Introduction to Electric

Power Systems
course 525.451

Lecture 1.B
POWER IN BALANCED 3-PHASE CIRCUITS
 BALANCED 3-PHASE CIRCUITS
The generator in Figure 1 is a 3-phase generator. It is connected in wye configuration and the common point is called the neutral point. It is a
balanced generator if E an, E bn, & E cn have the same magnitude, but are 120 degrees out of phase with each other.

If E an leads E bn by 120 degrees, and E bn leads E cn by 120 degrees then the generator phase sequence is called abc or "positive sequence".
Otherwise it is called acb, or "negative sequence"

Example of positive sequence balanced voltages:

E an = 480 ∠ 30 volts
E bn = 480 ∠ − 90 volts
E cn = 480 ∠ − 210 = 480 ∠ 150 volts
 BALANCED 3-PHASE CIRCUITS
Figure 2 shows E an = V ∠ 0 , E bn = V ∠ − 120 and E cn = V ∠ 120 in a phasor diagram.

Figure 3 represents a y-connected 3-phase balanced load.

Connecting a balanced load to a balanced generator, through lines with equal impedances creates a 3-phase balanced system, as seen in
Figure 4
At this point of the
video I said voltage
coming back from
neutral, meant to
say current coming
back...
 BALANCED 3-PHASE CIRCUITS
KVL: E ab + E bn + E na = 0 or
E ab = -E bn - E na = E an - E bn
Assuming E an = V ∠ 0 , E bn = V ∠ − 120
E ab = V ∠ 0 - V ∠ − 120
/ 2 2 /
= V + 0 V + j V = 3 + j 0 V
0 0
= 3 V ∠ 30
Shows that E ab (line-to-line voltage) is 3 times E an (line-to-neutral voltage) in its magnitude and leads it by 30 degrees.
Similarly
E bc = 3 V ∠ − 90 and E ca = 3 V ∠ 150
For a balanced system E an + E bn + E cn = 0
We will now look at the line currents in the balanced system of figure 4

Assuming zero impedance for the lines connecting load to the generator, we have

E an = 𝐈 4 Z6 , E bn = 𝐈 7 Z6 and E cn = 𝐈 8 Z6
or

𝐄:; 𝐄?; 𝐄
𝐈 4 = , 𝐈 𝐛 = , and 𝐈 8 = 𝐙𝐜𝐧
<= <= 𝐲

It is seen from the above that in a balanced system, the currents are balanced.
For a balanced system In = Ia + Ib + Ic = 0
For both balanced and unbalanced systems E ab + E bc + E ca =0
At this point I said
Ean, meant to say
Eab.
Again here I said Ean, meant to say Eab.
 BALANCED 3-PHASE CIRCUITS
Figure 5 shows a balanced system with ∆ connected load.

𝐄:? 𝐄?H 𝐄
𝐈 DE = , 𝐈 EG = and 𝐈 GD = <H:
<∆ <∆ ∆
In the following I show a numerical example with the following line to neutral voltages:

E an = 20 ∠ 0 volts
E bn = 20 ∠ − 120 volts
E cn = 20 ∠ 120 volts
 BALANCED 3-PHASE CIRCUITS
We have for the line to line voltages:
E ab = 20 3 ∠ 30 volts
E bc = 20 3 ∠ − 90 volts
E ca = 20 3 ∠ 150 volts

Taking Z∆ to be 4 ∠ 20 ohms

0I 2 ∠ 2I
𝐈 DE = = 5 3 ∠ 10 = 8.66 ∠ 10
J ∠ 0I
0I 2 ∠OPI
𝐈 𝐁𝐂 = = 5 3 ∠ − 110 = 8.66 ∠ − 110
J ∠ 0I
0I 2 ∠ /QI
𝐈 GD = = 5 3 ∠ 130 = 8.66 ∠ 130
J ∠ 0I

Writing the KCL at each node A, B, and C :

𝐈 4 = 𝐈 DE − 𝐈 GD = 8.66 ∠ 10− 8.66 ∠ 130 = 3 R 8.66 ∠ − 20

𝐈 7 = 𝐈 EG − 𝐈 DE = 8.66 ∠ − 110 − 8.66 ∠ 10 = 3 R 8.66 ∠ − 140
𝐈 8 = 𝐈 GD − 𝐈 EG = 8.66 ∠ 130 − 8.66 ∠ − 110 = 3 R 8.66 ∠ 100

Note that the currents are balanced and that

 BALANCED 3-PHASE CIRCUITS
𝐈 4 = 3 𝐈 DE ∠ − 30
𝐈 7 = 3 𝐈 EG ∠ − 30
𝐈 8 = 3 𝐈 GD ∠ − 30

∆-Y Conversion for a Balanced Load

<
Z6 = 2∆

Z∆ = 3 Z6
(Impedance angles remain same as before conversion)

Single Phase Line-to-Neutral Equivalent Diagram

In a balanced system convert ∆ loads to Y loads and connect the neutral point of load to the generator neutral point. Draw one phase, solve the
resulting circuit. Currents and voltages in the other two phases will have the same magnitude with a phase difference of +/- 120 degrees.
 POWER IN BALANCED 3-PHASE
CIRCUITS
Power in Balanced 3-Phase Systems

Let v4T t = 2 VVW cos ( ωt + δ) represent instantaneous line voltage for phase “a” of a 3-phase generator and i4 t = 2 IV cos (ωt + β)
represent the instantaneous current out of the phase “a” terminal of the generator, then the instantaneous power for phase “a”, p a(t) is
expressed as:
p 4 t = v4T t i4 t = 2 VVW IV cos (ωt + δ) cos ωt + β

or

p 4 t = VVW IV [cos δ − β + cos 2ωt+ δ + β ]

Since phase angle for v7T t and i7 (t) are δ – 120 and β – 120 respectively, we will have for p b(t)

p 7 t = VVW IV [cos δ − β + cos 2ωt + δ + β − 240 ]

and similarly for p c (t)

p 8 t = VVW IV [cos δ − β + cos 2ωt + δ + β + 240 ]

p 2e = p 4 t + p 7 t + p 8 t = 3VVW IV cos δ − β +
VVW IV [cos 2ωt + δ + β + cos 2ωt+ δ + β − 240 + cos 2ωt + δ + β + 240 ]
 POWER IN BALANCED 3-PHASE
CIRCUITS
Expression in square brackets is zero for all t,

p 2e = 3VVW IV cos δ − β
showing that the instantaneous power delivered to a balanced load is a constant.

Also note that:

‘
f gg
p 2e = 3VVW IV cos δ − β = 3 IV cos δ − β = 3 VVV IV cos δ − β
2

Complex Power in Balanced 3-Phase Generator

𝐕4T = VVW ∠ δ , 𝐈 4 = IV ∠ β
𝐒4 = 𝐕4T 𝐈 ∗4 = (VVW ∠ δ) IV ∠ − β = VVW IV ∠δ − β

𝐕7T = VVW ∠ δ − 120 , 𝐈 7 = IV ∠ β − 120

𝐒7 = V7T I7∗ = (VVW ∠ δ − 120) IV ∠ − β + 120 = VVW IV ∠δ − β
and

𝐒8 = VVW IV ∠δ − β
I said complex, meant to say complex conjugate.
 POWER IN BALANCED 3-PHASE
CIRCUITS
𝐒2e = 𝐒4 + 𝐒7 + 𝐒8 = 3VVW IV ∠ δ − β = 3 VVV IV ∠ δ − β

Given that 𝑺 2l = 𝑃2l + 𝑗 𝑄2l it is seen then that

P2e = 3VVV IV cos( δ − β)

Q 2e = 3VVV IV sin( δ − β)

A similar argument shows that power absorbed by balanced 3-phase motors and impedance loads also have constant instantaneous values.

Power in Balanced ∆ Loads

Assuming for a delta load to have 𝐕47 = VVV ∠ δ and 𝐈 47 = I ∆ ∠ β, the complex power is written as

𝐒47 = 𝐕47 𝐈 ∗∆ = (VVV ∠ δ) I∆ ∠ − β = VVV I∆ ∠δ − β

Similarly

𝐒78 = 𝐒84 = VVV I∆ ∠δ − β

and

𝐒2e = 3VVV I∆ ∠δ − β
 POWER IN BALANCED 3-PHASE
CIRCUITS
But
sg
I∆ = 2

and so

𝐒2e = 3 VVV IV ∠δ − β

P2e = 3 VVV IV cos( δ − β)

Q 2e = 3 VVV IV sin( δ − β)

Advantages of 3-Phase Systems Over Single phase systems

• Number of conductors is reduced by a factor of 2
• Line losses and voltage drops are reduced by a factor of 2
• Mechanical power is a constant reducing vibration / failures