Introduction to Electric

Power Systems
course 525.451

Lecture 5.A
STEADY STATE OPERATION OF
TRANSMISSION LINES
MODELING OF SHORT AND MEDIUM LENGTH LINES
 MODELING OF SHORT AND MEDIUM LENGTH LINES

Some Notational Conventions:

z: series impedance in units of ohm/m
y: shunt admittance in units of siemens / m
Z: total series impedance of the line in ohms
Y: total shunt admittance of the line
l: length of the transmission line in meters
Z=zl
Y=yl

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 MODELING OF SHORT AND MEDIUM LENGTH LINES

In general for a two-port passive network (figure 5.1 of book) we have:

𝑉" = 𝐴𝑉% + 𝐵𝐼% ; A, D are unitless, B in ohms,

𝐼" = 𝐶𝑉% + 𝐷𝐼% ; C has units of siemens

S and R represent the sending and receiving ends respectively.

In matrix form:

𝑉+ 𝐴 𝐵 𝑉% 𝐴 𝐵
= , where det =1
𝐼+ 𝐶 𝐷 𝐼% 𝐶 𝐷

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 MODELING OF SHORT AND MEDIUM LENGTH LINES

Voltage Regulation is defined as difference between magnitudes of full –load and

no-load voltages at the receiving end, divided by magnitude of full-load voltage at the
receiving end, while the sending end voltage is kept at a constant. Or:

𝑉%-. − 𝑉%0.
𝑉𝑅 =
𝑉%0.

VR is normally expressed as a percentage.

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Given 𝑉" = 𝐴𝑉% + 𝐵𝐼% and setting IR=0 gives: 𝑉%-. = 3

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 MODELING OF SHORT AND MEDIUM LENGTH LINES

For a short line (50 miles or less), ignore the shunt admittance:

𝑉+ = 𝑉% + 𝑍𝐼%
𝐼+ = 𝐼%

Where 𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿
A=D=1, B=Z, C=0

For an example let’s look at prob.

5.1 of the text on page 284

(next slide)

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 MODELING OF SHORT AND MEDIUM LENGTH LINES

Example 1: (problem 5.1 of the textbook)

L=25 km, V=33 kV, z=0.19+j0.34 ohm/km

a) Z=lz = 4.75+j8.5 ohm = 9.737∠60.80 ohm

A=D=1, B=Z=9.737 ∠60.80 ohm, C=0

b) 𝑆% = 3 𝐼% 𝑉%
10𝑀𝑉𝐴 = 3𝐼% 33 𝑘𝑉
𝐼% = 0.175∠ −𝑐𝑜𝑠 GH 0.9 = 0.175∠ − 25.84 𝑘𝐴
33
𝑉%(.G-) = ∠0 = 19.05∠0 𝑘𝑉
3

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 MODELING OF SHORT AND MEDIUM LINES

Example 1 cont’d:
𝑉+(.G-) = 𝑉%(.G-) + 𝑍𝐼% = 19.05∠0 + 9.737∠60.80 0.175∠ − 25.84
= 20.47∠2.73 𝑘𝑉

𝑉+(.G.) = 35.46∠2.73 𝑘𝑉

c) For a leading load power factor of 0.9 we will have:

𝐼% = 0.175∠25.84 𝑘𝐴

𝑉+(.G-) = 19.05∠0 + 9.737∠60.80 0.175∠25.84

= 19.23∠5.08 𝑘𝑉

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 MODELING OF SHORT AND MEDIUM LINES

Example 1 cont’d:
𝑉+(.G.) = 33.3∠5.08 𝑘𝑉

End of Example 1.

For medium length lines (from 50 to 155 miles at 60 Hz), a nominal Pi model is used,
shown in figure below (on the next slide), where the total shunt capacitive admittance
Y=ly is divided in two equal parts and applied to both sending and receiving ends
(shunt conductance is ignored).

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 MODELING OF SHORT AND MEDIUM LENGTH LINES

Applying KVL and KCL laws, it is

seen that the two port equations
can be written as:

𝑌𝑍
𝑉+ = 1 + 𝑉% + 𝑍𝐼%
2
𝑌𝑍 𝑌𝑍
𝐼+ = 𝑌 1 + 𝑉% + 1 + 𝐼
4 2 %

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 MODELING OF SHORT AND MEDIUM LENGTH LINES

Or in matrix form:

𝑉+ 𝑉%
𝑌𝑍
1+ 𝑧
2
= 𝑌𝑍 𝑌𝑍
𝑌 1+ 1+
𝐼+ 4 2 𝐼 %

RS RS
With A=D= 1 + , B=Z, C=Y 1 +
T U

Figure 5.4 of the text shows ABCD matrices for several common circuits, modeling
transmission lines of short and medium lengths.

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 MODELING OF SHORT AND MEDIUM LENGTH LINES

Example 2: (Problem 5.2 of the textbook)

a) Z=lz=200(0.08+j0.48)=16+j96=97.32∠80.54 Ω
Y=ly=200×𝑗3.33×10GW = 𝑗6.66×10GU = 6.66∠90 S
RS
A=D= 1 + = 0.968 + 𝑗5.32810GX = 0.968∠0.315 𝑝𝑢
T
B=Z=97.32 ∠ 80.54 Ω
RS
C=Y 1 + = −1.77410GW + 𝑗6.55×10GU = 6.55×10GU ∠90.155 𝑆
U
b) 𝑉%(.G.) = 220∠0 𝑘𝑉, 𝑉%(.G-) = 127∠0 𝑘𝑉
T\]×H]]]
𝐼% = = 0.6627 𝑘𝐴
X TT]×].^^
𝜑 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠 0.99 = −8.11°
GH

𝐼% = 0.6627 ∠ − 8.11 𝑘𝐴

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 MODELING OF SHORT AND MEDIUM LENGTH LINES

Example 2 cont’d
𝑉+(.G-) = 𝐴𝑉%(.G-) + 𝐵𝐼% = 0.968∠0.315 127∠0 +
(97.32∠80.54)(0.6627∠ − 8.11)
𝑉+(.G-) = 155.38∠23.58 𝑘𝑉
𝑉+(.G.) = 269.13∠23.58 𝑘𝑉
𝐼" = 𝐶𝑉% + 𝐷𝐼% = 6.55×10GU ∠90.155 127∠0 +
0.968∠0.315 0.6627∠ − 8.11 = 0.6354∠ − 0.34 𝑘𝐴

12 TW^.HX
c) 𝑉%-. = 3
=].^Wb
= 278.02 𝑘𝑉
1def G1dgf Thb.]TGTT]
%𝑉𝑅 = ×100 = = 26.37%
1dgf TT]

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 MODELING OF SHORT AND MEDIUM LENGTH LINES

Limits of Line loadability:

For short lines, the limiting factor is conductor temperature. Conductor temperature depends
on conductor size, amount of current, ambient temperature, incident solar irradiance,
conductor surface, wind speed. Higher temperatures result in conductor annealing and loss of
elasticity.

For medium lines the limiting factor normally is voltage drop. Voltage at load is generally
higher when line is lightly loaded and lower when line is heavily loaded. A ratio of around
1
95% for the ratio of 1d is acceptable.
2

For long lines, the limiting factor is steady-state-stability. Heavily loading long lines can
result in loss of synchronism among synchronous machines at the extreme ends of the line.

END OF LECTURE 5.A

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