Introduction to Electric

Power Systems
course 525.451

Lecture 1.A
POWER IN SINGLE PHASE CIRCUITS
Instructor: Foad Alvandi
 PHASORS
Starting with the constant frequency sinusoidal expression for a quantity such as a voltage 𝑣(𝑡):

𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉()* cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿)

The RMS, root-mean-square or effective value 𝑉 is calculated as:

1234
𝑉 = 5

From Euler’s equation we know that

𝑅𝑒 𝑉()* 𝑒8 9:; <

= 𝑅𝑒 𝑉()* cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿 + 𝑗𝑉()* sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿 =

= 𝑉()* cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿 = 𝑣(𝑡)

𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑉()* 𝑒8 9:; <

𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒 2 𝑉 𝑒8< 𝑒89:

𝑽 = 𝑉 𝑒8<

𝑽 = 𝑉 𝑒8< = 𝑉 ∠ 𝛿 = 𝑉 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛿 + 𝑗𝑉 sin 𝛿

 POWER IN SINGLE PHASE AC
CIRCUITS
Case of a resistive load R

𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉()* 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿)

𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐼()* 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿)

J
𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑣 𝑡 𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑉()* 𝐼()* 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿) = 2 𝑉 I 2 𝐼 I 5 {1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿 }

𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑉 𝐼 + 𝑉 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠[ 2 𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿 ]

Since the average of the cosine term is zero, then average power is:

𝑉5
𝑃 = 𝑉 𝐼 = = 𝐼5 𝑅
𝑅
 POWER IN SINGLE PHASE AC
CIRCUITS
Case of an inductive load L

𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉()* 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿)

𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐼()* 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿 − 90)

𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑣 𝑡 𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑉()* 𝐼()* 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿 − 90) =

J
= 2 𝑉 2 𝐼 I 5 { 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿 − 90 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(90) } =

= 𝑉 𝐼 sin [ 2(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿) ]

and average power is

𝑃=0
 POWER IN SINGLE PHASE AC
CIRCUITS
Case of a capacitive load C

𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉()* 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿)

𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐼()* 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿 + 90)

𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑣 𝑡 𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑉()* 𝐼()* 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿 + 90) =

J
= 2 𝑉 2 𝐼 I 5 { 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿 + 90 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(90) }

= − 𝑉 𝐼 sin [ 2(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿) ]
 POWER IN SINGLE PHASE AC
CIRCUITS
General case of RLC load

𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉()* 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿)

𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐼()* 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛽)

𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑣 𝑡 𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑉()* 𝐼()* 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛽) =

= 𝑉 𝐼 [cos 2𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿 + 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛿 − 𝛽 ] =

= 𝑉 𝐼 cos 𝛿 − 𝛽 + 𝑉 𝐼 cos(2𝜔𝑡 + 2𝛿 + 𝛽 − 𝛿) =

= 𝑉 𝐼 cos 𝛿 − 𝛽 + 𝑉 𝐼 cos[ 2 𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿 − (𝛿 − 𝛽)] =

= 𝑉 𝐼 cos 𝛿 − 𝛽 + 𝑉 𝐼 cos 𝛿 − 𝛽 cos 2 𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿 ] + 𝑉 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛿 − 𝛽 sin[2 𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿 ] =

 POWER IN SINGLE PHASE AC
CIRCUITS
= 𝑉 𝐼 cos 𝛿 − 𝛽 { 1 + cos 2 𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿 } + 𝑉 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛿 − 𝛽 sin[2 𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿 ]

Assigning the symbol 𝐼V to the term 𝐼 cos 𝛿 − 𝛽 and the symbol 𝐼W to the term

𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛿 − 𝛽 we can re-write the expression for the instantaneous power as:

𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑉 𝐼V 1 + cos 2 𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿 + 𝑉 𝐼W sin 2 𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿 = 𝑃V (𝑡) + 𝑃W(𝑡 )

IX I
δ - β V
IR
 POWER IN SINGLE PHASE AC
CIRCUITS
𝑃 = 𝑉 𝐼V = 𝑉 𝐼 cos(𝛿 − 𝛽) is called the real power and is measured in watts.

𝑄 = 𝑉 𝐼W = 𝑉 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛿 − 𝛽 is called the reactive power and is measured in Volt Amp Reactive

or VAR

cos(𝛿 − 𝛽) is called the power factor and (𝛿 − 𝛽) is called the power factor angle.

For inductive loads 𝛿 > 𝛽 and current lags the voltage and the power factor is termed lagging.

For capacitive loads 𝛿 < 𝛽 and current leads the voltage and the power factor is termed

leading.
 POWER IN SINGLE PHASE AC
CIRCUITS
Complex Power

𝑽 = 𝑉 ∠ 𝛿

𝑰 = 𝐼 ∠ 𝛽

𝑺 = 𝑽𝑰 ∗ = 𝑉 ∠ 𝛿 𝐼 ∠ − 𝛽 = 𝑉𝐼 ∠ 𝛿 − 𝛽 =

= 𝑉 𝐼 cos 𝛿 − 𝛽 + 𝑗 𝑉𝐼 sin 𝛿 − 𝛽 = 𝑃 + 𝑗 𝑄

𝑆 = 𝑉 𝐼 is called apparent power, and is measured in Volt Ampere or VA.

𝑃5 + 𝑄5 = 𝑆 5

_ _ _
Power Factor = cos 𝛿 − 𝛽 = 1` = a =
_ b ;cb
 POWER IN SINGLE PHASE AC
CIRCUITS
The relationship among real, reactive and apparent power is demonstrated in a power triangle

in the figure below.

𝑆 = 𝑉 𝐼 𝑄 = 𝑉 𝐼 sin(𝛿 − 𝛽)
δ - β

𝑃 = 𝑉 𝐼 cos(𝛿 − 𝛽)