Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY

Don Severino de las Alas Campus

Indang, Cavite

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

2ND SEMESTER A.Y. 2022 – 2023

ARCH 101

PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE III

Assignment 1:

Specific Introduction to Global Practice in the 21st Century

Submitted by:

SINUGBUHAN, OLIVER

201910451

BS ARCHITECTURE 4 – 1

Submitted to:

Ar. Harvey Catajan, UAP

Globalization and architecture

Globalization has been driving

the standardization of spaces and
architecture. It has been
transforming cities, shifting spatial
patterns, and shaping the built form
and environment. This
homogenization has been leading to
similar built spaces and has been
disconnecting man from the built environment. Whereas, architecture that responds
to its context forms something more meaningful. There is a dialogue generated
between architecture and its surrounding, between the user and architecture. One
has to preserve what has been built before, interpret it, and respond to it to the
present context. These become triggers that activate spaces where the user creates
a dialogue and a connection with the built environment.

The environment of the

21st century is a complex mix
of the natural and built
environment. Earlier where it
was essential to place a
structure holistically with
nature, it has become equally
important to place it in
harmony with its built
surrounding. With rapid
urbanization and cities turning into urban jungles, there is often a tendency to create
different architecture or a building that makes a statement or an impact; which
makes one wonder whether a building looks ‘different’ if all of them are different!
Designing in a particular setting is mostly a battle between context and contrast.
Though contrast gives the building an eye-catching picture at an initial glimpse,
eventually, with an increase of more contrasting designs, it loses its identity and
settles upon similar lines(facades).

The forms of architecture and urbanism that globalization produces strongly

influence how people understand themselves and perceive their identities in the built
environment. Globalization refers to what Held has called “the speeding up in world-
wide connectedness in all aspects of social life.” What we see in cities – the urban
landscape – is displaying increasingly visually similar and homogenized architecture,
particularly as a result of the similar ideologies and concepts leading to an effect of
globalization on the built and spatial environment. Hans Ibelings suggests it was the
‘big hotels‘ and ‘glass box‘ office buildings of the l950s and 60s which sparked off the
global ‘architectural homogenization‘ Ibelings maintains that ‘uniformity and
standardization‘ also manifests itself in ‘singular structures like conference halls,
theatres, exhibition complexes, churches, and stadiums.’ It is now accepted that
when ideas about architectural
styles or building types and forms
are transplanted from one place in
the world to another, they are
invested by the local population
with different cultural, social, and
ideological meanings and often
given different purposes.

Homogenization is an idea of some or all things becoming or being made the

same and that can be understood from various viewpoints. To imitate or copy is a
conscious act. It can be a form of flattery or admiration. What is copied is deliberately
distorted, made fun of, or made ‘almost the same but not quite‘ (Bhabha, 1992). The
point of mimicry is to recognize the presence of others and yet simultaneously assert
one’s presence and build an identity. The fact that similar types of buildings, used for
the same purpose and frequently bearing a similar name, appearance and spatial
form and characteristic to it can be found in different places in the world. People tend
to follow the same type of buildings irrespective of the geographical locations and
this has created monotony in architecture and loss of the rich identity of a place or
city through its architecture.

It is the corporate city that maintains and promotes the homogenizing

discourses of globalization. Using glass facades, office blocks, corporate forces
convert places that could encourage difference and interaction into homogenization
and orderly chaos in the built environment. Environments that previously encouraged
cultural diversity, encounter them, and interact with them have been replaced by
those encouraging alienation and detachment from buildings. Globalization is not a
new phenomenon. What distinguishes the new episode of globalization from the
earlier one is the extent and intensity of it on humans and their psychology.

Architecture must be understood, experienced, and judged by the standards

of built form in the physical world. Context, in simpler words, can be defined as the
interconnected whole which is formed by its parts, just like words combine to form a
meaningful sentence and stanzas combine to form a poem. Contextual architecture
responds to its surroundings by respecting what already exists- both tangible and
intangible aspects. one needs to
understand his surroundings and
create dialogue. The building
should not be isolated. It is also
important that buildings respond to
the environment which can help to
control the temperature concerning
the context. Lastly, one must
understand the culture of a place
and translate it and preserve it in
architecture.
 Architectural structures, as well as mere remembered architectural images,
serve as significant memory devices in three different ways: first, they materialize
and preserve the course of time and make it visible; second, they concretize
remembrance by containing and projecting memories; and, third, they stimulate and
inspire us to reminisce and imagine.

Contemporary architecture is the architecture of the 21st century

No single style is dominant; contemporary architects are working in several

different styles, from postmodernism and high-tech architecture to highly conceptual
and expressive forms and designs, resembling sculpture on an enormous scale.

One of the most common contemporary architecture characteristics is a

rejection of straight and harsh lines in favor of more curved and clean lines. Rounded
spaces and slanted walls are commonplace. Displaying echoes of the minimalist
movement, contemporary architects are drawn to subtle lines and open living
spaces.

The different styles and

approaches have in common
the use of very advanced
technology and modern
building materials, such as
tube structures which allow
construction of buildings that
are taller, lighter and stronger
than those in the 20th century, and the use of new techniques of computer-aided
design, which allow buildings to be designed and modeled on computers in three
dimensions, and constructed with more precision and speed.

Contemporary buildings and styles vary greatly

Some feature concrete structures wrapped in glass or aluminium screens,

very asymmetric facades, and cantilevered sections which hang over the street.
Skyscrapers twist, or break into crystal-like facets. Facades are designed to shimmer
or change color at different times of day.

Whereas the major monuments of modern architecture in the 20th century

were mostly concentrated in the United States and western Europe, contemporary
architecture is global; important new buildings have been built in China, Russia, Latin
America, and particularly in Arab states of the Persian Gulf; the Burj Khalifa in Dubai
was the tallest building in the world in 2019, and the Shanghai Tower in China was
the second-tallest.

Parallel to this, a counterculture to the modernist and post-modernist

architecture that dominated the second half of the 20th century developed during this
period. The 21st century saw the emergence of multiple organizations dedicated to
the promotion of local and/or traditional architecture. Examples include the
International Network for Traditional Building, Architecture & Urbanism (INTBAU),
the Institute of Classical Architecture & Art (ICAA), the Driehaus Architecture Prize,
and the Complementary architecture movement. Prominent architects of the new
traditional wave include Michael Graves, Léon Krier, Yasmeen Lari, Robert Stern
and Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil, among others.

Most of the landmarks of contemporary architecture are the works of a small

group of architects who work on an international scale. Many were designed by
architects already famous in the late 20th century, including Mario Botta, Frank
Gehry, Jean Nouvel, Norman Foster, Ieoh Ming Pei and Renzo Piano, while others
are the work of a new generation born during or after World War II, including Zaha
Hadid, Santiago Calatrava, Daniel Libeskind, Jacques Herzog, Pierre de Meuron,
Rem Koolhaas, and Shigeru Ban. Other projects are the work of collectives of
several architects, such as UNStudio and SANAA, or giant multinational agencies
such as Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, with thirty associate architects and large teams
of engineers and designers, and Gensler, with 5,000 employees in 16 countries.

Difference between Modern and Contemporary Architecture

To put it simply, modern architecture typically points to a type of style built

between the early 1900s and the 1950s. It's a very distinct, defined style and it
doesn't change. So while you might
think of "modern" and see images
of houses built today, that's
actually not what it means in terms
of architecture. The contemporary
design essentially means the style
of today. It's not something that can be pinpointed exactly, because styles and
fashions and trends change quite quickly. So, modern refers to a specific time period
in American history and contemporary refers to the ever-changing trends in house
design of today.

Modernism in Architecture

Modernism is a global architecture and design movement that emerged in the

1920s as a response to accelerated industrialization and social changes. Pursuing
order and universals in architecture, modernism utilized new materials and advanced
technology and rejected old, traditional, historical ideas and styles, and
ornamentation. Modernism emphasized function, simplicity, and rationality, and
created new forms of expression with a new aesthetic. This new aesthetic resulted in
modern buildings characterized by clean lines, simple geometric shapes, pure cubic
forms, ribbon windows, flat roofs, and functional, flexible open interior spaces with
plain exposed structures that were considered appropriate for all nations and
cultures.

Late Modernism

It is absolutely essential for the students of Architecture to understand the

Concepts, learn its relationships to modernism, study the influences, figure out the
debates on ornamentation, learn about the sculptural forms, slick tech architecture,
late modern space, architectural works and philosophies of late modern architects.

In the visual arts, late modernism encompasses the overall production of most
recent art made between the aftermath of World War II and the early years of the
21st century. The terminology often points to similarities between late modernism
and post-modernism although there are differences.

Late Modernism is a style without theory, practiced by architects who were

trying to build their way out of the diminishing returns of Miesian copies. Where a
Mies tower (and its numerous knockoffs) seems to suck in its cheeks, the Late
Modern tower fills itself edge-to-edge, visually pressing its mirrors out while staying
within the lines. Those lines include triangles, chamfers, stair-steps and the
occasional curve, but rarely bilateral symmetry.

More refined than Brutalism, less picturesque than Postmodernism, Late

Modernism is what happened in the 1970s and early 1980s.

Late Modernism shades into Postmodernism with projects like Philip Johnson
and John Burgee’s Pittsburgh Plate Glass Place, which directly references Gothic
architecture. The pressure on the skin creates tension in a sliced-away corner, or a
narrow gap like the one between the two trapezoidal towers at Johnson and
Burgee’s 1975 Pennzoil Place in Houston.

One of Late Modernism’s problems, preservation-wise, may be its large scale

and oft corporate clientele. As Kazys Varnelis has pointed out, “Modernism was no
longer revolutionary for the late moderns. Instead, they worked to give physical form
to big business and big government. As these would come under scathing criticism
in the 1960s, the late moderns would be tarred along with them.”

Post Modernism

It is critical for the students of Architecture to learn about the Concepts, the
relationships to modernism, understand their influences, learn about the double
coding style, know what is critical regionalism, understand what is neo vernacular,
learn ad hoc urbanism, and explore the architectural works and philosophies of post-
modern architects.

Postmodern architecture is a style or movement which emerged in the 1960s

as a reaction against the austerity, formality, and lack of variety of modern
architecture, particularly in the international style advocated by Philip Johnson and
Henry-Russell Hitchcock.

FOLLOWING the great American modernist poets of the first decades of the
20th century -- Pound, Eliot, Williams -- Charles Olson is the father of the
"postmodernists" of the second half of the century, bridging Pound & Co. to such
major poets as Robert Duncan and Robert Creeley.

Postmodernism is a broad movement that developed in the mid- to late 20th

century across philosophy, the arts, architecture, and criticism, marking a departure
from modernism. The term has been more generally applied to describe a historical
era said to follow after modernity and the tendencies of this era.

It emerged as a reaction to Modernism and the Modern Movement and the

dogmas associated with it. By the 1970s Modernism had begun to seem elitist and
exclusive, despite its democratic intentions. The failure of building methods and
materials (shown in the collapse of Ronan Point, a tower block in east London in
1968) and alienating housing estates was a focus for architects and critics in the
early 1970s.

Postmodernism, also spelled post-modernism, in Western philosophy, a late

20th-century movement characterized by broad skepticism, subjectivism, or
relativism; a general suspicion of reason; and an acute sensitivity to the role of
ideology in asserting and maintaining political and economic power.

Postmodernism Characteristics:

 Irony.
 Pastiche.
 Hyperreality.
 Intertextuality.
 Magical realism.
 Unpredictability.
 Distortion of time.
  Themes of paranoia.

Difference between modernism and postmodernism

Modernism relates to a sequence of cultural movements that happened in the

late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries. Postmodernism describes a broad
movement that developed in the late 20th-century and focused on philosophy, the
arts, architecture, and criticism which marked a departure from modernism.

Features of postmodernist architecture

Bright Colors: Ranging from bright pastels to neon,

used internally and externally.
 Playfulness: Creating eye-catching and

whimsical buildings.

Classical Motifs: Using the language of classical

architecture but with a modern twist.

Variety of materials and shapes: Unusual shapes

and combinations of materials to create effect.

 A growing tendency in the 21st century is eco-architecture, also termed
sustainable architecture; buildings with features which conserve heat and energy,
and sometimes produce their own energy through solar cells and windmills, and use
solar heat to generate solar hot water. They also may be built with their own
wastewater treatment and sometimes rainwater harvesting Some buildings integrate
gardens green walls and green roofs into their structures. Other features of eco-
architecture include the use of wood and recycled materials. There are several green
building certification programs, the best-known of which is the Leadership in Energy
and Environmental Design, or LEED rating, which measure the environmental impact
of buildings.

I strongly believe that Architecture is for the people, and it is for everyone;
whatever as mainstream Architects we may think; whatever theories we might have
been taught, Architecture remains manifested through the senses that people
appreciate, and it is through the development of these senses that Architecture
evolves, by Design.

How Architecture Affects Society

A world without architecture would mean a society void of creative and

functional building structures. How architecture affects society may seem
unimportant in our daily lives. But that’s because we haven’t lived in a world without
it.

Architecture has helped shape society by providing custom living spaces that
give us comfort, good health, and safety. It also adds a sense of awe and intrigue to
iconic structures throughout the world.

The Importance of Architecture in Society

 It’s hard to fathom how architecture affects society. Architecture is both an art
and a science that allows us to marry what will work with culture and self-expression.
It’s helped shape society by providing us with countless new and innovative
structures. As we continue to study architecture and how different design solutions
contribute toward occupant health, mood, and productivity.

Architecture’s ability to promote innovation makes possible a future world

where the environment and humans thrive. Below, we’ll explain how architecture
increases efficiency and decreases our negative impacts on the environment moving
forward.

The Importance of Architecture in History

Since ancient times, architecture has been the driving force behind revolutionizing
human living spaces. Incredible buildings displaying staggering diversity have stood
throughout history, with practically every culture having a unique architectural style.
Astonishingly, quite a few ancient structures still stand today.

Architectural engineering and construction have brought us many classical

architectural styles. Those incorporating steel doors and windows are making a
comeback today. These fixtures take inspiration from “rammed earth” design – an
ancient construction method that uses compacted raw, natural materials.

The Importance of Architecture in The Future

The impacts of architecture on the future are immense, especially regarding

sustainability. Let’s look at what designing sustainable structures, aka Green
Buildings, could look like.
 REFERENCES

1. Erandole S. (2022). Globalization and architecture. Retrieve from

https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/2020/11/30/a2228-globalization-and-
architecture/
2. Chakrabarti S. (2021). Re-discovering 21st Century Contemporary
Architecture
for the Students. Retrieve from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/re-
discovering21st-century-contemporary-
architecturechakrabarti#:~:text=Contemporary%20architecture%20is%20the
%20architecture,sculpture%20on%20an%20enormous%20scale.
3. Portella (2022). How Architecture Affects Society. Retrieve
fromhttps://portella.com/blog/how-doesarchitectureimpactsociety/#:~:text=Arc
hitecture%20has%20helped%20shape%0society,iconic%20structures
%20throughout%20the%20world.