UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM AND ENERGY STUDIES,

DEHRADUN
End Review Report
Application of Natural Resources in EOR

Major-II (PROJ: 4112)

Project Mid Review Report

Submitted by
Team No: 33

Aditi Sharma (R870219007)

Aviral Srivastava
(R870219040)
Harsh Vardhan Baurai
(R870219059)
Karan Sharma
(R870219070)

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
APPLIED PETROLEUM ENGINEERING UPSTREAM
Semester – VIII
(Batch: 2019-2023)

Under the guidance of

Mentor
Dr. Prathibha Pillai
Assistant Professor
Department of Petroleum
Engineering and Earth Sciences

Department of Petroleum Engineering & Earth Sciences, UPES

Bidholi Campus
Energy Acers,
Dehradun – 248007
May 2023

0
 DECLARATION BY THE SCHOLARS
We, Team no. 33 hereby declare that this submission presented Major-II Project report on the
topic “Application of Natural Resources in EOR” is our own and that, to the best of our
knowledge and belief, it contains no material published or written before by another person nor
material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university
or other institute of Higher Learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in
the text.
We also confirm that this report is prepared only for our academic requirement and not for any
other purpose. It will not be used in the interest of the opposite party of the corporation.

Aditi Sharma (R870219007)

Aviral Srivastava (R870219040)

Harsh Vardhan Baurai (R870219059)

Karan Sharma (R870219070)

Date: 25/05/2023
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, the project report thesis entitled “Application of Natural Resources in
EOR” submitted by Aditi Sharma (R870219007), Aviral Srivastava (R870219040), Harsh
Vardhan Baurai (R870219059), Karan Sharma (R870219070), for the award of the degree
of Bachelor of Technology in Applied Petroleum Engineering with specialization in
Upstream at Energy Cluster, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India, is
a bonafide record of the project work carried out by them under my supervision and guidance.
The content of the report, in full or parts have not been submitted to any other Institute or
University for the award of any other degree or diploma.

Date: 25/05/2023

Place: Dehradun

Mentor

Dr. Prathibha Pillai

Assistant Professor
Energy Cluster
School of Engineering
UPES, Dehradun

Dr. Nilanjana Banerjee

Cluster Head – Energy Cluster
School of Engineering
UPES, Dehradun
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project and its outcomes necessitated a lot of help and guidance from a lot of individuals,
and we are fortunate to have received it all the way through the completion of our project and
the transformation of a vision into a reality. We owe them our gratitude for what we have been
able to accomplish because of their oversight and help. We respect and appreciate our mentor,
Dr. Prathibha Pillai, for giving us the opportunity to work on the project under her supervision
and for providing us with all the assistance and direction that enabled us to complete the project
successfully. We are grateful to her for believing in us and guiding us in the correct direction,
despite her hectic schedule.
We would also like to express our heartfelt gratitude for Dr. Nilanjana Banerjee for her
continued support throughout our project work.

Date: 25/05/2023
Place: Dehradun

Aditi Sharma (R870219007)

Aviral Srivastava (R870219040)
Harsh Vardhan Baurai (R870219059)
Karan Sharma (R870219070)

Energy Cluster
School of Engineering
University of Petroleum & Energy Studies
Dehradun,248007
Table of Contents
Declaration by the Scholar…….……………………………………………………………….i
Certificate…………………………………………………………………………………….. ii
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………iii
Contents………………………………………………………………………………………iv
List of Tables/Figures………………………………………………………………………...v
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………vi

S.No. Title Page No.

1. Introduction 1

2. Literature Survey 2-3

3. Objectives of the Project 4

4. Project Methodology and Workflow 4

5. Estimated Timelines 5

6. Enhanced Oil Recovery 7

7. Natural Surfactants 9

8. Materials and Methods 13

9. Results and Discussion 13

10. Conclusion 16

11. References 16
List of Figures

Fig No. Title Page No.

1. Enhancing Oil production by time 3

2. Pendant Drop Tensiometer and Drop Scheme 9

3. Winsor Regimes 9

4. Transition from Winsor 1 to Winsor 2 via Winsor 3 for salinity 9

determination
5. Wettability Alteration by a Cationic Surfactant 9

6. Separated petals and leaves before drying 10

7. Dried leaves and petals 13

8. Interfacial Tension vs Surfactant Concentration 13

Abstract:

Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is a set of techniques that increase the amount of oil that can be
recovered from a reservoir after primary and secondary recovery methods have been exhausted.
EOR techniques can involve the injection of gases, liquids, or chemicals into the reservoir to
increase the mobility of the oil, reduce the interfacial tension between the oil and water, or alter
the viscosity of the oil. Natural resources can be used in a variety of EOR techniques. For
example, carbon dioxide (CO2) can be injected into a reservoir to increase the pressure and
displace the oil. Steam can also be injected into a reservoir to heat the oil and make it flow
more easily. Chemicals, such as surfactants and polymers, can also be used to improve the
efficiency of EOR techniques. The use of natural resources in EOR has a number of advantages.
First, it can help to reduce the environmental impact of oil production. For example, the use of
CO2 can help to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Second, it can help to increase the amount
of oil that can be recovered from a reservoir, which can lead to increased profits for oil
producers. Third, it can help to extend the life of an oil field, which can provide economic
benefits to the communities that rely on oil production.

Here are some specific examples of the application of natural resources in EOR:

CO2 injection: CO2 is a naturally occurring gas that can be injected into an oil reservoir to
increase the pressure and displace the oil.

CO2 injection is a well-established EOR technique that has been used for many years. Steam
injection: Steam is a hot gas that can be injected into an oil reservoir to heat the oil and make
it flow more easily.

Steam injection is a relatively new EOR technique that has been gaining popularity in recent
years. Surfactant flooding: Surfactants are molecules that have both water-loving and oil-loving
properties.

Surfactant flooding can be used to reduce the interfacial tension between the oil and water,
which can help to improve the efficiency of water flooding.

Polymer flooding: Polymers are long chains of molecules that can be used to increase the
viscosity of water. Polymer flooding can be used to improve the efficiency of water flooding
and to reduce the risk of fingering.

1
The use of natural resources in EOR is a promising area of research and development. As the
technology continues to improve, it is likely that the use of natural resources in EOR will
become more widespread.

1. Introduction:

Also referred to as ‘Tertiary Recovery,’ EOR is a process that we use to extract

hydrocarbons that have not really been seen already additional oil extraction or basic
reinjection techniques. By changing the chemical method, enhanced oil recovery aids to the
composition of hydrocarbons to aid in their extraction, unlike primary and secondary
techniques which rely on the pressure differential between the surface and borehole.

Tertiary methods of recovery can help increase up to 75% of total recovery of

hydrocarbons. These are usually applied in fields which exhibit poor permeability, heavy
oil, or even irregular fault-lines. Oil is rapidly displaced from the reservoir and formation
pressure is repaired according to EOR. Tertiary recovery has three main types- gas infusion,
heat regeneration, & biochemical flood. The economics play a major role in deciding
whether EOR techniques will be applied and which method to be implemented as these
methods are costlier than primary and secondary techniques and they also negatively impact
the environment. Due to this, a high evaluation must be carried out for each field to
determine which type of EOR technique must be applied. This evaluation is performed by
reservoir characterization, scoping, reservoir modelling and simulation etc.

Chemical flooding is an EOR technique that involves injecting specific chemicals into the
reservoir to help recover more oil. The chemicals used in this process can be either
surfactants, polymers, or a combination of both. The surfactants help to reduce the
interfacial tension between the oil and the water in the reservoir, making it easier for the oil
to be displaced and recovered. The polymers increase the viscosity of the injected water,
which helps to push the oil towards the production wells.

Chemical flooding has several advantages over other EOR techniques, including lower cost
and reduced environmental impact. However, chemical flooding can also have negative
environmental impacts if not handled properly. Some of the potential environmental
concerns include the risk of groundwater contamination, soil degradation, and air pollution
from the use of chemicals.

Environmental planning, risk monitoring, protection measures, and reclamation methods,

must be a crucial component of the initial design development if the use of EOR techniques
is to be broadened in a manner that is favourable to the environment. Acceptable practices
for monitoring, protecting, minimizing, and returning must be adopted for a successful EOR
process. Particularly, plant-mediated attempts to cut back on the usage of dangerous
chemicals. In contrast, using organic resources like plants is frequently permissible. This
research will aim at providing a solution by synthesizing a nanoparticle or surfactant using
natural resources.
2
 Fig. 1- Enhancing oil production by time

2. Literature Review:

More than 50% of original oil in place is retained in the reservoir after the implantation of
primary and secondary recovery. Chemical flooding technique, one of the tertiary recovery
methods, also known as chemical EOR, has been proved to be the most efficient method of
enhanced oil recovery. (Ahmadi, et al., 2013) Polymer flooding or surfactant flooding has
provided us with an alternative, better than other techniques, by increasing the water viscosity
and decreasing the interfacial tension (IFT), simultaneously, which is very crucial to enhance
the mobility of oil and increase recovery. (Raffa, et al., 2016) Surfactants serve two main
functions- wettability alteration and reduction of IFT. An increase in the capillary number can
result in a subsequent decrease in the residual saturation. Addition of surfactants can help
increase the capillary number by more than 1000 times. With this, the oil droplets can now flow
with better ease through the pore throats and merge with the existing oil to form an oil bank.
(Sheng, 2015) AlkaSurfX, a hibiscus rosa extract, a local surfactant, was found to be a novel
natural surfactant and has been effective in providing an additional recovery of 22.7% than
SDS, a commonly used surfactant. (Obuebite, et al., 2020) Apart from AlkaSurfX, there are
other natural surfactants as well that have been tested for their properties and effectiveness as
a surfactant so that an alternative to synthetic surfactants can be provided. These include olive,
spistan, soapnut, proposis, mulberry, zyziphus spina-christi and chamomilla among others. IFT
measurement is done using pendant drop or ring method. (Bachari, et al., 2019)

Chhetri et al. (2009) extracted a saponin Use cold or hot water to create soapnuts in two
different methods. The findings of both studies were comparable. IFT was measured using the
ring method, and a subsequent decline in it was discovered. Ahmadi et al. (2012) used the
interfacial tension (IFT) and spray-drying to extract a surfactant that is natural from Glycyrrhiza
Glabra. was measured using pendant drop apparatus for varied concentrations of surfactant and
it was noted that the addition of the surfactant reduced the IFT from 33 to 9. It finds applications
in carbonate rocks and is a popular surfactant due to its low cost and availability. Shahri et al.
(2012) used the surfactant extracted from Zyziphus Spina-Christi using spray-drying method

3
and pendant drop technique was used to determine IFT. Ahmadi et al. (2013) extracted
surfactant from Mulberry leaves and the influence of the extracted sample was tested on IFT
measurements. This is a popular choice because of its cost-effectiveness and environment-
friendly application.

Because of the past applications of such natural surfactants and their effective and efficient
application in EOR, Hibiscus Rosa has also been tested as a potential surfactant as it is not only
easily available but also because of its cost effectiveness and environment-friendly application.
Characterization of the extract can be done using Fourier Transformation Infrared (FTIR)
Spectrometry.(Mitra, et al., 2021) performed Aqueous stability test, Critical Micelle
Concentration (CMC) and pendant drop test to check the effectiveness of the extract. The IFT
reduction was observed to be 13.2 mN/m from 37.1 mN/m at CMC of 2.2 wt%.

3. Objectives of the project:

i. Reviewing and researching the existing data available on the use of natural resources
in Enhanced Oil Recovery

ii. Developing/synthesizing the nanoparticle/surfactant that is efficient in the EOR

process and aids the production of hydrocarbons

iii.Analysing various properties and impact of different natural resources in the synthesis
for achieving the best solution possible

4. Project Methodology and Work Done:

A. Project Workflow:

• Reviewing the exisitng Literature.

• To understand and analyze in detail the various types of EOR processes and their
. advantages and disadvantages.

• To identify various factors on which selection of EOR methods depends and how it
alters the rock and/or fluid properties.

• Identifying various natural surfactants available and their characterization.

• Preparation of the surfactant and study of various Winsor regimes.

.
• Identifying the various tests required to synthesize the best surfactant.

• Understanding the results obtained from the various tests and providing with the
optimal solution.

4
 Fig.: Flowchart of Methodologies

B. Estimated timelines:

Sr. No. Tasks to be Performed Targeted Completion % Of work

Time Completed

Selection of topic, preparation of

1.
synopsis, theoretical concept review January 2023 25
Study and research existing
content/information available on

2. EOR, usage of natural resources in

January 2023 50
EOR and environmental aspects
associated with EOR.
Study on Hibiscus Rosa. Synthesize
the surfactants and perform aqueous

3. stability test, salinity scan, critical

February – March 2023 75
micelle concentration and phase
separation (pipette) test.
Analyze the results from the above
tests and propose a solution for

4. aforementioned problems associated

March - May 2023 100
with environmental issues associated
with EOR.

5
5. Enhanced Oil Recovery:

EOR is a process that we use to extract hydrocarbons that have not really been seen
already additional oil extraction or basic reinjection techniques. By changing the
chemical method, enhanced oil recovery aids to the composition of hydrocarbons to
aid in their extraction, unlike primary and secondary techniques which rely on the
pressure differential between the surface and borehole.[1]

EOR technologies aim to recover oil that remains after basic and secondary recoveries
by boosting oil Volumetric sweep effectiveness and displacement effectiveness. EOR
procedures might occasionally need a substantial financial investment and are
frequently dangerous. Among the reservoir types that are great choices Mixed storage
tanks, heavy oil reservoirs, and unusual reservoirs are all suitable for EOR. EOR
methods need considerable upfront financial investments.[2]

These are mainly of three types- thermal, chemical, and miscible EOR techniques:

 Thermal Recovery

Oil viscosity is decreased by thermal recovery, which warms the reservoir. Steam is
frequently used to thin the oil and improve its ability to flow through the reservoir.

 Chemical Injection

The aquifer is helped by solvent injection used in EOR to liberate trapped oil. In order
to improve the effectiveness of waterflooding or surfactants, which are cleaners that
aid in reducing surface tension, which impedes the flow of oil through the reservoir,
this approach introduces long-chained chemicals known as polymers into the reservoir.

 Gas Injection

A tertiary recovery technique called fuel injection includes infusing CO2, nitrogen, or
oil and gas into the reservoir. The gases may combine with the oil or dissolved within
it decreasing viscosity and enhancing flow, or they may expand and drive gases across
the reserve.

One of the most popular EOR strategies is the employment of different nanoparticles
or surfactants (natural or synthetic), in order to reduce the water-oil interfacial tension
(IFT). However, there are several drawbacks to polymers and synthetic chemicals,
including their high cost, dependency on fossil fuels, and negative effects on the
environment. We want to use the natural environment to create a nanoparticle or
surfactant that will help with EOR operations.[1]

6
7. Factors on which effectiveness of Chemical flooding process depends:

a) Reservoir rock properties: The properties of the reservoir rock, including its
permeability, porosity, and wettability, affect the effectiveness of chemical flooding.
The rock properties determine how the chemical solution will interact with the
reservoir and how much oil can be mobilized.

b) Type and concentration of chemicals: The type and concentration of chemicals used
in the chemical flooding process can affect its success. The choice of chemicals
depends on the specific characteristics of the reservoir and the oil, and the
concentration must be carefully controlled to avoid damage to the reservoir rock.

c) Injection and production rates: The injection and production rates of the fluids used
in the chemical flooding process are critical to its success. The injection rate should be
high enough to create a pressure gradient that forces the chemical solution into the
reservoir, but not so high that it causes fractures in the rock. Similarly, the production
rate should be optimized to maximize the recovery of oil without causing the formation
of gas or water channels.

d) Reservoir temperature and pressure: The temperature and pressure of the reservoir
can affect the performance of chemical flooding. In general, higher temperatures and
pressures increase the effectiveness of the chemical flood process, as they increase the
mobility of the oil.

e) Heterogeneity of the reservoir: The heterogeneity of the reservoir can affect the
distribution of the injected fluids and the mobilization of oil. Reservoirs with high
degrees of heterogeneity, such as those with faults or fractures, may require additional
measures to ensure the uniform distribution of the injected fluids.

f) Economic considerations: The cost of implementing the chemical flood process and
the potential increase in oil recovery must be carefully weighed against the cost of
other EOR methods or the cost of leaving the oil in the ground.

8. Natural Surfactants:

As discussed above, chemical flooding involves the usage of various chemicals, surfactants,
polymers, and combinations of these, which can be harmful for the environment. Undue air
pollutants from steam tasks, severe erosion and degradation of groundwater quality, and
land and water contamination brought on by oil spills or leaks of either oil or other
chemicals are some potential significant environmental effects connected with enhanced
oil recovery being used in the process.

7
Surfactants, also known as surface-active agents, are chemical compounds that have the
ability to reduce surface tension between liquids or between A liquid as well as a solid.
Surfactants are classified into three types: anionic, cationic, and non-ionic. Non-ionic
surfactants do not have a charge, cationic surfactants do, and anionic surfactants do.
Surfactants have the potential to boost oil recovery by decreasing the interfacial tension
between oil and water, making oil extraction from reservoirs less difficult..[1]–[4]

Usage of potential natural surfactants over time has proved to be not only environment-
friendly, but also economically feasible.

As per experiments conducted in the past, and according to Bachari et al. [5] and Purnayan
et al.[3], Spistan, Mulberry, Olive, Prosopis, Soapnut and Chamomilla are all
potential surfactants and might help in an enhanced hydrocarbon recovery.

Hibiscus is a plant that is known for its various medicinal and industrial properties. One
of its potential applications is as a surfactant in the oil and gas industry. Hibiscus
contains a high amount of natural surfactants called saponins, which have the ability to
reduce surface tension. These saponins are capable of emulsifying oil and water, which
can aid in the separation of oil and gas from water during the production process.[6][5]

Advantages of using hibiscus as a surfactant

 Biodegradable - hibiscus is a natural compound that is biodegradable, which means it

does not cause any harm to the environment.
 Cost-effective - hibiscus is a low-cost surfactant compared to synthetic surfactants. This
makes it an attractive option for small-scale oil and gas companies.
 Good solubility - hibiscus has good solubility in water, which makes it easy to mix with
other chemicals and apply to reservoirs.
 High foaming ability - hibiscus has a high foaming ability, which makes it effective in
enhancing oil recovery from reservoirs.
 Low toxicity - hibiscus is non-toxic and safe to handle, which makes it a good option
for workers in the oil and gas industry.

Disadvantages of using hibiscus as a surfactant

 Limited stability - hibiscus is not very stable and can easily degrade over time. This can
make it difficult to store and transport.
 Limited temperature range - hibiscus is effective as a surfactant only within a limited
temperature range. This can limit its use in some oil and gas reservoirs.
 Limited efficiency - hibiscus may not be as efficient as synthetic surfactants in some
applications. This may limit its use in certain oil and gas reservoirs.

8
9. Materials and Methods:
Materials required in this experiment are oil sample, hibiscus leaves and petals, and
distilled/deionized water. A weighing scale, a stirrerbeakers, test tubes, borosilicate
pipettes, pH indicators, conductivity metres, density bottles, viscometers, and glass
electrodes were all utilised in this laboratory work., and pendant drop apparatus.
[7][8][4]

Interfacial tension measurement: Interfacial tension can be measured using a

tensiometer or a drop weight method. The tensiometer measures the force required to
separate two liquids, while the drop weight method measures the weight of a drop of
liquid placed on the surface of another liquid.[9][3][10]
Tensiometers, also known as surface tension sensors or interfacial tensiometers, are
used to gauge liquid surface tension as well as the tension at the interface across two
liquids that are indistinguishable.
Pendant drop analysis can be an efficient method of IFT calculation and it involves
density measurement of the oil and surfactant solution wherein the surfactant
concentration in varied. We observe the change in shapes of the drops, which happens
due to the change in densities of the different solutions, to calculate the interfacial
tension between two layers. A low IFT means that the capillary forces will be
annihilated and the trapped oil will get mobilized, thus giving an enhanced
recovery.[11][4]

Where S= d/D (d- maximum diameter of drop and D- horizontal perimeter of drop)

Fig. 3- Pendant drop tensiometer and drop scheme

9
Salinity measurement: Salinity can be measured using a conductivity meter or a
refractometer. The conductivity meter measures the electrical conductivity of the
sample and converts it into salinity values, while the refractometer measures the
refractive index of the sample and converts it into salinity values.
Electrolyte concentration is varied to determine the salinity tolerant of taken surfactants.
Solution is mixed on the basis of molarity calculation using the following equation:

In an oil reservoir, the remaining oil saturation will depend upon the ratio of viscous
forces trying to displace oil and the capillary forces trapping the oil in porous space
available. This relationship between the two is often represented by Nc, also called
capillary number. Nc is expressed as:

where η and ν represent viscosity and γ o/w represents IFT between oil and injected water.

It is observed that residual oil saturation below a given value of Nc, is constant, usually
10-4 to 10-5. However, when value of Nc is above the critical Nc value, the residual oil
saturation decreases linearly with log Nc. An optimum value of Nc must be set to have
a proper oil recovery. Now, the value of Nc can be raised either with increase in viscous
forces or decrease in capillary forces. In practice, we can increase viscous forces by
thickening water by addition of polymers, for example, and by increasing the pressure
of water during pumping. It must be noted that too high pressure or high viscosity may
even damage our reservoir, resulting in formation of cracks.[12]

When we consider anionic surfactants, the concentration along with salinity affects the
phase behavior. With progression into the flooding process, the concentration keeps on
decreasing due to dilution with reservoir water, even though the surfactant is pumped
at a certain concentration. [13]

10
 The quantity of water which a solvent can dissolve in middle phase is referred to as a
"solubilization parameter." Oil and water's respective solubilization parameters have been
denoted by the symbols So and Sw. When So=Sw, the system is said to be balanced. High
So and Sw values signify a surfactant that is very effective.[9][11]

We shall consider three Winsor regime to study the phase behavior and interfacial tension
on better understand its relation with solubilization parameter.

Fig. 5- Winsor regimes

Fig. 6- Transition from Winsor I to Winsor II via Winsor III for salinity determination

This diagram illustrates how a system composed of oil, water, and an anionic surfactant
may go from Winsor I to Winsor II by increasing the salt level. Additionally, interfacial
stresses are apparent. The Winsor III system, which involves an excessive micro emulsion
of oil and water in equilibrium, has the smallest contact tensions, as can be shown. At 2.5%
salinity, the entire system is in balance.
Moreover, at optimal conditions, i.e., when there will exist in the intermediate phase, oil
and water are equally soluble., calculation of interfacial tension will become quite
troublesome and it is preferred that we consider the solubilization parameters from volumes
of the three phases to then reach the interfacial tension.[14]

11
Moving on, a surfactant also has a vital role in changing the wetting characteristics of the
reservoir. In order to achieve optimal oil mobilisation from a permeable formation,
wettability is considered to be a critical parameter. Any surfactant can transform a weakly
water-wet surface into one that is suitably wet. It is more important, rather crucial, to alter
wettability of carbonate rocks as they are often oil-wet. Cationic surfactants are useful in
such cases as they desorb the biological carbonates found on the surface of rocks and form
oil-soluble ion pairs and thereby generate Micelles containing a surfactant that is cationic
and amphibious carboxylates.

This figure represents the

wettability alteration by
cationic surfactant. An ionised
amphiphile originally deposited
at the outermost layer and now
present in the oil is shown by a
square with tail and a circle with
tail, respectively.

Fig. 7- Wettability alteration by a cationic surfactant

Aqueous Stability test:

An aqueous stability test is performed, to analyze the fluid compatibility, between
surfactants and brine solution. This helps us determine the existence of non-
homogeneity in the aqueous phase, such as cloudiness and precipitation. Because only
clear, cloudless, and compatible fluids were chosen, foggy solutions including
particulates such as forms precipitates were deemed incompatible. [14][15]

10. Sample Preparation:

Collection of sample:
 Hibiscus Rosa was collected from a local nursery.
 Collected flowers were de-petalled and cleaned with a tissue.
 Similarly, leaves of the plant were also collected and cleaned properly.

Fig. 8- Separated petals and leaves before drying

12
Preparation of sample:

 The sample was then dried in the oven at 65° C for 3 days to remove any moisture
content present in the petals and leaves.

Fig. 9- Dried leaves and petals

11. Results and Discussions:

The FTIR examination of the chrysanthemum flowers in the literature review revealed
that the leaves included functional groups for phosphate, carbonate, and silicate. These
functional groups' presence suggested that the plant may be helpful in the manufacture
of surfactants.

The conductivity experiment which was carried out on the Hibiscus leafshowed that the
CMC is 2.0%, taking this under consideration we calculated the Interfacial Tension

The Interfacial Tension was measured as shown in the graph below:

Fig.10 Interfacial Tension Vs Surfactant Concentration

13
 12. Conclusions:

The goal of the study is to ascertain the impact of a biosurfactant made from the flower
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis on both the environment and improved oil recovery. At an important
tiny particles concentration of 2.0 wt%, the surfactant lowers the tension across the interface
between an oily fluid mix to 14.2 mN/m from 31.1 mN/m. These detergent solutions have
little impact on the environment.

13. References:

[1] J. J. Sheng, “Status of surfactant EOR technology,” Petroleum, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 97–
105, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.petlm.2015.07.003.

[2] J. J. Sheng, “Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering Critical review of fi eld
EOR projects in shale and tight reservoirs,” J. Pet. Sci. Eng., vol. 159, no. February,
pp. 654–665, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.petrol.2017.09.022.

[3] P. Mitra, I. Kalia, R. Sai, S. Reddy, A. S. Bakshi, and D. Mishra, “Study on Hibiscus
Rosa-Sinensis Extract as a Bio-Surfactant in Enhanced Oil Recovery,” no. July, 2021.

[4] M. Ali and S. Reza, “Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering Implementation of
a high-performance surfactant for enhanced oil recovery from carbonate reservoirs,” J.
Pet. Sci. Eng., vol. 110, pp. 66–73, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.petrol.2013.07.007.

[5] E. Science, “Application of Natural Surfactants for Enhanced Oil Recovery – Critical
Review Application of Natural Surfactants for Enhanced Oil Recovery – Critical
Review,” doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/221/1/012039.

[6] F. Zhou et al., “Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with
COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study,” Lancet, vol. 395, no.
10229, pp. 1054–1062, 2020, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3.

[7] P. Han, “Scholars ’ Mine Experimental study on enhanced oil recovery ( EOR )
mechanisms of nanogel combining with low salinity water for carbonate reservoirs,”
2019.

[8] P. Pillai, J. Mariyate, and U. Lall, “EasyChair Preprint Application of Sustainable

Natural Surfactants for Enhanced Residual Oil Recovery in Petroleum Industry,” 2022.

14
[9] M. Onyekonwu and O. Akaranta, “Chemical Flooding Using Natural Recovery Agents
at Reservoir Conditions,” no. December, 2022.

[10] J. J. Taber, “D. O. Shah (ed.),” pp. 13–14, 1981.

[11] A. A. Obuebite, M. Onyekonwu, O. Akaranta, C. Ubani, and C. Uzoho, “An

experimental approach to low cost , high-performance surfactant flooding .,” vol. 8, no.
March, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00361.

[12] A. Manimekalan and M. S. Parthiban, “Economical & Environmental perspectives of

Biosurfactants,” vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 448–454, 2022.

[13] P. Raffa, A. A. Broekhuis, and F. Picchioni, “Journal of Petroleum Science and

Engineering Polymeric surfactants for enhanced oil recovery : A review,” vol. 145, pp.
723–733, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.petrol.2016.07.007.

[14] A. Ann and O. O. Okwonna, “Performance Evaluation of Synthetic and Natural- Based
Surfactants for Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery,” vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 1–11, 2022, doi:
10.9734/JERR/2022/v22i717545.

[15] V. Alvarado and E. Manrique, “Enhanced Oil Recovery: An Update Review,” pp.
1529–1575, 2010, doi: 10.3390/en3091529.

[16] Zabala, R., Franco, C., Fortes, C.: Application of nanofuid for improving oil mobility in
heavy oil and extra-heavy oil: a feld test. paper SPE-179677-MS, presented at the SPE
improved oil recovery conference, held in Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA, 11–13 April (2016)

[17] Onyekonwu, M.O., Ogolo, N.: Investigating the use of nanoparticles in enhancing oil
recovery. 34th annual SPE international conference and exhibition held in Tinapa, p.
14. SPE-140744 (2010)

[18] Study on Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis Extract as a Bio-Surfactant in Enhanced Oil Recovery

15
14. Declaration:

Team No. 33

Name SAP ID Roll No. Signature

Aditi Sharma 500076455 R870219007

Aviral Srivastava 500075229 R870219040

Harsh Vardhan Baurai 500075341 R870219059

Karan Sharma 500076079 R870219070

Name and Signature of Mentor/Co-Mentor/Activity Coordinator

Mentor Activity Coordinator

Dr. Prathibha Pillai Dr. Pushpa Sharma

Assistant Professor Distinguished Professor

Energy Cluster Energy Cluster

UPES, Dehradun UPES, Dehradun

16