Team Member Contribution:

Names ID Tasks Completed Contribution %

CAD Modelling in
Faiq Baig 13664507 Solidworks. Report 25%
writing of Chapter 1
and Design Phase of
Chapter 3

Focus on Grid
Muhammad Waqas 13745702 Refinement Study at 60 25%
Majeed lpm using different
meshing parameters &
report writing of
Chapter 2

Complete analysis of
Haseeb Khalid 13748138 particle transport for 15 25%
lpm and 60 lpm. Also
participated in report
writing & deal with
abstract and reference
sections.

Complete analysis of
particle transport for 30
Rowaid Idrees 11728197 lpm. Generate all
require results as per 25%
requirement of
assignment. Report
writing of Chapter 3
(simulation phase),
Chapter 4 & Chapter 5
1. Introduction
There are several applications both in industry as well as environmental conditions where the
particle deposition and dispersion are required with regards to flows having turbulent bounds.
The examples include systems of ventilation, gas purifiers, controller for contaminations,
samplers of aerosol, pneumatic transporters, filtration and separation plants. When the flow from
such applications is considered it can be simplified in order for the better understanding the
complexity of this phenomenon that has flow in two phases. The simplification is considered
with the dispersion of the particles due to the turbulence nature of the flow within the pipe. This
can also be taken into account as a better and easier to understand study (Zhang et al., 2008). The
square ducts having horizontally straight configurations are the generally used components of the
ventilation systems worldwide. In certain orientations these ducts are branched in order to
provide ventilation to multiple areas. The fluid flows in these ducts are usually turbulent and the
particles of the fluid are dispersed within the ducts due to the action of turbulence flow,
gravitational phenomenon and some other mechanisms of flow. There are some investigations
that look into the transportation of the dust particles in the internal surfaces of the vents. In most
of the literature the details of these particles regarding their size distribution have not been
studied thoroughly (Wallin, 1996). Rather the studies have more focus on the overall size of the
transported particles’ mass.

1.2. Particle Trajectory

There are various other studies that deal with the transportation of the particles inside the bended
ducts and pipes. An empirical model was developed in order to determine the transportation of
the particles in the curved pipes. The model used the certain range of Reynolds number that was
between 500 and 1000 (Cheng and Wang, 1975). Another study was conducted in order to
understand that how the particles are transported within the laminar flows moving inside the
bended ducts and pipes (Cheng and Wang, 1981). In a study the investigation of particle
transportation was carried out. The study included both laminar and turbulent flows that moved
inside the ducts or pipes having varied rations of the curvature (Pui et al., 1987). The study also
formed a correlation for the efficiency of the transported particles in terms of stokes number.
This correlation was made for the flow of turbulent movement of the flow (McFarland et al.,
1997). A study was conducted on how the bend angles, stokes number along with the ratios of
curvature are impactful on the particle transportation. The efficiency of the transported particles
having these parameters were found out by implementing an empirical model. Experimentations
were done on large industrial ventilators to find out how the particles transport in them and at
what rates? The experiments included variations in the bending angles as well as the ratios of
curvature (Peters and Leith, 2004).

1.3. Governing Equations

Eulerian method at the phase of gas can be applied in order to calculate and predict the
transportation of particles numerically. The method was applied by keeping the solid effects in
the air within the parameters of the method. For the fluid flow that has separation during the
movement, the Langrage methodology was applied on it for obtaining the proper results. The
reason to use this method was due to the velocity’s greater portion of the fluid, was higher when
it was estimated. The fluid also contained all the particles inside its movements readily.

The Navier Stokes equation was used to calculate the particles movement in the flow for the
carrier phase. The used equation was for the estimation of incompressible fluid:

Where
velocity vector is u
pressure is p
Bulk Reynolds Number is Reb

The formula that can express the Bulk Reynolds Number can be given as:
2 R ub
v
Where
Bulk velocity is ub
Kinematic Fluid Viscosity is v (Bec, 2006)
2. Methodology
The methodology for the given experiment has been carried out according to the given
instructions and it is as under:

1. The given geometry of the square bifurcating domain was prepared in the SolidWorks as
stated by the instructions.
2. The mesh on the designed 3D model was applied and it was fine. The gird refinement
comparisons were also made for the 60 lpm fluid flow.
3. The converged grid was applied on the model and with its help the convergence of iterations
was found out.
4. The FLUENT was run for the flow rates of 15 lpm, 30 lpm and 60 lpm using the converged
grid.
5. For u(y) the chart of axial velocity profile was plotted at 3 sperate positions and varied flow
rates. The results were also compared.
6. The intensity of turbulence of different flow rates was also discussed in the report.
7. Streamlines for velocity were plotted and the results were discussed.
8. For 60 lpm the velocity contour was plotted and flow characterization was discussed.
9. The trajectories of particles were plotted for the 60 lpm and discussed.
10. Wall shear for movement of all three flow rates was discussed.
11. The efficiency of the particle transportation was also discussed at the outlets.
12. The path lines of the particles were also plotted and then discussed.
13. Velocity vectors for all the flow rates were plotted and discussed.
14. The results were validated from the literature.

2.1. CAD Model

Figure 2.1 shows the CAD of the model that was generated according to the given instructions.
The dimensions have also been labelled in the technical drawing.

The general design of the CAD design is given in Figure 3.1 below. According to the design
requirements the bend angle was kept at 90°.
 Figure 2.1 Technical Drawing of the Geometry with Labelled Dimensions

2.2. Mesh
This model was applied with the tetrahedral mesh having characteristics of both structured and
unstructured elements. The figure 2.2 shows the applied mesh on the model. The walls of the
model were given inflation layers for more accurate results as shown in figure 2.3. The numbers
of inflation layer for this design were 10. The total numbers of the elements of the applied mesh
were 349,774 while the number of nodes for the mesh were 167,774. Figure 2.4 shows the graph
for the skewness of the applied mesh. The highest value for skewness is below 0.8 that shows the
higher quality of the mesh
 Figure 2.2 Applied Tetrahedral Meshing on the 3D Model

Figure 2.3 Zoomed-in View of the Inflation Layers Applied on the Walls
 Figure 2.4 Graph of the Skewness for Mesh Quality

3. Results
The obtained results after the CFD analyses of the designed 3D model are given as under.

3.1. Grid Refinement

In figure 3.1 below the graph for the grid refinement has been plotted. The graph was plotted
elements number vs the velocity. As it can be seen in the figure the velocity of the fluid almost
gets constant after a certain elements number which is 167,774 elements in this study. This
showed that there will not be much changes in the results after this number of elements.

Grid Refinement Study

250

200
Velocity (m/s)

150

100

50

0
0 25000 50000 75000 100000 125000 150000 175000 200000
Meshing size

Figure 3.5 Plotted Graph for Grid Refinement of Elements nos. vs Velocities

Table 3.1 shows the values of the number of elements against their respective velocities. The
graph was plotted from these values.
 Table 3.1 The Values of Number of Elements Against their Respective Velocities

Grid Refinement Study

Meshing Size Velocity
5747 86.9902
34252 183.74
62757 207.989
97316 162.352
122487 174.848
167774 200.71
194862 205.63

3.2. Results at 15 lpm

For the flow rate of 15 lpm the reference values have been given in figure 3.2 below.

Figure 3.6 The Reference Values for the 15 lpm Analyses

3.2.1. Convergence
In figure 3.3 and figure 3.4 below the residual graph for the solutions of the 15 lpm flow rate has
been plotted for 1µm and 10µm particle distances respectively. The residual graph shows that the
solutions were converged and had given the most accurate results for the analyses.
 Figure 3.7 Residual Graph for the Converged Solution for 15 lpm, 1µm Particle Distance

Figure 3.8 Figure 3.9 Residual Graph for the Converged Solution for 15 lpm, 10µm Particle Distance

3.2.2. Axial Velocity Profile

In figure 3.6 and figure 3.7 below the axial velocity graph had been plotted for three different
positions of the designed geometry for 1µm and 10µm particle distances respectively. For 1 µm
the first position was close to outlet, the second position was at the mid of the duct at the upper
portion and right after the third edge. The third position was chosen close to the outlets where the
duct is getting divided into 2 branches. The velocity was higher in the middle portion as when
the fluid moves after the edge the velocity gets higher. For 10 µm the velocity profile was higher
at inlet. This happened because of the distance of the particles was larger.

Figure 3.10 Axial Flow Velocity Graph of the Fluid Flow at 15 lpm, 1µm Particle Distance

Figure 3.11 Axial Flow Velocity Graph of the Fluid Flow at 15 lpm, 10µm Particle Distance
3.2.3. Turbulence Intensity
In figure 3.8 and figure 3.9 below the turbulence intensity contour has been plotted for 1µm and
10µm particle distance respectively. For 1µm particle distance, the highest intensity of
turbulence was 3.95 × 102 % for the flow rate of 15 lpm. For 10 µm particle distance, the highest
intensity of turbulence was 4.00 × 102 % for the flow rate of 15 lpm. It was evident from the
contours that the highest intensities of the turbulence were right after the fluid passed from the
edge for both particle distances. The red portion usually formed at the middle of the horizontal
portions of the duct right after passing the edge. This was because the flow was disturbed by the
edges and formed turbulence afterwards. The percentage of turbulence intensity of 10 µm
particle distance was slightly higher than the 1 µm particle distance due to more distance in
particles caused more turbulence.

Figure 3.12 The contour for Turbulence Intensity at 15 lpm, 1 µm Particle Distance

Figure 3.13 The contour for Turbulence Intensity at 15 lpm, 10 µm Particle Distance
3.2.4. Velocity Streamlines
In figure 3.10 and figure 3.11 below the streamlines of the fluid velocity has been plotted for
1µm and 10µm particle distances respectively. As mentioned above for the turbulence intensity
the formation of the vortices could be seen at the horizontal portions of the duct right after the
fluid passed through the edges, disturbance in the fluid flow was the reason for that. For the 1µm
particle distance, the highest velocity was at the inlet having the value of 164.994 m/s. For the 10
µm particle distance, the highest velocity was at the inlet having the value of 187.2 m/s. The
velocity was higher in 10 µm particle distance due to the larger particle distance.

Figure 3.14 Contour for Velocity Streamlines at the flow rate of 15 lpm, 1 µm Particle Distance
 Figure 3.15 Contour for Velocity Streamlines at the flow rate of 15 lpm, 10 µm Particle Distance

3.2.5. Wall Shear

Figure 3.12 and figure 3.13 below show the wall shear acting on the 3D model for 1µm and
10µm particle distances respectively. It can be seen that the wall shear was highest on all the
edges. The reason for this behaviour of the flow is that the movement of the fluid hit the edges of
the design with more pressure hence increasing the shear force on the walls. For 10µm particle
distance, the highest value of the wall shear was 4.96 Pa while for 10 µm particle distance, the
highest value of the wall shear was 5.02 Pa. The slightly higher shear in 10 µm particle distance
profile was due to the higher generated pressure.

Figure 3.16 Contour of the Wall Shear of the 3D Model at 15 lpm, 1 µm Particle Distance
 Figure 3.17 Contour of the Wall Shear of the 3D Model at 15 lpm, 10 µm Particle Distance

3.2.6. Particle Transport Efficiency

In figure 3.14 and figure 3.15 the particle efficiency values of the particle trajectory have been
given by ‘Escaped – Zone 6’ was the upper outlet with 1.5 mm width while the ‘Escaped – Zone
7’ was lower outlet with 0.6 mm width for both 1µm and 10µm particle distances respectively.
For 1 µm particle distance, the number of particles transported at Zone 7 were 308 while the for
Zone 6 it was 168. For 10µm particle distance, the number of particles transported at Zone 7
were 357 while the for Zone 6 it was 109. The higher number of particles transported at the
lower outlet even it had smaller width. This happened due to the reason that the lower outlet had
influence of the gravity more than the upper outlet so particle transportation was easier there.
The higher number of particles transported at 10 µm particle distance at lower outlet was due to
the higher distances among the particles. Also, for 10 µm particle distance, the transported
particles on the upper outlet were lower when compared to 1 µm particle distance

Figure 3.18 The Values of Particle Transport Efficiency of the Fluid Flow at 15 lpm , 1 µm Particle Distance
 Figure 3.19 The Values of Particle Transport Efficiency of the Fluid Flow at 15 lpm, 10 µm Particle Distance

Velocity Vector
In figure 3.16 and 3.17 the velocity vectors for the fluid motion in the 3D model for 1µm and
10µm particle distances respectively has been shown. The velocity vectors have been used in
order to relay the information of the direction of the velocity of the fluids using arrow-heads.

Figure 3.20 Velocity Vectors for the Flow at 15 lpm, 1 µm Particle Distance
 Figure 3.21 Velocity Vectors for the Flow at 15 lpm, 10 µm Particle Distance

3.3. Results at 30 lpm

For the flow rate of 30 lpm the reference values have been given in figure 3.18 below.

Figure 3.22 The Reference Values for the 30 lpm Analyses

3.3.1. Convergence
In figure 3.19 and figure 3.20 below the residual graph for the solutions of the 30 lpm flow rate
has been plotted for 1µm and 10µm particle distances respectively. The residual graph shows
that the solutions were converged and had given the most accurate results for the analyses.
 Figure 3.23 Residual Graph for the Converged Solution for 30 lpm, 1µm Particle Distance

Figure 3.24 Figure 3.25 Residual Graph for the Converged Solution for 30 lpm, 10µm Particle Distance

3.3.2. Axial Velocity Profile

In figure 3.22 and figure 3.23 below the axial velocity graph had been plotted for three different
positions of the designed geometry for 1µm and 10µm particle distances respectively. For 1 µm
the first position was close to outlet, the second position was at the mid of the duct at the upper
portion and right after the third edge. The third position was chosen close to the outlets where the
duct is getting divided into 2 branches. The velocity was higher in the middle portion as when
the fluid moves after the edge the velocity gets higher. For 10 µm the velocity profile was higher
at inlet. This happened because of the distance of the particles was larger.
 Figure 3.26 Axial Flow Velocity Graph of the Fluid Flow at 30 lpm, 1µm Particle Distance

Figure 3.27 Axial Flow Velocity Graph of the Fluid Flow at 30 lpm, 10µm Particle Distance

3.3.3. Turbulence Intensity

In figure 3.24 and figure 3.25 below the turbulence intensity contour has been plotted for 1µm
and 10µm particle distance respectively. For 1µm particle distance, the highest intensity of
turbulence was 3.53 × 102 % for the flow rate of 30 lpm. For 10 µm particle distance, the highest
intensity of turbulence was 3.52 × 102 % for the flow rate of 30 lpm. It was evident from the
contours that the highest intensities of the turbulence were right after the fluid passed from the
edge for both particle distances. The red portion usually formed at the middle of the horizontal
portions of the duct right after passing the edge. This was because the flow was disturbed by the
edges and formed turbulence afterwards. The percentage of turbulence intensity of 10 µm
particle distance was slightly higher than the 1 µm particle distance due to more distance in
particles caused more turbulence.

Figure 3.28 The contour for Turbulence Intensity at 30 lpm, 1 µm Particle Distance

Figure 3.29 The contour for Turbulence Intensity at 30 lpm, 10 µm Particle Distance

3.3.4. Velocity Streamlines

In figure 3.26 and figure 3.27 below the streamlines of the fluid velocity has been plotted for
1µm and 10µm particle distances respectively. As mentioned above for the turbulence intensity
the formation of the vortices could be seen at the horizontal portions of the duct right after the
fluid passed through the edges, disturbance in the fluid flow was the reason for that. For the 1µm
particle distance, the highest velocity was at the inlet having the value of 396.4 m/s. For the 10
µm particle distance, the highest velocity was at the inlet having the value of 396.5 m/s. The
velocity was higher in 10 µm particle distance due to the larger particle distance.

Figure 3.30 Contour for Velocity Streamlines at the flow rate of 30 lpm, 1 µm Particle Distance

Figure 3.31 Contour for Velocity Streamlines at the flow rate of 30 lpm, 10 µm Particle Distance

3.3.5. Wall Shear

Figure 3.28 and figure 3.29 below show the wall shear acting on the 3D model for 1µm and
10µm particle distances respectively. It can be seen that the wall shear was highest on all the
edges. The reason for this behaviour of the flow is that the movement of the fluid hit the edges of
the design with more pressure hence increasing the shear force on the walls. For 1µm particle
distance, the highest value of the wall shear was 1.79x103 Pa while for 10 µm particle distance,
the highest value of the wall shear was 1.80x103 Pa. The slightly higher shear in 10 µm particle
distance profile was due to the higher generated pressure.

Figure 3.32 Contour of the Wall Shear of the 3D Model at 30 lpm, 1 µm Particle Distance

Figure 3.33 Contour of the Wall Shear of the 3D Model at 30 lpm, 10 µm Particle Distance

3.3.6. Particle Transport Efficiency

In figure 3.30 and figure 3.31 the particle efficiency values of the particle trajectory have been
given by ‘Escaped – Zone 6’ was the upper outlet with 1.5 mm width while the ‘Escaped – Zone
7’ was lower outlet with 0.6 mm width for both 1µm and 10µm particle distances respectively.
For 1 µm particle distance, the number of particles transported at Zone 7 were 294 while the for
Zone 6 it was 139. For 10µm particle distance, the number of particles transported at Zone 7
were 322 while the for Zone 6 it was 139. The higher number of particles transported at the
lower outlet even it had smaller width. This happened due to the reason that the lower outlet had
influence of the gravity more than the upper outlet so particle transportation was easier there.
The higher number of particles transported at 10 µm particle distance at lower outlet was due to
the higher distances among the particles. Also, for 10 µm particle distance, the transported
particles on the upper outlet were lower when compared to 1 µm particle distance

Figure 3.34 The Values of Particle Transport Efficiency of the Fluid Flow at 30 lpm , 1 µm Particle Distance

Figure 3.35 The Values of Particle Transport Efficiency of the Fluid Flow at 30 lpm, 10 µm Particle Distance

3.3.7. Velocity Vector

In figure 3.32 and 3.33 the velocity vectors for the fluid motion in the 3D model for 1µm and
10µm particle distances respectively has been shown. The velocity vectors have been used in
order to relay the information of the direction of the velocity of the fluids using arrow-heads.
 Figure 3.36 Velocity Vectors for the Flow at 30 lpm, 1 µm Particle Distance

Figure 3.37 Velocity Vectors for the Flow at 30 lpm, 10 µm Particle Distance

3.4. Results at 60 lpm

For the flow rate of 60 lpm the reference values have been given in figure 3.34 below.
 Figure 3.38 The Reference Values for the 60 lpm Analyses

3.4.1. Convergence
In figure 3.35 and figure 3.36 below the residual graph for the solutions of the 60 lpm flow rate
has been plotted for 1µm and 10µm particle distances respectively. The residual graph shows
that the solutions were converged and had given the most accurate results for the analyses.

Figure 3.39 Residual Graph for the Converged Solution for 60 lpm, 1µm Particle Distance
 Figure 3.40 Residual Graph for the Converged Solution for 60 lpm, 10µm Particle Distance

3.4.2. Axial Velocity Profile

In figure 3.37 and figure 3.38 below the axial velocity graph had been plotted for three different
positions of the designed geometry for 1µm and 10µm particle distances respectively. For 1 µm
the first position was close to outlet, the second position was at the mid of the duct at the upper
portion and right after the third edge. The third position was chosen close to the outlets where the
duct is getting divided into 2 branches. The velocity was higher in the middle portion as when
the fluid moves after the edge the velocity gets higher. For 10 µm the velocity profile was higher
at inlet. This happened because of the distance of the particles was larger.
 Figure 3.41 Axial Flow Velocity Graph of the Fluid Flow at 60 lpm, 1µm Particle Distance

Figure 3.42 Axial Flow Velocity Graph of the Fluid Flow at 60 lpm, 10µm Particle Distance

3.4.3. Turbulence Intensity

In figure 3.40 and figure 3.41 below the turbulence intensity contour has been plotted for 1µm
and 10µm particle distance respectively. For 1µm particle distance, the highest intensity of
turbulence was 3.19 × 102 % for the flow rate of 60 lpm. For 10 µm particle distance, the highest
intensity of turbulence was 3.14 × 102 % for the flow rate of 60 lpm. It was evident from the
contours that the highest intensities of the turbulence were right after the fluid passed from the
edge for both particle distances. The red portion usually formed at the middle of the horizontal
portions of the duct right after passing the edge. This was because the flow was disturbed by the
edges and formed turbulence afterwards. The percentage of turbulence intensity of 10 µm
particle distance was slightly higher than the 1 µm particle distance due to more distance in
particles caused more turbulence.

Figure 3.43 The contour for Turbulence Intensity at 60 lpm, 1 µm Particle Distance

Figure 3.44 The contour for Turbulence Intensity at 60 lpm, 10 µm Particle Distance
 Figure 3.45 Contour for Velocity Streamlines at the flow rate of 15 lpm, 10 µm Particle Distance

3.4.4. Velocity Contour

In figure 3.44 and figure 3.45 below, the contours of the fluid velocity have been plotted for 1µm
and 10µm particle distances respectively. For 1 µm particle distance, the highest velocity of the
fluid was 843 m/s while for 10µm particle distance the highest velocity was 828 m/s. The
contours of velocity showed the regions where the velocity was higher. As mentioned in the
above sections the highest values of velocity were after the fluid moved over the edges and
reached the mid portions of the horizontal areas of duct.

Figure 3.46 Contour for Velocity at the flow rate of 60 lpm, 1 µm Particle Distance
 Figure 3.47 Contour for Velocity at the flow rate of 60 lpm, 1 µm Particle Distance

3.4.5. Particles Trajectory

In figure 3.46 and 3.46 the contours for particles trajectory have been plotted for 1 µm and 10
µm particle distances respectively. From the contour it was evident that the particles were
reflected back at the surfaces due to turbulence occurring at the horizontal portions of the ducts.
The particles escaped at the lower outlet were higher as compared to the upper outlet.

Figure 3.48 Contour for Particles Trajectory at the flow rate of 60 lpm, 1 µm Particle Distance
 Figure 3.49 Contour for Particles Trajectory at the flow rate of 60 lpm, 10 µm Particle Distance

3.4.6. Wall Shear

Figure 3.44 and figure 3.45 below show the wall shear acting on the 3D model for 1µm and
10µm particle distances respectively. It can be seen that the wall shear was highest on all the
edges. The reason for this behaviour of the flow is that the movement of the fluid hit the edges of
the design with more pressure hence increasing the shear force on the walls. For 1 µm particle
distance, the highest value of the wall shear was 7.29x103 Pa while for 10 µm particle distance,
the highest value of the wall shear was 6.71x103 Pa. The slightly higher shear in 10 µm particle
distance profile was due to the higher generated pressure.

Figure 3.50 Contour of the Wall Shear of the 3D Model at 60 lpm, 1 µm Particle Distance
 Figure 3.51 Contour of the Wall Shear of the 3D Model at 60 lpm, 10 µm Particle Distance

3.4.7. Particle Transport Efficiency

In figure 3.46 and figure 3.47 the particle efficiency values of the particle trajectory have been
given by ‘Escaped – Zone 6’ was the upper outlet with 1.5 mm width while the ‘Escaped – Zone
7’ was lower outlet with 0.6 mm width for both 1µm and 10µm particle distances respectively.
For 1 µm particle distance, the number of particles transported at Zone 7 were 169 while the for
Zone 6 it was 296. For 10µm particle distance, the number of particles transported at Zone 7
were 148 while the for Zone 6 it was 306. The higher number of particles transported at the
lower outlet even it had smaller width. This happened due to the reason that the lower outlet had
influence of the gravity more than the upper outlet so particle transportation was easier there.
The higher number of particles transported at 10 µm particle distance at lower outlet was due to
the higher distances among the particles. Also, for 10 µm particle distance, the transported
particles on the upper outlet were lower when compared to 1 µm particle distance

Figure 3.52 The Values of Particle Transport Efficiency of the Fluid Flow at 60 lpm , 1 µm Particle Distance
 Figure 3.53 The Values of Particle Transport Efficiency of the Fluid Flow at 60 lpm, 10 µm Particle Distance

3.4.8. Particles Path Line

Figure 3.52 and figure 3.53 below show the path lines of particles in 3D model for 1µm and
10µm particle distances respectively. The contours below for both particle distances showed that
the initial concentration of the particles get lower as they moved along the geometry. The reason
for that is because of the turbulence flow inside the duct makes the particles to reflect back and
reduce as they move along the geometry path.

Figure 3.54 Particles Path Lines for the Flow at 60 lpm, 1 µm Particle Distance
 Figure 3.55 Particles Path Lines for the Flow at 60 lpm, 10 µm Particle Distance

3.4.9. Velocity Vector

In figure 3.16 and 3.17 the velocity vectors for the fluid motion in the 3D model for 1µm and
10µm particle distances respectively has been shown. The velocity vectors have been used in
order to relay the information of the direction of the velocity of the fluids using arrow-heads.

Figure 3.56 Velocity Vectors for the Flow at 15 lpm, 1 µm Particle Distance
 Figure 3.57 Velocity Vectors for the Flow at 15 lpm, 10 µm Particle Distance

4. Validation of Results
In figure 4.1 below the particle trajectory inside a bifurcation pipe has been given. The particle
distance used in this simulation was 10 µm while the flow rate of 30 lpm was given. The results
showed that the distribution of the particle transportation was almost same and not all the
particles escaped the pipes (Zhang et al., 2005). This validates the particle transportation results
that they reflect back from surfaces.

Figure 4.58 The Particle Transportation in the Bifurcation Pipes having Flow Rate of 30 lpm, 10 µm Particle
Distance
5. Conclusions
The specialized geometry was modelled in this report on SolidWorks with the accordance to the
given requirements. The results showed that the velocity was higher at the horizontal portions of
the ducts after passing the edges. This created turbulent high zones across the horizontal regions.
The wall shear was maximum at the wall as the higher pressure was exerted on them due to the
interruption of the flow rate. The particle trajectories showed that outlet at lower side had higher
transportation of the particles due to action of gravity.

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