Algebraic properties of summation

If (Tr) and (Er) are two a sequence, n ∈ Z+ and c ∈ R, then:

(𝟏) ∑𝒏𝒓=𝟏 𝒄 = 𝒄𝒏
𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)
(𝟐) ∑𝒏𝒓=𝟏 𝒓 =
𝟐
𝒏 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)(𝟐𝒏+𝟏)
(𝟑) ∑𝒓=𝟏 𝒓𝟐 =
𝟔

(𝟒) ∑𝒏𝒓=𝟏 𝒄𝑻𝒓 = 𝒄 ∑𝒏𝒓=𝟏 𝑻𝒓

(𝟓) ∑𝒏𝒓=𝟏 𝑻𝒓 ± 𝑬𝒓 = ∑𝒏𝒓=𝟏 𝑻𝒓 ± ∑𝒏𝒓=𝟏 𝑬𝒓
(𝟔) ∑𝒏𝒓=𝒎 𝑻𝒓 = ∑𝒏𝒓=𝟏 𝑻𝒓 − ∑𝒎−𝟏
𝒓=𝟏 𝑻𝒓

Arithmetic Geometric

Sequence (𝒂 , 𝒂 + 𝒅 , 𝒂 + 𝟐𝒅 , 𝒂 + 𝟑𝒅 , … … … , 𝒍 ) ( 𝒂 , 𝒂𝒓 , 𝒂𝒓𝟐 , 𝒂𝒓𝟑 , … … … , 𝒍 )

𝑻𝒏+𝟏
𝑻𝒏+𝟏 − 𝑻𝒏 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 = 𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒏 = = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 = 𝒓 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒏
condition 𝑻𝒏
∈ 𝒁+
∈ 𝒁+
General term 𝑻𝒏 = 𝒂 + (𝒏 – 𝟏)𝒅 𝑻𝒏 = 𝒂 𝒓𝒏−𝟏
Number of 𝒍−𝒂+𝒅 𝒍 𝒍. 𝒓
𝒏= 𝒏 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒓 + 𝟏 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒓
terms 𝒅 𝒂 𝒂
𝒂+𝒄
mean 𝒃 = 𝒐𝒓 𝟐𝒃 = 𝒂 + 𝒄 𝒃𝟐 = 𝒂 𝒄 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒃 = ± √𝒂 𝒄
𝟐
- number of terms = number of means + 2
Remarks on
- order of term = order of mean +1
means
- Arithmetic mean > geometric mean of the same numbers
𝒏
𝒂 (𝟏 − 𝒓𝒏 )
𝑺𝒏 = ∑ (𝒂 + (𝒓 – 𝟏) 𝒅) 𝑺𝒏 =
𝒓=𝟏
𝟏−𝒓
series 𝒏 𝒂 − 𝒍𝒓
𝑺𝒏 = [𝒂 + Ɩ] 𝑺𝒏 =
𝟐 𝟏−𝒓
𝒏 𝒂
𝑺∞ = , |𝒓| < 𝟏
𝑺𝒏 = [𝟐𝒂 + (𝒏 – 𝟏) 𝒅] 𝟏−𝒓
𝟐
𝒂 𝒊𝒔 𝟏𝒔𝒕 𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒎
𝒍 𝒊𝒔 𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎
𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎
𝒅 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒏 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆
r is the common ratio

1
Counting principle, permutations, combinations:
𝑷𝒏𝒓
𝑪𝒏𝒓 =
⌊𝒓 ⌊𝒏 = 𝒏 (𝒏 – 𝟏)(𝒏 – 𝟐) … . .× 𝟐 × 𝟏
𝑷𝒏𝒓 = 𝒏 (𝒏 – 𝟏)(𝒏 – 𝟐) … . (𝒏 – 𝒓 + 𝟏)
⌊𝒏
=
⌊(𝒏 − 𝒓)⌊𝒓
𝑪𝒏𝟎 = 𝟏 𝑷𝒏𝟎 = 𝟏 ⌊𝟎 = 𝟏

𝑪𝒏𝟏 = 𝒏 𝑷𝒏𝟏 = 𝒏 ⌊𝟏 = 𝟏

𝑪𝒏𝒏 = 𝟏 𝑷𝒏𝒏 = ⌊𝒏 ⌊𝒏 = 𝒏 ⌊(𝒏 – 𝟏) = 𝒏 (𝒏 – 𝟏) ⌊(𝒏 – 𝟐)

⌊𝒏 The number of ways to perform n tasks together

𝑪𝒏𝒓 = 𝑪𝒏𝒏−𝒓 𝑷𝒏𝒓 =
⌊(𝒏 − 𝒓) = m1 × m2 × m3 × ….. × mn
If 𝑪𝒏𝒙 = 𝑪𝒏𝒚 then: 𝒙 = 𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝒏

Remarks:
(1) 𝑷𝒏𝒓 , 𝑪𝒏𝒓 ∈ Z+ , n , r ∈ N , r ≤ n
(2) The permutation "without repeating" and "with consideration of the order" but the combination
"without repeating" and "without consideration of the order".
(3) If X has n elements, then the number of all subsets of X = 2 n
(4) If the number of sides of a polygon = n sides.
Then the number of all line segments that represented in the figure = 𝑪𝒏𝒓
The number of all diagonals of a geometrical figure = 𝑪𝒏𝒓 – 𝒏

Calculus
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 ∆𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝒉 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒚 𝒊𝒔 ∆𝒚 = 𝒇 (𝒙𝟐 )– 𝒇 (𝒙𝟏 ) 𝒐𝒓 𝑽 (𝒉) = 𝒇 (𝒙 + 𝒉) – 𝒇 (𝒙)

𝑽 (𝒉) = 𝒇 (𝒙 + 𝒉)– 𝒇 (𝒙) 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝑽(𝒉) 𝒇(𝒙+𝒉)−𝒇(𝒙)
𝑨 (𝒉) = = 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒉 𝒉

𝑳𝒊𝒎 𝑳𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙+𝒉)−𝒇(𝒙)

𝒉 →𝒐 𝑨 (𝒉) = 𝒉 →𝒐 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇 𝒂𝒕 𝒙
𝒉

- The geometrical meaning of the rate of change the slope of the tangent of the function (𝒚 = 𝒇 (𝒙))
𝑳𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙+𝒉)−𝒇(𝒙)
at the point (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒇(𝒙𝟏 )) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒉 →𝒐 𝒉

= 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒕 (𝒙 = 𝒙𝟏 )

2
Definition:
𝑳𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙+𝒉)−𝒇(𝒙)
𝑰𝒇 𝒇 ∶ ] 𝒂 , 𝒃 [ → 𝑹 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 ∈ ] 𝒂 , 𝒃 [ , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝒉 →𝒐 𝒉

Is called the 1st derivative of the function

𝒅𝒚 𝒅
𝒇′ (𝒙) = = 𝒚′ = 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Differentiability of a function at a point:
1) Study the continuity at this point ( left , itself, right) 𝒇(𝒂) = 𝒇(𝒂+ ) = 𝒇(𝒂− )

2) Study the derivative (left , right) 𝒇\ (𝒂+ ) = 𝒇\ (𝒂− )

Function Derivative

𝒚=𝟓 𝒚\ = 𝟎

𝒚=𝒙 𝒚\ = 𝟏

𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 𝒚\ = 𝟑

𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙𝟒 𝒚 \ = 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟑

𝒚 = (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒)𝟓 𝒚 \ = 𝟓(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒)𝟒 × (𝟑)

𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒚 \ = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙

𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒚 \ = −𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙

𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒚 \ = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙

𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝒚 \ = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐). (𝟔𝒙 − 𝟑)

𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒 (𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝒚 \ = 𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 (𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐). 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐). (𝟔𝒙 − 𝟑)

𝒚 = 𝒇 (𝒙) × 𝒈 (𝒙) 𝒚 \ = 𝒇 (𝒙) × 𝒈 ′ (𝒙) + 𝒈 (𝒙) × 𝒇 ′ (𝒙)

𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇\ . 𝒈 − 𝒇. 𝒈\
𝒚= 𝒚\ =
𝒈(𝒙) 𝒈𝟐 (𝒙)

𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛
Chain rule = ×
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
The slope of the tangent m = [𝒅𝒙 ] , then:
(𝒙𝟏 ,𝒚𝟏 )

- The equation of the tangent to the curve at the point (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) is : 𝒚 – 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎 (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ).

−𝟏
- The equation of the normal to the curve at the point(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) is : 𝒚 – 𝒚𝟏 = (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ).
𝒎

3
* The slope of a straight line:
𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏
a) slope = 𝑰𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒑𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉𝒕 (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) , (𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 )
𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏

b) slope = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 , 𝜽 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒔 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 + 𝒗𝒆 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔

c) slope = 𝒎 in eq 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃
−𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇 𝒙
d) slope = in eq. 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄 = 𝟎
𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇 𝒚

e) The slope of x-axis or any line parallel to x-axis = zero

f) The slope of y-axis or any line parallel to y-axis = undefined
g) 𝑳𝟏 // 𝑳𝟐 , then 𝒎𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐
h) 𝑳𝟏 ⊥ 𝑳𝟐 , then 𝒎𝟏 × 𝒎𝟐 = −𝟏

Function Its integration

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒄

𝒙𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = +𝒄
𝟐
𝟑𝒙𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = +𝒄
𝟐
𝒙𝟒
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = +𝒄
𝟒
(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟓
𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟒 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = +𝒄
𝟓
𝟏 (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓)𝟕
𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓)𝟔 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = × +𝒄
𝟑 𝟕
∫ 𝒇(𝒙). 𝒇\ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫(𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙)𝟔 . (𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓) 𝒅𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙)𝟔
(𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙)𝟕
= +𝒄
𝟕
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝒄

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒄

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒄

𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐) ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝒄
𝟑
∫ 𝒇(𝒙) . 𝒇\ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙) . (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑) 𝒅𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙)
= 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙) + 𝒄
4
Sine rule
For any triangle ABC
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 ∆ 𝑨𝑩𝑪
= = = = 𝟐𝒓
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑪 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑨 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑩 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑪
Cosine rule
For any triangle ABC

𝒂𝟐 = 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟐. 𝒃. 𝒄. 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐀
𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨 =
𝟐. 𝒃. 𝒄
𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝑨 ± 𝑩) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑩 ± 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑩

𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝑨 ± 𝑩) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑩 ∓ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑩

𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑨 ±𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑩
𝒕𝒂𝒏 (𝑨 ± 𝑩) = 𝟏∓𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑨 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑩

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐 𝑨 = 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨

𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 𝑨 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝑨 – 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑨

𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 𝑨 = 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝑨 – 𝟏

𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 𝑨 = 𝟏 – 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑨

𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐𝑨 =
𝟏 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝑨

𝑨 𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 = ± √ 𝟐

𝑨 𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 = ± √ 𝟐

𝑨 𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨
𝒕𝒂𝒏 = ± √𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨 𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨 ≠ – 𝟏
𝟐

𝟏
𝑨 𝒐𝒇 ∆ = × AB × BC × sin 𝐵
𝟐

𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒆𝒓

𝑨 𝒐𝒇 ∆ = √ ( − 𝑨𝑩)( − 𝑩𝑪)( − 𝑨𝑪)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐