ABSTRACT

Paver blocks are becoming more demanding due to its various advantages.  It is one of
the most popular and flexible pavement surfacing options. It is usually made from
various materials such as concrete, clay, recycled plastic, etc. Installing paver blocks is
now a common procedure. The reasons are many, such as providing aesthetic beauty,
increasing the value of the house, provides a driveway, etc. Hence it is challenging to
reduce the cost of paver block in current situations. It is necessary to find out a low
costing material for production of Paver Block. In India total quantum of waste from
construction industry is estimated to be between 12 to14 million tonnes per annum out
of which 7 to 8 tonnes are concrete and brick waste. Construction, demolition,
innovation generates large amount of concrete waste. This research involves casting and
testing of dumbbell shaped paver block using construction and demolition wastes by
replacing fine aggregates with recycled construction & demolition waste steel
aggregates. This research also aims at reducing with construction and manufacturing
costs, completing the optimum quality requirement and characteristics required by the
technical standards. Casting blocks are to be tested in laboratory for compressive
strength, Split tensile, abrasion and water absorption.

Keywords: Optimization, Numerical Methods, Paver blocks, Sustainability, Quality control.

I
 INDEX

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION....................................- 3 -
1.1 Prologue:.....................................................................................................- 3 -

1.2 Problem statement..........................................................................................- 7 -

1.3 Objectives........................................................................................................- 7 -

1.4 Need of Study:.................................................................................................- 7 -

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY.................................- 16 -
3.1 Materials used:.........................................................................................- 17 -

3.1.1 Aggregates:........................................................................................- 17 -

3.1.2 Cement:..............................................................................................- 18 -

3.1.3 Water:................................................................................................- 18 -

3.1.4 Coloured Pigment:...........................................................................- 18 -

List of Figures

Figure No. Title Page no.

Figure 1.1 Illegal dumping of C & D wastes (Parihar, 2016)___________________- 5 -

Figure 3.1 Flowchart of the Thesis______________________________________- 22 -
Figure 3.2 Construction and demolition waste_____________________________- 23 -

2
 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Prologue:

Concrete consumption has been considerably increasing at a tremendous scale.

Now-a-days concrete paver blocks are used in various applications like street road,
small and medium market roads, low volume roads and other construction places.
Concrete block pavement will absorb stress such as small earthquakes, freezes and
thaws, and slight ground erosion by flexing.
The main process of construction waste management is initiating, planning, executing,
controlling and closing.
 Initiating is to analyse the waste materials from construction industry and to
avoid waste materials going to dumpsite.
 Planning is to find out the root cause of the waste materials from construction
site. To analyse the waste materials into two categories are reusable waste and
unusable waste materials.
 Executing is to reduce the purchase of new material and disposal cost. While
executing the work by giving good practice and minimize wastes by effective proper
management.
 Controlling and closing is after finding out the root cause of the material waste
in a construction site and training to be given to the workers as well as the
engineers. Find out the alternative way to do the same work in lesser wastage.
(Janani, et al., 2018)
Major source of air pollution in India is waste, which is an outcome of
construction and demolition activities. Even after the construction phase, these
buildings have the potential to be the major contributors of GHG emissions.
Nowadays, the increasing interest in green building technologies and the application of
green infrastructure and materials during construction could tackle this issue to a large
extent, thereby preserving our biodiversity and maintaining cleaner air quality.

3
 Figure 1.1 Illegal dumping of C & D wastes (Parihar, 2016)
Safe and cost-effective management of solid wastes (SW) is a significant
environmental challenge for modern society. Rapid urbanization is changing the
nature of solid waste management from a low priority, localized issue to a pervasive
social and environmental problem with risks to public health and environment.
Inadequately managed waste disposal has the potential to affect the health and
environment. Management wastes need to incorporate the principles of waste
minimization and recycling and work towards an integrated processing & disposal
facility such that it is both effective & sustainable. In most urban wastes ex. Municipal
Solid Waste (MSW), Biomedical Waste (BMW) or Construction & Demolition (C &
D) Wastes - management of solid waste is required at all stages from waste generation
to the final disposal. (Parihar, 2016)
Concrete aggregate material made from ceramic waste is a ready solution for
material shortages in the construction industry. It can also help building projects
minimize their environmental footprint. At present, ceramic waste use is limited in the
construction industry due to a lack of understanding. In fact, ceramic waste matches or
can improve the performance of other common aggregates used for concrete.
(Pilkington, 2022)
There is good news for the ceramics industry: repurposed ceramic waste is an
ideal candidate material for greener concrete. It can be used as a full or partial
replacement for coarse aggregate in concrete. This reduces the demand for quarried

4
aggregate material, which requires significant amounts of energy use and pollution to
extract and process. In some applications, ceramic waste actually performs better than
commonly used aggregate materials. The sheer quantity of ceramic waste materials
combined with their suitability for the purpose makes them well suited for making
greener concrete. But there are a number of other factors at play as well. (Pilkington,
2022)
Construction and demolition waste is the waste which is generated from
various activities like residential construction work, road work, renovation work
demolition, etc. Recycled coarse aggregates are obtained by crushing of concrete
waste from demolition of structural components in many structures such as old
buildings, bridges, concrete pavements etc. Concrete paving block is versatile,
aesthetically attractive, functional and cost effective and requires little or no
maintenance if correctly manufactured and laid. Paver block is solid, unreinforced
precast cement concrete paving units used in the surface course of pavements.
Interlocking concrete paving block technology has been introduced in India in
construction, a decade ago, for specific requirement like footpaths, parking areas,
gardens, etc. (Hallale, et al., 2017)
The addition of steel fibres in pavement block has less water absorbing
capacity than the conventional block but mostly all the fibres are affected in acid
immersion and it shows less strength than the conventional pavement block. whereas
abrasion value of all fibres is less than the conventional one. the steel fibre can be
added as an additive material to the pavement block, since it gives more compressive
strength and more resistance value. But the addition of steel fibres adversely affects
the strength value. (VALLABAN, et al., 2017)
Interlocking concrete Pavement has been extensively used in a number of
countries for quite something as a specialized problem solving technique for providing
pavement in areas where conventional types of construction are less durable due to
many operational and environment constraints. Intermediate concrete block pavement
(ICBP) technology has been introduced in India in construction a decade ago, for
specific requirements viz. footpaths, parking areas etc. but now being adopted
extensively in different uses where the conventional construction of pavement using
hot bituminous mix or cement concrete technology is not feasible or desirable. The
advantage of paver blocks is that Interlocking paving stones are very stronger and it is

5
easy to maintain and repair. Roads with paving blocks are suitable to be applied to road conditions
with flat geographical contours, with slopes below 10%. (Jaya, et al., 2018)
Accordingly, cost estimation was conducted by collecting data from the local
producers. It was included in the study, as cost is currently the main criterion for
materials selection in the construction sector, both in public as well as in private
works. Cost considerations can help public policy decision making in order to promote
environmental beneficial practices. (Anastasiou, et al., 2017)
Concrete Paver Blocks manufacturing process directly generates economic
benefits for the industry, and allows the quality control of products and mechanical/
physical characteristics of the parts used in the paving of bicycle paths, parking lots,
sidewalks, squares, parks, gardens, etc. By controlling the amount of mixed raw
materials, the homogeneity of benefits is also generated in the paver blocks finishing
and ensures optimal use of own resources, thereby reducing the variability of the
production process.
The Linear programming applied to the manufacturing process allows the
integration of the mathematical model in an industrial situation. Specifically, the it was
addressed the mixed problem aggregate for the pavers to minimise the production
costs involved. (Saboya, et al., 2017)
The concrete paver blocks can be used at habitation areas on rural roads. It will give a
good aesthetic view as compare to cast in situ concrete roads. As regard of
maintenance point is concern the damaged blocks can be easily replaced where as in
case of concrete roads the replacement of damaged concrete is difficult.(Sharma, et al.,
2016)
The rapid industrialization and urbanization resulted in large quantity of waste
generation and in turn, environmental degradation. Recycling of solid waste into a
sustainable construction material with optimum mix proportion is the global need to
reduce its adverse environmental impacts. To achieve the criteria of sustainability,
constraints were developed in terms of achieving maximum compressive strength and
minimum embodied energy. A multi objective non-linear optimization model was
formulated and optimum mix proportion was obtained using software LINGO.
(Madurwar, et al., 2015)

6
1.2 Problem statement

This paper describes Concrete Block Paving technology as it has evolved over
the last 25 years. It is concluded that the technology is already sufficiently mature to
support the use of pavers in engineered pavements. However, much more work need
to be done to disseminate the technology and make it accessible to engineers and other
end-users if the engineering markets for pavers are to be fully developed.
 In developing cities, there is generation of quality C & D waste from repairs
and rehabilitation of structures and from materials used for giving aesthetic view for
structures. There is need to reuse this huge amount of waste generated.
 Various products are prepared from the mixture of various components like
paints, chemicals, food, concrete articles, pharmaceuticals, etc. Thus, considering the
manufacturing process it is critical to determine the optimal proportion of each
component to minimize the costs, increase the durability and strength, increase the
life, decrease maintenance costs and stays eco-friendly.

1.3 Objectives

The main objectives of this project are

1. To make an attempt to use construction and demolition waste in manufacturing
so as to minimize that waste from the society.
2. To minimize the burden of construction and demolished waste on environment
and dumping issue.
3. To increase the density of the block thereby achieving a good compressive
strength.
4. Identifying the uses and applications of these paver blocks with respect to their
strength.

1.4 Need of Study:

 Since the use of conventional bricks has administered labour cost and material
cost to a large extent which also requires mortar for binding purpose, the cost
reduction is the major need in today's industry so as to achieve economy on larger
scale use.

7
 No doubt conventional bricks are of good strength, but it takes time and money
together, rather than that , paver blocks can be used in such a way that minimizes the
cost as well as strength. And hence, this optimization procedure is adopted to find out
the best solution in terms of quality and cost.
 Now a days, waste reduction has just became a myth, whether it is a
wastewater sludge or construction and demotion waste. If this study gets a way
through, the large scale demolition waste can be reused for this purpose converting the
myth to reality.
 If the interlocking paver blocks are used in the construction procedure, the
construction time reduction leading to the aim of providing shelter to the maximum
crowd will be a boon to society.

8
 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
This Chapter gives the work done by various researchers throughout the world
in paver blocks and in the optimization methods use for their manufacturing process.

1. (Pattnaik, et al., 2018)

2018, 7 (1), 604-612
In the paper, concrete paving blocks may be produced with locally available
cement, aggregates, fly ash and waste glass powder as the mineral admixture.
Different mix proportions are prepared using cement replaced by equal quantity of fly
ash and waste glass powder. The study indicated that fly ash and waste glass powder
can effectively be used as cement replacement without substantial change in strength.

2. (Saboya, et al., 2017)

202 (84), 42-48
This paper presents the optimization of aggregate mixture in the production of
paver blocks through the formulation of linear programming model. This paper
identified the problem of determination of cheaper raw material to obey a set of
requirements for the final product. They formulated the linear programming model
using the solver of Excel, validated model, manufactured blocks and implemented
results, and finally evaluated with visual inspection and mechanical/physical
evaluation of products. For the analysis purpose, two models were built. During the
process of mixing the materials both coarse and fine sand were replaced by gravel.
Their model showed variations in the results which finally concluded that linear
programming applied to the manufacturing process allows the integration of
mathematical model in an industrial situation and can be used efficiently for their
resources. Their results show that sand can be replaced by gravel which minimizes the
cost They also refers us the advantage of ease of implementation without the ue of
actual software.

3. (Gencel, et al., 2012)

62-70 © Elsevier
This paper shows the use of materials like Portland Cement, Dry and clean
natural river sand, crushed sand and crushed stone whereas Crushed waste marble and

9
dust used were obtained from marble processing plants in Afyon territory located in
the Aegean region of Turkey. A total two series of mixtures was initially prepared.
Each series included five mixtures. The first series called A was prepared using CEM
II 32.5N. The second series called B was prepared using CEM II 42.5N. the density of
paving blocks decreases with an increase in the waste marble content in the mixture
for series A and B. This is due to the fact that marble waste has lower density when
compared to the other aggregates used in the mixture. Apparently, specimens
containing marble absorb less water and are thus less affected by FTCs. CEM II 42.5N
cement type presents the same behavior. When the number of freeze-thaw cycles
(FTCs) increases, the degree of saturation in pore structures increases by sucking in
water near the concrete surface during the thawing process at temperatures above 0
_C. Parallel to increase in the compressive strength, resistance of the blocks to the
abrasive wear decreases significantly in each mixture. Apparently an increment in the
marble content in the mixture causes decreasing bond strength between paste and
marble aggregate, thus lower compressive strength. This paper concluded that their
method of incorporating marble waste is only limited by incidental costs such as
transport over large distances and provides concrete paving blocks of sufficient
quality. The presence of marble aggregate causes a very small decrease of splitting
tensile strength of the blocks.

4. (Wang, et al., 2019)

1-15, 1197(9), © MDPI
This Paper aims to study the property variations of sustainable concrete paving
block using different contents of construction wastes. Five different types of waste
materials were used in this project, including: recycled concrete coarse aggregate
(RCCA), recycled concrete fine aggregate (RCFA), crushed glass (CG), crumb rubber
(CB), and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). For one batch of blocks (20
blocks), five specimens were used to test the compressive strength, five specimens for
tensile splitting strength, and the other three for water absorption, slip resistance tests,
and abrasion resistance. Results showed that by comparing the aggregate properties
among NCA, RCCA, and CG, the biggest physical difference between those
aggregates is the aggregate water absorption. Since the mix proportion was designed
with “Mass method,” the aggregates should be totally dry before casting. Mixing
crushed glass in the concrete paving blocks as a type of coarse aggregates can improve

10
the blocks’ strength and decrease the blocks’ water absorption. Addition of crumb
rubber causes a significant deterioration of blocks’ properties except for its slip
resistance.

5. (Velumani, et al., 2018)

Taylor and Francis Group, 2018. - 68 : Vol. 6. - pp. 626-636. - ISSN: 1096-2247
Production of sludge-incorporated paver blocks for efficient waste
management Journal of the air & waste management association, 68(6), 626-636, ©
Taylor and Francis Group, This paper had made an attempt to manufacture paver
blocks incorporating textile effluent treatment plant sludge and hypo sludge, to utilize
them in suitable proportions. The effect of adding silica fume and polypropylene fibre
in paver blocks has also been studied. Paver blocks containing sludge with different
proportions were cast based on the recommendations in Indian Standards (IS) 15658,
and the test results were compared with the nominal M20 grade and M30 grade paver
blocks. Polypropylene fiber was used in the construction sectors as a secondary
reinforcement. The concrete paving blocks were manufactured for two mix
designations, namely, M20 and M30 grade, with silica fume and polypropylene in
suitable proportions. Cement was replaced with industry sludge for about 84
combinations. Material selection was made and proportioned as per the
recommendations of IS 15658 (2006). A compressive strength test was carried out
with the use of a compression testing machine with a capacity of 2000 kN. IS 15658
(2006) recommends a minimum strength of 30 N/mm2, which can be used for non
traffic areas, and up to 55 N/mm2 for very high traffic such as air traffic pavements,
and recommends a life span of 20 years. The results for water absorption indicate that
none of the combinations exceeds more than 6%, as recommended by IS 15658
(2006). The cost savings of the paver blocks without adding admixtures is about 20%
and for the paver blocks with admixtures is about 17%. However, the cost per block is
increased to a considerable extent by adding admixtures.

7. (Yeole, et al., 2014)

October 2014. - 10 : Vol. 4. - pp. 523-527. - ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008
Certified Journal.
In this paper, a parametric experimental study for producing paving blocks
using w*aste steel aggregates (the form of rounded bearings of size 6.35 mm) is

11
presented. Waste steel bearings are added in concrete of paver blocks in various
percentages. Rubber pads are also used below the paver blocks. Impact strength of
paver blocks with various percentages of waste steel aggregates and using rubber pads
is investigated. Test results show that combination of using rubber pads and adding
various percentages of waste steel aggregates in paver blocks gives upto 50% more
impact strength than ordinary paver blocks.

8. (Solouki, et al., 2022)

MDPI, January 2022. - 451 : Vol. 14. - pp. 1-15
This paper focuses on mix design optimization and production of concrete
paving blocks containing high amounts of waste silt resulting from the aggregate
production process. Using the mixture Design of Experiments (DOE), 12 sets of
concrete paving blocks with different aggregate blends were produced to optimize the
mix design. Once the final mix design was achieved, the physical and mechanical
properties of the concrete paving blocks were investigated following the EN 1338
standard. Shape and dimension measurements and various tests, including water
absorption, tensile splitting strength, abrasion resistance, and slip/skid resistance were
conducted on the experimental concrete paving samples. Overall, the produced
concrete paving blocks showed promising properties for future applications in
pedestrian walking paths. The DOE method proved to be suitable for mixture
optimization of the experimental concrete paving blocks. The samples produced with
the optimum mixture showed consistency in terms of physical measurements,
implying that the addition of silt did not negatively affect the workability of the
concrete. The water absorption of the paving blocks was calculated as 7.78%, which is
higher than the recommended values. This phenomenon could be related to the casting
procedures, which allowed the formation of water-accessible voids. In terms of
abrasion resistance, the experimental paving blocks fell in the lowest class foreseen in
the EN 1338 standard. Improved curing methods or including specific materials in the
mix design could improve the performance of the concrete blocks.

9. (Kirubagharan, et al., 2017)

Scopus Indexed, March 2017. - 3 : Vol. 8. - pp. 582-589. - ISSN Print: 0976-6308
By considering the advantages of rubber pads, in this paper the rubber powder
is used as a cement replacing material in Concrete paver blocks in order to increase the

12
strength of paver and to reduce the emitted carbon di oxide percentage while casting
cement concrete paver. The optimum percentage of the rubber pad is finalized from
the results of the experimental work and preferred for the pavement works. By
replacing 20% of rubber powder for cement is used to obtain the compressive strength
of 51Mpa and impact strength of 15 blows. Therefore by replacing the cement by
rubber powder is increase the compressive and impact strength of paver block upto
50%. In this paper the behavior Of ICBP using rubber power as cement replacing
materials has been carried out experiments. The impact strength of paver block by
various percentage of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% using rubber power is investigated. Test
result show that the combination of adding various percentage of rubber powder in
paver block gives upto 50% more impact strength than the ordinary paver block. In the
paper [1] The rubber pads are used as a coarse aggregate and metal bearings are used
as fine aggregate. As the result of this, The compressive and impact strength of paver
have been increased upto 50%.

10. (G, et al., 2021)

IOP Publishing, 2021
This paper describes the viability of partial cement replacement with granite
powder in paver block construction. Furthermore, this study urges engineers,
contractors and the government of the better future to consider substitute materials.
The marble and granite industries have grown tremendously in recent decades. The
granite industry in India produces over than 3500 cubic meters of granite powder slag
all day as a waste material. Granite tiles producers often create granite particulate
matter tones although during production process. The exclusion of granite fines from
the polishing industry is a major concern. The polished granite powder is reactive, but
not disposable on the floor. Stone waste is commonly a heavily polluting waste due to
its high alkaline origin, which poses a health hazard to the environment. Downstream
waste affects soil quality due to reduced porosity, water retention, water percolation
etc. As it is dumped on land. They cause severe waste and pollution of the atmosphere
and need large areas of land for disposal. The granite powder is obtained by the
polishing process, and is held at 12% and 88% respectively, by 150 microns. Due to its
fineness and size, the granite powder can be used effectively. The experiment
consequence reveals that the compression strength of the concrete paver is
significantly lower at room temperature after 150°C than the concrete paver (27°C).

13
The amount of water absorption increases significantly as granite powder is replaced
with cement. In general, 10 percent granite powder cement replacement was initiate to
be suitable for compressive, bending, and resistance of residual compressive and cost
concrete pavers.

11. (Madurwar, et al., 2015)

Elseveir, 2015. - 118. - pp. 76-283.
The present paper aimed at optimization of the mix proportion for designing
the sustainable material. Sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) was identified as the principal
raw material over the study area. It was used further in combination with quarry dust
(QD), and lime (L) for various proportions to develop the sustainable bricks. In all 35
compositions for SBA-QD-L bricks were developed and Physico-mechanical
properties were evaluated using standard laboratory tests as per Indian standards. A
statistical cubical regression model was formulated for compressive strength of brick
as a function of mix proportion using XLSTAT software. To achieve the criteria of
sustainability, constraints were developed in terms of achieving maximum
compressive strength and minimum embodied energy. A multi objective non-linear
optimization model was formulated and optimum mix proportion was obtained using
software LINGO. The optimum value of compressive strength and embodied energy
predicted by this model was 5.44 MPa and 2.32 MJ. The embodied energy was
estimated to be 47 % and 5% lower than the conventional burnt clay and fly ash
bricks. A cost analysis was also carried out between optimum composition of SBA-
QD-L bricks and commercially available fly ash bricks. The percentage reduction in
the cost was found to be 49 % and 58% as compared to the fly ash and burnt clay
bricks.

12. (Vila, et al., 2017)

Revista ALCONPAT. - 2017. - 3 : Vol. 7. - pp. 247-261. - ISSN 2007-6835
In this paper, with the purpose of validating the compressive strength test result
on half-unit specimen for concrete paving blocks quality control, experimental results
on half-unit and whole unit blocks from 24 production batches were analyzed. The
compressive strength results in whole unit was greater than in half-unit specimen, but
they are connected by a form factor. Although the study was limited to a range of
resistance in a single block shape and thickness, it could be established that it is

14
possible to test half-unit units for quality control. This allows the other specimen half
to be used for another test, simplifying the work controls in a smaller quantity of
paving blocks needed and the possibility of using presses of lower capacity. For blocks
belonging to the same batch (with the same concrete and the same production and
curing procedure) the compression strength test result for the whole block was higher
than for the half-unit block for all the analyzed batches. Therefore, it can be concluded
that the main cause of the difference was the length of the specimen. The experimental
values of the whole and half-unit block were linked by a polynomial function of
second-order, without independent term. The adjustment by the least-squares
technique to the experimental data gave an r2 close to 0,90, which suggest a good
adjustment, considering the limited number of batches tested and the results
dispersion. Despite the work limitations, the results suggest that the compressive
strength resistance could be determined testing on a half-unit block, validating the test
on these specimens by this way. The other block half could be used for other tests,
with the subsequent less blocks quantity needed and the possibility of using a test
machine of a smaller loading capacity, being these limiting factors for a quality control
on the work site. The resistance range of this study didn´t cover the range considered
in the UNIT 787 standard (35 MPa and 45MPa).

15
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C CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

This chapter gives the brief idea about the methodology adopted in the whole project.

Flowchart as in figure 3.1 below shows the methodology for this thesis.

Figure 3.2 Flowchart of the Thesis

16
3.1 Materials used:

3.1.1 Aggregates:
3.1.1.1 Fine Aggregates:
Fine aggregates conforms to the requirements of IS 383. River sand and stone
dust meeting the requirements were used. (2006)
3.1.1.2 Aggregates obtained from concrete waste:
Construction wastes are a prominent issue in many developing countries and
have adverse effects on environment, economy and social aspects. Studies show that
material waste has significant impact to cost of project as well as on environment. The
paper also has highlighted cause factors which can be mitigated for managing
construction waste. Various steps of sustainable waste management like prevention,
minimization, reuse, recovery, disposal, etc are studied. (Agrawal, et al., 2015)
Recycled coarse aggregates are obtained by crushing of concrete waste from
demolition of structural components in many structures such as old buildings, bridges,
concrete pavements etc. (Agrawal, et al., 2015)
The sample of these aggregates taken are shown in figure 3.2 below.

Figure 3.3 Construction and demolition waste

Activities which generate C & D waste in cities / towns are mainly from
i. Demolition of existing, old dilapidated structures;
ii. Renovation of existing buildings (residential or commercial);
iii. Construction of new buildings (residential or commercial or hotel etc.);
iv. Excavation/ reconstruction of asphalt/ concrete roads;
v. Construction of new fly over bridges/ under bridges/ sub-ways etc.; and

17
vi. Renovation/ Installation of new water/ telephone/ internet/ sewer pipe lines etc.
vii. Present collection and disposal system. (Parihar, 2016)
3.1.2 Cement:
Cement of grade OPC 53 will be used as binding material.
3.1.3 Water:
Water used for the preparation of paver block was as per the requirements given in
IS 456: 2000.
3.1.4 Coloured Pigment:
Synthetic or natural pigments maybe used in concrete mix to obtain paver
blocks with desired shades of colours. The pigment used should result in durable
colours of paver blocks. It shall not contain matters detrimental to concrete. Pigments,
either singly or in combination, conforming to the following Indian Standards may
preferably be used.
Pigment quantity to be restricted to a maximum of 9 percent by weight of cement
content. The pigment should be finer than the cement (Fineness value between 2-15
m2/kg).(2006).

18
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