.W. Norton & Company
Window Systems for High Performance Buildings
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Therm/Windows/Resfen/Optics
National Fenestration Rating Council
Procedure Manuals

Note: This Selection Guide replaces the following AAAMSA Publication which is hereby withdrawn in its entirety:

Selection Guide for Glazed Architectural Aluminium Products – Introducing Energy Efficiency in Fenestration
– June 2008

Any information contained in Selection Guides of earlier dates, which contradicts with data contained in this manual,
is information superseded by this publication
AAAMSA – April 2012

DISCLAIMER

All information, recommendation or advice contained in this AAAMSA Publication is given in good faith to the best of AAAMSA’s
knowledge and based on current procedures in effect.

Because actual use of AAAMSA Publications by the user is beyond the control of AAAMSA such use is within the exclusive
responsibility of the user. AAAMSA cannot be held responsible for any loss incurred through incorrect or faulty use of its
Publications.

Great care has been taken to ensure that the information provided is correct. No responsibility will be accepted by AAAMSA for
any errors and/or omissions, which may have inadvertently occurred.

This Guide may be reproduced in whole or in part in any form or by any means provided the reproduction or transmission
acknowledges the origin and copyright date.

Copyright  AAAMSA 2012

Page 3
4. SELECTION OF TYPES OF GLAZING MATERIALS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Glass and plastic glazing are usually selected on merits of economics, aesthetics and performance but all glazing is to be
executed in strict accordance of the latest editions of the following South African Standards:

National Building Regulations Part N - Glazing

SANS 10137 - Code of Practice for the Installation of Glazing Materials in Buildings
SANS 10400: Part N - The Application of the National Building Regulations – Glazing
SANS 10400:Part XA – The Application of the National Building Regulations – Energy Efficiency in Buildings
SANS 1263 - Safety and security glazing materials for buildings
Part I Safety performance of glazing materials under human impact
Part II Burglar-resistance and vandal resistant glazing materials
Part III Bullet-resistant glazing materials
SANS 204: Energy Efficiency in Buildings

Float, toughened, laminated, wired and patterned glass is currently used in the building industry. Laminated safety glass
is currently locally produced using the following manufacturing process.

Laminated safety glass using poly-vinyl butyral (PVB) interlayer is supplied in three strengths namely Normal
Strength (N.S.), High Penetration Resistance (H.P.R.) and High Impact (H.I.).

Specifiers and manufacturers must ensure that the manufacturer of any laminated glass provides a warranty of not less
than 5 (five) years against delamination and colour degradation, confirming that the product confirms to that section of
SANS 1263 which pertains to the particular application of safety glass i.e., for resistance to human impact (Part I) or to
burglary and vandalism (Part II), or to firearms (Part III).

Note! In terms of SANS 1263-Part 1 glass with applied film (organic coating) is not regarded as a safety glazing
material unless it meets all requirements of SANS 1263-Part I (including the boil and artificial ageing tests). In
addition the applied film must cover the entire surface of the glazing material i.e. the film must be retained in the
glazing rebate.

General applications of glass types

Condition Glass and Plastics
Human safety (SANS 1263 - Part 1) Laminated glass or toughened glass or polycarbonate
Security (smash and grabs, riots, bombs, fire Laminated or multi-laminated or Bullet Resisting Glass or
arms, petrol bombs etc.) polycarbonate (SANS 1263 Parts II and III)
Heavy human traffic (i.e. Balustrades) Toughened Glass or polycarbonate (SANS 1263 Part I)
Wired glass or laminated wired glass or laminated glass with
Fire
intumescent interlayers or Borosilicate and calcium silicate glass
Unframed applications (suspended assemblies,
Toughened Glass or polycarbonate (SANS 10137)
unframed doors, etc)
Laminated or Wired glass (wired in the case where penetration of
glass or water ingress is not a problem) or toughened glass (only
Overhead glazing
permitted when supported all round (SANS 10137) or acrylic or
polycarbonate
Laminated glass or Sealed Insulated glass units or acrylic or
Sound Control
polycarbonate
Tinted, reflective and or low-e glass or Sealed Insulated glass
Solar Control
units incorporating these or acrylic or polycarbonate
Condensation Sealed insulated glass units or acrylic or polycarbonate
One-way vision Reflective glass or acrylic or polycarbonate
Ultra-Violet Elimination Laminated glass or acrylic or polycarbonate
Fish tanks Domestic Annealed float glass (SANS 17) or acrylic or polycarbonate
Underwater Observation panels Multi-laminated glass or acrylic or polycarbonate
Floor & Stair treads Multi-laminated glass or acrylic or polycarbonate

4.2 PERFORMANCE OF GLASS PRODUCTS

An important aspect of glass selection is the performance of glass in respect of its sound insulation, heat loss and heat
gain properties. Although the discussion of the merits of these properties falls outside the scope of the Selection Guide
some guidance is provided to the specifier in the following paragraphs.
Page 2
Due to the vast variety of glass and plastic types the specifier is urged to consult the manufacturer or competent person
(glazing) to obtain the relevant technical glass and plastics specifications.

4.3 SOUND INSULATION

NOTE: i) Thickness for thickness, clear float, toughened, wired, coated and tinted monolithic glass products have
exactly the same acoustic performance.
ii) Data provided is intended as a guide only. Due to the numerous possible computations, data is to be
confirmed with the glass and plastics manufacturer or competent person (glazing).

1. SINGLE GLAZING

Monolithic Glass
Glass thickness 4 6 10 12
Rw Index (ISO 717) 27 29 33 34

Laminated Glass
Glass thickness 6.38 8.38 17
Rw Index (ISO 717) 32 34 41

2. SEALED INSULATED GLASS UNITS (Double glazing)

Monolithic glass and monolithic glass

Glass/Space/Glass thickness 4/12/4 6/12/6
Rw Index (ISO 717) 29 30

Laminated glass and monolithic glass

Glass/Space/Glass thickness 6.38/12/6
Rw Index (ISO 717) 36

3. DOUBLE WINDOWS (Secondary sash)

Glass/Space/Glass thickness 6/150/4 10/200/6

Rw Index (ISO 717) 45 47

4.4 ENERGY RELATED PROPERTIES OF WINDOWS

4.4.1 PROPERTIES OF GLAZING THAT AFFECT ENERGY PERFORMANCE

`
Figure 4.1: Solar radiation through a glazing material is reflected, transmitted or absorbed

Page 3
Most window and façade assemblies consist of glazing and frame components. Glazing may be a single pane of glass (or
plastic) or multiple panes with air spaces in between. These multiple layer units, referred to as insulating glazing units
(IGU), include spacers around the edge and sometimes low-conductance gases in the spaces between glass panes.
Coatings and tins affect the performance of the glazing. The IGU is placed within a frame of aluminium, steel, wood,
plastic, or some hybrid or composite material. Some curtain wall systems using structural sealants and other special
fittings have no exterior frame.

Heat flows through a window assembly in three ways: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction is heat
travelling through a solid, liquid or gas. Convection is the transfer of heat by the movement of gases or liquids, like
warm air rising from a candle flame. Radiation is the movement of energy through space without relying on conduction
through the air or by movement of the air, the way you feel the heat of a fire.

When there is a temperature difference across an object (i.e., when a window separates a cold outdoors from a warm
interior or a hot outside from a conditioned interior space), heat transfer will occur via these three physical mechanisms:
conduction through glass and solid frame materials, convection/conduction through air spaces, and long-wave radiation
between glass surfaces on either side of an air gap. This temperature-driven heat transfer is quantified by the term U-
factor and is discussed in the section on insulating value.

There are two distinct types of radiation or radiation heat transfer:

Long-wave radiation heat transfer refers to radiant heat transfer between objects at room or outdoor environmental
temperatures. These temperatures emit radiation in the rage of 3-50 microns.
Short-wave radiation heat transfer refers to radiation from the sun (which is at a temperature of 6000K) and occurs
in the 0.3-2.5 micron range. This range includes the ultraviolet, visible, and solar-infrared radiation (Figure 4.2)

1. Idealized transmittance of a glazing with a

low-E coating designed for low solar heat
gain. Visible light is transmitted and solar-
infrared radiation is reflected. Long-wave
infrared radiation is reflected back into the
interior. This approach is suitable for
commercial buildings in almost all
climates.

2. Idealized transmittance of a glazing with a

low-E coating designed for high solar heat
gain. Visible light and solar-infrared
radiation are transmitted. Long-wave
infrared radiation is reflected back into the
interior. This approach is more commonly
used for residential windows in cold
climates.

Note: As shown by the solar spectrum in the

figure, sunlight is composed of electromagnetic
radiation of many wavelengths, ranging from
short-wave invisible ultraviolet to the visible
spectrum to the longer, invisible solar-infrared
waves.

Figure 4.2: Ideal spectral transmittance for glazing in different climates

Even though the physical process is the same, there is no overlap between these two wavelength ranges. Coatings that
control the passage of long wave or solar radiation in these ranges, through transmission and/or reflection, can contribute
significantly to energy savings and have been the subject of significant innovations in recent years. Glazing types vary in
their transparency to different parts of the visible spectrum. For example, a glass that appears tinted green as you look
through it toward the outdoors transmits more sunlight from the green portion of the visible spectrum and absorbs or
reflects more of the other colours. Similarly, a bronze-tinted glass absorbs or reflects the blues and greens and transmits
the warmer colours. Neutral gray tints absorb or reflect most colours equally.

The same principle applies outside the visible spectrum. Most glass is particularly transparent to at least some ultraviolet
radiation, while plastics are commonly more opaque to ultraviolet. Glass is opaque to long-wave infrared radiation but
generally transparent to solar-infrared radiation. Strategic utilization of these variations has made some high-performance
glazing products. The four basic properties of glazing that affect radiant energy transfer-transmittance, reflectance,
absorptance, and emittance – are described below.

Page 4
4.4.2 TRANSMITTANCE

Transmittance refers to the percentage of radiation that can pass through glazing. Transmittance can be defined for
different types of light or energy, e.g., visible transmittance, UV transmittance, or total solar energy transmittance.

Transmission of visible light determines the effectiveness of a type of glass in providing daylight and a clear view
through the window. For example, tinted glass has a lower visible transmittance than clear glass. While the human eye is
sensitive to light at wavelengths from about 0.4 to 0.7 microns, its peak sensitivity is at 0.55, with lower sensitivity at the
red and blue ends of the spectrum. This is referred to as the photonic sensitivity of the eye.

More than half of the sun’s energy is invisible to the eye. Most reaches us as near-infrared with a few percent in the
ultraviolet (UV) spectrum. Thus, total solar energy transmittance describes how the glazing responds to a much broader
part of the spectrum and is more useful in characterizing the quantity of total solar energy transmitted by the glazing.

With the recent advances in glazing technology, manufacturers can control how glazing materials behave in these
different areas of the spectrum. The basic properties of the substrate material (glass or plastic) can be altered, and
coatings can be added to the surfaces of the substrates. For example, a window optimized for day lighting and for
reducing overall solar heat gains should transit an adequate amount of light in the visible portion of the spectrum, while
excluding unnecessary heat gain from the near-infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

4.4.3 REFLECTANCE

Just as some light reflects off of the surface of water, some

light will always be reflected at every glass surface. A
specular reflection from a smooth glass surface is a mirror
like reflection similar to the image of yourself you see
reflected in a store window. The natural reflectivity of glass
is dependent on the type of glazing material, the quality of the
glass surface, the presence of coatings, and the angle of
incidence of the light. Today, virtually all glass manufactured
in the United States is float glass, which reflects 4 percent of
visible light at each glass-air interface or 8 percent total for a
single pane of clear, uncoated glass. The sharper the angle at
which the light strikes, however, the more the light is
reflected rather than transmitted or absorbed (Figure 4.3).

Even clear glass reflects 50% or more of the sunlight striking Figure 4.3: Sunlight transmitted and reflected by 6mm
it at incident angles greater than about 80°. (The incident clear glass as a function of the incident angle
angle is formed with respect to a line perpendicular to the
glass surface).
The reflectivity of various glass types becomes especially apparent during low light conditions. The surface on the
brighter side acts like a mirror because the amount of light passing through the window from the darker side is less than
the amount of light being reflected from the lighter side. This effect can be noticed from the outside during the day and
from the inside during the night. For special applications when these surface reflections are undesirable (i.e., viewing
merchandise through a store window on a bright day), special coatings can virtually eliminate this reflective effect.

Most common coatings reflect in all regions of the spectrum. However, in the past 20-years, researches have learned a
great deal about the design of coatings that can be applied to glass and plastic to preferentially reflect only selected
wavelengths of radiant energy. Varying the reflectance of far-infrared and near-infrared energy has formed the basis for
high-performance low-E coatings.

4.4.4 ABSORPTANCE

Energy that is not transmitted through the glass or reflected off its surfaces is absorbed. Once glass has absorbed any
radiant energy, the energy is transformed into heat, raising the glass temperature.

Typical 6mm clear glass absorbs only about 7% of sunlight at a normal angle of incidence (also a 30° angle of incidence,
as shown in Figure 4.3). The absorptance of glass is increased by glass additives that absorb solar energy. If they absorb
visible light, the glass appears dark. If they absorb ultraviolet radiation or near-infrared, there will be little or no change
in visual appearance. Clear glass absorbs very little visible light, while dark-tinted glass absorbs a considerable amount
(Figure 4.4).

Page 5
 Figure 4.4: Solar energy transmission through three types of glass under standard ASHRAE summer conditions

The absorbed energy is converted into heat, warming the glass, thus, when “heat-absorbing” glass is in the sun, it feels
much hotter to the touch than clear glass. Tints are generally gray, bronze, or blue-green and were traditionally used to
lower the solar heat gain coefficient and to control glare. Since they block some of the sun’s energy, they reduce the
cooling load placed on the building and its air-conditioning equipment. The effectiveness of heat-absorbing single
glazing is significantly reduced if cool, conditioned air flows across the glass. Absorption is not the most efficient way to
reduce cooling loads, as discussed later.

All glass and most plastics, however, are generally very absorptive of long-wave infrared energy. This property is best
illustrated in the use of clear glass for greenhouses, where it allows the transmission of intense solar energy but blocks the
retransmission of the low-temperature heat energy generated inside the greenhouse and radiated back to the glass.

4.4.5 EMMITTANCE

When solar energy is absorbed by glass, it is either converted away by moving air or reradiated by the glass surface. This
ability of a material to radiate energy is called its emissivity. Window glass, along with all other objects, typically emits,
or radiates, heat in the form of long-wave far-infrared energy. The wavelength of the long-wave far-infrared energy
varies with the temperature of the surface. This emission of radiant heat is one of the important heat transfer pathways
for a window. Thus, reducing the window’s emission of heat can greatly improve its insulating properties.

Standard clear glass has an emittance of 0.84 over the long-wave infrared portion of the spectrum, meaning that it emits
84% of the energy possible for an object at room temperature. It also means that for long-wave radiation striking the
surface of the glass, 84% is absorbed and only 16% is reflected. By comparison, low-E glass coatings have an emittance
as low as 0.04. This glazing would emit only 4% of the energy possible at its temperature and thus reflect 96% of the
incident long-wave infrared radiation.

4.5 DETERMINING ENERGY-RELATED PROPERTIES OF WINDOWS

There are four properties of windows that are the basis for quantifying energy performance:

U-factor. When there is a temperature difference between inside and outside, heat is lost or gained through the
window frame and glazing by the combined effects of conduction, convection, and long-wave radiation. The U-
factor of a window assembly represents its overall heat transfer rate or insulating value.

Solar Heat Gain Coefficient. Regardless of outside temperature, heat can be gained through windows by direct
or indirect solar radiation. The ability to control this heat gain through windows is characterized in terms of the
solar heat gin coefficient (SHGC) or shading coefficient (SC) of the window.

Visible Transmittance. Visible transmittance (VT), also referred to as visible light transmittance (VLT), is an
optical property that indicates the amount of visible light transmitted through the glass. It affects energy by
providing daylight that creates the opportunity to reduce electric lighting and its associated cooling loads.

Air Leakage. Heat loss and gain also occur by air leakage through cracks around sashes and frames of the
window assembly. This effect is often quantified in terms of the amount of air (cubic meters per minute) passing
through a unit area of window (square metre) under given pressure conditions.

These four concepts – as well as Light-to-Solar-Gain ratio, a ratio of VT/SHGC – have been standardized within the
glazing industry, and allow accurate comparison of windows.

Page 6
4.5.1 INSULATING VALUE (U-factor)

For windows, a principle energy concern is their ability to control heat

loss. Heat flows from warmer to cooler bodies, thus from the inside
face of a window to the outside in winter, reversing direction in
summer. Overall heat flow from the warmer to cooler side of a
window unit is a complex interaction of all three basic heat transfer
mechanisms – conduction, convection, and long-wave radiation
(Figure 4.5). A window assembly’s capacity to resist this heat transfer
is referred to as its insulating value.

Conduction occurs directly through glass, and the air cavity within
double-glazed SIGUs, as well as through a window’s spacers and
frames. Some frame materials, like wood, have relatively low
conduction rates. The higher conduction rates of other materials, like
metals, have to be mitigated with discontinuities of thermal breaks in Figure 4.5: Components of heat transfer
the frame to avoid energy loss. through a window that are related to U-factor

Convection within a window unit occurs in three places: the interior and exterior glazing surfaces, and within the air
cavity between glazing layers. On the interior, a cold interior glazing surface chills the adjacent air. This denser cold air
then falls, starting convection current. People often perceive this air flow as a draft caused by leaky windows, instead of
recognizing that the remedy correctly lies with a window that provides a warmer glass surface (Figure 2-6). On the
exterior the air film against the glazing contributes to the window’s insulating value. As wind blows (convection), the
effectiveness of this air film is diminished, contributing to a higher heat rate loss. Within the air cavity, temperature-
induced convection currents facilitate heat transfer. By adjusting the cavity width, adding more cavities, or choosing a
gas fill that insulates better than air, windows, can be design to reduce this effect.

All objects emit invisible thermal radiation, with warmer objects emitting more than colder ones. Through radiant
exchange, the objects in the room, and especially the people (who are often the warmest objects), radiate their heat to the
colder window. People often feel the chill from this radiant heat loss, especially on the exposed skin of their hands and
faces, but they attribute the chill to cool room air rather than to a cold window surface. Similarly, if the glass temperature
is higher than skin temperature, which occurs when the sun shines on heat-absorbing glass, heat will be radiated from the
glass to the body, potentially producing thermal discomfort.

The complex interaction between conduction, convection, and radiation is perhaps best illustrated by the fact that the
thermal performance of a roof window or skylight changes according to its mounting angle. Convective exchange on the
inner and outer glazing surfaces, as well as that within the air cavity is affected by this slope.

Also, skylights and roof windows oriented toward the cold night sky lose more radiant heat at night than windows
viewing warmer objects, such as the ground, adjacent buildings, and vegetation.

4.5.1.1 DETERMINING INSULATING VALUE

The U-factor (also referred to as U-value) is the standard way to quantify overall heat flow. For windows, it expresses the
total heat transfer coefficient of the system, and includes conductivity, convective, and radiative heat transfer. It
represents the heat flow per hour (in watts) through each square metre of window for a 1° Kelvin temperature difference
between the indoor and outdoor air temperature. The insulating value of R-value (resistance to heat transfer) is the
reciprocal of the total U-factor (R=1/U). The higher the R-value of a material, the higher the insulating value; the smaller
the U-factor, the lower the rate of heat flow.

Given that the thermal properties and the various materials within a window unit, the U-factor is commonly expressed in
two ways:

The U-factor of the total window assembly combines the insulating value of the glazing proper, the edge effects in
the SIGU, and the window frame and sash.
The centre-of-glass U-factor assumes that heat flows perpendicular to the window plane, without addressing the
impact of the frame edge effects and material.

The U-factor of the glazing portion of the window unit is affected primarily by the total number of glazing layers, their
dimension, the type of gas within their cavity, and the characteristic of coatings on the various glazing surfaces. As
windows are complex three-dimensional assemblies, in which materials and cross sections change in a relatively short
distance, it is limiting, however, to simply consider glazing. For example, metal spacers at the edge of an IGU have a
much higher heat flow than the centre of the insulation glass, which causes increased heat loss along the outer edge of the
glass.
Page 7
4.5.1.2 OVERALL U-FACTOR

The relative impact of these “edge effects” becomes more important as the insulating value of the entire assembly
increases, and in small units were the ratio of edge to centre-of-glass area is high. Since the U-factors vary for the glass,
edge-of-glass zone, and frame, it can be misleading to compare the U-factors of windows from different manufacturers if
they are not carefully and consistently described. Calculation methods developed by the National Fenestration Rating
Council (NFRC) address this concern.

A specific set of assumptions and procedures must be followed to calculate the overall U-factor of a window unit using
the NFRC method. For instance, the NFRC values are for a standard window size – the actual U-factor of a specific unit
varies with size.

The U-factor of a window unit is rated based on a vertical position. A change in mounting angle affects a window’s U-
factor. The same unit installed on a sloped roof at 20° from horizontal would have a U-factor 10-20% higher than in the
vertical position (under winter conditions).

4.5.2 SOLAR RADIATION CONTROL

The second major energy-performance characteristic of windows is the ability to control solar heat gain through the
glazing. Solar heat gain through windows is a significant factor in determining the cooling load of many commercial
buildings. The origin of solar heat gain is the direct and diffuse radiation coming from the sun and the sky (or reflected
from the ground and other surfaces). Some radiation is directly transmitted through the glazing to the building interior,
and some may be absorbed in the glazing and indirectly admitted to the inside. Some radiation absorbed by the frame
will also contribute to overall window solar heat gain factor. Other thermal (non-solar) heat transfer effects are included
in the U-factor of the window).

4.5.2.1 DETERMINING SOLAR HEAT GAIN

There are two metrics for quantifying the solar radiation passing through
a window: solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) and shading coefficient
(SC). In both cases, the solar heat gain is the combination of directly
transmitted radiation and the inward-flowing portion of absorbed
radiation (Figure 4.6). However, SHGC and SC have a difference basis
for comparison.

4.5.2.2 SHADING COEFFICIENT

Until the mid-1990s, the shading coefficient (SC) was the primary term
used to characterize the solar control properties of glass. Although
replaced by NFRC and ASHRAE with the solar heat gain coefficient
(SHGC), it is still referenced in books and product literature, and is
expressed as a dimensionless number from 0-1 – high shading
coefficient means high solar gain, while a low shading coefficient means
low solar gain. Figure 4.6. Simplified view of the
components of solar heat gain. Heat gain
The SC was originally developed as a single number that could be used includes the transmitted solar energy and
to compare glazing solar control under a wide range of conditions. Its the inward flowing components ob
simplicity, however, is offset by its inaccuracies. absorbed radiation

For instance, the shading coefficient (SC) is only defined for the glazing portion of the window and does not include
frame effects. It represents the ratio of solar heat gain through the system relative to that through 6mm clear glass at
normal incidence. The SC has also been used to characterize performance over a wide range of sun positions; however,
there is some potential loss in accuracy when applied to sun positions at high angles to the glass.

The SC value is strongly influenced by the type of glass selected. The shading coefficient can also include the effects of
any integral part of the window system that reduces the flow of solar heat, such as multiple glazing layers, reflective
coatings, or blinds between layers of glass.

Page 8
4.5.2.3 SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFICIENT

Window standards are now moving away from shading coefficient to solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), which is
defined as that fraction of incident solar radiation that actually enters a building through the window assembly as heat
gain.

The SHGC is influenced by all the same factors as the SC, but since it can be applied to the entire window assembly, the
SHGC is also affected by shading from the frame as well as the ratio of glazing and frame. The solar heat gain
coefficient is expressed as a dimensionless number from 0-1. A high coefficient signifies high heat gain, while a low
coefficient means low heat gain.

For any glazing, the SHGC is always lower than the SC. To perform an approximate conversion from SC to SHGC,
multiply the SC value by 0.87. Since the frame area has a very low SHGC, the overall window SHGC is lower than the
centre-of-glass value.

4.5.3 VISIBLE TRANSMITTANCE

Visible transmittance (VT), also referred to as visible light transmittance (VLT), is the amount of light in the visible
portion of the spectrum that passes through a glazing material. A higher VT means there is more daylight in a space
which, if designed properly, can offset electric lighting and its associated cooling loads. Visible transmittance of glazing
ranges from above 90% for uncoated water-white clear glass to less than 10% for highly reflective coatings on tinted
glass.

Visible transmittance is influenced by the glazing type, the number of panes, and any glass coatings. VT values for the
whole window are always less than centre-of-glass values since the VT of the frame is zero.

4.5.3.1 LIGHT-TO-SOLAR-GAIN RATIO

In the past, windows that reduced solar gain (with tints and coatings) also reduced visible transmittance. However, new
high-performance tinted glass and low-solar-gain low-E coatings have made it possible to reduce solar heat gain with
little reduction in visible transmittance. Because the concept of separating solar gain control and light control is so
important, measures have been developed to reflect this. The term luminous efficacy (ke), which is VT/SC, was first
developed. Since SC is being replaced by SHGC, the term light-to-solar-gain ratio (LSG) is now referred to in ASHRAE
publications. The LSG ratio is defined as a ratio between visible transmittance (VT) and solar heat gain coefficient
(SHGC).

4.5.4 OTHER DESIGN/SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS

During the glass selection process one requires to consider the needs of the occupants, the Mechanical Engineer and the
building design intent.

A 60% - 70% Visible Light Transmission is too high for most commercial applications and blinds or window films are
necessary for occupant comfort. The use of these interventions e.g. blinds may render the aesthetic appearance of the
building to become unacceptable and comparable to “Laundry on the Balcony”.

The recommendable Visible Light Transmission creates a more uniform appearance to the building and creates a better
colour match between the spandrel and vision glass.

Day lighting is another important consideration. Too much light causes glare and the “cave effect” whereby the back of
the room appears dark compared to other areas. As a result occupants will close blinds and turn on overhead lights.

Well-designed day lighting lets in natural light that balances overhead electric lighting white curtailing glare. Each
application needs to be considered on its own merits and the correct glass selection in North America will not necessarily
mean that the same glass selection is correct for South Africa.

4.5.5 AIR LEAKAGE (INFILTRATION)

Whenever there is a pressure difference between the inside and outside (driven by wind or temperature difference), air
will flow through cracks between window assembly components. The air leakage properties of window systems
contribute to the overall building air infiltration. Infiltration leads to increased heating or cooling loads when the outdoor
air entering the building needs to be heated or cooled. Air leakage also contributes to summer cooling loads by raising
the interior humidity level. Operable windows can be responsible for air leakage between sash and frame elements as
well as at the window/wall joint. Tight sealing and weather-stripping of windows, sashes, and frames is of paramount
importance in controlling air leakage.
Page 9
The use of fixed windows helps to reduce air leakage because these windows are easier to seal and keep tight. Operable
windows, which are also more susceptible to air leakage, are not necessary for ventilation in most commercial buildings
but are desired by occupants for control. Operable window units with low air-leakage rates feature mechanical closures
that positively clamp the window shut against the wind. For this reason, compression-seal windows such as top hung and
side hung designs are generally more effectively weather-stripped than are sliding-seal windows. Sliding windows rely
on wiper-type weather-stripping, which is more subject to wear over time.

The level of infiltration depends upon local climate conditions, particularly wind conditions and microclimates
surrounding the building. In reality, infiltration varies widely with wind-driven and temperature-driven pressure changes.
Cracks and air spaces left in the window assembly can also account for considerable infiltration. Insulating and sealing
these areas during construction can be very important in controlling air leakage. A proper installation ensures that the
main air barrier of the wall construction is effectively sealed to the window or skylight assembly so that continuity of the
air barrier is maintained.

Air leakage is determined through the test method contained in SANS 613 – Fenestration Products – Mechanical
Performance Criteria. This standard is referred to in both SANS 10400:XA - Energy Efficiency in Buildings and SANS
204 – Energy Efficiency in Buildings.

In terms of SANS 10400:A General principles and requirements Performance Test Certificates are to be provided by the
manufacturer/installers of fenestration products confirming compliance with the air breakage requirements.

The Thermal Test Laboratory (TTL) a SANAS accredited test laboratory type tested top hung windows of identical
configuration but made from different framing material. The windows were bought “off-the-shelf” from distributors and
were found to have different air leakage results when tested in accordance with SANS 613.

PTT Windows 1200w x 1500h – 4mm clear float glass

Air leakage Max
Thermal Transmittance
PTT Windows 2.0ℓ/sec/m2 Note!
(W/m2C)
75Pa Using 4mm clear glass in all instances observe the
Steel 5.32 More than 5.787 framing effect on the thermal transmittance and the
PVCu 4.36 2.544 centre of glass thermal transmittance versus total
Timber 3.92 3.466 system U-value.
Aluminium 5.22 0.376

The impact air infiltration has on the thermal performance of windows is illustrated by the following graphs prepared by
Dr. G Genis of the Thermal Testing Laboratory.

Page 10
4.6 EXPOSURE TO FIRE AND PERFORMANCE OF GLAZING

Window manufacturers/sub contractors and glaziers are no fire experts and it is therefore the onus of the client/specifiers
to indicate the glass requirements in respect of location and degree of resistance to fire in minutes. The Architect/
Engineer must specify the glazing requirements in respect of SANS 10400-T.

In terms of SANS 10400-T a Competent Person (Fire Engineering) shall specify the fire requirements of glazing in
respect of resistance to fire. Aluminium framing will not resist fire when tested in accordance with SANS 10177-2 in
excess of 30-minutes. In addition all glazing in atrium buildings and shopping centres are not covered by SANS 10400-T
in respect of fire performance and require sign off by Competent Person (Fire Engineering)

Framing required for fire resistance in excess of 30-minutes must be manufactured in steel or hard wood of appropriate
volume. When tested in accordance with SANS 10177-2 glazing materials may perform as stated in the following
Tables.

Fire Resistance Performance of Glass

Glass Type Fire Resistance in minutes
Laminated safety glass having PVB/resin interlayer 3 to 6
Laminate glass having intumescent interlayer Up to 120
Georgian wired glass Up to 60
Borosilicate and calcium silicate glass Up to 120
Toughened safety glass 3 to 6
SIGU (double glazing) having PVB/resin laminated safety glass 30

Solid Polycarbonate Sheet Fire Classification*

Country Norm Classification
17
United Kingdom BS476 Part 7 Building Regulations (1991)
27
*Dependant on thickness and colour. Consult manufacturer/suppliers for detailed information.

Glass and Polycarbonate flat sheet in and on itself is not fire resistive unless installed in a proper frame. All
elements i.e. glass + framing + sealants/gaskets + anchorage + installation quality equal fire resistance
performance. The Architectural Aluminium manufacturer/contractor and glazier are not fire consultants and the
client/specifier must specify the fire requirement at time of tender taking full cognance of SANS 10400-T.

When tested in accordance with SANS 10177-2 the manufacturers may classify their various products as follows:
Example: E130 = 30 minutes integrity with 30 minutes insulation.

E = INTEGRITY
Provides a physical barrier against flame, hot toxic gases and smoke.
“The ability of the element of construction with a separating function to withstand fire exposure on one side only, without
the transmission of fire to the non-fire side as a result of the passage of significant quantities of flames or hot gases from
the fire side to the non-fire side, thereby causing ignition of the non-fire exposed surface or any materials adjacent to that
surface”

W = RADIATION
Creating safer escape routes for people and separation distances for combustible materials by controlling the
transmission of radiant heat below a specified level, e.g. 15 kW/m2.
“The ability of the element of construction with a separating function to withstand fire exposure from one side only for a
period of time, while the measured radiated heat in front of the glazing is below a specified level.”

I = INSULATION
Highest performance limitation of surface temperature on the unexposed side
“The ability of the element of construction with a separating function to withstand fire exposure from one side only,
without the transmission of fire to the non-fire side as a result of significant conduction of heat from the fire side to the
non-fire side, thereby causing ignition of the non-fire exposed surface of any material in contact with that surface and the
ability to provide a barrier to heat sufficient to protect people near the element of construction for the relevant
classification period.

Page 11
4.7 LEXAN THERMOCLEAR

4.7.1 LEXAN POLYCARBONATE RESIN

Lexan polycarbonate is a unique engineering thermoplastic which combines a high level of mechanical, optical and
thermal properties. The versatility of this material makes it suitable for many engineering applications. When extruded
in sheet form, it’s optical and impact properties in particular render this material an ideal candidate for a wide range of
glazing applications. SABIC Innovative Plastics has developed a whole range of products to suit the most demanding of
these application needs.

Typical applications include:

Industrial Roofs and Sidewalls
Commercial Greenhouses
Sunroom, Swimming Pool and Conservatory Roofing
Shopping Center Roofing
Railway/Metro Station
Football Stadium Roofing
Roof lights

4.7.2 LEXAN MULTI-WALL SHEET

Lexan Thermoclear Plus sheet (LT2UV)

Lexan Thermoclear Plus sheet features as of 4.5mm thickness a unique 2 side proprietary surface treatment designed to
protect the sheet against the degrading effects of ultra-violet radiation in natural sunlight. 2 sides UV protected surfaces
offers advantage in economical cutting the sheet in desired shapes and installation mistakes are minimized since both
sheet surfaces may be faced outwards.

Lexan Thermoclear SunXP sheet (LT2XP)

Lexan Thermoclear SunXP sheet offers next to remarkable impact strength, high light transmission, light weight, long
term weather resistance and, due to the multi-wall construction, outstanding thermal insulation properties an even more
unique 2 side proprietary surface treatment which provides almost total resistance against degradation caused by UV
radiation in sunlight. The entire Lexan Thermoclear SunXP sheet range carries a Fifteen Year Limited Written Warranty
against discoloration, loss of light transmission and /or loss of strength due to weathering.

Lexan Thermoclear Easyclean sheet (LTE)

Lexan Thermoclear Easyclean sheet makes use of a new and innovative technology platform of self-cleaning properties
the extraordinary hydrophobic coating on the outside surface reduces the surface tension of polycarbonate and increases
the contact angle of water to the sheet this cases larger droplets to form and wash away dirt as the droplets roll down the
sheet. Lexan Thermoclear Easyclean comes standard with a unique 2 side UV proprietary surface treatment but can be
combined with Dripgard property on the inner side of the sheet forming a unique combination of having a Thermoclear
sheet with self-cleaning properties on the outside and a surface treatment on the inside which reduces the formation of
condensation droplets to prevent loss of light transmission.

Lexan Thermoclear Dripgard sheet (LTD)

Lexan Thermoclear Dripgard sheet, in addition to the extraordinary properties of standard 2 side UV resistant Lexan
Thermoclear sheet, also features a specially developed coating on the inner surface which reduces the formation of
condensation droplets. This property is particularly important in helping to prevent crop spoilage in commercial
greenhouses, by falling condensation droplets. There is no reduction in light transmission due to condensation water
droplets. It is the ideal roof glazing material in any application where water drops are unacceptable. For instance:
greenhouses/verandas/sunrooms/swimming pool enclosures/industrial roof glazing.

Lexan Thermoclear Solar Control IR sheet (2UVIR)

Lexan Thermoclear Solar Control IR sheet makes use of a new and innovative technology platform of solar energy
absorption. The Lexan Thermoclear Solar Control IR sheets are transparent with a green (GN), blue (BL) or grey (GY)
tint, which blocks near-Infrared light but let’s in high levels of visible light. Lexan Solar Control IR multiwall sheet
offers: high light transmission combined with low solar transmission, 2 sides unique UV protection, various structures
(2/3/5/6/9 walls, X structures), long-term weathering resistance and high impact strength.

Lexan Thermoclear impact resistant

250 times the impact strength of glass
30 times the impact of acrylic
40% better thermal efficiency than glass
Considerably lower maintenance costs than glass or acrylic
Wide selection of grades and gauges
Page 12
General information Lexan Multi-wall Sheet
Lexan Thermoclear is an impact resistant, energy saving, multi-wall polycarbonate glazing sheet. It features a proprietary
surface treatment which provides almost total resistance against degradation caused by UV radiation in sunlight.

The entire Lexan Thermoclear sheet range carries a Ten Year Limited
Warranty against:

Discoloration
Loss of light transmission
Loss of strength due to weathering.

Typical applications include:

Industrial Roofs and Sidewalls

Commercial Greenhouses
Sunroom, Swimming Pool and Conservatory Roofing
Shopping Center Roofing
Railway/Metro Station
Football Stadium Roofing

Note:
This section refers to polycarbonate products. “Lexan” is a registered trade name. No exclusivity has been intended. We
acknowledge SABIC Innovative Plastics BV for providing technical information in respect of glazing materials.

Page 13
 Table 4.1 – Typical properties of multi-wall products
Sheet thickness mm 6 8 10 10 10 10 16 16 16 20 25 32
Structure 2RS 2RS 2RS 3TS 3X 5RS 3TS 3X 6RS 5RS 6RS 5X
Approx Weight gsm 1300 1500 1700 2000 2000 1750 2700 2900 2900 3300 3500 3800

Clear 112
Light transmission % 82 81 81 74 71 65 74 67 61 64 58 55
Total solar transmission % 82 82 80 77 71 65 78 71 64 71 66 65
Shading coefficient 0.94 0.94 0.92 0.89 0.82 0.75 0.90 0.82 0.74 0.82 0.76 0.75
Solar heat gain coefficient 0.82 0.82 0.8 0.77 0.71 0.65 0.78 0.71 0.64 0.71 0.66 0.65
Direct solar transmission % 76 77 76 70 67 61 70 63 57 60 54 54
Light to solar gain ratio 1.00 0.99 1.01 0.96 1.00 1.00 0.95 0.94 0.95 0.90 0.88 0.85

Grey 715081
Light transmission % 20 20 20 37
Total solar transmission % 50 50 50 52
Shading coefficient 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.6
Solar heat gain coefficient 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.52
Direct solar transmission %
Light to solar gain ratio 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.71

Opal WH7A092X
Light transmission % 66 64 64 61 62 60 63 60 52 55 49 48
Total solar transmission % 69 68 68 66 67 59 69 64 60 60 63 48
Shading coefficient 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.76 0.77 0.68 0.79 0.74 0.69 0.69 0.72 0.55
Solar heat gain coefficient 0.69 0.68 0.68 0.66 0.67 0.59 0.69 0.64 0.6 0.6 0.63 0.48
Direct solar transmission % 63 62 62 59 59 58 60 57 49 53 47 56
Light to solar gain ratio 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.92 0.93 1.02 0.91 0.94 0.87 0.92 0.78 1.00

Bronze 515055
Light transmission % 37 38 35 60 63 29 26 23
Total solar transmission % 58 59 55 59 69 53 50 49
Shading coefficient 0.67 0.68 0.63 0.68 0.79 0.61 0.57 0.56
Solar heat gain coefficient 0.58 0.59 0.55 0.59 0.69 0.53 0.5 0.49
Direct solar transmission % 43 43 44 58 60 33
Light to solar gain ratio 0.64 0.64 0.64 1.02 0.91 0.55 0.52 0.47

Metallic grey GY6A744M

Light transmission % 16 17 16 16 16 16 20
Total solar transmission % 34 31 29 30 22 28 32
Shading coefficient 0.39 0.36 0.33 0.34 0.26 0.33 36
Solar heat gain coefficient 0.34 0.31 0.29 0.3 0.22 0.28 0.32
Direct solar transmission % 15 17 15 15 15 15 15
Light to solar gain ratio 0.47 0.55 0.55 0.53 0.73 0.57 0.63

IR grey GY5B422T
Light transmission % 24 22 22 27 12
Total solar transmission % 46 42 30 40 30
Shading coefficient 0.53 0.48 0.34 0.46 0.34
Solar heat gain coefficient 0.46 0.42 0.3 0.4 0.3
Direct solar transmission % 26 22 18 16 11
Light to solar gain ratio 0.52 0.48 0.73 0.68 0.34

IR green CN8B038T
Light transmission % 66 17 65 55 46 46 41 36
Total solar transmission % 60 31 60 52 45 46 44 42
Shading coefficient 0.69 0.36 0.69 0.6 0.52 0.53 0.5 0.49
Solar heat gain coefficient 0.6 0.31 0.6 0.52 0.45 0.46 0.44 0.42
Direct solar transmission % 47 17 45 36 29 29 26 23
Light to solar gain ratio 1.1 0.55 1.08 1.06 1.02 1 0.93 0.86

IR blue BL8B089T
Light transmission % 52 40 20 20
Total solar transmission % 60 49 36 35
Shading coefficient 0.69 0.56 0.42 0.4
Solar heat gain coefficient 0.6 0.36 0.35
Direct solar transmission % 44 32 17 16
Light to solar gain ratio 1.08 0.82 0.56 0.57

K value 3.5 3.3 3 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.3 1.9 1.8 1.5 1.4
Sound insulation db 18 18 19 19 19 19 21 21 21 22 23 23

Page 14
 Table 4.2: Typical properties for Lexan Polycarbonate Sheet
Property Physical Test method Unit Value
Density ISO 1183 g/cm3 1,20
Water absorption, 50% RH / 23°C ISO62 % 0,15
Water absorption, saturation / 23°C ISO 62 % 0,35
Mechanical
Tensile stress at yield 50mm/min ISO 527 MPa 60
Tensile stress at break 50mm/min ISO 527 MPa 70
Tensile strain at yield 50mm/min ISO 527 % 6
Tensile strain at break 50mm/min ISO 527 % 120
Tensile modulus 2mm/min ISO 527 MPa 2300
Flexural stress at yield 2mm/min ISO 178 MPa 90
Flexural stress at break 2mm/min ISO 178 MPa 2300
Hardness H358/30 95 ISO 2039/1 MPa 95
Thermal
Vicat Softening Temperature, rate B/120 ISO 306 °C 145
HTD/Ae, 1.8 MPa edgew. 120*1*04/sp=100 ISO 75 °C 127
Thermal conductivity ISO 8302 W/m.°C 0,2
Coeff. Of lin. Them. Exp.extr.23-80°C ISO 11359-2 1/°C 7.00 E-05
Electrical
Volume resistivity IEC 60093 0hm.cm 10E15
These property values have been derived from Lexan resin data for the material used to produce this sheet product.
Variations within normal tolerances are possible for various colours. These typical values are not intended for specification
purposes. If minimum certifiable properties are required please contact your local SABIC Innovative Plastics, Specialty Film
& sheet representative. All values are measured at least after 48 hours storage at 23°C/50% relative humidity. All properties
are measured on injection moulded samples. All samples are prepared according ISO 294.

Table 4.3 Typical Properties

Thermoclick/Thermopanel
Sheet thickness mm 40 30 30 30 30
Structure 4X A/4RS B/4RS C/4RS D/4RS
Approx. weight g/m2 4000 4000 4000 4000 3600
Clear code 112
Light transmission**% 40 67 67 67 67
Solar transmission % 56 76 76 76 76
Shading coefficient 0.63 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87
K-value W/m2.K 1.5 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9
Sound insulation dB 21 22 22 <22 22
Hail impact test
Bullet 20 mm >21 >21 >21 >21 >21
Velocity m/sec
*Typical values only
**Light transmission value may vary by plus or minus 3%

Value measured on injection-moulded laboratory sample.

4.7.3 SOLAR CONTROL PROPERTIES

Temperature Increase inside the Building

Sunlight entering the building heats the air both directly and through absorption by the framework, furniture, etc., and is
released as infra-red energy. In combination with the insulating properties of Lexan Thermoclear sheet, this prevents heat
escaping faster than it is created causing a temperature increase – the so-called ‘greenhouse effect’. The temperature can
be controlled by venting, often in combination with specially tinted Lexan Thermoclear sheet, by Lexan Thermoclear
Venetian Grades and Lexan Thermoclear Solar Control SC/IR.

Solar Control
Transparent grades of Lexan Thermoclear sheet have excellent light transmission, between 38 and 83% depending upon
thickness. However, for buildings in hot climates or with south facing aspects, Lexan Thermoclear sheet is available in
translucent grades of bronze, grey, blue, green, opal white, Lexan Thermoclear Solar Control sheet and Lexan
Thermoclear Venetian sheet with screen printed white stripes on the non UV protected side. These grades significantly
reduce solar heat build-up, helping to maintain comfortable interior temperatures.

Page 15
The specially tinted sheet, Lexan Thermoclear Venetian sheet and Lexan Thermoclear Solar Control sheet cuts down the
brightness of sunlight to a pleasing level and reduces air conditioning costs in the summer.

Lexan Thermoclear Solar Control IR (SCIR) sheet does not significantly, like most other solar control products, block or
reflect sun light but absorbs that part of the light spectrum which creates solar transmission. Lexan Thermoclear SC/IR is
an excellent candidate for those applications where there is a need for high light transmission together with low solar
transmission.

Table 4.4: Total Solar Transmission* in % Solar Control IR (LTC-IR)

TST #SC IR Green (%)

LT** SC IR Green (%)

TST # SC IR Grey (%)

LT** SC IR Grey (%)

SC¶ SC IR Green (%)

TST# SC IR Blue (%)
LT** SC IR Blue (%)

SC¶ SC IR Grey (%)

SC¶ SC IR Blue (%)
Rib distance (mm)

Value*(W/m2K)
Weight (kg/m2)

ISO 10077 U
Gauge (mm)
Structure Grade Name

2-Wall 2UVIR6/2RS13 6 1,3 6 3,56 66 60 0,69

2UVIR8/2RS15 8 1,5 10 3,26 65 61 0,70
2UVIR10/2RS17 10 1,7 10 3,02 65 52 20 60 58 42 0,69 0,67 0,48
3-Wall 2UVIR16/3TS27 16 2,7 20 2,27 55 36 52 49 0,60 0,56
3-Wall X-
2UVIR16/3X29 16 2,9 16 2,10 46 29 22 45 32 30 0,52 0,37 0,34
structure
5-Wall 2UVIR10/5RS175 10 1,75 8 2,39 48 48 0,56
2UVIR20/5RS33 25 3,3 18 1,77 46 46 0,53
5-Wall X-
2UVIR20/5X32 25 3,2 20 1,69 24 37 0,51
structure
2UVIR32/5X38 32 3,8 20 1,32 36 20 12 42 35 30 0,49 0,40 0,34
6-Wall 2UVIR16/6RS27 16 2,7 20 1,84 42 45 0,52
* U-values based on Sabic calculated values according ISO 10077 (EN673)
** LT (Light Transmission) measurements according ISO 9050 (EN 410) on 600x600mm samples
# TST (Total Solar Transmission) measurements according ISO 9050 (EN 410) on 600X600mm samples
“ Shading Coefficient (SC): The ratio of the total solar radiation transmitted by a given material to that transmitted by normal
3mm glass, whose light transmission is 87%. SC=%TST/87

Solar Heat Gain

The solar radiation reaching the sheet is reflected, absorbed and transmitted. The greatest proportion is transmitted and
the total solar transmission (TST) is the sum of the direct transmission (DT) and the inwardly released part of the
absorbed energy (A). Table 4.4 lists the solar control properties of the Lexan Thermoclear sheet range and Lexan
Thermoclear Venetian products.

4.7.4 GLAZING SYSTEMS

Dry glazing systems

This selection illustrates some glazing proposals using commercially available profiles which have proven to be
successful in combination with Lexan Thermoclear sheet. Situations may occur where sheet expansion exceeds sealant
limitations and, often for aesthetic reasons, this type of ‘dry’ glazing system provides an ideal solution.

The advantage of dry systems is that the rubber gaskets snap-fit into the glazing strips which then allow free movement
of the sheet during expansion and contraction. See figures 4.7 and 4.9.

WARNING!
Do not use PVC gaskets.

Due to the migration of additives from soft PVC, the Lexan Thermoclear sheet can be chemically affected resulting in
surface cracks or even sheet breakage. A wide range of easy to use glazing bars and fixing accessories, designed
specifically for glazing Lexan Thermoclear sheet, is available from most of the approved Lexan Thermoclear distributors
and specialized installers.

Wet glazing systems

This type of installation system is mainly used in small domestic type applications, carports, warehouses, conservatories
and other glass replacement situations. With standard metal profiles or wooden sections, in combination with glazing
tapes and glazing compounds, many different configurations are possible. See figures 4.8 and 4.10.

Page 16
When using glazing compounds it is essential that the sealant system accepts a certain amount of movement, to allow for
thermal expansion, without loss of adhesion to the frame or sheet. Silicone sealants are generally recommended for use
with Lexan Thermoclear sheet, but it is strongly advised when using sealing compounds to check compatibility before
use.

Care should be taken not to use amine or benzamide curing silicone sealants, which are not compatible with Lexan sheet
and result in crazing, particularly when stress is involved.

Figure 4.7 Figure 4.8

Figure 4.9 : Neoprene, EPT or EPDM rubber gasket Figure 4.10

Sheet glazing guidelines

Wet Glazing Dry Glazing

Page 17
Do’s
Clean the window frame. Remove old putty or broken glass, if necessary.
Measure the sheet edge engagement area (± 20 mm) and internal window frame dimensions, i.e. the space into
which the Lexan Thermoclear sheet will be fitted
Calculate the sheet size, allowing clearance for thermal expansion (3 mm per linear meter)
Select the right thickness to fulfil loading requirements, K-value, etc.
Clamp the Lexan Thermoclear sheet to a support table to avoid vibration and rough cutting
Cut the sheet to the required size, using a standard electric circular or jig saw
Blow away saw dust build-up in the channels with clean compressed air
Remove any sharp edges and irregularities from the sheet
Peel back approximately 50 mm of the masking film from all edges of the cut sheet on both sides
Carefully select the sealing tape appropriate to the glazing application
Seal the top and the bottom sheet channels with impermeable and/or venting tape, f.i. Multifoil G3629 / AD
3429. Please refer to the processing instructions provided by the sealing tape supplier.
In case of venting tape, and to allow condensation drainage, apply an alu closure profile with drainage
possibilities or apply some single sided self-adhesive glazing tape as distance holder between the venting holes
For wet glazing apply single sided self-adhesive glazing tape or rubber profile to both window frame and bead
For dry glazing, snap-fit compatible neoprene rubber gaskets in place in the support profile as well as in the
clamping cover profile
Insert the Lexan Thermoclear into the window frame
Lexan Thermoclear sheet must always be installed with the ribs running vertically. The UV protected surface
should always face outwards
Fix the window bead or the clamping cover profile in place
For wet glazing apply and approved silicone sealing compound, such as Multisil / Silpruf between the sheet and
the window frame / bead
Remove all masking film immediately after installation
Clean the window carefully with warm soapy water and with a soft cellulose sponge or wool cloth

Don’ts
Do not use plasticized PVC or incompatible rubber sealing tapes or gaskets
Do not use Amine, Benzamide or Methozy based sealants
Do not use abrasive or highly alkaline cleaners
Never scrape Lexan Thermoclear sheet with squeegees, razor blades or other sharp instruments
Do not walk on Lexan thermoclear sheet at any time
Do not install Lexan Thermoclear sheet with damaged tapes
Do not clean Lexan Thermoclear sheet in hot sun or at elevated temperatures
Benzene, gasoline, acetone, carbon tetrachloride or butyl cellosove should never be used on Lexan Thermoclear
sheet.

4.7.5 SEALING GUIDELINES

Edge Sealing
In all cases Lexan Thermoclear sheet should be mounted with the ribs running downwards to assist condensation water
drainage. Algae growth, in the form of a green deposit inside the sheet channels, may occasionally be a problem. It is
the result of permanent condensation inside the channels due to particular temperature conditions.

Since moisture build-up and dust/insect contamination inside the channels can be major problem, one of the most
important aspects of installation is edge sealing, particularly of the open-ended channels. There are several techniques
that can be adopted to significantly reduce contamination, the choice depending largely on the prevailing environmental
conditions.

Sealing Tape
It should be noted that the tape delivered on Thermoclear sheet is for protection, during transportation and storage, only
and is not an impermeable sealing / installation tape. This tape should be replaced prior to installation with a tape as
described below.

Before taping, approximately 50mm of the masking should be removed from all sheet edges. The remaining masking
should be removed only when installation is completed.

The tape should have good weathering resistance, without loss of long-term adhesion or mechanical strength.
The tape should have good resistance to tearing and other damage during installation and handling.
In close co-operation with the company Multifoil, an anti-dust impermeable tape G3600 and an anti-dust venting
tape AD3400 / AD4500 have been developed. Multifoil will provide within Europe a 10 Year Guarantee on the
operation of the tapes.
Page 18
The following Guidelines are recommended to minimize sealing and contamination problems:

Ensure that all sheet edges are smooth and rounded before applying the tape.
All channels should be blown free of dust before sealing.
Ensure tape is completely covered by glazing profiles, flashings, end closures, etc. No tape should be left exposed
when installation is complete.
Replace any damaged tape before final installation.
Recommended sealing tapes for glazing Lexan Thermoclear sheet are available from most approved Lexan
Thermoclear distributors and specialised installers.

Chemical resistance
Lexan Thermoclear sheet has been successfully used in combination with many building materials and glazing
compounds. Taking into account, the complexity of chemical compatibility, all chemicals which come into contact with
polycarbonate should always be tested in the particular application. For sheet products, the most common materials are
sealants, gaskets and the various cleaning media.

Chemical compatibility testing is an on-going process at SABIC Innovative Plastics Structured Products and many
standard products have already been tested. A complete list of recommended cleaners, gaskets and sealants is available
upon request. However, a shortened list of some of the more common compounds is shown below.

When using glazing compounds it is essential that the sealant system accepts a certain amount of movement to allow for
thermal expansion, without loss of adhesion to the frame or sheet. Silicone sealants are generally recommended for use
with Lexan Thermoclear sheet, see table 4.5. It is strongly advised when using sealing compounds to check compatibility
before use.

Table 4.5
Recommended Sealants
Sealant Supplier
Silpruf SABIC Innovative Plastics Bayer Silicones
MultiSil SABIC Innovative Plastics Bayer Silicones

Compatible Neoprene, EPT or EPDM rubbers with an approximate shore hardness of the A65 are recommended, and
compatibility reports for different rubber types are available upon request.

Table 4.6
Recommended gasket systems
Gasket type* Supplier
EPDM
Helvoet
Chloropene, RZ4-35-81
EPDM
4330, 4431, Vredestein
5530, 5531
EPDM
Phoenix
3300/670, 64470
* More grades available

In case of doubt about any aspect of the chemical compatibility of the Lexan Thermoclear sheet range, always consult
your nearest SABIC Innovative Plastics Structured Products sales office for further advice.

Page 19
4.8 OTHER PLASTICS

4.8.1 PMMA (polymethtyl methacrylate)

More commonly referred to as acrylic, has been available for more than sixty years. It is one of the most versatile plastic
polymers and can be converted into either a finished or semi-finished product. In sheet form it can be manufactured by
one of three processes, the most established of which cell is casting. In this form it was first manufactured in Britain and
Germany in the early 1930’s.

Its light weight, high transparency, strength and ease of formability made it an ideal material for aircraft glazing. It is still
used today for high performance military and commercial aircraft glazing as well as a diverse range of other products
ranging from leaflet holders to complex engineering components. Although it is available in a wide range of colours it is
a naturally clear polymer and competes in certain applications with other naturally clear polymers such as PVC,
polycarbonate, PETG and polystyrene.

However, all these polymers are very different in their chemistry, properties and working characteristics. To ensure the
right choice of material is made for a specific application and that it is properly fabricated, a good working knowledge of
these polymers and their respective fabrication techniques is essential.

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is a monomer with a water clear appearance. It is flammable and has a distinctive smell.
Some acrylic cement is based on MMA and fabricators using these products will be exposed to its vapours. Although it is
not known to be a carcinogen, like all chemical products it must be used in accordance with the data sheets provided. To
convert MMA monomer into a solid sheet it has to be polymerized. It is then referred to as polymethyl methacrylate,
(PMMA) its true generic term. A more user friendly term however is acrylic. In sheet form the polymer can be made by
several methods of cell casting, band or continuous casting and extrusion.

The Basic Chemical Structure of Acrylic

Chemically all acrylic sheet is basically the same, but the processes used to manufacture the sheet will affect the
molecular weight of the polymer and this will determine the performance characteristics of the material during fabrication
as well as its service life. Cell cast acrylic sheet will differ from one manufacturer to another as will extruded acrylic
sheet, and cell cast sheet will behave very differently to extruded sheet. Get it wrong and you’re in trouble.

To be able to understand why the properties and characteristics of acrylic are important when choosing a material it helps
to understand the basic structure of the polymer.

The composition of water is made up of billions of molecules and is a very simple construction containing two hydrogen
and one oxygen atoms. It has the formula H2O. Each molecule is independent and can move freely in relation to the
other molecules surrounding it, allowing it to assume a liquid state. MMA monomer assumes a similar liquid state to
water but it has a very different chemical composition. A MMA molecule comprises of five carbon, eight hydrogen and
two oxygen atoms and has the formula CH2; C(CH3).CO.OCH3. It’s like comparing the size of a tennis ball to a marble.

Because extruded acrylic sheet has slightly different handling characteristics to cell cast acrylic, it cannot be worked in
exactly the same way as cell cast, even though the same basic principles of fabrication apply. This may cause some
problems for fabricators new to extruded sheet, and changes the technique will have to e adopted if successful fabrication
is to be achieved. The table below gives a comparison between cell cast and extruded sheet using the basis that 10 would
be the maximum achievable value with acrylic sheet.

RATING
VALUE CELL CAST EXTRUDED
CAST EXT
Cost Competitive Slightly lower 10 9
Thickness Thick block possible Limited to 15/20 mm 10 2.5
Colours Wide range Restricted 10 0.5
Sizes Limited by glass sizes Up to 1,85 metres wide & 6 metre lengths 10 10
Fire Rating Supports combustion Supports combustion – drips 10 5
Notched impact Impact sensitive to notches Twice sensitivity of cast 10 5
Craze Resistance High Lower by 65 – 70% 10 3
Chemical Resistance Good Lower 10 9
Outdoor Weathering Excellent Excellent 10 10
(Yellowness)
Outdoor Weathering May craze ** High risk of crazing ** 10 4
(Mechanical)
Thickness Tolerance Poor Good 5 10
Vacuum Formability Fair Excellent 6 10
Shrinkage 2 – 3% Bi – Axially Average 5% in line of extrusion only 10 7
Optical Quality Very good Good 10 9
**Crazing may appear as a result of environmental stresses. Poor construction and installation will exacerbate the effect.
Page 20
Acrylic Sheet Variants
Acrylic sheet is available from a number of different manufacturers throughout the world. Although the basic product
offered is clear cell cast and extruded sheet, there are also many variants available from the majority of manufacturers.
Below is a list of the main categories available for cell cast sheet, some of which may also be available in extruded sheet.
Size options.
Thicknesses from 1mm to in excess of 100mm.
Opals (whites of differing light transmittance).
Colours with variable transmittance where transmittance decreases as thickness increases, or constant
transmittance where transmittance remains constant irrespective of thickness.
Tints.
Surface finish – there are many different grades in this category some of which are quit obscure.
Various grades with enhanced impact resistance and ease of formability.

Applications
Acrylic sheet is a versatile material that has been used for many applications since its conception in the 1930’s. For many
of those applications nothing better has been found. The following list gives some of the applications for which acrylic
sheet is still used:
Advertising, promotional and shop signs – Internally and externally illuminated – (for some locations check local
fire regulations)
Aircraft glazing – special grade
Aquaria
Architectural glazing. Subject to local fire regulations.
Cold storage cabinet dividers (impact strength improves as temperatures drop below 0°C)
Decorative models
Decorative (desktop/table top) furniture
Decorative screens and panels
Decorative furniture
Domestic, medical, spa and other types of baths and washbasins. Special grades available.
Engineering component
Engineering models
Food trays and display dishes – (observe food contact regulations)
Jewellery
Laboratory/photographic water and chemical tanks
Leaflet holders
Lenses – (contact and intra ocular require a special grade)
Lighting – industrial, street and domestic
Motorway noise screens – special grade
Office desk utilities
Photograph frames
Point of sale display units
Pressure vessel and other observation panels and screens
Theatre and TV set furniture
Vehicle, boat and other transport glazing

The Main Working Properties of Acrylic Sheet

The properties of synthetic polymers are determined by their structure, which is dependent on the chemistry and type and
quality of polymerization. Properties give a guide to the way in which materials will perform when used in specific
applications. It is therefore important that the sales person, buyer, specifier or designer has some knowledge of the
properties of the materials they work with.

Properties are determined by a number of different tests and measurements designed to give an indication of the expected
performance parameters for a material during its service life. It should not be assumed that all makes of one generic type
of polymer will be exactly the same as another and certainly they will differ greatly between generic types.

In addition to the differences between cell cast and extruded acrylic sheet, which exist as a result of varying polymer
lengths, each manufacturer uses slightly different formulations and processing methods so the properties of acrylic sheet
will vary slightly from one manufacturer to another.

It is often assumed that the property values quoted by a manufacturer for their product will hold true under all
circumstances. Although that may be true in most cases, much depends on how well they acrylic sheet has been
fabricated. Crazing, for example, occurs because a property value has been exceeded.

Page 21
Incorrect heating during thermoforming and line bending can cause changes to the chain structure of the material and
degrade other additives. In both cases property values will have been changed and this may lead to premature failure of
the finished product in service.

All synthetic polymers have limitations governed by both their properties or limitations of the manufacturing processes
and these will become apparent in the following pages.

The property values given in this document are based on average values from several manufacturers and are intended
only as an approximate guide.

Abrasion resistance. Approximately 40% less than glass and comparable to aircraft grade aluminium. Surface
abrasions can be polished out and high gloss restored.

Chemical resistance. Resists attack from many common alkaline chemicals. Chlorinated solvents will cause
dissolution. Some solvents and alcohols will contribute to crazing.

Density (weight). The density of acrylic sheet is 1.194 g/cm3. It is about half the weight of glass and makes acrylic sheet
an ideal material for light weight applications such as boat and aircraft glazing.

Flammability. Acrylic sheet is flammable. High molecular weight cell cast sheet supports combustion and burns with a
distinctive crackle. Very little smoke or harmless combustion products are produced and its long chain structure prevents
dripping. Extruded sheet burns in much the same way as cell cast except that it burns quietly and has the disadvantage of
dripping, which increases the risk of fire propagation to other areas. In the

UK good quality cell cast sheet will show a class 3 rating when tested in accordance with BS 476 pt. 7 surface spread of
flame test. Extruded sheet will fall into class 4. The use of class 4 materials within the area of petrol station forecourts in
the UK is prohibited.

Flexural strength. One of the most rigid plastics making it suitable for applications exposed to high loads i.e. Water
tanks, roof lights and large area signs.

Impact resistance (unnotched). Approximately five time that of plate glass. Both cast and extruded sheet can be impact
modified, but his may impair some of the other properties.

Impact resistance (notched). Notches will reduce the impact strength of cell cast and extruded acrylic sheet whether it is
impact modified or not. Extruded sheet has approximately twice the notch sensitivity of cell cast.

Impact resistance (effect of notching)

Impact resistance can be measured in different ways. Whichever method is used, the results can only give an indication
of how the impact resistance of one material compares with that of another material tested under the same conditions.
The impact resistance figures quoted are for guidance only. Because of the many factors which influence impact
performance it is unlikely that they will give a true indication of how the material will perform after fabrication and in
service.

Bi-axially stretched sheet, for example, will have greater impact strength than unstretched sheet of similar thickness. The
factor that most affects impact strength is notches which occur either as a feature of design or, more commonly, from the
fabrication process. A notch point can vary from a surface scratch to a drilled hole or a chipped edge to a ninety degree
corner cut out.

During machining operations notches can be prevented by ensuring that the cutting tools are in a well maintained
condition and that the correct machining parameters are adhered to.

Page 22
From a design point of view a radius is a better proposition than a sharp corner. Radii spread stresses, induced at a notch
point when the material is deflected under load, and reduce the risk of failure at the notch point.

Light transmittance. At 92% acrylics have a higher light transmittance than other plastics and glass (87%). Unlike
other plastics, loss with large increases in thickness is very low and there is less deterioration from outdoor exposure.

Moisture absorption. Like most materials, acrylic sheet is hygroscopic and will absorb up to 2.2% of moisture under
certain circumstances. Levels of less than 0.8% are, however, more likely in normal everyday storage and use. Moisture
content alters with changes in temperature and humidity; it will induce stress into acrylic sheet and affect its dimensional
stability. The effect of these changes should be considered in applications where acrylic sheet is to be fitted into a frame,
bonded to dissimilar materials or when bonding cell cast to extruded sheet. The polyethylene masking, commonly used
to protect the surface of acrylic sheet, will retard moisture absorption but will not prevent it. The masking film should
always be removed before final installation of the finished product. Extruded sheet may need pre-drying before it can be
formed.

Temperature performance range. The long term service temperature range for acrylic sheet is between +80°C and -
40°C. the most brittle state within that range is 0°C to +20°C, which makes acrylic an ideal material or low temperature
applications.

Thermal expansion. Temperature variations will cause dimensional changes to occur in acrylic sheet. To avoid high
stresses and distortion in the final application, allowances must be made. The formulae for calculating the coefficient of
linear thermal expansion varies from one generic type to another but the average figure is in the region of 7.3 X 10-5
cm/cm °C. For general applications the table below can be used to determine the expansion/contraction allowances. In
outdoor applications such as signs an additional allowance of approximately 1.5 to 2mm per metre length must be made
to compensate for the absorption of moisture.

EXPANSION ALLOWANCES FOR ACRYLIC SHEET IN mm/METRE LENGTH

Temperature °C 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Expansion 0.07 0.15 0.39 0.78 1.56 2.34 3.12 3.9 4.8 5.46 6.24 7.02 7.8

Thickness tolerances. Cell cast acrylic is prone to wide thickness variations across the area of the sheet. The larger the
area and the thinner the cast the more difficult it is to control thickness tolerances and variations of up to 20% may be
experienced. As sheet thickness increases, thickness tolerances improve slightly. Sign makers are particularly prone to
the effects of thickness variations when using coloured sheet to construct facia panels. With certain colours a change in
hue may be observed when viewed by transmitted light at the point where two panels butt together. Even very small
variations in thickness can produce this effect. Thickness tolerances of extruded sheet are generally superior to those of
cell cast.

Outdoor weathering (yellowing). The outdoor weathering performance of good quality unmodified clear acrylic sheet
is outstanding in all climates and should give in excess of ten years and possibly more with very little discolouration.

Outdoor weathering (general). Colour fading will occur with pigmented sheet. Over a two or three year period impact
modified sheet may suffer loss of impact strength and display signs of discolouration. Due to thermal expansion and
contraction, moisture absorption and flexure inflicted by climatic changes, stresses will be induced into the material. This
may lead to crazing and subsequent failure of the finished product.

Page 23
4.8.2 PVC CLEAR (POLYVINYL CHLORIDE)

General information
PVC Clear is the name for transparent, extruded sheets based on uPVC, which contains no softeners, in accordance with
DIN 7748. The sheets are covered both sides with a self-adhesive protective film to protect them from surface damage.
Characteristic properties of clear PVC are:

Excellent rigidity and dimensional stability

Self-extinguishing (flame retardant up to 4 mm according to DIN 4102, 81) good chemical resistance to acids,
alkalis and salt solutions
High light transmission and transparency
Excellent electrical insulating properties.
Odourless and non-toxic
(However in general only very specific grades satisfies recommendation of the BgW)

Distinguishing characteristics
Standard clear PVC
Standard, transparent, shockproof rigid PVC based on DIN 16927, sheet 1. Excellent rigidity and transparency make this
material ideal for many applications. As other grades with specific properties are available from a number of
manufacturing extruders, please check with these suppliers for other characteristics.

Applications
PVC clear is an ideal material for many applications. The different versions available are specially designed to satisfy
different requirements and combine the advantages of rigid PVC (uPVC) with maximum translucency. The high
chemical resistance of this material is a particular feature. It can be used economically for chemical and process
engineering applications.

The following can be regarded as typical areas where clear PVC can be used:
Pipe systems, e.g. in the chemical and food industry panelling
Switch boxes
Vacuum forming parts
DIY
File boxes
Shop window displays
Exhibition constructions sing
Advertising
Lamp shades
Stage sets
TV studios
Templates trays/dishes for distribution purposes
Partitions

Clear PVC can also be used in installations where it is necessary to monitor the process, e.g. in general engineering and
chemical engineering.

Table 4.7 - Material characteristics PVC Clear

Test Standard Dimension Clear PVC Standard
Density DIN 53479 g/cm3 1.37
Tensile-E-Modulus DIN 53455 N/mm2 3200
Yield stress DIN 53455 N/mm2 72
Elongation at yield DIN 53455 % 3
Elongation at tear DIN 53455 % 11
Impact strength DIN 53453 kJ/m2 Without break
Notched impact strength DIN 53453 kJ/m2 2
Indentation hardness H358/30 DIN 53456 N/mm2 140
Shore hardness D DIN 53505 - 83
Vicat softenino temperature 8/50 DIN 53460 K (OC) 345(72)
Mean thermal longitudinal expansion coefficient DIN 53752 K.1 0.8 10..
Thermal conductivity” DIN 52612 W/mK 0,159
Dielectric strength ** DIN 53481 kV/mm 30
Method K 20/P 50
Spec. volume resistance DIN 53482 Ohm .cm >10’5
Ring electrode
Surface resistance DIN 53482 Ohm 10”
Electrode A
Page 24
 Material characteristics (Continue)
Test Standard Dimension Clear PVC Standard
Tracking resistance
DIN 53480 V >600
Method KC
Dielectric constant at 300 – 1000 Hz 3.0
DIN 53483 -
At 3.105 Hz 2.9
Dielectric loss factor
At 300 Hz 0.016
DIN 53483 -
At 1000 Hz 0.01
At 3.105 Hz 0.02

Measured on test specimen 10 mm thick measured on test specimen 1 mm thick

The figures indicated are guide values and may vary according to the processing method c used to make the test specimen.
Unless specified otherwise, these are average values measurements on extruded sheets 4 mm thick. These values cannot
be automatically used for finished parts. The manufacturer/user should check the suitability of our materials for a specific
application.

Combustion behaviour

Standard Clear PVC is classified as a flame retardant material, class B1, in accordance with DIN 4102, part 1. The
corresponding test reference Z – PA – 1112.810 is available for wall thicknesses up to 4mm. The ignition temperature is
above 390º Celsius. The oxygen index is 40%.

There are special grades which have been combustible – classified as a normally part, 4102 according to DIN, 82 class,
and material 1. Check with manufacturers for availability.

Behaviour in outdoor use

Standard clear PVC is not generally suitable for outdoor applications. However the stabilisation of standard clear PVC
may be considered in individual cases depending on the conditions of use.

Chemical resistance
Clear PVC is chemically resistant to aqueous acids, alkalis and salts at ambient temperature. The same applies to
alcohols, aliphatic compounds and many oils. Aromatic compounds and halogenated hydrocarbons, esters and ketones
will etch the material. PVC is not resistant to very strong oxidizing agents; in this case, there is the risk of stress crack
formation at welds and at cold and hot shaped positions.

Mineral acids, such as, for example, sulphuric acid, nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid, will cause clear PVC to discolour
within a relatively short period. Its translucency and, therefore, transparency, is then lost. Some clouding of clear PVC
may occur, although the material is generally classified as “chemically resistant”; in this case, the transparency is
automatically reduced, but is maintained to a certain degree.

Water absorption
Generally speaking, rigid PVC can absorb a certain amount of moisture, which is revealed by the formation of tiny
blisters when it is heated up in the vacuum forming machine.

In such cases, the material should be dried first for 12 hours at 55 DC in a circulating air oven; storage overnight is
sufficient in the majority of cases. As a rule, provided that the sheets are stored in a dry place, pre-drying is not
necessary.

Light transmission
Standard clear PVC has excellent optical properties. For example, the light transmission according to standard light C is
82% for 4 mm standard clear PVC

4.8.3 PET SHEET (Polyethylene Terephthalate Sheets)

This polymer is a major development in the world of plastic sheets; Sheet Plastic has considered it important to include it
in its current range of products to be offered to its customers. SHEETPET sheets have an excellent fire resistance
(BS476: Part 7: Class 1Y) and they are self-extinguishing. They are safe to use with foodstuffs and are highly resistant to
chemical agents and weathering. They save time and energy since they do not require pre-drying and can be quickly
thermoformed. These sheets have a wide range of applications, from roof domes, rooflights and greenhouse glazing, to
bus shelters and vandal proof glazing, signs, displays, trays and vending machine facias. An important new feature of
certain thicknesses is the availability of the product on rolls. Different colours, or anti-UV treatment are available on
demand.

Page 25
 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR PET RESIN
CODE UNIT VALUE
PHYSICAL
Density ISO 1183 g/cm3 1.34
MECHANICAL
Tensile strength @ yield ISO 527 MPa 59
Tensile strength @ breakage ISO 527 MPa No breakage
Elongabon @ breakage ISO 527 % No breakage
Elasticity modulus in traction ISO 527 MPa 2,420
Resistance to flexion ISO 178 MPa 86
Charpy impact test with notch ISO 179 kJ/m2 (*)
Charpy impact test ISO 179 kJ/m2 No breakage
Rockwell hardness, M / R scale (*) / 111
Ball pressure hardness ISO 2039 MPa 117
OPTICAL
Light transmission ASTM D-1003 % 89
Refractive index ASTM D-542 1.576
THERMAL
Maximum Service temperature °C 60
VICAT Softening temperature (10 N) ISO 306 °C 79
VICAT Softening temperature (50 N) ISO 306 °C 75
Heat deflection temperature, HDT A U.8 MPa) °C 69
Heat deflection temperature HDT B (0.45 MPa) ISO 75-2 °C 73
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion ISO 75-2 x103 /°C <6
These data correspond to raw material values

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
CHEMICAL PRODUCT BEHAVIOUR
Satisfactory Regular Unsatisfactory
Mineral oil X
Vegetable oil X
Acetone X
Acetic acid X
Water X
Turpentine X
Ammonia X
Detergents X
Ethanol X
Petrol X
Glycerine X
Methanol X
Toluene X

REACTION TO FIRE
COUNTRY CODE CLASSIFICATION
Great Britain BS 476; Part 7 IY
Germany DIN 4102.1 B1
France NFP 92-507 M2
Italy UNI 9177 Class 1
A NUDECPET safety file is available for any additional type of query.
(*) Non-applicable

4.8.4 PET

Properties
Dimensional Stability to heat
Articles manufactured with this product must not be continually exposed to temperatures above 60°C, depending on the
application.

Page 26
Ageing
The UV component of sunlight causes degradation to all plastics in general. This degradation depends on the exposure
conditions, in other words, on the actual duration of exposure to sunlight, the sheet inclination to the sun’s rays,
temperature and humidity and on sunlight intensity (geographical coordinates). This degradation shows up as a
progressive yellowing, a reduction in light transmission and loss of mechanical properties.

PET sheets are not protected against the effects of sunlight, however, the actual material itself possesses a certain
resistance to outside weather so that it can be used in exterior applications in locations where sunlight is of low intensity
and does not permanently fall on the sheets. For exterior applications where the sheets are permanently exposed to
ultraviolet light, a stabilized product, such as PETuv sheets, which are protected on both sides, are recommended. When
used in exterior applications, the protective film must be removed immediately, since exposure to sunlight can cause
permanent adhesion to the sheet.

Chemical Resistance
In general, PET sheets are able to resist most acids, alcohols, and salts, together with plastitfying agents. They are also
resistant to hydrocarbons, such as xylene, mineral oils and petroleum. However, resistance to aliphatic hydrocarbons is
limited. Similarly, PET sheets also resist the chemical attack of acid rain. Diesel engine exhausts fumes and air with a
certain amount of salinity. Aromatic compounds can cause several reactions.

Contact with food & sanitary use

PET sheets (except the UV version) comply with the United States FDA (Food and Drug Administration) and the BGA
(Bundes-gesundheitsamt, Germany) standards for contact with foodstuffs. PET is both odour and taste-free, making PET
suitable for use applications where it comes into contact with toad, and in medical usage. PET sheets can be sterilized by
gamma radiation or with ethylene oxide.

4.8.4.1 HANDLING

Cleaning
The sheets should be cleaned with a solution of warm water with a little neutral soap and rinsed with water employing a
very soft sponge or chamois leather.

Cutting/Sawing
The common types of saws employed in wood or metal carpentry provide good results when sawing PET sheets: disc,
band, sabre, jigsaw, hewing, and handsaw. Disc or band saws produce the best edges and can perform almost all cutting
operations. Blade shape plays an important role in sawing plastics. It is recommended to employ a band saw with
separated teeth because the empty space will facilitate the exit of the cut ships.

The best results are obtained using teeth without any indication and also somewhat jumped. To prevent the plastic from
cracking or melting, the blade must be very sharp and the guide should very close to the cut to prevent vibration.

Die-stamping
PET sheets can be satisfactorily die-cut with steel blades (up to 2mm). The blade has to be quite frequently replaced or
sharpened. The dfHutting press must be adjusted so that he run completely traverses the plastic sheet and stops before
blade cause any nicks.

Polishing
Pre polishing is required to eliminate any marking caused by the cutting disc.

The following may be used:

Rotating rigid fabric discs with buffing paste
Rotating soft fabric discs with buffing paste for the final finish flame polishing the edge is also possible with a
standard butane torch or a hot nitrogen welding torch, care should be taken of the exact distance between the sheet
and the heat source and the passing speed. If the heat source is brought to close there is a danger of crystaUising-
whitening the surface or the material may becoming too fluid:

Adhesives
Because of the exceptional chemical resistance of PET sheets it is not possible to use adhesives with solvents. Among
the recommended adhesives are the cyanacrylates, together with two component polyurethanes and epoxies.

The following should be taken into consideration when selecting an adhesive:

Aesthetics of the finished joint

Dilation and contraction with temperature changes

Page 27
 Fragility, rigidity and flexibility
Alterability with respect to outside weather, where applicable
Duration and useful lifetime
Adhesive strength (adherence to the plastic)

Final usage requirements

For perfect gluing of the surfaces to be joined, they must fit together well (without exerting force and without leaving any
cavities and should also be smooth and unpolished. Certain adhesives with volatile components may contract during
drying. This effect can be compensated by cutting the joint at an angle, thus leaving space to be filled with a slight excess
of adhesive.

Thermoforming
Pre-drying, as required for polycarbonate, is not necessary. Time and energy savings:

Thermoforming temperatures between 120 and 150°C very high temperatures can reduce the impact strength of
the material.
Mould temperature must not exceed 60°C
It is recommended that heating time is reduced to avoid crystallisation.

Pet uses film to protect the surface from possible damage during production and transport. This protective film is not
prepared to withstand high temperatures and must be removed prior to thermoforming or hot-bending

4.8.4.2 BENDING

Cold bending
PET sheets of less than 3mm can be cold bent using standard equipment as employed for metal sheets, such as presses or
bending machines. The surface protection film should be left in place during the bending process in order to protect it
from scratches. It is best not to employ excessive speed for bending since too must stress can cause the surface to break
up.

Bending with incandescent wire

Standard two-side, incandescent wire bending equipment can be satisfactorily employed. Excessive wire temperature or
is insufficient distance between the wire and the sheet can lead to slight crystallization (fine white misting) of the sheet
surface. If this occurs, then the wire power should be reduced or the distance between the wire and sheet increased. In
extreme cases, the wire can be replaced for one with a larger diameter in order to reduce the resistance and consequently
its temperature.

All PET products use film to protect the surface from possible damage during production and transport. This protective
film is not prepared to withstand high temperatures and must be removed prior to thermoforming or hot-bending.

Decoration
Certain printing inks can display some difficulty in adhering to the PET due to its high resistance to solvents. The print
film should be removed just prior to printing to prevent the surface from damage.

PETg Sheet
Polyethylene Terephthalate Copolymer Sheets
Application examples  Signs and display construction
 Exhibition stands Displays, moulds, lettering, orthopaedic parts, toys,
 Machine guards dispensing machines, cycling helmets, protective visors,
 Thermoforming sector containers … these are just some of the products that can be
 Medical applications made from these sheets. Their main characteristics are their
 Orthopaedic applications easy processing and resistance to impact and chemical
 Food industry agents, as well as their transparency and ductility.
(handling trays, shop fittings)
 Building constructions These characteristics mean SHEETPETg sheets can be easily
Processing examples  Thermoforming fabricated, bent when cold (up to 2mm in thickness) and even
 Screen printing cut using a laser beam.
 Welding and bonding
 Nailing and screwing They come in different thicknesses and can be manufactured
 Punching and drilling in different colours (like the present opal) and are available
 Laser cutting with anti-UV treatment or patterns.
 Polishing
 Warm and cold bending
 Sawing
 Milling

Page 28
PETg
Apart from its crystal clear transparency, PETG sheet has impressive mechanical properties. PETg has extremely high
impact strength, excellent vacuum forming properties and can be processed in a variety of ways. It is generally
recognized as physiologically safe, making it suitable for applications in medical technology and the food processing
industry. PETg sheets are resistant to many chemicals.

Extremely high impact strength

shock resistant even at below zero temperatures (to -40°C)
protection against vandalism
economical by using thinner sheets

Easy to process
easy to punch and cut (up to 3mm)
nailing is possible
cold forming (up to 5mm)
simple welding and gluing without loss of transparency
laser cutting for reasonable mass production possible
edges can be polished

Excellent vacuum forming properties

simple vacuum forming without loss of transparency
excellent and uniform drawing behaviour
minimized thinning
good printing before thermoforming
excellent definition of sharp edges and corners
low machine operating costs due to short cycle times
no need for pre-drying
less waste due to a wide range of forming temperatures

Enables high-quality printing suitable for contact with foodstuff in accordance with
BgVV and FDA
Suitable for sterilizing
Flame retardant
Weather resistant
Environment-friendly

Density g/cm ISO 1183 1.27

Yield stress N/mm DIN EN ISO 527 52
Tensile-Ernodulus MPa DIN EN ISO 527 2000
Impact strength kJ/m DIN EN ISO 179 without break
-40°C without break
Transparency (sheet 4mm) 93%
Notched impact strength kJ/M. DIN EN ISO 179 10
Shore hardness D 79
ISO868
Average thermal coefficient of elongation K’ DIN 53752 0,7 X 10-4
Fire behaviour DIN 4102 B1 till 6mm
Dielectric strength kV jmm VDE 0303-21 16
Surface resistance 0hm DIN IEC 167 10 to power of 16
Temperature range c - 40 to + 65 Celsius
Chemical resistance resistant to diluted acids, soaps, oils, alcohols & alkalis
Physiologically acceptable ace. To sgw and FDA (USA) yes

Page 29