Introduction to Electric

Power Systems
course 525.451

Lecture 5.C
STEADY STATE OPERATION OF
TRANSMISSION LINES
EQUIVALENT PI CIRCUIT
LOSSELSS LINES
 EQUIVALENT PI CIRCUIT

For long lines a different way of finding the exact A, B, C and D parameters is to first find
the lump Z=zl and the lump Y=yl, and use the nominal pi model, with the following
modification of the lump impedance and admittance

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ (𝛾𝑙)
𝑍" = 𝑍
𝛾𝑙

𝛾𝑙
𝑌" 𝑌 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ ( 2 )
=
2 2 𝛾𝑙
2

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 EQUIVALENT PI CIRCUIT

The exact parameters A, B, C and D can be calculated from the nominal pi circuit in the usual
way as
𝑌" 𝑍 "
𝐴 =𝐷 = 1+
2
"
𝐵=𝑍
" "
𝑌 𝑍
𝐶 = 𝑌" (1 + )
4

When calculating 𝑌" using the following identity for calculation of the tanh(𝛾𝑙/2) will be
helpful:

𝛾𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝛾𝑙 − 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ =
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ (𝛾𝑙)

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 EQUIVALENT PI CIRCUIT

Example 1: Let’s redo part (c) of example 1 of lecture 5.B (this is problem 5.23)
Firs we calculated the lump values of Z and Y
𝑍 = 𝑧𝑙 = 0.03 + 𝑗0.35 B 400 = 12 + 𝑗140 = 140.51∠85.1∘ 𝛺
𝑌 = 𝑦𝑙 = 𝑗4.4×10 IJ B 400 = 𝑗1.76×10 IM 𝑆
From example 1 of Lecture B, we have
𝛾𝑙 = 0.4973∠ 87.55° = 0.02125 + 𝑗0.4968 pu
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝛾𝑙 = 0.8793 + 𝑗0.01013 = 0.8794∠0.66° 𝑝𝑢
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝛾𝑙 = 0.01869 + 𝑗0.4767 = 0.4771∠87.75 𝑝𝑢

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ (𝛾𝑙) 0.4771∠87.75

𝑍" = 𝑍 = 140.51∠85.1∘ ° = 134.8∠85.3° 𝛺
𝛾𝑙 0.4973∠87.55

𝛾𝑙
𝑌 " 𝑌 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ ( 2 ) IS
0.8793 + 𝑗0.01013 − 1
= 𝛾𝑙 = 𝑗8.8×10 °
= 8.983×10IS ∠89.9° 𝑆
2 2 (0.4771∠87.75)(0.2487∠87.55 )
2

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 EQUIVALENT PI CIRCUIT
Example 1: cont’d
The last line in previous slide is an example of the use of the following identity introduced on slide
3 of this lectures:
𝛾𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝛾𝑙 − 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ =
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ (𝛾𝑙)
𝑌"𝑍"
𝐴 =𝐷 = 1+ = 1 + 8.983×10 IS ∠89.9° 134.8∠85.3° = 0.8794∠ 0.66° 𝑝𝑢
2
𝐵 = 𝑍 = 134.8∠85.3° 𝛺
"
"𝑍" IM ∠89.9 134.8∠85.3°
𝑌 1.7966×10
𝐶 = 𝑌" 1 + = 1.7966×10 IM ∠89.9 1 +
4 4
𝐶 = 1.688×10 IM ∠90.21°
The values calculated for A, B, C and D are in agreement with those found in Example 1 of
Lecture B.

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 EQUIVALENT PI CIRCUIT

For a comparison the following show the parameters using the nominal pi circuit of the
current example which uses the lumped impedance and inductance for transmission lines.
Example 1: cont’d
𝐴 = 𝐷 = 0.8769∠0.69° 𝑝𝑢
𝐵 = 140.51×10IM ∠85.1° 𝛺
𝐶 = 1.652×10IM ∠90.32° 𝑆

As seen, the magnitudes obtained using the nominal model with lumped impedances are at most
a few percentage points different, while angles are different by a fraction of degree from the
exact parameters for this example.

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 LOSSLESS LINES

If for a particular transmission line the losses are small and can be neglected (R=0, and
G=0), the line is called lossless line, and the calculations are simplified.
𝑧 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿 𝛺/𝑚
𝑦 = 𝑗𝜔𝐶 𝑆/𝑚
𝑍W the characteristic impedance, and 𝛾 the propagation constant in the case of the lossless line
are given as:
X
𝑍W = 𝛺 is a purely real quantity and is called the “surge impedance” in the case of a
Y
lossless line.
𝛾 = 𝜔 𝐿𝐶 𝑚I[ the propagation constant is a purely imaginary quantity.
For a lossless line the A, B, C, D parameters of the two-port model evaluate to the following:
(next slide)

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 LOSSLESS LINES

𝐴 𝑥 = 𝐷(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛽𝑥)

𝐵 𝑥 = 𝑗𝑍W 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽𝑥 𝛺
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝛽𝑥)
𝐶 𝑥 =𝑗 𝑆
𝑍W
It is seen from the above that A and D are purely real, while B and C are purely imaginary
X
(remember that 𝑍W = 𝛺 is a real quantity for the case of the lossless line).
Y

The input-output equations are written as:

𝑉 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽𝑥 𝑉_ + 𝑗𝑍W 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝛽𝑥)𝐼_
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝛽𝑥)
𝐼 𝑥 =𝑗 𝑉_ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛽𝑥)𝐼_
𝑍W
ab
Traveling a length of 𝑥 = down the line will cause a phase shift of 2𝜋. This length of
c
line is called wavelength and is shown as 𝜆.

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 LOSSLESS LINES

2𝜋 2𝜋 1
𝜆= = = 𝑚
𝛽 𝜔 𝐿𝐶 𝑓 𝐿𝐶
[
𝑓𝜆 = XY is the velocity of the propagation of the voltage/current waves on the line and is
approximately equal speed of light, or 3×10g 𝑚/𝑠. For f=60 Hz and 𝑓𝜆 = 3×10g 𝑚,
the wavelength 𝜆 is calculated as 5000,000 meters, or 5000 km.
If a lossless line is loaded between it’s line an neutral with a purely resistive load equal to the
X
surge impedance (𝑍W = ), then the magnitude of voltage will be the same along every point
Y
of the line. This is known as surge impedance loading, and the voltage profile obtained is
i
referred to as flat. Here is the justification of the above: Substitute kj for 𝐼_ in the voltage
l
equation of the input-output equation (given on slide 8):

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 LOSSLESS LINES
i
𝑉 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽𝑥 𝑉_ + 𝑗𝑍W 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝛽𝑥)𝐼_ = 𝑉 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽𝑥 𝑉_ + 𝑗𝑍W 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝛽𝑥) kj =
l
nco
𝑉_ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽𝑥 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽𝑥 = 𝑉_ 𝑒
The above leads to 𝑉(𝑥) = 𝑉_ 𝑒nco = 𝑉_ independently of x.
In a similar way it can be shown that for a surge impedance loaded line (SIL), the current at
i
any point x is given as: 𝐼 𝑥 = j 𝑒nco showing that magnitude of current is also a constant
kl
along the line. Let’s calculate the power at any point x:
a
𝑉 _ 𝑉_
𝑆 𝑥 = 𝑃 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑄 𝑥 = 𝑉 𝑥 𝐼 ∗ 𝑥 = 𝑉_ 𝑒nco × 𝑒 Inco =
𝑍W 𝑍W
This expression shows that real power delivered is a constant at any point of the line, and
reactive power flow is zero at SIL.
Table 5.2 of the text shows the typical value of 𝑍Y and SIL for many of the commonly used
transmission line nominal voltages.

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 LOSSLESS LINES

Voltage profile is flat only for surge impedance loading. Other profiles (no load, short circuit
and full load) are shown in figure 5.10 of the text.
Example 2: (Problem 5.26 of the text)
t nv.MS
a) 𝑍W = u
= nS.w×[vxy
= 274.87 𝛺

b) 𝛾𝑙 = 300 𝑧𝑦 = 𝑗300 0.34×4.5×10IJ = 𝑗0.371 pu

c) 𝐴 = 𝐷 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽𝑙 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0.371 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 0.9319 𝑝𝑢
𝐵 = 𝑗𝑍W 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽𝑙 = 𝑗274.87 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0.371 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝑗99.67 𝛺
n ~•€ (v.M•[ ‚ƒ„)
𝐶 = k 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽𝑙 = 𝑗 = 𝑗1.319×10IM S
l a•S.g•
ab ab
d) 𝜆 = c
= [.aM•×[vx† = 5,079 𝑘𝑚
Ž
i‰Š‹Œ• wvv Ž
e) 𝑆𝐼𝐿 = kl
= a•S.g•
= 909.5 𝑀𝑊

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 LOSSLESS LINES

END OF LECTURE 5.C

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