Digestive System

Health
Content Creation Workshop

5ºA
Curiel Gomez Fernanda
Diaz Molina Montserrat
Maciel Moreno Ana Gabriela
Orjuela Gaytan Paola Maria

1
Index

Cover Page: 1

Index: 2

Organs: 2-5

Digestion: 5-6

Common Digestive Conditions: 6-9

Fun Facts: 9 - 10

Sections: 10 - 13

Bibliography: 13 - 16

The digestive system is a complex system responsible for breaking down food into the
nutrients our body needs to function properly. The digestive system consists of two main
components: the gastrointestinal tract, also known as the GI tract or digestive tract, and
the accessory organs, which include the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.

The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats and
proteins. They can then be absorbed into the bloodstream so the body can use them for
energy, growth and repair. Unused materials are discarded as pop.

Organs

The GI tract is a long, muscular tube that starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. It
consists of several organs that work together in a coordinated fashion to digest food and
absorb nutrients. The organs of the GI tract, in the order of their function, are the mouth,
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

2
The mouth, or oral cavity, is an essential part of the digestive system. It is responsible for
crushing and grinding food into smaller pieces, which makes it easier to swallow and
digest. The tongue and teeth work together to help break down food and move it around
the mouth. The tongue is a muscle that has taste buds, which help us to identify unfamiliar
flavors of food. The teeth, on the other hand, are responsible for the mechanical
breakdown of food. They break down food into smaller pieces, making it easier to swallow
and digest. Another important function of the mouth is the production of saliva. Saliva is
produced by the salivary glands located in the mouth, and it plays a crucial role in the
digestive process. Saliva contains enzymes that help break down carbohydrates and fats,
making it easier for our bodies to absorb nutrients. Saliva also helps to moisten the food,
making it easier to swallow, and it contains antibodies that help protect the mouth and
throat from infections. Additionally, saliva helps to protect our teeth and gums by washing
away bacteria that can cause tooth decay and gum disease. In summary, the mouth plays
several essential functions in the digestive system, including breaking down food,
producing saliva, and protecting the mouth and throat from infections. Understanding the
functions of the mouth is crucial for maintaining good oral health and overall health.

The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx (throat) to the stomach, and
its primary function is to carry food and liquid from the mouth to the stomach. When you
swallow food or liquid, it travels down the esophagus through a series of contractions,
which move the food toward the stomach. These contractions are known as peristalsis
and are controlled by muscles in the esophagus walls. The esophagus has a sphincter at
each end, which helps to prevent food and stomach acid from flowing back into the
esophagus. The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is at the bottom of the esophagus, just
before the stomach. The LES opens to allow food and liquid to pass into the stomach and
then closes to prevent stomach acid from flowing back up into the esophagus. If the LES
does not work correctly, it can cause acid reflux or gastritis phage al reflux disease
(GERD), which can lead to heartburn, chest pain, and other symptoms. In summary, the
esophagus plays a crucial role in the digestive system by transporting food and liquid
from the mouth to the stomach. Its muscular walls and peristalsis help move food toward
the stomach, and the sphincters at each end help prevent the reflux of stomach contents
into the esophagus.

3
The stomach, a saclike expansion of the digestive system, between the esophagus and
the small intestine, is in the anterior portion of the abdominal cavity in most vertebrates.
The stomach serves as a temporary receptacle for the storage and mechanical
distribution of food before it is passed into the intestine. In animals whose stomachs
contain digestive glands, some of the chemical processes of digestion also occur in the
stomach.

The small intestine is an integral part of the digestive system, responsible for breaking
down food and absorbing the necessary nutrients for the body. As the longest part of the
gastrointestinal tract, the small intestine has a vital function in this process. The principal
function of the small intestine is to break down food into smaller components, absorb
essential nutrients needed for the body, and eliminate any unnecessary components. It
carries out most of the digestive process, absorbing all the nutrients from the food you
consume into your bloodstream. The walls of the small intestine are lined with millions of
tiny finger-like projections called villi which provide a large surface area for the absorption
of nutrients. These villi are covered in even smaller microvilli, further increasing the
surface area, and facilitating the absorption process. Overall, the small intestine plays a
crucial role in the digestive system, ensuring that the body receives the necessary
nutrients while getting rid of waste.

The large intestine, also known as the colon, is the last section of the digestive system.
Its primary function is to absorb water and electrolytes from the remaining digestive
residue, converting it into feces. In addition to this, the large intestine also plays a role in
absorbing major nutrients such as carbohydrates, though this is not its primary function.
Another important function of the large intestine is the production and absorption of
vitamins, particularly vitamin K and some B vitamins. Finally, the large intestine is
responsible for the formation and propulsion of feces toward the rectum through a series
of muscular contractions known as peristalsis. Overall, the large intestine is a critical
component of the digestive system that ensures the efficient absorption of nutrients and
the elimination of waste from the body.

The liver is one of the largest and most vital organs in the human body, performing a wide
range of essential functions to help maintain overall health and wellness. One of the
primary functions of the liver is to remove toxins from the bloodstream, filtering out harmful

4
substances and chemicals that can damage other organs and tissues. The liver is also
responsible for regulating blood sugar levels, ensuring that glucose levels remain within
a healthy range and providing energy to the body as needed. Additionally, the liver plays
a critical role in metabolism, breaking down and balancing nutrients such as proteins, fats,
and carbohydrates to provide the body with the necessary energy and building blocks for
growth and repair. Moreover, the liver also metabolizes and detoxifies drugs, medications,
and other substances, regulating their levels and ensuring their safe elimination from the
body. The liver also produces bile, which helps in the digestion and absorption of fats and
fat-soluble vitamins. In addition, the liver is involved in the immune system and blood
clotting. Overall, the liver is a multifunctional and vital organ, and any damage to it can
have severe consequences for the body's overall health and well-being.

The pancreas is an abdominal organ. It plays a vital role in converting the food we eat
into fuel for the body's cells. The pancreas has two main functions: exocrine, which aids
in digestion, and endocrine, which regulates blood sugar.

The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver and releases it into the small intestine
as needed. In summary, the digestive system is a complex system that involves multiple
organs and processes to break down food and absorb nutrients. Understanding how the
digestive system works can help us make informed decisions about our diet and overall
health.

Digestion step-by-step (simplified)

The digestive system converts the foods we eat into their simplest forms, like glucose
(sugars), amino acids (that make up protein) or fatty acids (that make up fats). The
broken-down food is then absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine and the
nutrients are carried to each cell in the body.

1. Digestion begins in the mouth. The food is ground up by the teeth and moistened
with saliva to make it easy to swallow. Saliva also has a special chemical, called
an enzyme, which starts breaking down carbohydrates into sugars. Once
swallowed, muscular contractions of the esophagus massage the ball of food down
into the stomach.

5
 2. The food passes through a sphincter, or small muscle ring, into the stomach. Here
it is mixed with gastric juices. The stomach is a muscular bag and it churns the
food to help break it down mechanically as well as chemically. The food is then
squeezed through a second sphincter into the first part of the small intestine, called
the duodenum.
3. Once in the duodenum, the food is mixed with more digestive enzymes from the
pancreas and bile from the liver. Food is then squeezed into the lower parts of the
small intestine, called the jejunum and the ileum. Nutrients are absorbed from the
ileum, which is lined with millions of finger-like projections called villi. Each villus is
connected to a mesh of capillaries. This is how nutrients pass into the bloodstream.
4. The pancreas is one of the largest glands in the human body. As well as digestive
juices, it secretes a hormone called insulin. Insulin helps to regulate the amount of
sugar in the blood. Diabetes is a condition caused by problems with insulin
production.
5. The liver has a number of different roles in the body, including:
a. breaking down fats, using bile stored in the gall bladder
b. processing proteins and carbohydrates
c. filtering and processing impurities, drugs and toxins
d. generation of glucose for short-term energy needs from other compounds
like lactate and amino acids.
6. Once all the nutrients have been absorbed, the waste is moved into the large
intestine, or bowel. Water is removed and the waste (feces) is stored in the rectum.
It can then be passed out of the body through the anus.

Common Digestive Conditions

• Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): When stomach acid backs up into

your esophagus — a condition called acid reflux — you may feel a burning pain in
the middle of your chest. It often occurs after meals or at night, says Neville Bamji,
MD, a clinical instructor of medicine at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
and a gastroenterologist with New York Gastroenterology Associates in New York
City. While it’s common for people to experience acid reflux and heartburn once in

6
 a while, having symptoms that affect your daily life or occur at least twice each
week could be a sign of GERD. If you experience persistent heartburn, bad breath,
unexplained tooth erosion, nausea, pain in your chest or upper part of your
abdomen, or have trouble swallowing or breathing, see your doctor. Most people
find relief by avoiding certain foods and beverages that trigger their symptoms, or
taking over-the-counter antacids or other medication that reduces stomach acid
production and inflammation of the esophagus. Lifestyle changes like elevating the
head of the bed, not lying down after a meal, and quitting smoking can also help.
However, some cases of GERD require stronger treatment, such as acid-blocking
medication or even surgery.
• Gallstones: Gallstones are hard deposits that form in your gallbladder — a small,
pear-shaped sac that stores and secretes bile for digestion. Nearly one million
Americans have gallstones every year, according to the American
Gastroenterological Association. Gallstones can occur when substances that
make up the bile (usually cholesterol or a waste product called bilirubin) become
too concentrated and form a hard stone. When gallstones block the ducts leading
from your gallbladder to your intestines, they can cause sharp pain in your upper-
right abdomen. The next step is usually surgery to remove the gallbladder.
• Celiac Disease and Gluten Intolerance: Celiac disease is an immune reaction to
gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley. Eat gluten, and your immune
system goes on the attack: It damages your villi, the fingerlike protrusions in your
small intestines that help you absorb nutrients from the foods you eat. In children,
symptoms may include abdominal pain and bloating, diarrhea, constipation,
vomiting, and weight loss. Symptoms in adults can also include anemia, fatigue,
bone loss, depression, and seizures. The only treatment for celiac disease is to
completely avoid eating gluten. Some people may test negative for celiac disease
but have a gluten intolerance, or sensitivity. Some of the same symptoms of celiac
disease may occur, but gluten intolerance is a digestive disorder, not an immune
disorder, so it doesn’t damage the intestine or cause problems like anemia or bone
loss.
• Crohn’s Disease: Crohn’s disease is part of a group of digestive conditions called
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Crohn’s can affect any part of the GI tract but

7
 most commonly affects the terminal ileum and large intestine, which connects the
end of the small bowel to the beginning of the large intestine, or colon. More than
half a million Americans are living with Crohn’s disease, according to the NIDDK.
Doctors aren't sure what causes the disease, but it's thought that genetics and
family history may play a part. The most common Crohn's symptoms are
abdominal pain, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, weight loss, and fever. “Treatment
depends on the symptoms and can include topical pain relievers,
immunosuppressants, and surgery,” Dr. Bamji says.
• Ulcerative Colitis: Symptoms of ulcerative colitis are similar to Crohn's, but the part
of the digestive tract affected is solely the colon. If your immune system mistakes
your colon lining or other materials for invaders, sores or ulcers develop in the
colon’s lining. If you experience frequent and urgent bowel movements, pain with
diarrhea, blood in your stool, or abdominal cramps, make sure to see your doctor.
Medication can suppress inflammation, and eliminating foods that cause
discomfort may help as well. In severe cases, treatment for ulcerative colitis may
involve surgery to remove the colon.
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Signs of IBS can vary widely from having hard, dry
stools to loose, watery stools, or both. Bloating and gas are also symptoms of IBS.
What causes IBS isn’t known, but treating symptoms centers largely on diet, such
as eating low-fat, high-fiber meals and avoiding common trigger foods (dairy
products, alcohol, caffeine, artificial sweeteners, and foods that produce gas).
• Hemorrhoids: Hemorrhoids are swollen veins found in your anus or lower rectum
that can be painful and itchy. Causes include chronic constipation, diarrhea,
straining during bowel movements, and a lack of fiber in your diet. Treat
hemorrhoids by eating more fiber, drinking more water, and exercising. At-home
treatments like over-the-counter creams and suppositories usually provide relief of
hemorrhoid symptoms. But if symptoms persist, prescription medications may be
used or a medical procedure like hemorrhoidectomy may be needed to remove
hemorrhoids surgically.

Fun facts about the digestive system

8
The average person produces 2 pints of saliva every day. That is 32 ounces (about 946.35
ml), or 2 cans of soda. Saliva contains enzymes that help break down food in the mouth,
making it easier to swallow and digest.

Digestion is not just about the stomach. While the stomach plays a crucial role in breaking
down food, most of the absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine.

Did you know that some animals can eat upside down? Sloths, for example, have a
unique digestive system that allows them to hang upside down while they eat.

The digestive system is home to trillions of bacteria. These bacteria play a crucial role in
breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and supporting our immune system.

The small intestine is not actually small. Despite its name, the small intestine is quite long,
around 20 feet long in adults.

The digestive system is incredibly efficient. On average, it takes just 24-72 hours (about
3 days) for food to pass through the entire digestive system, from the time it enters the
mouth to the time it is eliminated as waste.

The digestive system is intricately connected to our emotions. Have you ever felt
"butterflies in your stomach" when you are nervous? That is because emotions can affect
the way our digestive system functions. Overall, the digestive system is a complex and
fascinating system that plays a crucial role in our health and well-being.

Digestive disorders encompass a variety of diseases ranging from mild to severe.

Common digestive disorders include gastritis phage al reflux disease, cancer, irritable
bowel syndrome, lactose intolerance and hiatal hernia.
The most common symptoms of digestive disorders include bleeding, bloating,
constipation, diarrhea, heartburn, pain, nausea and vomiting. Accurately diagnosing
digestive disorders involves collecting a thorough medical history and conducting a
physical examination. Some patients with digestive disorders may need more extensive
diagnostic evaluations, including endoscopic procedures, lab tests and imaging.

The digestive system plays a vital role - breaking down the food you eat and drink,
converting it into nutrients and energy for your body's healthy functioning, and then

9
moving it out of the body through the gastrointestinal tract. The digestive system starts in
the mouth and ends in your anus, which is actually the center of your body.
When we think of digestion, we tend to think of the stomach, but the digestive system is
made up of many organs that work together to carry out the digestive process. The
digestive organs include the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
gallbladder, liver, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum.
Doctors say that the digestive system has its own "brain," which in this case refers to the
enteric nervous system. This nervous system triggers commands such as B. to produce
hormones, control muscle contractions, and can even send a message to the brain to
stop eating.
The bile produced by the liver contains acids, which are cleaning agents that help you
digest food and absorb nutrients. Similar to detergents that contain proteases, amylases
and lipases, the human digestive system uses these enzymes to break down proteins,
carbohydrates and fats.
We naturally assume that the small intestine is small -- smaller than the large intestine.
To the right? Incorrect. While it may be narrower than the large intestine, the small
intestine is actually 22 feet long, with a whopping 2,700 square feet of surface area due
to folds of tissue and finger-like protrusions.
Have you ever wondered why you get an upset stomach during times of stress?
Your gut (large intestine) may become irritable, or you may produce too much stomach
acid, because the digestive system can feel the stress you feel.

Digestive system sections

The mouth is an oval cavity within the skull. The two main functions of the mouth are
eating and speaking. The parts of the oral cavity are the lips, vestibule, oral cavity, gums,
teeth, hard and soft palate, tongue, and salivary glands.
The main function of the esophagus is to carry food and liquids from the mouth to the
stomach. When swallowing, food and liquids first pass from the mouth into the throat
(pharynx). A small muscular valve called the epiglottis closes to prevent food and liquid
from going into the "wrong pipe" (windpipe). Another small valve called the uvula prevents
fluid from entering the nasal cavity. The larynx is a vital organ found in the neck that
serves several important functions in the human body. One of its primary functions is to

10
protect the lower respiratory tract from aspirating food into the trachea while eating. It
does so by closing off the trachea with a flap of cartilage called the epiglottis, which
prevents food and liquid from entering the lungs. In addition to its protective function, the
larynx is also responsible for producing vocal sounds through the vibration of the vocal
cords located within it. The vibration of the vocal cords is controlled by muscles in the
larynx, and the resulting sounds are then shaped by the tongue, lips, and other structures
in the mouth and throat to produce speech. The larynx also helps to regulate the flow of
air in and out of the lungs by adjusting the size of the airway. This is important for activities
such as singing, coughing, and breathing during physical exertion. In summary, the larynx
plays a crucial role in protecting the respiratory tract, producing vocal sounds, and
regulating airflow in the respiratory system.
The stomach is an important organ located in the upper abdomen that is a part of the
digestive system. One of the primary functions of the stomach is to break down food into
smaller particles that can be absorbed by the body. This is achieved through a complex
process that involves the secretion of various digestive juices, including hydrochloric acid
and enzymes, by glands in the lining of the stomach. These digestive juices help to break
down food into its constituent parts, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. During
digestion, the stomach undergoes a series of contractions and relaxations, which help to
mix the food with the digestive juices and promote the breakdown of food particles. The
muscles responsible for these contractions are located in the stomach wall and are known
as the gastric muscles. These contractions, along with the presence of digestive juices,
play a crucial role in breaking down food and preparing it for absorption in the small
intestine. The size of the stomach can vary depending on factors such as age, body
weight, and the amount of food consumed. The stomach can expand and contract as
needed to accommodate the volume of food being consumed. Additionally, the stomach
plays a crucial role in regulating the rate at which food is released into the small intestine.
This ensures that the digestive process is properly timed and that the body can absorb
nutrients efficiently. Overall, the stomach is an essential organ that plays a critical role in
the digestive process. Its functions include breaking down food, mixing it with digestive
juices, and regulating the release of food into the small intestine.
The digestive system is a complex system consisting of multiple organs that work together
to break down food and absorb nutrients. The main organs of the digestive system, in

11
order of their function, are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large
intestine. The small intestine and large intestine are two critical organs in the digestive
system, each with its own unique functions. The small intestine is a long, narrow tube that
is approximately 20 feet long in humans. Its primary function is to absorb nutrients from
the food that has been broken down in the stomach. The small intestine receives digestive
juices from the pancreas and the liver, which help to further break down food and
neutralize stomach acid. The walls of the small intestine are lined with finger-like
projections called villi, which increase the surface area available for the absorption of
nutrients. These villi are covered in even smaller projections called microvilli, which further
increase the surface area available for absorption. Overall, the small intestine plays a
crucial role in the absorption of nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The
large intestine, also known as the colon, is wider in diameter than the small intestine and
is approximately 5 feet long in humans. Its primary function is to absorb water and
electrolytes from the remaining indigestible food matter that has passed through the small
intestine. The large intestine also plays a crucial role in the elimination of waste products
from the body. It does so by storing fecal matter and then expelling it through the anus
during a bowel movement. The large intestine is also home to a large number of beneficial
bacteria that help to break down dietary fiber and produce vitamins. It is worth noting that
the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are accessory organs of the digestive system that are
closely associated with the small intestine. The liver produces bile, which helps to break
down fats in the small intestine, while the gallbladder stores and releases bile. The
pancreas produces digestive enzymes that help to break down carbohydrates, proteins,
and fats in the small intestine. In conclusion, the small intestine and large intestine are
two critical organs in the digestive system, each with its own unique functions. The small
intestine is responsible for absorbing nutrients from the food, while the large intestine
absorbs water and electrolytes and eliminates waste products from the body. The liver,
gallbladder, and pancreas are accessory organs that play crucial roles in the digestive
process.
The rectum is a chamber that begins at the end of the colon, immediately after the sigmoid
colon, and ends at the anus (see also Overview of the anus and rectum). Normally, the
rectum is empty because feces are stored higher up in the descending colon. Eventually,
the descending colon becomes full and stool passes into the rectum, causing the urge to

12
have a bowel movement (to have a bowel movement). Adults and older children can resist
the urge before going to the bathroom. Infants and young children lack the muscle control
needed to delay bowel movements.
The anus is the opening at the other end of the digestive tract through which stool exits
the body. The anus is formed partly from the outer layers of the body, including the skin,
and partly from the intestines. The anus is lined with a continuation of the integument. A
ring of muscles (anal sphincter) keeps the anus closed until the patient has a bowel
movement.

Bibliography:

Better Health Channel. (2014). Digestive system explained. Retrieved April 26, 2023,
from https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/digestive-
system

Orenstein, B. W. (2022, December 19). 9 Common Digestive Conditions From Top to

Bottom. Everyday Health. Retrieved April 27, 2023, from
https://www.everydayhealth.com/digestive-health/common-digestive-conditions-from-
top-bottom/

Works, Y. (2023) Your Digestive System & How it Works - NIDDK, National Institute of
Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Available at:
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/digestive-system-how-
it-works (Accessed: 27 April 2023).

Digestive System | Everything You Need to Know, Including Pictures (2023). Available
at: https://www.innerbody.com/image/digeov.html (Accessed: 27 April 2023).

Digestive System: Function, Organs & Anatomy (2023). Available at:

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/7041-digestive-system (Accessed: 27 April
2023).

Topics, H. (2023) Digestive System: MedlinePlus, Medlineplus.gov. Available at:

https://medlineplus.gov/digestivesystem.html (Accessed: 27 April 2023).

13
Fun Facts About the Digestive System (2023). Available at:
https://www.healthline.com/health/fun-facts-about-the-digestive-system (Accessed: 27
April 2023).

https://www.benefiber.com/digestive-health/gut-health-101/10-fascinating-digestive-
system-facts/

Editors, B. (2019) 20 Fun Facts about the Digestive System | Biology Dictionary, Biology Dictionary.

Available at: https://biologydictionary.net/digestive-system-fun-facts/ (Accessed: 27 April 2023).

Small Intestine: Function, anatomy & Definition (2023). Available at:

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22135-small-intestine (Accessed: 27 April
2023).

Collins, J., Nguyen, A. and Badireddy, M. (2022) "Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Small
Intestine", StatPearls Publishing, p. Available at:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459366/ (Accessed: 27 April 2023).

Differences in Small & Large Intestines | Children's Pittsburgh (2023). Available at:
https://www.chp.edu/our-services/transplant/intestine/education/about-small-large-
intestines (Accessed: 27 April 2023).

https://homework.study.com/explanation/the-functions-of-the-large-intestine-include-s-a-
converting-chyme-to-feces-b-absorption-of-major-nutrients-such-as-carbohydrates-c-
absorption-of-water-from-intestinal-contents-d-both-a-and-b-e-all-of-the-above.html

Large intestine | Definition, Location, Anatomy, Length, Function, & Facts (2023).
Available at: https://www.britannica.com/science/large-intestine (Accessed: 27 April
2023).

Azzouz, L. and Sharma, S. (2022) "Physiology, Large Intestine", StatPearls Publishing,

p. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507857/ (Accessed: 27 April
2023).

Liver Functions, Location, Anatomy and Disease | Columbia Surgery (2023). Available at:
https://columbiasurgery.org/liver/liver-and-its-functions (Accessed: 27 April 2023).

14
default - Stanford Medicine Children's Health (2023). Available at:
https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=anatomy-and-function-of-the-liver-
90-P03069 (Accessed: 27 April 2023).

Kalra, A. et al. (2022) "Physiology, Liver", StatPearls Publishing, p. Available at:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535438/ (Accessed: 27 April 2023).

Digestive system (2023). Available at: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/digestive-system

(Accessed: 27 April 2023).

Digestive Disorders (2023). Available at:

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/digestive-disorders
(Accessed: 27 April 2023).

Works, Y. (2023) Your Digestive System & How it Works - NIDDK, National Institute of
Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Available at:
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/digestive-system-how-
it-works#:~:text=bile%2C%20and%20enzymes-
,Mouth.,down%20starches%20in%20your%20food (Accessed: 27 April 2023).

Fun Facts About Your Digestive System | North Shore Gastroenterology (2023). Available
at: https://www.northshoregastro.org/2020/09/11/fun-facts-about-your-digestive-system/
(Accessed: 27 April 2023).

15