Microchemical Journal 144 (2019) 436–442

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Microchemical Journal
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/microc

Nanoporous metal-organic framework (MOF-199): Synthesis, T

characterization and photocatalytic degradation of Basic Blue 41
Niyaz Mohammad Mahmoodi , Jafar Abdi
⁎

Department of Environmental Research, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: Herein, metal-organic framework (MOF-199) as a nanoporous material was synthesized and characterized using
Metal-organic framework (MOF-199) FESEM, EDS, FTIR, XRD, BET and TGA. Basic Blue 41 was used for investigating the photocatalytic activity of
Nanoporous catalyst MOF-199. The SEM image showed that a nanoporous MOF was synthesized. The effect of catalyst dosage, initial
Synthesis pollutant concentration and pH on decolorization was studied. Contaminant degradation increases by increasing
Characterization
catalyst dose and decreases by initial dye concentration. Decolorization rate decreases by decreasing the pH of
Photocatalytic dye degradation
solution due to the electrostatic repletion of the cationic dye from the surface of MOF-199. The UV–Vis spectra of
dye solution during pollutant degradation by MOF-199 showed that the dye absorbance in visible region of
spectrum diminished because of the azo band destruction. The data indicated that the synthesized nanoporous
metal-organic framework-199 could be used as a photocatalyst for decolorizing wastewater.

1. Introduction
Many industries including textile, plastics, leather, cosmetics, etc.
consume large amount of water and produce colored effluents. These
industrial wastewaters have created a severe environmental concerns
and health problems. Approximately, over 700,000 tons of different
synthetic dyes were synthesized and huge amount of them were dis-
charged without suitable treatment into aquatic environment. Some
these dyes and their intermediates are hazardous, carcinogenic, muta-
genic and non-biodegradable. In addition, they inhibit the photo-
synthetic activity of aquatic plants and cause malfunction of different
human bodies such as respiratory problems, kidney, liver, central ner-
vous and reproductive system, brain, etc. [1–9].
Several processes including adsorption, biological, photocatalysis,
etc. were applied to treat colored effluents with different efficiencies.
The existing methods are not efficient to remove dyes as organic pol-
lutants due to their persistent and non-biodegradable nature. The
photocatalysis process by active catalysts is one of the effective methods
because it degrades the organic pollutants and mineralizes to inorganics
such as water and carbon dioxide molecules. Several catalysts including
TiO2, ZnO, WO3, etc. were used to degrade dyes by photocatalysis
[10–16].
Recently, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as new types of nano-
porous materials attracted much attention due to their preferences in-
cluding high surface area, porosity, tenability, controllable pore size,
etc. [5,17–19]. Due to the unique characters of MOFs, the researchers
explore the facile and comfortable methods to synthesis of these porous
materials. The MOFs have many applications in various areas including
catalysis, adsorption, etc. [20–25]. More recently, MOFs with photo-
catalysis features have gained considerable attention to exploit novel
applications of MOFs. For instance, Garcia et al. firstly showed that
MOF-5 can act as a photocatalyst to degrade phenol [26]. Natarajan
et al. utilized various kind of MOFs based on Co, Ni, and Zn for de-
grading dyes [27]. Recently, we have reported MIL-101(Fe) as a pho-
toactive MOF for degradation of dye [28]. Yuan et al. decolorized
methylene blue dye using MIL-53(M) (M = Al, Cr, Fe) [29]. The data
illustrate that MOFs could be a potential novel group of photocatalysts
for environmental purification.
In this paper, Cu-based metal-organic framework (MOF-199) was
synthesized via solvothermal method and used for photocatalytic de-
colorization of colored wastewater containing Basic Blue 41 (BB41)
(Fig. 1). The synthesized MOF was characterized by FESEM, EDS, FTIR,
XRD, BET and TGA. The effect of catalyst dose, pollutant concentration
and pH on the photocatalytic decolorization was investigated in details.
In spite of other reported methods to prepare MOF-199 which use or-
ganic solvent [30,31] (ethanol, methanol, DMF, etc.), in this work the
MOF-199 was produced via green synthesis with water. Moreover, de-
gradation of dye molecules was performed using only MOF-199 catalyst
without any oxidizing agent like H2O2, NaBH4, potassium persulfate,
etc. [3]. These topics show the excellent performance and potency of

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: mahmoodi@icrc.ac.ir, nm_mahmoodi@aut.ac.ir (N.M. Mahmoodi).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2018.09.033
Received 12 July 2018; Received in revised form 29 September 2018; Accepted 30 September 2018
Available online 01 October 2018
0026-265X/ © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
N.M. Mahmoodi, J. Abdi
Fig. 1. Dye chemical structure.
the synthesized catalyst in oxidation process and removal of dyes from
contaminated wastewater.
2. Experimental
2.1. Chemicals
Copper nitrate trihydrate (Cu(NO3)2·3H2O), 1,3,5-benzen-
tricarboxylic acid (C9H6O6, H3BTC, 98%) and ethanol were achieved
from Merck. The NaOH and HCl were used for adjusting the solution
pH. All other materials were of analytical grade.
2.2. Synthesis of MOF-199
The MOF-199 was synthesized using a modified solvothermal
method [3,25,30,32]. Trimesic acid (2.0 mmol) and copper nitrate
(2.0 mmol) were dissolved in deionized water (60 mL) and mixed for
30 min. After that, the solution was taken in an oven at 140 °C for 8 h.
The light blue solid was purified using ethanol for removing residual
H3BTC. Then the product was dried at 80 °C under vacuum 12 h. Fig. 2
shows the synthesis procedure of the MOF-199.
2.3. Catalytic dye decolorization
Photocatalytic dye decolorization was carried out using UV lamp
(9 W). The experiments were done by adding different amounts of MOF-
199 as a nanoporous catalyst into 500 mL of a BB41 (20 mg/L).
Afterwards, suspension was mechanically stirred (600 rpm) at ambient
temperature in the dark for 180 min to determine the amount of ad-
sorption without irradiation source, followed by the UV lamp was
turned on. At regular time intervals, 5 mL of the wastewater was
withdrawn from dye solution, and the catalyst particles were separated
to measure BB41 concentration using the spectrophotometer at 605 nm.
The effect of operational parameters including pollutant concentration
(15, 20, 30 and 40 mg/L), catalyst dosage (0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03 and
0.04 g), and pH (2, 5, 8 and 10) on the decolorization was studied by
contacting 500 mL of solution for 180 min.
Fig. 2. Schematic of synthesis procedure of MOF-199.
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Microchemical Journal 144 (2019) 436–442
2.4. Characterization
The dye concentration was measured by UV–Visible spectro-
photometer (Perkin Elmer). The functional groups of the nanoporous
catalyst were investigated using FTIR (Perkin Elmer). The morphology
of MOF-199 structure was studied by FESEM (MIRA3, Tescan, Czech
Republic). The XRD (X'Pert PRO MPD) was used for determining crystal
structure. The BET surface area was analyzed via BELSORP-mini II,
BEL. The TGA of MOF was obtained by using a Q50 TGA (TA instru-
ments, USA).
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Characterization of the synthesized MOF-199
The morphology and size of MOF-199 were studied by microscopic
images using FESEM. As indicated in Fig. 3(a), MOF-199 has a clear
pyramidal shape with distinct edges. Fig. 3(b) shows a particle of MOF-
199 with high magnification. The crystal structure of MOF includes
unsmoothed surfaces with the obvious cracks and porous structure.
The EDS is used to the catalyst elemental analysis and chemical
characterization. It detects the individual elements via X-rays emitted
from the materials. Energy peaks are attributed to the different ele-
ments in the sample. This analysis confirms the purity of the produced
MOF by illustrating the presence of only C, O and Cu elements which
relate to the organic ligand and metal in the final structure of MOF-199
(Fig. 4).
The FTIR spectrum of the MOF-199 is illustrated in Fig. 5(a). The
FTIR spectrum shows different bands at 1700–450 cm−1 because of the
vibration main MOF functional groups. The band at 487 cm−1 is at-
tributed to the metal–oxygen bond. The peaks at 724 and 753 cm−1 are
correspond to metal Cu substitution on benzene groups. They are the
characteristic bands of MOF-199. The band at 1094 cm−1 related to
CeOeCu stretching of MOF. The bands at 1362 and 1436 cm−1 show
the vibrations of carboxylate groups in BTC which attribute to almost
bidentate behavior of COO moiety. The band at 1617 cm−1 is due to the
HeOeH vibration, which presents that MOF has crystal water. The
peak at 3443 cm−1 is related to the hydroxyl groups [32,33]. These
characteristic peaks match well with the previously reported FTIR
spectrum for MOF-199 [32].
The XRD pattern of the MOF-199 with its corresponding hkl is
shown in Fig. 5(b). The clear and sharp peaks showed the good crys-
tallinity of the MOF catalyst. All diffraction peaks match well with the
standard pattern. The synthesized sample was pure phase of MOF-199
because no obvious peaks of impurities were observed [34].
The specific surface area and porosity of the synthesized MOF were
measured by nitrogen isotherms. Based on Fig. 5(c), the surface area
and pore volume of MOF-199 was detected as 343.32 m2/g and
N.M. Mahmoodi, J. Abdi Microchemical Journal 144 (2019) 436–442

Fig. 3. FESEM images of the synthesized nanoporous MOF-199 with different scales (a) 2 μm and (b) 500 nm.

0.21 cm3/g, respectively. The I/IV mixed type isotherm curves indicate
that the MOF-199 has both mesoporous and microporous structures.
According to the pore size distribution curve, obvious mesoporous
distribution can be seen.
The stability of MOF-199 was studied using the TGA. According to
Fig. 5(d), the TGA curve presents that the decomposition of MOF-199 is
carried out at three stages. A huge and fast weight loss is seen from 25
to 100 °C, possibly owing to the adsorbed water. The slow loss of co-
ordinated water with copper ion or crystal water of MOF-199 was oc-
curred at the second stage. The last intense mass loss from 300 to 370 °C

Fig. 4. EDS analysis of the produced MOF-199.

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N.M. Mahmoodi, J. Abdi Microchemical Journal 144 (2019) 436–442

Fig. 5. Characterization of MOF-199: a) FTIR spectrum, b) XRD pattern (the inset is simulated pattern in literature), c) N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm (the inset
is pore size distribution curve) d) Thermogravimetric (TG) curve.

is attributed to the degradation of the organic linker and collapse of the

structures [34]. The MOF-199 remains stable up to 400 °C with a little
mass loss (5%).
The band gap of nanoporous MOF-199 catalyst was determined
from the UV–Vis spectrum via Eq. (1) [28].
( h )2 = B (h Eg ) (1)

where α, B, υ and Eg are the coefficient of absorption, a constant of

proportionality, the photons frequency and the absorption band gap,
respectively. The (αhυ)2 versus hυ is plotted using data achieved from
UV–Vis spectrum. As shown in Fig. 6, the catalyst band gap is estimated
using the straight line intercept at α = 0 and found to be 5.43 eV. It
indicates that MOF-199 can be activated by light.

3.2. Dye degradation parameters

In this paper, the effect of catalyst dose, pollutant concentration and

pH on dye decolorization was studied. Dye removal using nanoporous Fig. 6. Optical absorption spectra of MOF-199 (the inset is optical band gap
material without irradiation is < 8% (Fig. 7) because the MOF-199 spectra).
cannot exited without UV. Also decolorization with only UV is < 15%
(Fig. 7). Therefore, photocatalytic dye degradation using metal-organic

439
N.M. Mahmoodi, J. Abdi
Fig. 7. Effect of catalyst dose on the BB41degradation by UV/MOF-199
(Experimental conditions: 15 mg/L BB41 concentration and initial pH = 5).
framework was used for further investigation.
Fig. 7 indicates the effect of various catalyst doses on dye decolor-
ization. The data indicated that degradation by UV/MOF-199 yielded a
considerable percentage compared to the UV alone (Fig. 7). The high
photocatalytic pollutant destruction ability of MOF-199 is attributed to
the generation of powerful oxidants including free radicals including
hydroxyl radicals, superoxide, etc. Also, the active surface cites for
photocatalysis increases with increasing catalyst dosage [35,36].
Initial dye concentration is another important parameter which af-
fects dye degradation. In this paper, different pollutant concentrations
(15, 20, 30 and 40 mg/L) was used to study the effect of pollutant
concentration on dye degradation by the nanoporous MOF. Fig. 8 shows
that decolorization percentage diminishes when pollutant concentra-
tion enhances because of the interference of the produced inter-
mediates. It is significant at high intermediates concentration [35,36].
The pH of wastewater can affect the chemical structure of pollu-
tants. Thus various pH values (2.1, 5, 8 and 10) were used (Fig. 9). Also,
the surface charge of the MOF-199 was influenced by the pH. The
charge of catalyst surface is positive at acidic media and repels BB41 as
a cationic dye. At high pH values, the charge of MOF-199 is negative
which adsorbs cationic dye (BB41) with the electrostatic attraction.
Fig. 8. Effect of pollutant concentration on the BB41degradation by UV/MOF-
199 (Experimental conditions: initial pH = 5 and 0.04 g/L catalyst).
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Fig. 9. Effect of pH on destruction of BB41 by UV/MOF-199 (Experimental
conditions: 20 mg/L BB41 and 0.04 g/L catalyst).
However, dye decolorization can be occurred by hydroxyl radical, va-
lance band (VB) hole (direct oxidation) and conduction band (CB)
electron (direct reduction) at different pH values.
In order to evaluate the BB41degradation by the synthesized MOF-
199 catalyst in oxidation process, the obtained results from this study
was compared with other reported MOF photocatalysts in literature, as
illustrated in Table 1 [3,29,37,38].
3.3. Pollutant degradation mechanism
The BB41 absorption during the decolorization by UV/MOF-199 at
200 nm ≤ λ ≤ 800 nm was studied by spectra at different time inter-
vals (Fig. 10). The dye absorbance during the decolorization process
diminished due to the azo band destruction because it is the most active
site of azo dyes [35,36].
The MOF-199 is excited via irradiation and an electron (e−)-hole
(h+) pair is formed on the catalyst surface. It is assumed the generation
of e−/h+ pair on the MOF-199 is the initial process of pollutant de-
struction. After energy absorption via MOF, the electron is excited from
the VB and entered to the CB, leaving the h+ in the VB. The e− and h+
can migrate to the MOF surface, then electron reduces the O2 to O2%−
and hydroxyl radical (OH%) is generated. Also, hole oxidizes the H2O to
OH%. Finally, OH• degrades dyes effectively [28].
4. Conclusion
In this research, MOF-199 was synthesized as a nanoporous pho-
tocatalyst and characterized by FESEM, EDS, FTIR, XRD, BET and TGA.
Basic dye was used as a model pollutant for degrading using the syn-
thesized nanoporous MOF-199 photocatalyst and ultraviolet irradia-
tion. The effect of MOF-199 dose, initial pollutant concentration and pH
on the photocatalytic decolorization was studied in details.
Decolorization rate decreases with dye concentration due to the inter-
ference of the produced intermediates during contaminant degradation.
Photocatalytic dye destruction increased with the pH of solution. At
high pH values, the negatively charged sites of MOF increases which
favors the adsorption of cationic dye (BB41) because of the electrostatic
attraction. The spectral changes of BB41 solution during pollutant de-
struction by the synthesized MOF-199 indicated that the dye absor-
bance in visible region of spectrum diminished due to the azo band
destruction.
N.M. Mahmoodi, J. Abdi Microchemical Journal 144 (2019) 436–442

Table 1
Comparison of the photocatalytic performance of the MOF-199 with reported literature data.
Catalyst Dye, concentration Amount (g/L) Source Time (h) Degradation (%) Ref.

Fe3O4@MIL-100(Fe) MB, 40 mg/L 0.1 UV light, H2O2 1 99 [37]

UiO-66 RhB, 0.03 mM 5 UV light 0.25 7 [38]
BiOBr/UiO-66 RhB, 0.03 mM 5 UV light 0.25 95 [38]
Carbonized CuBTC RhB, 25 mg/L 11 UV light, NaBH4 0.075 98 [3]
MB, 18.5 mg/L 12 UV light, NaBH4 0.05 99 [3]
MIL-53 (Fe) MB, 4 × 10−4 M 0.1 UV light 1 17 [29]
MB, 4 × 10−4 M 0.1 UV light, H2O2 0.5 99 [29]
MOF-199 BB41, 15 mg/L 0.04 UV light 3 99 This work

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