Abstract

• New legislation and consumer awareness

mandate that any increase in animal production
cannot be achieved through the use of chemicals
or medications that promote growth.
• An increasingly common solution to this issue is
to add hydrolytic enzymes to animal diets.
• This method raises concerns about the ability of
these enzymes to withstand processing
temperatures and animals' digestive systems.

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 Introduction
• The arabinoxylans and beta gluconates were the first enzymes
created by the biotech sector.
• The impending decline of sources of phosphorus in animal feed
was the main issue of discussion among nutritionists and
researchers at the start of the 1990s.
• The phytate might be chemically broken down by the fungus
phytase, releasing more phosphorus into the feed for pigs and
poultry.
• Feed enzymes were only accepted for phytase applications for
decreased phosphorus excretion when they were initially utilised
more than ten years ago.
• Many farmers supplement their feed with enzyme supplements to
cut expenses and increase meat production per
• Enzymes, which are present in all living cells, catalyse chemical
reactions that change nutrients into energy and new tissue.

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 Application of Enzymes in Animal
Feed Industry

• Enzymes are employed in the feed business to

improve nutrient digestibility, with a particular
emphasis on reducing the detrimental effects of
non-starch polysaccharides (NSP).
• Glycanases (enzymes that break down
carbohydrates) can be used as an alternative to
in-feed antibiotics.

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 Glycanase

• The glucan is a glucose polymer with a mixture of 1-3 and 1-4

links, which completely differs from cellulose in terms of its
physicochemical properties.
• Barley has a high concentration (3–4%) of mixed-linked -
Glucan, which has been identified as the cause of poor
nutritional value for chickens.

Phytase
• The use of glycanases in birds fed viscous cereals has
unintended benefits.
• Phytase was created for use in the diets of monogastric animals.
• Phytase increases the digestion of phytate from about 25% to
50-70% in chicken.
• It is also known that phytase can increase the energy's ability to
be digested along with other nutrients.

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 Figure 1: Representation of the possible roles in the
gastroenteric fish tract of exogenous enzymes administered by
fish feed and of the homologous endogenous enzymes (if
present) after the ingestion of the feed.

Figure 2: Origin, preparation, and possible points of the

application of enzymes, in the pathways of fish feed production.

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 Benefits Of Enzymes in
Animal Feed

• The general well-being of livestock can be

effectively promoted by enzyme
supplements, which speed up the rate at
which nutrients are absorbed in the
intestine.

• This can lower animal disease and illness

rates, lowering veterinary expenses, and
enhancing overall effectiveness.

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• Enzyme supplements have been discovered to help chickens gain
weight, improve their health, and produce more eggs when added to
their diet.
• Enzyme supplements can dramatically increase profitability by raising
the amount of meat or eggs each livestock animal produces.
• The environment gains from the use of enzymes in animal feed.
• Animals that can digest their food properly use a greater portion of it,
creating less dung with less phosphate and nitrogen.
• With the addition of enzymes to their diet, gastrointestinal issues and
a higher mortality rate associated with their inability to completely
digest a non-milk diet can be prevented.

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 Future Use of Enzymes in
Animal Feed

• Enzymes improve the animal's overall health,

create uniform growth, and optimise intestinal
health.
• They lower feed costs and boost profitability
for the farmer. Since each kind of enzyme
serves a distinct purpose, they do not interact
with one another.
• The basic fact is that as we get better
understanding of each technology, the use of
enzymes will increase.

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 Types of Enzymes in Animal
Feed FIBRE
HEMICELLULOSE IN NON-EDIBLE
FIBRE INTERFERES WITH THE
ABILITY OF THE ANIMAL TO ABSORB
NUTRIENTS FROM ITS FOOD,
STARCH WHICH CAN IMPEDE GROWTH AND
CAUSE UNEXPECTED WEAKNESS.
THE USE OF ENZYMES HELPS THE
PIGLETS' IMMATURE SMALL
INTESTINE SWIFTLY SEPARATE THE
STARCH, ALLOWING A GREATER PROTEIN
AMOUNT OF NUTRIENTS TO ENTER NUMEROUS COMMONLY USED
THE PIG'S SYSTEM FEEDSTUFFS ALSO INCLUDE ANTI-
NUTRITIONAL FACTORS (ANFS),
WHICH PREVENT ANIMALS FROM
RETAINING NUTRIENTS AND MAY
INJURE THEIR GASTROINTESTINAL
WALLS. PHYTASE
PHOSPHORUS MUST BE ADDED TO
THE FEED BY RANCHERS AND
BREEDERS TO ENSURE PROPER
NUTRITION THROUGHOUT THE
LIFECYCLE OF PIGS AND POULTRY
 How Are Enzymes Useful in
Animal Feed
• Proteins called enzymes aid in the body's metabolic
processes.
• Intestinal microbiota of farmed animals produces a small
number of enzymes.
• The use of enzymes enhances the characteristics of
feedstuffs and animals, resulting in higher total profits.
• The inclusion of enzymes in animal feed helps increase
meat production per animal at a far cheaper cost while
enhancing the herd's overall long-term well-being.
• Advancements in enzyme technology have allowed pigs
and poultry to efficiently extract nutrients from their
feed, enabling them to use the meal more effectively and
enhancing their general welfare.

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 Characteristics of Enzymes:

• Organic substances called enzymes speed up chemical

reactions.
• They are proteins with intricate structures that allow them to
withstand the high temperatures required for feed manufacture
as well as passage through the animal's digestive system.
• One of the enzyme's most important characteristics is its ability
to break down specific substrates at precise reaction sites.
• The particular enzymes used in the production of feedstuffs are
purposefully selected to target different substrates used in that
feed.
• Enzymes only respond in certain circumstances. To function
successfully, proteins require specific reaction

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 CONCLUSION
• The capacity of feed enzymes to enhance nutrient absorption
has been largely established. The three main feed enzymes
that are now commercialised are phytoses, xylanases, and -
glucanases. Numerous novel technologies that have not yet
reached commercial size have also been proposed.

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 References
▪ Choct M. Enzymes for the feed industry: past, present and future [J]. World's Poultry Science Journal, 2006, 62(1):12.
▪ Adeola, O., Olukosi, O.A., Jendza, J.A., Dilger, R.N. and Bedford, M.R. 2006. Response ofgrowing pigs to Peniophora
lycii and Escherichia coli derived phytases or varying ratios of calcium to total phosphorus. Anim. Sci., 82(5): 637-644.
▪ Ahmad, S., Yaqoob, M., Hashmi, N., Ahmad, S., Zaman, M., Tariq, M., 2010. Economic importance of camel: unique
alternative under crisis. Pak. Vet. J., 30: 191-7.
▪ Agrawal, M., Pradeep, S., Chandraraj, K., Gummadi. S.N., 2005. Hydrolysis of starch by amylase from Bacillus sp.
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▪ Ahlawat, S., Dhiman, S.S., Battan, B., Mandhan, R.P., Sharma, J., 2009. Pectinase production by Bacillus subtilis and its
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▪ Arnold, F.H., 2001. Combinatorial and computational challenges for biocatalyst design. Nature., 09(6817): 253-257.
▪ Augspurger, N.I., Webel, D.M., Lei, X.G., Baker, D.H., 2003. Efficacy of an E. coli phytase expressed in yeast for
releasing phytate-bound phosphorus in young chicks and pigs. J. Anim. Sci., 81(2): 474-483.
▪ Greiner, R., Konietzny, U., 2006. Phytase for food applications. Food Technol. Biotechnol., 44(2): 125-140.
▪ Heinzelman, P., Snow, C.D., Wu, I., Nguyen, C., Villalobos, A., Govindarajan, S., Minshull, J., Arnold, F.H., 2009. A
family of thermostable fungal cellulases created by structure-guided recombination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 106:
5610-5615.
▪ Selle, P.H., Ravindran, V., 2008. Phytate-degrading enzymes in pig nutrition. Livest. Sci., 113(2): 99-122.
▪ Whitcomb, D.C., Lowe, M.E., 2007. Human pancreatic digestive enzymes. Dig. Dis. Sci., 52(1): 1-17.
▪ Cowieson, A.J., 2010. Strategic selection of exogenous enzymes for corn-based poultry diets. J. Poult. Sci., 47(1): 1-7.

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THANK YOU
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