Introduction to Electric

Power Systems
course 525.451

Lecture 2.A
TRANSFORMERS IN DISTRIBUTION AND
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
IDEAL TWO-WINDING TRANSFORMERS
 TRANSFORMERS IN DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSMISSION
SYSTEMS
IDEAL TWO-WINDING TRANSFORMERS
A basic single-phase two-winding transformer.

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 TRANSFORMERS IN DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSMISSION
SYSTEMS
IDEAL TWO-WINDING TRANSFORMERS
An ideal transformer with two windings around a magnetic core is presumed to have the
following characteristics,
- The windings have zero resistance, so 𝐼 " 𝑅losses are also zero
- Core losses are zero
- The core has a permeability 𝜇% of infinity
- There is no leakage flux (the entire magnetic flux Φ% passes through both windings)

Ampere’s law states that the line integral of a magnetic

field around a closed loop equals the net current
enclosed by that loop.
Assuming a uniform magnetic field in the core of the
transformer, and applying Amperes law results in,
𝐻% 𝑙% = 𝑁+ 𝐼+ − 𝑁" 𝐼"

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 TRANSFORMERS IN DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSMISSION
SYSTEMS
𝐻% 𝑙% = 𝑁+𝐼+ − 𝑁"𝐼"
IDEAL TWO-WINDING TRANSFORMERS
Where 𝐻% is the magnetic field intensity in the core of the transformer, 𝑙% the average length of
the magnetic path in the core, 𝑁+ number of turns of the primary winding, 𝑁" number of
turns of the secondary winding, 𝐼+ current into the primary, and 𝐼" current out of the
secondary side.
Magnetic flux density 𝐵% inside the core is related to the magnetic field strength through the
magnetic core permeability with
𝐵% = 𝜇% 𝐻%
Assuming a uniform flux within the core and a core cross sectional area of 𝐴% , the magnetic
flux inside the core is,
Φ% = 𝐵% 𝐴%
Combining the above three equations, we will have,
𝑙%
𝑁+𝐼+ − 𝑁"𝐼" = Φ
𝜇% 𝐴% %
01
Calling the fraction core magnetic reluctance 𝑅% we have, (next page),
21 3 1

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 TRANSFORMERS IN DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSMISSION
SYSTEMS
𝑁+𝐼+ − 𝑁"𝐼" = 𝑅% Φ%
IDEAL TWO-WINDING TRANSFORMERS
For an ideal transformer 𝜇% is assumed to be infinitely large, causing 𝑅% to be = 0, and as a
result,
56
𝑁+𝐼+ − 𝑁"𝐼" = 0 or, 𝑁+𝐼+ = 𝑁"𝐼", or , 𝐼+ = 𝐼
57 "
Applying Faraday’s law to the time varying flux inside the core 𝜙(𝑡),
𝑑𝜙(𝑡)
𝑒 𝑡 =𝑁
𝑑𝑡
>?(@)
For steady state sinusoidal operations of the transformer = 𝑗𝜔Φ resulting in
>@
𝐸 = 𝑁𝑗𝜔Φ
As the same flux Φ passes through both primary and secondary windings,
𝐸+ = 𝑁+ 𝑗𝜔Φ
𝐸" = 𝑁" 𝑗𝜔Φ
Dividing the two equations we have (next page)

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 TRANSFORMERS IN DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSMISSION
SYSTEMS
D7 57 IDEAL TWO-WINDING TRANSFORMERS
= or,
D6 56
57
𝐸+ = 𝐸"
56
And from previous slide,
56
𝐼+ = 𝐼
57 "
57
Letting 𝑎@ to represent the turns ratio ,
56
We have
𝐸+ = 𝑎@ 𝐸"
F6
𝐼+ =
GH
Since 𝑎@ is a real number it is seen that for an ideal two-winding transformer 𝐸+and 𝐸" are in
phase with each other, and 𝐼+and 𝐼"are in phase with each other.

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 TRANSFORMERS IN DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSMISSION
SYSTEMS
IDEAL TWO-WINDING TRANSFORMERS
Calculating the complex power,
∗
𝐼"
𝑆+ = 𝐸+ 𝐼+∗ = 𝑎@ 𝐸" = 𝐸" 𝐼"∗ = 𝑆"
𝑎@
It is seen that complex power into the primary is equal to the complex power out of the
secondary. And since S=P+jQ , this shows that the ideal transformer has neither real nor
reactive power loss.
Impedance Connected to Winding 2, Referred to Winding 1
D7 GH D6 D6
𝑍"L = = M6 = 𝑎@" = 𝑎@" 𝑍"
F7 F6
NH

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 TRANSFORMERS IN DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSMISSION
SYSTEMS
Example 1:
IDEAL TWO-WINDING TRANSFORMERS
We will do problem 3.2 of the textbook,
For an ideal transformer
𝑁+ = 2000, 𝑁" = 500
𝑍" is connected across the secondary
𝑉+ = 1000∠0° 𝑉
𝐼+ = 5∠ − 30° 𝐴
Find 𝑉" , 𝐼" , 𝑍" , and the impedance 𝑍"L which is the value of 𝑍" referred to the primary side.
Solution,
𝑁+
𝑎@ = =4
𝑁"
+WWW∠W° \6] "WW∠ZW°
𝑍"L = = 200∠30° Ω 𝑍" = 6 = = 12.5∠30° Ω
X∠YZW° GH +^
+WWW∠W
𝑉" = = 250∠0° 𝑉 𝐼" = 4×5∠ − 30° = 20∠ − 30° 𝐴
`

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TRANSFORMERS IN DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSMISSION
SYSTEMS
IDEAL TWO-WINDING TRANSFORMERS

END OF LECTURE 2.A