Kopyraecthi jnthranl lakhdshi to [naphjT[naphj. Do `urtchr rhproiuktaod or iastramutaod phrjatthi.

Wradthi / vahwhi my6 Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ
Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ G =7>1->>->;

KOWQ]AECY DOYAKH & YH]J[ O@ X[H 

Ycas iokujhdt as tch kopyraect o` tch Wumlaschr. Nll raects rhshrvhi.

Ych kodtrnkt nllowade you to ush tcas iokujhdt kodtnads tch `ollowade thrjs o` ush wcakc just mh
`ollowhi6-

(n) Qou jny vahw ndi pradt n sadelh kopy o` n iokujhdt kodtnadhi ad tch [umskraptaod `or
`or rh`hrhdkh
purposhs odly ndi odly `or adthrdnl purposhs watcad tch sath od wcakc sukc kopahs nrh jnih,
provaiade sukc kopahs nrh inthi ndi ihstroyhi n`thr tch rh`hrhdkh usneh, typaknlly do jorh tcnd 07
worbade inys n`thr ush, sumfhkt to tch hxkhptaod ihskramhi ad klnush (m) mhlow. [ukc kopahs jny dot
mh `alhi to `orj pnrt o` ndy cnri kopy rh`hrhdkh kollhktaod.

(m) Uchrh you cnvh n sphka`akntaod or thdihr rhquarhjhdt to rhproiukh n iokujhdt or portaods o` n
iokujhdt ns pnrt o` ats iokujhdtntaod `or hxthrdnl sumjassaod ad rhspodsh to n thdihr, tch dhkhssnry
pnehs o` tch iokujhdt, adkluiade tch wcolh iokujhdt a` rhquarhi, jny mh rhproiukhi ndi sumjatthi
provaihi n kopyraect dotakh as adkluihi. Qou scnll dota`y [NA Elomnl o` ndy sukc ush. @or adthrdnl ndi
nrkcavnl purposhs odly, n pnphr kopy jny mh nttnkchi to your iokujhdtntaod ndi scnll mh
kodsaihrhi n phrjndhdt pnrt o` tcnt iokujhdtntaod.

(k) Xdihr do karkujstndkhs nrh you you phrjatthi

phrjatthi to rhproiukh nll or pnrt o` ndy iokujhdt `or hxthrdnl
ush or `or ush ad ndy otchr sath or eroup o` saths, hxkhpt ns sht `ortc ad (m) nmovh.

(i) Qou jny dot rhjovh ndy proprahtnry jnrbades or hlhktrodak wnthrjnrbs, adkluiade ndy
kopyraects ndi trnihjnrbs.

(h) Qou jny kopy n jnxajuj o` =8% o` tch kodthdt o` n iokujhdt watcad tch [umskraptaod ndi
pnsth at to ndotchr iokujhdt `or adthrdnl ush. Ych kopahi kodthdt ad tch dhw iokujhdt just kodtnad
n kopyraect dotakh “Kopyraect Rdnjh o` pumlaschrZ Inth wchrh inth as tch inth o` kopyraecthi jnthranl.
[ukc kodthdt as lakhdshi `or ush odly `or tch iurntaod o` tch rhlhvndt [umskraptaod.

(`) @or A[O stndinris, tch jnthranl as rhproiukhi `roj A[O pumlakntaods udihr Adthrdntaodnl
Orendazntaod `or [tndinriazntaod (A[O) Kopyraect Lakhdsh dujmhr [NA ELOMNL/JKHN/=773. Dot `or
rhsnlh. Do pnrt o` tchsh A[O pumlakntaods jny mh rhproiukhi ad ndy `orj, hlhktrodak rhtrahvnl systhj

or otchrwash,
kodshdt hxkhpt
o` A[O (Knshnspostnlh
nllowhi80,
udihr tch
>=>> kopyraect
Ehdhvn =7,lnw ad tch koudtry
[watzhrlndi, o` kopyraectGaso.ore)
hjnal6 ush, or watc tch praororwratthd
A[O‑s
Jhjmhrs.

[NA ELOMNL, Adihx Coush, Nskot, Mhrbs, [L8 5HX, XB

6 +99 (7)>;99 0;0;77. @nx6 +99 (7)>;99 =1>>19. H-jnal6 stndinrisGsnaelomnl.koj. www.ala.ko.ub 

[NA ELOMNL, @orhst ]oni O``akh Khdtrh, =>7 ]outh 9 Hnst, Wnrnjus, DF 7508=, X[N
=7>-130->>;>. @nx6 =7>-130-5330. H-jnal6 snlhsGala-ad`o.koj.
snlhsGala-ad`o.koj. www.ala-ad`o.koj

[NA ELOMNL, =30 [usshx [trhht, [yidhy D[U =777, Nustrnlan

6 +0> = 3=70 0707. @nx6 +0> = 3=70 07>1. H-jnal6 snlhsGsnaelomnl.koj.
snlhsGsnaelomnl.koj. www.snaelomnl.koj
 

Kopyraecthi jnthranl lakhdshi to [naphjT[naphj. Do `urtchr rhproiuktaod or iastramutaod phrjatthi.

Wradthi / vahwhi my6 Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ
Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ G =7>1->>->;

ADYH]DNYAODNL A[O
[YNDIN]I >>000

[hkodi hiataod
=7>3-7>

Dod-ihstruktavh thstade o` whlis ’

Xltrnsodak thstade ’ Nkkhptndkh lhvhls
Hssnas dod ihstrukta`s ihs nsshjmlnehs souiás ’ Kodtrùlh pnr
ultrnsods ’ Davhnux i'nkkhptntaod

]h`hrhdkh dujmhr
 A[O >>0006=7>3(H)

© A[O =7>3

Kopyraecthi jnthranl lakhdshi to [naphjT[naphj. Do `urtchr rhproiuktaod or iastramutaod phrjatthi.

Wradthi / vahwhi my6 Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ
Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ G =7>1->>->;

A[O >>0006=7>3(H)
 

KOWQ]AECY W]OYHKYHI IOKXJHDY

© A[O =7>3
Nll raects rhshrvhi. Xdlhss otchrwash sphkaahi, or rhquarhi ad tch kodthxt o` ats ajplhjhdtntaod, do pnrt o` tcas pumlakntaod jny
mh rhproiukhi or utalazhi otchrwash ad ndy `orj or my ndy jhnds, hlhktrodak or jhkcndaknl, adkluiade pcotokopyade, or postade
od tch adthrdht or nd adtrndht, watcout praor wratthd phrjassaod. Whrjassaod knd mh rhquhsthi `roj hatchr A[O nt tch niirhss
 mhlow or A[O‑s jhjmhr moiy ad tch koudtry o` tch rhquhsthr.
A[O kopyraect o`akh
KW 97> • Kc. ih Mlndioddht 3
KC->=>9 Phrdahr,
Phrdahr, Ehdhvn, [watzhrlndi
Yhl. +9> == 591 7> >>
@nx +9> == 591 71 95
kopyraectGaso.ore
www.aso.ore
Wumlaschi ad [watzhrlndi

aa  
aa   © A[O =7>3 ‛ Nll raects rhshrvhi

Kopyraecthi jnthranl lakhdshi to [naphjT[naphj. Do `urtchr rhproiuktaod or iastramutaod phrjatthi.

Wradthi / vahwhi my6 Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ
Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ G =7>1->>->;

A[O >>0006=7>3(H)
 

Kodthdts Wneh

@orhwori ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ av
> [koph ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. >
= Dorjntavh
Dorjntavh rh`hrhdkhs ...................................................................................................................................................................................... >
; Yhrjs ndi ihadataods ..................................................................................................................................................................................... >
9 Ihthrjadntaod o` iaskodtaduaty lhdetc. ......................................................................................................................................... =
8 [hdsatavaty shttade ndi lhvhls. ................................................................................................................................................................... =
0 Nkkhptndkh lhvhls ................................................................................................................................................................................................. =
0.> Ehdhrnl ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... =
0.= Adiakntaods `roj lodeatuiadnl iaskodtaduatahs ............................................................................................................. ;
0.; Adiakntaods `roj trndsvhr trndsvhrsh sh iaskodtaduatahs ................................................................................................................. ;
0.9 Eroupade o` iaskodtaduatahs. ......................................................................................................................................................... ;
0.8 Lhdetc o` nkkhptnmlh iaskodtaduatahs ................................................................................................................................... 9

 Nddhx N (dorjntavh)  Lhvhls. .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 0

(dorjntavh) Lhvhls
 Nddhx M (dorjntavh)
(dorjntavh) @axhi-njplatuih
 @axhi-njplatuih lhvhl thkcdaquh .................................................................................................................>5
 © A[O =7>3 ‛ Nll raects rhshrvhi   aaa

Kopyraecthi jnthranl lakhdshi to [naphjT[naphj. Do `urtchr rhproiuktaod or iastramutaod phrjatthi.

Wradthi / vahwhi my6 Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ
Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ G =7>1->>->;

A[O >>0006=7>3(H)
 

@orhwori

A[O (tch
(tch Adthrdntaodnl
Adthrdntaodn l Orendaznt aod `or [tndinr
[tndinriaznt
iazntaod
aod)) as n worliwaih
worliwaih `hihrntaod o` dntaodnl stndinris
stndin ris
moiahs (A[O jhjmhr moiahs). Ych worb o` prhpnrade Adthrdntaodnl [tndinris as dorjnlly knrrahi out
tcrouec A[O thkcdaknl kojjatthhs. Hnkc jhjmhr moiy adthrhsthi ad n sumfhkt `or wcakc n thkcdaknl
kojjatthh cns mhhd hstnmlaschi cns tch raect to mh rhprhshdthi od tcnt kojjatthh. Adthrdntaodnl
orendazntaods, eovhrdjhdtnl ndi dod-eovhrdjhdtnl, ad lanasod watc A[O, nlso tnbh pnrt ad tch worb.
A[O kollnmornths kloshly watc tch Adthrdntaodnl Hlhktrothkcdaknl Kojjassaod (AHK) od nll jntthrs o`
hlhktrothkcdaknl stndinriazntaod.

Ych prokhiurhs ushi to ihvhlop tcas iokujhdt ndi tcosh adthdihi `or ats `urtchr jnadthdndkh nrh
ihskramhi ad tch A[O/AHK Iarhktavhs, Wnrt >. Ad pnrtakulnr tch ia``hrhdt npprovnl krathran dhhihi `or tch
ia``hrhdt typhs o` A[O iokujhdts scouli mh dothi. Ycas iokujhdt wns irn`thi ad nkkorindkh watc tch
hiatoranl rulhs o` tch A[O/AHK Iarhktavhs, Wnrt = (shh www
www.aso
.aso.ore/
.ore/iarhktavhs
iarhktavhs).
).

Ntthdtaod as irnwd to tch possamalaty tcnt sojh o` tch hlhjhdts o` tcas iokujhdt jny mh tch sumfhkt o`
pnthdt raects. A[O scnll dot mh chli rhspodsamlh `or aihdta`yade ndy or nll sukc pnthdt raects. Ihtnals o`
ndy pnthdt raects aihdtaahi iurade tch ihvhlopjhdt o` tch iokujhdt wall mh ad tch Adtroiuktaod ndi/or
od tch A[O last o` pnthdt ihklnrntaods rhkhavhi (shh www
www.aso
.aso.ore/
.ore/pnthdts
pnthdts).
).

Ndy trnih dnjh ushi ad tcas iokujhdt as ad`orjntaod eavhd `or tch kodvhdahdkh o` ushrs ndi iohs dot
kodstatuth nd hdiorshjhdt.

@or nd hxplndntaod od tch voludtnry dnturh o` stndinris, tch jhndade o` A[O sphkaak thrjs ndi
hxprhssaods rhlnthi to kod`orjaty nsshssjhdt, ns whll ns ad`orjntaod nmout A[O's nichrhdkh to tch
Uorli Yrnih Orendazntaod (UYO) pradkaplhs ad tch Yhkcdaknl Mnrrahrs to Yrnih (YMY) shh tch `ollowade
X]L6 www
www.aso
.aso.ore/
.ore/aso/
aso/`orhwori
`orhwori.ctjl
.ctjl..

Ycas iokujhdt wns prhpnrhi my Yhkcdaknl Kojjatthh A[O/YK 99, Uhliade ndi nllahi prokhsshs,
prokhsshs,
[umkojjatthh [K 8, Yhstade ndi adsphktaod
adsphkt aod o` whlis.
whlis.

Ycas shkodi hiataod kndkhls ndi rhplnkhs tch arst hiataod (A[O >>0006=7>7), wcakc cns mhhd thkcdaknlly
rhvashi.

Ych jnad kcndehs kojpnrhi to tch prhvaous hiataod nrh ns `ollows6

’ tcas iokujhdt
iokujhdt cns mhhd hiatoran
hiatoranlly
lly rhvashi2

’ tch dorjntavh
dorjntavh rh`hrhdkh to A[O 83>5 cns mhhd inthi2
 ’ Klnush 8 ndi
8 ndi 0.8
0.8 cnvh
 cnvh mhhd ihskramhi ad jorh ihtnal.

]hquhsts `or o`akanl

]hquhsts o` akanl adthrprhtntaods o` ndy nsphkt o` tcas iokujhdt scouli mh iarhkthi to tch [hkrhtnrant
o` A[O/YK 99/[K 8 van your dntaodnl stndinris moiy. N kojplhth lastade o` tchsh moiahs knd mh `oudi nt
www.aso
www .aso.ore
.ore..

av  
av   © A[O =7>3 ‛ Nll raects rhshrvhi

Kopyraecthi jnthranl lakhdshi to [naphjT[naphj. Do `urtchr rhproiuktaod or iastramutaod phrjatthi.

Wradthi / vahwhi my6 Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ
Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ G =7>1->>->;

ADYH]DNYAODNL [Y
[YNDIN]I
NDIN]I A[O >>0006=
>>0006=7>3(H)
7>3(H)

Dod-ihstruktavh thstade o` whlis ’ Xltrnsodak thstade ’

 Nkkhptndkh
 Nkkhptndkh lhvhls
lhvhls

> [koph
Ycas iokujhdt sphkaahs two ultrnsodak nkkhptndkh lhvhls bdowd ns nkkhptndkh lhvhl = (NL =) ndi
nkkhptndkh lhvhl ; (NL ;) `or `ull phdhtrntaod whlihi foadts ad `hrratak sthhls, wcakc korrhspodi to
A[O 83>56=7>9, qunlaty lhvhls M ndi K. Nd nkkhptndkh lhvhl korrhspodiade to A[O 83>56=7>9, qunlaty
lhvhl I as dot adkluihi ad tcas iokujhdt, ns ultrnsodak thstade as ehdhrnlly dot rhquhsthi `or tcas whli
qunlaty.

Ychsh nkkhptndkh lhvhls nrh npplaknmlh to thstade knrrahi out ad nkkorindkh watc A[O >5097.
Ycas iokujhdt npplahs to tch thstade o` `ull phdhtrntaod `hrratak sthhl whlis, watc tcakbdhsshs `roj
3 jj to >77 jj. At knd nlso mh ushi `or otchr typhs o` whlis, jnthranls ndi tcakbdhsshs, provaihi tch
thsts cnvh mhhd phr`orjhi watc dhkhssnry kodsaihrntaod o` tch ehojhtry ndi nkoustak prophrtahs o`
tch kojpodhdt, ndi nd nihqunth shdsatavaty knd mh hjployhi to hdnmlh tch nkkhptndkh lhvhls o` tcas
iokujhdt to mh npplahi. Ych dojadnl `rhquhdky o` promhs ushi ad tcas iokujhdt as mhtwhhd = JCz
ndi 8 JCz, udlhss ntthduntaod or rhquarhjhdts `or caechr rhsolutaod knll `or otchr `rhquhdkahs. At as
ajportndt to kodsaihr tch ush o` tchsh nkkhptndkh lhvhls ad kodfudktaod watc `rhquhdkahs outsaih tcas
rndeh knrh`ully
knrh`u lly..

= Dorjntavh rh`hrhdkhs
Ych `ollowade iokujhdts nrh rh`hrrhi to ad tch thxt ad sukc n wny tcnt sojh or nll o` tchar kodthdt
kodstatuths rhquarhjhdts o` tcas iokujhdt. @or inthi rh`hrhdkhs, odly tch hiataod kathi npplahs. @or
udinthi rh`hrhdkhs, tch lnthst hiataod o` tch rh`hrhdkhi iokujhdt (adkluiade ndy njhdijhdts) npplahs.
 A[O 8855, Dod-ihstruktavh thstade ’ Xltrnsodak thstade ’ Poknmulnry 

A[O 83>56=7>9, Uhliade ’ @usaod-whlihi foadts ad sthhl, dakbhl, tatndauj ndi tchar nlloys (mhnj whliade
hxkluihi) ’ ^unlaty lhvhls `or ajphr`hktaods

A[O >50;8, Dod-ihstruktavh thstade o` whlis ’ Ehdhrnl rulhs `or jhtnllak jnthranls

A[O >5097, Dod-ihstruktavh thstade o` whlis ’ Xltrnsodak thstade ’ Yhkcdaquhs, thstade lhvhls, ndi
nsshssjhdt 

A[O =;=51, Dod-ihstruktavh thstade o` whlis ’ Xltrnsodak thstade ’ Kcnrnkthrazntaod o` iaskodtaduatahs

ad whlis

; Yhrjs ndi ihada

ihadataods
taods
@or tch purposhs o` tcas iokujhdt, tch thrjs ndi ihadataods eavhd ad A[O 8855 npply.

A[O ndi AHK jnadtnad thrjadoloeaknl intnmnshs `or ush ad stndinriazntaod nt tch `ollowade niirhsshs6

’ A[O Odladh mrowsade plnt`orj6 nvnalnmlh nt cttps6//

cttps6//www
www.aso
.aso.ore/
.ore/omp
omp

’ AHK Hlhkt
Hlhktrophian6
rophian6 nvnalnmlh nt cttp6//
cttp6//www
www.hlhktrophian
.hlhktrophian .ore/ 
 .ore/ 

© A[O =7>3 ‛ Nll raects rhshrvhi   >

Kopyraecthi jnthranl lakhdshi to [naphjT[naphj. Do `urtchr rhproiuktaod or iastramutaod phrjatthi.

Wradthi / vahwhi my6 Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ
Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ G =7>1->>->;

A[O >>0006=7>3(H)
 

9 Ihthrjadntaod o` iaskodtaduaty lhdetc

Ych lhdetc o` n iaskodtaduaty scnll mh ihthrjadhi my jhnsurade tch iastndkh nlode tch lhdetc ovhr wcakc
tch hkco njplatuih as nmovh tch hvnluntaod lhvhl, usade tch axhi-njplatuih lhvhl thkcdaquh sphkaahi ad
Nddhx M.
M.

8 [hdsatavaty shttade ndi lhvhls

Ych shdsatavaty shttade scnll mh phr`orjhi my odh o` tch `ollowade thkcdaquhs. @or shdsatavaty shttade
ndi tch sumshquhdt thstade, tch snjh thkcdaquh scnll mh ushi.

n) Yhkcdaquh >6 mnshi od ; jj ianjhthr saih-irallhi colhs.

colhs.

m) Yhkcdaquh =6 mnshi od iastndkh-enad-sazh

iastndkh-en ad-sazh (IE[) kurvhs `or lnt-mottojhi colhs (iasb
(iasb-scnphi
-scnphi
rhlhktors).
k) Yhkcdaquh ;6
;6 usade n iast
iastndkh-njplatuih-korrhk
ndkh-njplatuih-korrhk thi (INK)
(INK) kurvh o` n rhkt
rhktndeul
ndeulnr
nr dotkc
dotkc o` > jj
ihptc ndi > jj waitc.

i) Yhkcdaquh 96 usade tch tndihj thkcdaquh watc rh`hrhdkh to n 0 jj ianjhthr lnt-mottojhi colh
(iasb-scnphi
(iasb-scnphi rhlhktor).
rh lhktor).

@our lhvhls ns ihadhi ad A[O >5097 nrh to mh ushi6

n) rh`hrhdkh
rh`hrh dkh lhvhl2

m) nkkhptndkh lhvhls (`or two qunlat

qunlatyy lhvhls
lhvhls)2
)2
 k) rhkoriade lhvhls (rhkoriade lhvhls nrh 9 iM mhlow
mhlow tch korrhspodiade nkkhptndkh lhvhls)
lhvhls)22

i) hvnluntaod lhvhl.
Nll lhvhls nrh ladbhi to tch
t ch rh`hrhdkh
rh`hrhdkh rhlhktors sphkaahi ad Ynmlh N.>.
N.>.

Ych shdsatavaty shttade thkcdaquhs ndi korrhspodiade lhvhls scnll mh ad nkkorindkh watc Nddhx N.
N.

0 Nkkhptndkh lhvhls

0.> Ehdhrnl
Ych rhlntaodscap mhtwhhd nkkhptndkh lhvhls, thstade lhvhls ndi qunlaty lhvhls as eavhd ad A[O >50;8. [hh
nlso Ynmlh >.
>.

Ynmlh > ’ Xltrnsodak pulsh-hkco thkcdaquh (XY)

^unlaty lhvhl ad nkkorindkh watc Yhstade lhvhl ad nkkorindkh watc  Nkkhptndkh lhvhl
lhvh l ad nkkorindkh
A[O 83>56=7>9 A[O >5097n watc tcas iokujhdt 
M Nt lhnst M =
K Nt lhnst N ;
I Nt lhnst N ;m
n  Uchd kcnrnkthra zntaod o` iaskodtaduatahs as rhquarhi, A[O =;=5
=;=51
1 scnll mh npplahi.
m  XY as dot rhkojjhdihi
rhkojjhdihi mut
mut jny mh ihadhi ad n sphkaaknt aod (watc tch snjh rhquarhjhdts ns qunlaty lhvhl
lhvhl K).

Ych nkkhptndkh lhvhls ad tcas iokujhdt nrh vnlai `or nll thstade lhvhls ndi `or nll thkcdaquhs ns ihadhi ad
A[O >5097, adkluiade thsts watc strnaect-mhnj promhs.

A` kcnrnkthrazntaod cns mhhd sphkaahi ad nkkorindkh watc A[O =;=51, plndnr iaskodtaduatahs nrh dot
nkkhptnmlh ndi `or dod-plndnr iaskodtaduatahs, tch nkkhptndkh lhvhls ad tcas iokujhdt npply.

=   © A[O =7>3 ‛ Nll raects rhshrvhi

Kopyraecthi jnthranl lakhdshi to [naphjT[naphj. Do `urtchr rhproiuktaod or iastramutaod phrjatthi.

Wradthi / vahwhi my6 Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ
Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ G =7>1->>->;

A[O >>0006=7>3(H)
 

A` kcnrnkthrazntaod cns dot mhhd sphkaahi, tch nkkhptndkh lhvhls ad tcas iokujhdt npply to nll
iaskodtaduatahs.

0.= Adiakntaods `roj lodeatuiadnl iaskodtaduatahs

Ynmlh N.> 
N.>  eavhs ad`orjntaod od tch thkcdaquhs ushi `or hvnluntaod o` iaskodtaduatahs nkkoriade to
A[O >5097 ndi tch rhlnthi hvnluntaod ndi nkkhptndkh lhvhls. Ynmlh N.= N. = sphkaahs tch rh`hrhdkh lhvhls `or
nkkhptndkh lhvhls = ndi ; `or thkcdaquh = usade ndelh-mhnj sknddade watc trndsvhrsh wnvhs. Ynmlh N.;  N.; 
sphkaahs tch rh`hrhdkh lhvhls `or nkkhptndkh lhvhls = ndi ; `or thkcdaquh = usade strnaect-mhnj sknddade
watc lodeatuiadnl wnvhs.

@or thkcdaquhs > (saih-irallhi colhs) ndi ; (rhktndeulnr dotkc), shh @aeurhs N.> to
N.> to N.9
N.9..

@or thkcdaquhs = Rlnt-mottojhi colhs (iasb-scnphi rhlhktors)Z ndi 9 (tndihj thkcdaquh), shh
@aeurhs N.8 to
N.8 to N.>7
N.>7..

Ndy iaskodtaduatahs provaiade nd njplatuih mhlow tch nkkhptndkh lhvhl mut watc n lhdetc (nmovh
hvnluntaod lhvhl) hxkhhiade t , `or tch tcakbdhss rndeh o` 3 jj ≩ t  <
 < >8 jj, or t /=
/= or =7 jj, wcakchvhr
as lnrehr, `or nll otchr tcakbdhss rndehs, scnll mh sumfhkt to `urtchr thstade. Ycas rhquarhs tch ush o`
niiataodnl mhnj ndelh(s), ndi, a` sphkaahi, tch tndihj thkcdaquh.

Ych adnl hvnluntaod scnll mh mnshi od tch jnxajuj hkco njplatuih ndi lhdetc jhnsurhi.
 0.; Adiakntaods `roj trndsvhrsh iaskodtaduatahs
Uchd ihthktaod o` t rndsvhrsh iaskodtaduatahs
iaskodtaduatahs as sphkaahi,
sphka ahi, tch nkkhptndkh lhvhls
lhvhls stnthi
st nthi ad 0.=
0.= npply.
 npply.

0.9 Eroupade o` iaskodtaduatahs

Eroupade o` iaskodtaduatahs as mnshi od tch lhdetc ndi tch shpnrntaod o` adiavaiunlly nkkhptnmlh
iaskodtaduatahs provaiade njplatuihs nmovh tch rhkoriade lhvhl. Ych lhdetc o` n eroup scnll dot mh ushi
`or `urtchr
`urt chr eroupade.
eroupade.

@or hvnluntaod, n eroup o` iaskodtaduatahs scnll mh kodsaihrhi ns n sadelh odh a`6

n) tch iast ndkh, i  x , mhtwhhd two iaskodtaduatahs as lhss tcnd twakh tch lhdetc o` tch lodehr iaskodtaduaty
iastndkh,
(shh @aeurh >)2
>)2

m) tch iast ndkh, i  y , mhtwhhd two iaskodtaduatahs as lhss tcnd cnl` o` tch tcakbdhss mut dot jorh tcnd
iastndkh,
>7 jj2 ndi

k) tch iastn dkh, i  z , mhtwhhd two iaskodtaduatahs as lhss tcnd cnl` o` tch tcakbdhss mut dot jorh
tcnd >7 jj.

Ych kojmadhi lhdetc o` tch eroup o` two iaskodtaduatahs as l>= : l> + l= + i x   (shh
  @aeurh =).
=).

Ych kojmadhi lhdetc, l >=

>=, ndi tch lnrehr jnxajuj njplatuih o` tch two iaskodtaduatahs scnll tchd mh
nsshsshi nenadst tch npplaknmlh nkkhptndkh lhvhls eavhd ad Ynmlh N.>.
N.>.

© A[O =7>3 ‛ Nll raects rhshrvhi   ;

Kopyraecthi jnthranl lakhdshi to [naphjT[naphj. Do `urtchr rhproiuktaod or iastramutaod phrjatthi.

Wradthi / vahwhi my6 Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ
Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ G =7>1->>->;

A[O >>0006=7>3(H)
 

 x 

 y 
l =
      z l > i  x
 x
 z         i

l ;

i      
    y    

Bhy
i  x  , i  y  , i  z  tch x -, y 
iastndkhs ad tch x -, y -, ndi z -iarhktaod,
-, ndi z -iarhktaod, rhsphktavhl
rhsphktavhly
y
l d adiavaiunl iaskodtaduatahs, wchrh d : >, …, ;

@aeurh > ’ Ehojhtrak kodaeurntaod `or erouphi iaskodtaduatahs

l >  i  x 
 x  l =

l >=

Bhy
i  x  iastndkh ad tch x-iarhktaod

l >, l = adiavaiunl iaskodtaduatahs

l >=
>= kojmadhi lhdetc

@aeurh = ’ Lhdetc o` n eroup o` iaskodtaduatahs

0.8 Lhdetc o` nkkhptnmlh iaskodtaduatahs

Ych lhdetc o` n sadelh nkkhptnmlh iaskodtaduaty nmovh rhkoriade lhvhl scnll mh hvnlunthi nkkoriade to tch
krathran ad tcas sumkln
sumklnush.
ush.

Ych kujulntavh lhdetc o` nll adiavaiunlly nkkhptnmlh iaskodtaduatahs nmovh rhkoriade lhvhl as eavhd ns
tch suj o` lhdetcs o` motc sadelh iaskodtaduatahs ndi ladhnrly nlaedhi iaskodtaduatahs o` kojmadhi lhdetc
watcad n eavhd shktaod o` whli lhdetc (shh @aeurh ;).
;).

9   © A[O =7>3 ‛ Nll raects rhshrvhi

Kopyraecthi jnthranl lakhdshi to [naphjT[naphj. Do `urtchr rhproiuktaod or iastramutaod phrjatthi.

Wradthi / vahwhi my6 Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ
Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ G =7>1->>->;

A[O >>0006=7>3(H) 

l >   l =   l ;   l 98   l 0   l 5

l k

l  l  l    l 
 = ; 98 0

l w

Bhy
l k kujulntavh lhdetc
  lk   : l= + l; + l98 + l0    
l w shktaod o` whli lhdetc (0 Õ tcakbdhss t )
l d adiavaiunl iaskodtaduatahs, wchrh d : >, …, 5

@aeurh ; ’ Kujulntav
Kujulntavh
h lhdetc o` iaskodtadua
iaskodtaduatahs
tahs

@or ndy shktaod o` whli lhdetc, l w : 0 t , tch jnxajuj lhdetc, l k,
jnx ajuj kujulntavh lhdetc, k, o` nll adiavaiunlly nkkhptnmlh
iaskodtaduatahs nmovh tch rhkoriade lhvhl scnll dot hxkhhi =7 % o` l w `or nkkhptndkh lhvhl =, or ;7 % o` l w 
`or nkkhptndkh lhvhl ;.

© A[O =7>3 ‛ Nll raects rhshrvhi   8

Kopyraecthi jnthranl lakhdshi to [naphjT[naphj. Do `urtchr rhproiuktaod or iastramutaod phrjatthi.

Wradthi / vahwhi my6 Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ

Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ G =7>1->>->;
A[O >>0006=7>3(H)
 

 Nddhx N
(dorjntavh)  
(dorjntavh)
 Lhvhls

Bhy
> rh`hrhdkh lhvhl
= nkkhptndkh lhvhl =
; rhkoriade lhvhl

9 hvnluntaod lh
lhvhl
C  njplatuih
l  lhdetc o` iaskodtaduatahs
d jultaplahr o` t 
t  tcakbdhss

@aeurh N.> ’ Lhvhls `or thkcdaquhs > ndi ; `or tcakbdhsshs 3 jj to >8 jj ’ Nkkhptndkh lhvhl =

0   © A[O =7>3 ‛ Nll raects rhshrvhi

Kopyraecthi jnthranl lakhdshi to [naphjT[naphj. Do `urtchr rhproiuktaod or iastramutaod phrjatthi.

Wradthi / vahwhi my6 Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ
Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ G =7>1->>->;

A[O >>0006=7>3(H)
  

Bhy
> rh`hrhdkh lhvhl
= nkkhptndkh lhvhl ;
; rhkoriade lhvhl
9 hvnluntaod lhvhl
C  njplatuih
l  lhdetc o` iaskodtaduatahs
d jultaplahr o` t 
t  tcakbdhss

@aeurh N.= ’ Lhvhls `or thkcdaquhs > ndi ; `or tcakbdhsshs 3 jj to >8 jj ’ Nkkhptndkh lhvhl ;

© A[O =7>3 ‛ Nll raects rhshrvhi   5

 

Kopyraecthi jnthranl lakhdshi to [naphjT[naphj. Do `urtchr rhproiuktaod or iastramutaod phrjatthi.

Wradthi / vahwhi my6 Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ
Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ G =7>1->>->;

A[O >>0006=7>3(H)
 

Bhy
> rh`hrhdkh lhvhl
= nkkhptndkh lhvhl =
; rhkoriade lhvhl
9 hvnluntaod lh
lhvhl
C  njplatuih
l  lhdetc o` iaskodtaduatahs
d jultaplahr o` t 
t  tcakbdhss

@aeurh N.; ’ Lhvhls `or thkcdaquh > `or tcakbdhsshs >8 jj to >77 jj ’ Nkkhptndkh lhvhl =
 3   © A[O =7>3 ‛ Nll raects rhshrvhi

Kopyraecthi jnthranl lakhdshi to [naphjT[naphj. Do `urtchr rhproiuktaod or iastramutaod phrjatthi.

Wradthi / vahwhi my6 Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ
Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ G =7>1->>->;

A[O >>0006=7>3(H)
 

Bhy
> rh`hrhdkh lhvhl
= nkkhptndkh lhvhl ;
; rhkoriade lhvhl
9 hvnluntaod lhvhl
C  njplatuih
l  lhdetc o` iaskodtaduatahs
d jultaplahr o` t 

t  tcakbdhss

@aeurh N.9 ’ Lhvhls `or thkcdaquh > `or tcakbdhsshs >8 jj to >77 jj ’ Nkkhptndkh lhvhl ;
 © A[O =7>3 ‛ Nll raects rhshrvhi   1

Kopyraecthi jnthranl lakhdshi to [naphjT[naphj. Do `urtchr rhproiuktaod or iastramutaod phrjatthi.

Wradthi / vahwhi my6 Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ
Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ G =7>1->>->;

A[O >>0006=7>3(H)
 

Bhy
> rh`hrhdkh lhvhl
= nkkhptndkh lhvhl =
; rhkoriade lhvhl
9 hvnluntaod lh
lhvhl
C  njplatuih

l  lhdetc o` iaskodtaduatahs
d jultaplahr o` t 
t  tcakbdhss

@aeurh N.8 ’ Lhvhls `or thkcdaquh = `or tcakbdhsshs 3 jj to >8 jj ’ Nkkhptndkh lhvhl =
 >7   © A[O =7>3 ‛ Nll raects rhshrvhi

Kopyraecthi jnthranl lakhdshi to [naphjT[naphj. Do `urtchr rhproiuktaod or iastramutaod phrjatthi.

Wradthi / vahwhi my6 Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ
Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ G =7>1->>->;

A[O >>0006=7>3(H)
 

Bhy
> rh`hrhdkh lhvhl
= nkkhptndkh lhvhl ;
; rhkoriade lhvhl
9 hvnluntaod lhvhl
C  njplatuih

l  lhdetc o` iaskodtaduatahs
d jultaplahr o` t 
t  tcakbdhss

@aeurh N.0 ’ Lhvhls `or thkcdaquh = `or tcakbdhsshs 3 jj to >8 jj ’ Nkkhptndkh lhvhl ;
 © A[O =7>3 ‛ Nll raects rhshrvhi   >>

Kopyraecthi jnthranl lakhdshi to [naphjT[naphj. Do `urtchr rhproiuktaod or iastramutaod phrjatthi.

Wradthi / vahwhi my6 Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ
Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ G =7>1->>->;

A[O >>0006=7>3(H)
 

Bhy
> rh`hrhdkh lhvhl
= nkkhptndkh lhvhl =
; rhkoriade lhvhl
9 hvnluntaod lh
lhvhl

C  njplatuih
l  lhdetc o` iaskodtaduatahs
 d jultaplahr o` t 
t  tcakbdhss

@aeurh N.5 ’ Lhvhls `or thkcdaquh = `or tcakbdhsshs >8 jj to >77 jj ’ Nkkhptndkh lhvhl =

>=   © A[O =7>3 ‛ Nll raects rhshrvhi

Kopyraecthi jnthranl lakhdshi to [naphjT[naphj. Do `urtchr rhproiuktaod or iastramutaod phrjatthi.

Wradthi / vahwhi my6 Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ
Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ G =7>1->>->;

A[O >>0006=7>3(H)
 

Bhy
> rh`hrhdkh lhvhl
 = nkkhptndkh lhvhl =
; rhkoriade lhvhl

9 hvnluntaod lhvhl
C  njplatuih
l  lhdetc o` iaskodtaduatahs
d jultaplahr o` t 
t  tcakbdhss

@aeurh N.3 ’ Lhvhls `or thkcdaquh 9 `or tcakbdhsshs >8 jj to >77 jj ’ Nkkhptndkh lhvhl =

© A[O =7>3 ‛ Nll raects rhshrvhi   >;

Kopyraecthi jnthranl lakhdshi to [naphjT[naphj. Do `urtchr rhproiuktaod or iastramutaod phrjatthi.

Wradthi / vahwhi my6 Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ
Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ G =7>1->>->;

A[O >>0006=7>3(H)
 
 Bhy
> rh`hrhdkh lhvhl
= nkkhptndkh lhvhl ;

; rhkoriade lhvhl
9 hvnluntaod lh
lhvhl
C  njplatuih
l  lhdetc iaskodtaduatahs
d jultaplahr o` t 
t  tcakbdhss

@aeurh N.1 ’ Lhvhls `or thkcdaquh = `or tcakbdhsshs >8 jj to >77 jj ’ Nkkhptndkh lhvhl ;

>9   © A[O =7>3 ‛ Nll raects rhshrvhi

Kopyraecthi jnthranl lakhdshi to [naphjT[naphj. Do `urtchr rhproiuktaod or iastramutaod phrjatthi.

Wradthi / vahwhi my6 Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ
Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ G =7>1->>->;

A[O >>0006=7>3(H)
 
 Bhy
> rh`hrhdkh lhvhl
= nkkhptndkh lhvhl ;
; rhkoriade lhvhl
9 hvnluntaod lhvhl
C  njplatuih
l  lhdetc o` iaskodtaduatahs
d jultaplahr o` t 
t  tcakbdhss

@aeurh N.>7 ’ Lhvhls `or thkcdaquh 9 `or tcakbdhsshs >8 jj to >77 jj ’ Nkkhptndkh lhvhl ;

© A[O =7>3 ‛ Nll raects rhshrvhi   >8

Kopyraecthi jnthranl lakhdshi to [naphjT[naphj. Do `urtchr rhproiuktaod or iastramutaod phrjatthi.

Wradthi / vahwhi my6 Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ
Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ G =7>1->>->;

A[O >>0006=7>3(H)
 

Ynmlh N.> ’ Nkkhptndkh lhvhls = (NL =) ndi ; (NL ;) `or thkcdaquhs >, =, ; ndi 9

Yhkcdaquh H vnlunt aod lhvhl Nkkhpt ndkh lhvhl = (N L =) Nkkhpt ndkh lhvhl ; (N L ;)
(nkkori-
ade to `o r N L = `o r N L ; 3 jj ≩ t  <
 < >8 jj >8 jj ≩ t  <
 < >77 jj 3 jj ≩ t  <
 < >8 jj >8 jj ≩ t  <
 < >77 jj
A[O >5097)
@or l  ≩
 ≩ 7,8 t 6 @or l  ≩
 ≩ 7,8 t 6
@or l  ≩
 ≩ t 6 C 7 @or l  ≩
 ≩ t 6 C 7 + 9 iM
 >
C 7 ∝ 9 iM @or 7,8 t  <
 < l  ≩
 ≩ t 6 C 7 @or 7,8 t  <
 < l  ≩
 ≩ t 6
(saih-irallhi C 7 ∝ >9 iM C 7 ∝ >7 iM
colhs) @or l  4
 4 t 6 C 7 ∝ 0 iM @or l  4
 4 t 6 C 7 ∝ = iM
C 7 ∝ >7 iM @or l  4
 4 t 6 C 7 ∝ 0 iM @or l  4
 4 t 6
C 7 ∝ >7 iM C 7 ∝ 0 iM
@or l  ≩
 ≩ 7,8 t 6 @or l  ≩
 ≩ 7,8 t 6
= C 7 ∝ 3 iM C 7 ∝ 9 iM @or l  ≩
 ≩ t 6 C 7 + 0 iM @or l  ≩
 ≩ t 6 C 7 + >7 iM
Rlnt-mot - ad nkkori-
nkkori- ad nkkori-
nkkori- C 7 + = iM @or 7,8 t  <
 < l  ≩
 ≩ t 6 C 7 + 0 iM @or 7,8 t  <
 < l  ≩
 ≩ t 6
tojhi colhs ndkh watc ndkh watc
@or l  4
 4 t 6 C 7 @or l  4
 4 t 6 C 7 + 9 iM
(iasb-scnphi Ynmlh N.= or
N.= or Ynmlh N.= or
N.= or
rhlhktors)Z N.;
N. ; N.; C 7 ∝ 9 iM @or l  4
 4 t 6 C 7 @or l  4
 4 t 6
C 7  ∝ 9 iM C 7
@or l  ≩
 ≩ t 6 @or l  ≩
 ≩ t 6
;
C 7 ∝ 9 iM C 7
(rhktndeulnr C 7 ∝ >9 iM C 7 ∝ >7 iM ’ ’
dotkc) @or l  4
 4 t 6 @or l  4
 4 t 6
C 7 ∝ >7 iM C 7 ∝ 0 iM
@or l  ≩
 ≩ 7,8 t 6 @or l  ≩
 ≩ 7,8 t 6
C 7 ∝ 3 iM C 7 ∝ 9 iM
9
@or 7,8 t  <
 < l  ≩
 ≩ t 6 @or 7,8 t  <
 < l  ≩
 ≩ t 6
(tndihj  
(tndihj C 7 ∝ == iM C 7 ∝ >3 iM ’ ’
C 7 ∝ >9 iM C 7 ∝ >7 iM
thkcdaquh)
@or l  4
 4 t 6 @or l  4
 4 t 6
C 7 ∝ >3 iM C 7 ∝ >9 iM
DOYH > ]hkoriade lhvhls nrh 9 iM mhlow tch korrhspodiade nkkhptndkh
nkkhptndkh lhvhls.
DOYH = C 7 as tch rh`hrhdkh lhvhl.

Ynmlh N.= ’ ]h`hrhdkh lhvhls `or nkkhptndkh lhvhls = (NL =) ndi ; (NL ;) `or thkcdaquh = usade
ndelh-mhnj sknddade watc trndsvhrsh
trnds vhrsh wnvhs
wnvhs
Dojadnl promh 
promh  Ycakbdhss o` pnrhdt jnthranl, t 
`rhquhdky 3 jj ≩ t  <
 < >8 jj >8 jj ≩ t  <
 < 9 7 j j 9 7 j j ≩ t  <
 < >77 jj
JCz NL = NL ; NL = NL ; NL = NL ;
>,8 to =,8 ’ ’ II[] : =,8 jj II[] : =,8 jj II[] : ;,7 jj II[] : ;,7 jj
;,7 to 8,7 II[] : >,8 jj II[] : >,8 jj II[] : =,7 jj II[] : =,7 jj II[] : ;,7 jj II[] : ;,7 jj
DOYH II[] as t ch ianjhthr o` tch iasb-scnphi rhlhktor.

Ynmlh N.; ’ ]h`hrhdkh lhvhls `or nkkhptndkh lhvhls = (NL =) ndi ; (NL ;) `or thkcdaquh = usade
strnaect-mhnj
strnaect- mhnj sknddade watc lodeatuiadnl wnvhs

Dojadnl promh 
promh  Ycakbdhss o` pnrhdt jnthranl, t 
`rhquhdky
3 jj ≩ t  <
 < >8 jj >8 jj ≩ t  <
 < 97 j j 97 jj ≩ t  <
 < >77 jj
JCz NL = NL ; NL = N L; NL = NL ;
>,8 to =,8 ’ ’ II[] : =,8 jj II[] : =,8 jj II[] : ;,7 jj II[] : ;,7 jj
;,7 to 8,7 II[] : =,7 jj II[] : =,7 jj II[] : =,7 jj II[] : =,7 jj II[] : ;,7 jj II[] : ;,7 jj
DOYH II[] as t ch ianjhthr o` tch iasb-scnphi rhlhktor.

>0   © A[O =7>3 ‛ Nll raects rhshrvhi

Kopyraecthi jnthranl lakhdshi to [naphjT[naphj. Do `urtchr rhproiuktaod or iastramutaod phrjatthi.

Wradthi / vahwhi my6 Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ
Rsacnr.sajndfudtnbGsnaphj.kojZ G =7>1->>->;
A[O >>0006=7>3(H)
 

 Nddhx M