Introduction to Electric

Power Systems
course 525.451

Lecture 5.B
STEADY STATE OPERATION OF
TRANSMISSION LINES
DISTRIBUTED MODEL OF TRANSMISSION LINES
 DISTRIBUTED MODEL OF TRANSMISSION LINES

For short and medium transmission lines lumped component models discussed so far are
adequate. However for long transmission lines (over 200 miles for example), mathematical
modeling considers distributed nature of line impedances and admittances for a more accurate
result.
Chapter 5.2 of the book shows the forming and solution of the differential equations
governing the steady state voltage and current as a function of distance from the receiving end
of line, using the distributed model.

I will start with the equations 5.2.27 and 5.2.28 which represent the steady state voltage and
current respectively of the line at a point x units of length away from the receiving end of the
transmission line. These equation are repeated below for reference.

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 DISTRIBUTED MODEL OF TRANSMISSION LINES

𝑉 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝛾𝑥 𝑉) + 𝑍, 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ (𝛾𝑥)𝐼)

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I𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝛾𝑥 𝑉) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ (𝛾𝑥)𝐼)
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cosh and sinh are cosine hyperbolic and

sine hyperbolic functions respectively of a
single variable.
𝛾 = 𝑧𝑦 in units of 𝑚 :3 is called the propagation
constant of the line.
;
𝑍, = in units of 𝛺 is called the characteristic impedance of the line.
<

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 DISTRIBUTED MODEL OF TRANSMISSION LINES

Writing the system of equations of 27 and 28 as a matrix

𝑉> 𝐴 𝐵 𝑉)
=
𝐼> 𝐶 𝐷 𝐼)
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It is seen that: 𝐴 = 𝐷 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝛾𝑙 , 𝐵 = 𝑍, 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝛾𝑙 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ (𝛾𝑙), for a line of
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length l.
In general 𝛾 is a complex quantity, and 𝛾𝑙 can be written as
𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽 for real 𝛼 and 𝛽.
cosh and sinh of 𝛾𝑙 can be written as a Cartesian complex number using the following
identities
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝛾𝑙 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝛼𝑙 + 𝑗𝛽𝑙 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝛼𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽𝑙 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝛼𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝛽𝑙)
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝛾𝑙 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝛼𝑙 + 𝑗𝛽𝑙 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝛼𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽𝑙 + 𝑗𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝛼𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝛽𝑙)
Note quantity 𝛽𝑙 represents the argument for sin and cos functions in radians.

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 DISTRIBUTED MODEL OF TRANSMISSION LINES

Example 1: Problem 5.14 of the textbook

; L.LMNOL.MP
a) 𝑍, = <
= OQ.Q×3L ST
= 282.55∠ − 2.45 𝛺

b) 𝛾𝑙 = 𝑧𝑦𝑙 = (0.03 + 𝑗0.35)(𝑗4.410:_ ) ` 400 = 0.4973∠87.55° = 0.02125 +

𝑗0.4968 pu

c) 𝐴 = 𝐷 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝛾𝑙 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 0.02125 + 𝑗0.4968 =

𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 0.02125 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0.4968 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 0.02125 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0.4968 = 0.8793 +
𝑗0.01013 = 0.8794∠0.66° 𝑝𝑢

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝛾𝑙 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(0.02125 + 𝑗0.4968) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 0.02125 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0.4968 +

𝑗𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 0.02125 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0.4968 = 0.01869 + 𝑗0.4767 = 0.4771∠87.75

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Here I misspoke when I said gamma elle will be purely
imaginary, clearly it is complex with real part of 0.02125
 DISTRIBUTED MODEL OF TRANSMISSION LINES

𝐵 = 𝑍, 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝛾𝑙 = 282.55∠ − 2.45 0.4771∠87.75 = 134.80∠85.30

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𝐶= 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝛾𝑙 = hih.PP∠:h.QP 0.4771∠87.75 = 1.689×10:M ∠90.2 𝑆
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END OF LECTURE 5.B