Rishik Rangaraju

He, Jianxing, et al. "The practical implementation of artificial intelligence technologies in medicine." Nature Medicine, vol. 25,
no. 1, Jan. 2019, pp. 30+. Gale In Context: Science,
link.gale.com/apps/doc/A573404405/GPS?u=glen20233&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=ca6eebbc. Accessed 25 Oct. 2022.

This academic journal discusses the current and potential roles of Artificial Intelligence in medicine and
how these roles can be super beneficial to doctors and healthcare providers to better help patients with more
accurate data. Examples of tasks that AI performs better at than humans include bone age on radiographic
exams, diagnosing treatable retinal diseases on optic coherence tomography, or quantifying vessel stenosis, and
other metrics on cardiac imaging. This journal also discusses the fact that engagement in the AI health space is
constantly expanding, as The National Science and Technology Council’s Committee on Technology estimated
that the U.S. government’s investment in research and development in AI-related technologies was about 1.1
billion dollars in 2015, which has been only increasing since then. Also, Massachusetts General Hospital and
Brigham and Women’s Hospital have spent more than 1 billion dollars on health information and data collection
infrastructures to promote operationalizing AI algorithms for real-world clinical practice. But there an
inevitability for the potential of AI technology developers to abuse AI technologies. An example of this is
clinical decision support systems that could be programmed to increase profits for certain drugs, tests, or
devices without clinical users being aware of this malicious activity. This potential consequence of tension for
AI technologies being used to provide ethical medical care and generate profit is not something that can be
looked over and is a risk factor that comes along with the implementation of AI technology in medicine.
However, there are many instances of artificial technologies that have received FDA approval in the United
States. An example includes IDx-Dr, which provides automatic detection of more than mild diabetic retinopathy
in adults on adults 22 years old and over that have been diagnosed with diabetes but have not been previously
diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy. The purpose of this is for this artificial technology to be used in primary
care settings to be referred to an eye specialist if needed, and it’s the first autonomous AI diagnostic system with
no need for clinical interpretation. A case study of IDx-Dr has been done by the FDA itself, which has proven
its success in performing screening for diabetic retinopathy at primary care offices. The study has found that
this is the first AI diagnostic system to provide a screening result without an image interpretation provided by a
clinician. A successful clinical trial of 900 patients was done at ten primary care sites across the United States to
garner these results, where the algorithm has been proven to be successful which is what the FDA based its
clearance of this artificial technology on. Overall, even though the issues of implementing AI into medicine are
not unique to the United States, organizations such as the International Medical Device Regulators Forum
(IMDRF) which has members from various countries such as Japan and Russia have been working with efforts
to ensure a save implementation of these technologies that include using a continuous iterative process based on
real-world performance data. Additionally, AI-based screening tools have already been deployed to be used in
clinical trials in many Chinese hospitals this present day, which involve being used for the diagnosis of cancers
and general diagnostic assistance in pathology examinations. A recent example of a successful implementation
of AI technology in China is an AI-based screening and referral system for the diagnosis and referral of major
eye and systemic diseases in Kashi First People’s Hospital along with its healthcare network. With these proven
examples, AI technologies is being successfully implemented and approved to be used for modern-day clinical
care to ensure accurate readings/diagnoses without help from clinicians as ongoing research is still being done
for improvements of AI algorithms for medical applications.
The authors, Jianxing He, Sally L. Baxter, Jie Xu, Jiming Xu, Xingtao Zhou, and Kang Zhang, are
qualified to discuss the practical implementation of artificial intelligence technologies in medicine because their
credentials include multiple doctor of medicine degrees, being president of the First Affiliated Hospital of
Guangzhou Medical University (FAHGMU), being a Division Chief for Ophthalmology Informatics and Data
Science, an ophthalmologist specializing in ophthalmic genetics and aging processes in the eye, working for the
Department of Thoracic Surgery/Oncology in China. and their contact information is included in the academic
journal with a reference to the publisher Nature Publishing Group. Written 3 years ago, this source is current on
Rishik Rangaraju
the topic of the practical implementation of artificial intelligence technologies in medicine. The authors of this
article thoroughly evaluated all sides of the issue. For example, they acknowledge that AI is unlikely to replace
human healthcare providers completely and then address that opposing viewpoint by saying AI performs tasks
with greater consistency, speed, and reproducibility than humans. This inclusion shows that the article’s authors
acknowledge alternative viewpoints because they provide unbiased facts for both the pros and cons of using
artificial technologies in medicine. The information contained in the source can be verified elsewhere. For
example, the authors say that there are using AI-based technologies to be implemented into clinical practice
decreases the burden of the healthcare system and directs resources toward patients who most likely have a real
medical need, which can be corroborated by Sally L. Baxter in her publication Gaps in standards for integrating
artificial intelligence technologies into ophthalmic practice which states that healthcare standards enable
interoperability between clinical information systems (AI), healthcare information exchange between
institutions, and clinical decision support in a complex health information technology ecosystem while also
specifically acknowledging that there is a lack of use cases for integrating apps providing artificial
intelligence-based decision support, lack of common data models to harmonize big data repositories, and no
standards regarding interfaces and algorithmic outputs. This academic journal aims to provide information on
all the potential risks and benefits for the practical implementation of artificial intelligence technologies in
medicine. The audience is researchers who desire to know more about the use of artificial intelligence in
medicine and see exactly how real-world medical organizations are using AI technology in medicine today. The
article is appropriate for this purpose and audience because it provides very detailed information on how AI can
be used in medicine and gives specific examples and studies to back claims up. For example, a claim of
artificial intelligence technologies being FDA approved in the United States was backed up with an example of
the Arterys, where pulmonary computed tomography scans and liver CT and MRI scans use AI to segment
lesions and nodules for finding internal lesions, which happens to be the first FDA-approved deep learning
clinical platform.